1461:“The christology of Col is built on the traditional hymn in 1:15–20, according to which Christ is the image of the invisible God... and other christological statements that have no parallel in the undisputed Pauline writings are added: that Christ is the mystery of God... that believers have been raised with Christ ... that Christ forgives sins... that Christ is victorious over the principalities and powers..." Compared to undisputed Pauline epistles, in which Paul looks forward to an imminent Second Coming, Colossians presents a completed eschatology, in which baptism relates to the past (a completed salvation) rather than to the future: “...whereas Paul expected the parousia in the near future (I Thes 4:15; 5:23; I Cor 7:26)... The congregation has already been raised from the dead with Christ ... whereas in the undisputed letters resurrection is a future expectation... The difference in eschatological orientation between Col and the undisputed letters results in a different theology of baptism... Whereas in Rom 6:1–4 baptism looks forward to the future, in Col baptism looks back to a completed salvation. In baptism believers have not only died with Christ but also been raised with him.” The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Edited by Raymond E. Brown, S.S., Union Theological Seminary, New York; NY, Maurya P. Horgan (Colossians); Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (emeritus) The Divinity School, Duke University, Durham, NC, with a foreword by His Eminence Carlo Maria Cardinal Martini, S.J.; Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990 1990 p. 876
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1434:"The cumulative weight of the many differences from the undisputed Pauline epistles has persuaded most modern scholars that Paul did not write Colossians ... Those who defend the authenticity of the letter include Martin, Caird, Houlden, Cannon and Moule. Some... describe the letter as Pauline but say that it was heavily interpolated or edited. Schweizer suggests that Col was jointly written by Paul and Timothy. The position taken here is that Col is Deutero-Pauline; it was composed after Paul’s lifetime, between AD 70 (Gnilka) and AD 80 (Lohse) by someone who knew the Pauline tradition. Lohse regards Col as the product of a Pauline school tradition, probably located in Ephesus."
874:). In regard to the style, as Norman Perrin, who argues for pseudonymity, notes, "The letter does employ a great deal of traditional material and it can be argued that this accounts for the non-Pauline language and style. If this is the case, the non-Pauline language and style are not indications of pseudonymity." Not only that, but it has been noted that Colossians has indisputably Pauline stylistic characteristics, found nowhere else in the New Testament. Advocates of Pauline authorship also argue that the differences between Colossians and the rest of the New Testament are not as great as they are purported to be.
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had been "discarded" and "led captive" at Christ's death. Christ is the master of all angelic forces and the head of the church. Christ is the only mediator between God and humanity, the unique agent of cosmic reconciliation. It is the Father in
Colossians who is said to have delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of His beloved Son. The Son is the agent of reconciliation and salvation not merely of the church, but in some sense redeems the rest of creation as well ("all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven").
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1782:, Commentary Editor, Walter Russell Bowie, Associate Editor of Exposition, Paul Scherer, Associate Editor of Exposition, John Knox Associate Editor of New Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Samuel Terrien, Associate Editor of Old Testament Introduction and Exegesis, Nolan B. Harmon Editor, Abingdon Press, copyright 1955 by Pierce and Washabaugh, set up printed, and bound by the Parthenon Press, at Nashville, Tennessee, Volume XI, Philippians, Colossians , Thessalonians, Pastoral Epistles , Philemon, Hebrews
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1409:“The earliest evidence for Pauline authorship, aside from the letter itself ... is from the mid to late 2d cent. (Marcionite canon; Irenaeus, Adv. Haer. 3.14.1; Muratorian canon). This traditional view stood unquestioned until 1838, when E. T. Mayerhoff denied the authenticity of this letter, claiming that it was full of non-Pauline ideas and dependent on the letter to the
42:
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scripseris" (Who wrote it). "It is enough to know that someone, at any rate, wrote
Ephesians (why not Paul?), 30 to 60 years after Christ’s death (hardly any later than that, since it is attested by Ignatius, Polycarp, and Justin), someone who understood Paul well and developed the apostle’s ideas with conspicuous loyalty as well as originality.”
