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Second Epistle to the Corinthians

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This epistle, it has been well said, shows the individuality of the apostle more than any other. "Human weakness, spiritual strength, the deepest tenderness of affection, wounded feeling, sternness, irony, rebuke, impassioned self-vindication, humility, a just self-respect, zeal for the welfare of
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The abrupt change of tone from being previously harmonious to bitterly reproachful in 2 Corinthians 10–13 has led many to infer that chapters 10–13 form part of the "letter of tears" which were in some way appended to Paul's main letter. Those who disagree with this assessment usually say that the
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that they will not have another painful visit, but what he has to say is not to cause pain but to reassure them of the love he has for them. It is shorter in length in comparison to the first and can be confusing if the reader is unaware of the social, religious, and economic situation of the
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The seemingly sudden change of subject from chapter 7 to chapters 8–9 leads some scholars to conclude that chapters 8–9 were originally a separate letter, and some even consider the two chapters to have originally been distinct themselves. Other scholars dispute this claim, however.
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Paul writes 2 Corinthians, indicating his desire to visit the Corinthian church a third time (2 Cor 12:14, 2 Cor 13:1). The letter does not indicate where he is writing from, but it is usually dated after Paul left Ephesus for Macedonia (Acts 20), from either
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Some scholars also find fragments of the "warning letter", or of other letters, in chapters 1–9, for instance that part of the "warning letter" is preserved in 2 Cor 6:14–7:1, but these hypotheses are less popular.
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the weak and suffering, as well as for the progress of the church of Christ and for the spiritual advancement of its members, are all displayed in turn in the course of his appeal." —Lias, Second Corinthians.
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Although the New Testament contains only two letters to the Corinthian church, the evidence from the letters themselves is that he wrote at least four and the church replied at least once:
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While there is little doubt among scholars that Paul is the author, there is discussion over whether the Epistle was originally one letter or composed from two or more of Paul's letters.
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Paul visits the Corinthian church a second time, as he indicated he would in 1 Corinthians 16:6. Probably during his last year in Ephesus. 2 Corinthians 2:1 calls this a "painful visit".
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Jerome, Letter 120: "Therefore Titus served as an interpreter, as Saint Mark used to serve Saint Peter, with whom he wrote his Gospel..."
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Paul visits Corinth for the first time, spending about 18 months there (Acts 18:11). He then leaves Corinth and spends about 3 years in
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Paul presumably made the third visit after writing 2 Corinthians, because Acts 20:2–3 indicates he spent 3 months in Greece. In his
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does not match that description, so this "letter of tears" may have been written between 1 Corinthians and 2 Corinthians.
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in 55 or 56 AD, roughly a year after writing 1 Corinthians and a year before he wrote his letter to the
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states that Paul was replying to certain questions written and sent to him by the church in Corinth.
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1:12 – 7:16 – Paul defends his actions and apostleship, affirming his affection for the Corinthians.
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In Paul's second letter to the Corinthians, he again refers to himself as an apostle of
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community. Paul felt the situation in Corinth was still complicated and felt attacked.
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Paul writes the "warning letter" in his first year from Ephesus (1 Corinthians 5:9).
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8:1 – 9:15 – Instructions for the collection for the poor in the Jerusalem church.
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Paul's contacts with the Corinthian church can be reconstructed as follows:
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Archived 14 September 2020; site "under maintenance for 2 days" since 2021.
1266:(Atlanta: SBL Press, 2016), 2-15 ISBN 978-0884141235; Victor Paul Furnish, 944: 636: 444: 2622: 2218: 2136: 2131: 2045: 2040: 1872: 1686: 1327:, from "An Introduction to the New Testament" by Edgar J. Goodspeed, 1937 1282:
2 Corinthians: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture
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Commentary articles by J. P. Meyer on Second Corinthians, by chapter:
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Exploring Second Corinthians: Death and Life, Hardship and Rivalry
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I wrote unto you in an epistle not to company with fornicators
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The Second and Third Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians
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Online translations of Second Epistle to the Corinthians:
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The first page of II Corinthians from a 1486 Latin Bible (
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Textual variants in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians
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There is evidence that Paul wrote 2 Corinthians from
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contains a fragment of 2 Corinthians (6th century AD)
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10:1 – 13:10 – A polemic defense of his apostleship
1248:2 Corinthians: Introduction, Argument, and Outline 1219:Der Vier-Capitel-Brief des Paulus an die Korinther 2757: 1186:The New International Greek Testament Commentary 970:by the will of God and reassures the people of 761:and Christians in the surrounding province of 1758: 1551: 1355:"Introduction to the Book of 2 Corinthians". 1079:. It is most commonly abbreviated as "2 Cor." 703: 477: 1105:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 964. 1288:. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group. 1243: 1241: 1239: 1765: 1751: 1558: 1544: 710: 696: 484: 470: 1236: 1073:Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians 882:The book is usually divided as follows: 869: 721: 1279: 2758: 1772: 1179: 1746: 1539: 1182:The Second Epistle to the Corinthians 1407:"Corinthians, Epistles to the"  1325:THE SECOND LETTER TO THE CORINTHIANS 978:Some challenged his authority as an 757:, and is addressed to the church in 50:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9 2697:Other books referenced in the Bible 2656:New Testament manuscript categories 1270:(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984). 1141:from the original on April 21, 2022 13: 2227:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs 1488:Second Epistle to the Corinthians 1385:Corinthians, Second Epistle to the 1119:from the original on June 3, 2021. 1025:Authorship of the Pauline Epistles 935:Paul writes the "letter of tears". 820:" in 2 Corinthians 2:3–4 and 7:8. 14: 2802: 2766:Second Epistle to the Corinthians 1567:Second Epistle to the Corinthians 1398: 1071:The book is sometimes called the 735:Second Epistle to the Corinthians 1434: 1250:, by Daniel Wallace at bible.org 1053:Third Epistle to the Corinthians 1035:First Epistle to the Corinthians 929:from his second year at Ephesus. 516: 450: 438: 40: 2712:Biblical and Quranic narratives 1348: 1339: 1330: 1302: 1273: 1253: 749:. The epistle is attributed to 1309:New Testament Letter Structure 1211: 1202: 1188:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 1173: 1164: 1153: 1123: 1093: 1065: 784: 46:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest 1: 2781:Christianity in Roman Corinth 1225:6 (1897); reprinted in idem, 1086: 993: 902: 816:: Paul refers to an earlier " 677:Apostles in the New Testament 898:13:11–13 – Closing greetings 865: 7: 2771:1st-century Christian texts 1444:public domain audiobook at 1286:The New American Commentary 1013: 10: 2807: 2692:English Bible translations 2080:Song of the Three Children 1280:Garland, David E. (1999). 1180:Harris, Murray J. (2005). 