808:, it was written in the 60s while Paul was in prison. Colossians is similar to Ephesians, also written at this time. Some critical scholars have ascribed the epistle to an early follower of Paul, writing as Paul. The epistle's description of Christ as pre-eminent over creation marks it, for some scholars, as representing an advanced
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The practical part of the
Epistle, enforces various duties naturally flowing from the doctrines expounded. They are exhorted to mind things that are above Colossians 3:1–4, to mortify every evil principle of their nature, and to put on the new man. Many special duties of the Christian life are also
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In these doctrinal sections, the letter proclaims that Christ is supreme over all that has been created. All things were created through him and for him, and the universe is sustained by him. God had chosen for his complete being to dwell in Christ. The "cosmic powers" revered by the false teachers
1491:
Kummel, W.G. Introduction to the New
Testament. 1966, p. 241: 'Pleonastic "kai" after "dia touto" (Col 1:9) is found in the NT only in Paul (1 Thess. 2:13; 3:5; Rom. 13:6)..."hoi hagioi autou" Col 1:25=1 Thess. 3:13, 2 Thess. 1:10, "charixesthai"=to forgive (Col 2:13, 3:13) only in 2 Cor 2:7, 10,
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on the question. While acknowledging the validity of many questions regarding
Pauline authorship, Barth was inclined to defend it. Nevertheless, he concluded that it didn't much matter one way or the other to him. It was more important to focus on "Quid scriptum est" (What is written) than "Quis
1785:
TNJBC = The New Jerome
Biblical Commentary, Edited by Raymond E. Brown, S.S., Union Theological Seminary, New York; NY, Maurya P. Horgan ; Roland E. Murphy, O. Carm. (emeritus) The Divinity School, Duke University, Durham, NC, with a foreword by His Eminence Carlo Maria Cardinal Martini, S.J.;
854:
However, as with several epistles attributed to Paul, critical scholarship disputes this claim. One ground is that the epistle's language doesn't seem to match Paul's, with 48 words appearing in
Colossians that are found nowhere else in his writings and 33 of which occur nowhere else in the
859:. A second ground is that the epistle features a strong use of liturgical-hymnic style which appears nowhere else in Paul's work to the same extent. A third is that the epistle's themes related to Christ, eschatology and the church seem to have no parallel in Paul's undisputed works.
870:) in composition. As it is usually pointed out by the same authors who note the differences in language and style, the number of words foreign to the New Testament and Paul is no greater in Colossians than in the undisputed Pauline letters (Galatians, of similar length, has 35
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Colossians 3:22-24 instructs slaves to obey their masters and serve them sincerely, in return for an "inheritance" from God in the afterlife. Colossians 4:1 instructs masters to "provide your slaves with what is right and fair" because God is in turn their master.
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to be the supreme power over the entire universe, and urged
Christians to lead godly lives. The letter consists of two parts: first a doctrinal section, then a second regarding conduct. Those who believe that the motivation of the letter was a growing
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in the church see both sections of the letter as opposing false teachers who have been spreading error in the congregation. Others see both sections of the letter as primarily encouragement and edification for a developing church.
830:
The letter's authors claim to be Paul and
Timothy, but authorship began to be authoritatively questioned during the 19th century. Pauline authorship was held to by many of the early church's prominent theologians, such as
1035:
References to "the elements" and the only mention of the word "philosophy" in the New
Testament have led scholar Norman DeWitt to conclude that early Christians at Colossae must have been under the influence of
1777:
TIB = The Interpreter's Bible, The Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised Standard versions with general articles and introduction, exegesis, exposition for each book of the Bible in twelve volumes,
866:). It is argued that these differences can come by human variability, such as by growth in theological knowledge over time, different occasion for writing, as well as use of different secretaries (or
785:
Scholars have increasingly questioned Paul's authorship and attributed the letter to an early follower instead, but others still defend it as authentic. If Paul was the author, he probably used an
1470:
Richard R. Melick, vol. 32, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, electronic ed., Logos Library System; The New American Commentary (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2001, c. 1991), 166
877:
As theologian Stephen D. Morrison points out in context, "Biblical scholars are divided over the authorship of Ephesians and Colossians." He provides as an example the reflection of theologian
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If the text was written by Paul, it could have been written at Rome during his first imprisonment. Paul would likely have composed it at roughly the same time that he wrote
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Advocates of Pauline authorship defend the differences that there are between elements in this letter and those commonly considered the genuine work of Paul (e.g.
912:
If the letter is not considered to be an authentic part of the Pauline corpus, then it might be dated during the late 1st century, possibly as late as AD 90.
483:
1918:
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Koester, Helmut. History and Literature of Early Christianity, Introduction to the New Testament Vol 2. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1982, 1987.
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Kummel, Georg Werner. Introduction To The New Testament, Revised English Edition, Translated by Howard Kee. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1973, 1975
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Perrin, Norman. The New Testament: An Introduction: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History. Harcourt College Pub., 1974, p. 121
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insisted upon as the fitting evidence of the Christian character. The letter ends with customary prayer, instruction, and greetings.
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During the first generation after Jesus, Paul's epistles to various churches helped establish early Christian theology. According to
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The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A Commentary on the Greek Text, New International Greek Testament Commentary
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906:. A date of 62 AD assumes that the imprisonment Paul speaks of is his Roman imprisonment that followed his voyage to Rome.
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Wright, N. T., Colossians and Philemon, Tyndale New Testament Commentaries (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986), pp. 34–39.
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1413:. Thereafter others have found additional arguments against Pauline authorship." New Jerome Biblical Commentary
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1032:. Colossae was approximately 12 miles (19 km) from Laodicea and 14 miles (23 km) from Hierapolis.