1131:"Bible Book Abbreviations" 958: 2730: 2674: 2592: 2546: 2444: 2289: 2252: 2217: 2188: 2150: 2095: 2002: 1986: 1784: 1716: 1695: 1651: 1573: 1524: 1511: 1503: 1486: 1389:Easton's Bible Dictionary 1001:Easton's Bible Dictionary 632:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul 404:New Testament manuscripts 16:Book of the New Testament 1058: 2554:Intertestamental period 1413:Encyclopædia Britannica 849: 457:Christianity portal 2538:Apocalyptic literature 2175:Paralipomena of Baruch 1011: 879: 753:and a co-author named 730: 2702:Additional Scriptures 2666:New Testament uncials 1730:The Spirit of Detroit 1041:The Spirit of Detroit 1006: 873: 725: 2687:Bible version debate 2661:New Testament papyri 2607:Samaritan Pentateuch 2232:Testament of Abraham 2170:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan 1135:Logos Bible Software 796:1 Corinthians 5:9 (" 682:Pauline Christianity 414:Johannine literature 115:Acts of the Apostles 48:New Testament papyri 2786:New Testament books 2629:Muratorian fragment 2564:New Testament canon 2559:Old Testament canon 2452:Chapters and verses 2070:Additions to Daniel 2036:Additions to Esther 1703:Suffer fools gladly 1315:by Felix Just, S.J. 1233:37 (1995): 138-153. 1020:2 Corinthians 11:19 399:New Testament canon 2776:Canonical epistles 2242:Testament of Jacob 2237:Testament of Isaac 2122:Prayer of Manasseh 2085:Bel and the Dragon 2065:Letter of Jeremiah 1708:Thorn in the flesh 1520:Books of the Bible 1359:. 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1485: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1441:2 Corinthians 1433: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1351: 1342: 1333: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1297: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1260:B. J. Oropeza 1256: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:The Expositor 1220: 1214: 1205: 1197: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1167: 1161: 1156: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1102:ESV Pew Bible 1096: 1092: 1078: 1077:2 Corinthians 1074: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1005: 1003: 1002: 998:According to 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 973: 969: 966: 953: 949: 947:in Macedonia. 946: 942: 937: 934: 931: 928: 927:1 Corinthians 924: 921: 918: 917:1 Corinthians 914: 910: 909: 908: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 884: 883: 877: 872: 863: 861: 857: 847: 843: 839: 835: 833: 827:2 Corinthians 826: 823: 822:1 Corinthians 819: 815: 814:Severe Letter 811: 809: 808:1 Corinthians 806: 803: 799: 795: 794: 793: 790: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 743:New Testament 740: 736: 728: 724: 713: 708: 706: 701: 699: 694: 693: 691: 690: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 622:Lost epistles 620: 619: 611: 610: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 552:2 Corinthians 550: 548: 547:1 Corinthians 545: 543: 540: 539: 534: 530: 524: 523: 519: 515: 514: 510: 507: 506: 502: 498: 497: 487: 482: 480: 475: 473: 468: 467: 465: 464: 458: 453: 448: 446: 436: 435: 433: 432: 425: 422: 419: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 388: 387: 380: 377: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 361: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 345: 344: 340: 334: 333: 326: 323: 322: 318: 317: 310: 307: 306: 304: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 285: 283: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 267: 265: 262: 261: 258: 255: 254: 250: 247: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 231: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 215: 210: 207: 205: 202: 201: 199: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 167: 162: 161:2 Corinthians 159: 157: 156:1 Corinthians 154: 153: 151: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 138: 134: 130: 124: 123: 116: 113: 112: 109: 106: 105: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 77: 76: 73: 70: 69: 65: 61: 55: 54: 49: 43: 39: 38: 35: 34:New Testament 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 2640:Vetus Latina 2638: 2621: 2574:Jewish canon 2569:Antilegomena 2471:Poetic Books 2467:Wisdom books 2445:Subdivisions 2358: 2333: 2063: / 1988:Deuterocanon 1908:Lamentations 1888:Ecclesiastes 1795:(protocanon) 1786:Hebrew Bible 1728: 1566: 1512: 1491: 1451: 1440: 1427:Online Bible 1426: 1420: 1411: 1356: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1320: 1304: 1281: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1204: 1181: 1175: 1166: 1155: 1143:. Retrieved 1134: 1125: 1101: 1095: 1076: 1075:, or simply 1072: 1067: 1039: 1007: 999: 997: 977: 962: 945:Thessalonica 925:Paul writes 906: 881: 853: 844: 840: 836: 830: 797: 791: 788: 734: 732: 637:Acts of Paul 551: 511:in the Bible 160: 31:Books of the 2745:WikiProject 2623:Diatessaron 2594:Manuscripts 2547:Development 2349:Philippians 2219:Beta Israel 2137:4 Maccabees 2132:3 Maccabees 2046:2 Maccabees 2041:1 Maccabees 1823:Deuteronomy 1345:Acts 20:2-3 785:Composition 727:Papyrus 124 567:Philippians 188:Philippians 2760:Categories 2682:Authorship 2612:Septuagint 2457:Pentateuch 2436:Revelation 2360:Laodiceans 2354:Colossians 1843:1–2 Samuel 1208:1 Cor. 5:9 1087:References 1030:Come-outer 994:Uniqueness 903:Background 779:amanuensis 572:Colossians 533:Authorship 339:Authorship 319:Apocalypse 193:Colossians 133:Apocalypse 108:Lukan Acts 2521:Johannine 2381:2 Timothy 2376:1 Timothy 2344:Ephesians 2339:Galatians 2127:Psalm 151 1995:apocrypha 1973:Zechariah 1963:Zephaniah 1848:1–2 Kings 1813:Leviticus 1528:Galatians 1469:6:11–7:16 1145:April 21, 988:Jerusalem 984:Galatians 919:article). 866:Structure 856:Macedonia 592:2 Timothy 587:1 Timothy 562:Ephesians 557:Galatians 350:Luke-Acts 225:2 Timothy 220:1 Timothy 177:Ephesians 172:Galatians 2735:Category 2634:Peshitta 2531:Catholic 2526:Pastoral 2511:Epistles 2504:Synoptic 2391:Philemon 2204:2 Baruch 2191:Peshitta 2165:Jubilees 2117:2 Esdras 2112:1 Esdras 2007:Catholic 1958:Habakkuk 1903:Jeremiah 1883:Proverbs 1863:Nehemiah 1677:Silvanus 1643:Thirteen 1575:Chapters 1462:4:1–6:10 1446:LibriVox 1160:2Cor.1:1 1139:Archived 1117:Archived 1014:See also 941:Philippi 777:was the 665:See also 602:Philemon 501:a series 499:Part of 418:epistles 241:Philemon 129:Epistles 24:a series 22:Part of 2707:Studies 2675:Related 2646:Vulgate 2516:Pauline 2494:Gospels 2411:2 Peter 2406:1 Peter 2396:Hebrews 2299:Matthew 2189:Syriac 2075:Susanna 1978:Malachi 1938:Obadiah 1913:Ezekiel 1818:Numbers 1803:Genesis 1776:of the 1717:Related 1696:Phrases 1682:Timothy 1652:Persons 1496:Epistle 1493:Pauline 1311:, from 980:apostle 972:Corinth 959:Content 913:Ephesus 759:Corinth 755:Timothy 745:of the 741:of the 531: ( 371:Hebrews 277:2 Peter 272:1 Peter 249:Hebrews 82:Matthew 60:Gospels 2740:Portal 2617:Targum 2426:3 John 2421:2 John 2416:1 John 2324:Romans 2277:Jewish 2102:Others 2061:Baruch 2056:Sirach 2051:Wisdom 2031:Judith 2016:Others 1968:Haggai 1918:Daniel 1898:Isaiah 1878:Psalms 1868:Esther 1833:Judges 1828:Joshua 1808:Exodus 1662:Christ 1638:Twelve 1633:Eleven 1391:, 1897 1363:  1292:  1192:  1109:  965:Christ 860:Romans 771:Jerome 767:Greece 763:Achaea 542:Romans 298:3 John 293:2 John 288:1 John 148:Romans 2401:James 2386:Titus 2160:Enoch 2026:Tobit 1953:Nahum 1948:Micah 1943:Jonah 1923:Hosea 1778:Bible 1774:Books 1687:Titus 1667:Moses 1659:Jesus 1618:Eight 1613:Seven 1593:Three 1479:10–13 1387:, in 1059:Notes 968:Jesus 775:Titus 737:is a 597:Titus 264:James 236:Titus 2499:List 2431:Jude 2319:Acts 2314:John 2309:Luke 2304:Mark 2265:list 2142:Odes 1933:Amos 1928:Joel 1858:Ezra 1838:Ruth 1672:Paul 1623:Nine 1603:Five 1598:Four 1361:ISBN 1290:ISBN 1190:ISBN 1147:2022 1107:ISBN 850:Date 812:The 733:The 509:Paul 309:Jude 131:and 97:John 92:Luke 87:Mark 64:Acts 62:and 1992:and 1873:Job 1628:Ten 1608:Six 1588:Two 1583:One 1475:8–9 1454:1–2 943:or 802:KJV 800:", 2762:: 1477:, 1464:, 1460:, 1456:, 1410:. 1375:^ 1284:. 1262:, 1238:^ 1184:. 1137:. 1133:. 1115:. 1004:, 878:). 773:, 26:on 2473:) 2469:( 1788:/ 1766:e 1759:t 1752:v 1559:e 1552:t 1545:v 1471:, 1458:3 1369:. 1298:. 1198:. 1149:. 711:e 704:t 697:v 535:) 485:e 478:t 471:v 420:) 416:(

Index

a series
New Testament

New Testament papyri
Gospels
Acts
Four Evangelists
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Lukan Acts
Acts of the Apostles
Epistles
Apocalypse
Pauline epistles
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews

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