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not present during Paul's lifetime. Defenders of Pauline authorship cite the work's similarities to the
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is developed in chapter 2, with a warning against being drawn away from him in whom dwelt all the
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May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.
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offers firstly a "general warning" against accepting a purely human philosophy, and then
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Christ and Spirit in the New Testament: Studies in Honour of Charles Francis Digby Moule
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Paul and First-Century Letter Writing: Secretaries, Composition and Collection
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The doctrinal part of the letter is found in the first two chapters. The main
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Colossians is often categorized as one of the "prison epistles", along with
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Other scholars have suggested that it was written from Caesarea or Ephesus.
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924:. The oldest manuscripts transcribing some or all of this letter include:
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For a defense of Pauline authorship for Colossians see: Authenticity of
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NIV Bible (Large Print ed.). (2007). London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd
1211:) appear in both epistles, and both are claimed to be written by Paul.
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Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford: Colossians 2
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IV. Freedom from Human Regulations through Life with Christ (2:8–23)
1832:(ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
1356:, Downers Grove, IL; Leicester, England: InterVarsity Press; Apollos
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Hooker, Morna D. (1973). "Were There False Teachers in Colossae?".
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P. O’Brien, Colossians, Philemon, WBC (Waco, Tex.: Word, 1982), xiv
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1024:. In Colossians there is mention of local brethren in Colossae,
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The original manuscript is lost, as are many early copies. The
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B. A Concern for the Spiritual Welfare of His Readers (2:1–7)
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of the deity, and who was the head of all spiritual powers.
1516:"Karl Barth on the Authorship of Ephesians and Colossians"
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1800:
Collection of translations and commentary on Colossians
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Cross, F.L., ed. (2005), "Colossians, Epistle to the",
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A. Warning to Guard against the False Teachers (2:8–15)
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Online translations of the Epistle to the Colossians:
41:
1012:
Schematic of Colossians, William Brooks Taylor (1910)
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1391:
1389:
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A. A Ministry for the Sake of the Church (1:24–2:7)
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1142:a "more specific warning against false teachers".
1786:Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990
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1507:
1247:. The book is most commonly abbreviated as "Col."
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1822:English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
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1097:B. Pleas to Reject the False Teachers (2:16–19)
774:and approximately 100 miles (160 km) from
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1926:
1912:
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1335:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
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1818:Various versions including Greek Translation
1273:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. 2018. p. 983.
1111:B. Rules for Christian Households (3:18–4:1)
1079:III. Paul's Labor for the Church (1:24–2:7)
750:. It was written, according to the text, by
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1324:
1044:. The Epistle to the Colossians proclaimed
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1919:
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1554:"Introduction to the Book of Colossians".
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816:, which is broadly accepted as authentic.
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1108:A. The Old Self and the New Self (3:1–17)
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1633:. University of Minnesota Press. 1954.
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1100:C. An Analysis of the Heresy (2:20–23)
1076:II. The Supremacy of Christ (1:15–23)
1016:Colossae is in the same region as the
898:, as all three letters were sent with
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1900:
1514:Morrison, Stephen D. (June 8, 2016).
1332:
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1367:
50:, showing 2 Cor 11:33–12:9
2991:Other books referenced in the Bible
2950:New Testament manuscript categories
1337:, New York: Oxford University Press
1309:from the original on April 21, 2022
1104:V. Rules for Holy Living (3:1–4:6)
986:The last page of Colossians in the
13:
2521:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1287:from the original on June 3, 2021.
826:Authorship of the Pauline epistles
14:
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1790:
1239:The book is sometimes called the
792:The original text was written in
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1241:Letter of Paul to the Colossians
992:Bibliothèque nationale de France
726:The first page of Colossians in
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3006:Biblical and Quranic narratives
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1114:C. Further Instructions (4:2–6)
922:text of surviving copies varies
1609:San Francisco: Harper Collins.
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1352:Richards, E. Randolph (2004),
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46:Papyrus 46, one of the oldest
1:
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1118:VI. Final Greetings (4:7–18)
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677:Apostles in the New Testament
1607:Who Wrote the New Testament?
967:(c. 550; in Greek and Latin)
7:
3065:1st-century Christian texts
1836:Multiple bible versions at
1814:public domain audiobook at
1214:
746:is the twelfth book of the
10:
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2986:English Bible translations
2374:Song of the Three Children
1849:Epistle to the Colossians
1299:"Bible Book Abbreviations"
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3060:Epistle to the Colossians
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1928:Epistle to the Colossians
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1744:New International Version
1735:New International Version
1368:Dunn, James D.G. (1996),
1062:I. Introduction (1:1–14)
1040:philosophy, which taught
953:Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
744:Epistle to the Colossians
632:Coptic Apocalypse of Paul
404:New Testament manuscripts
16:Book of the New Testament
1605:Mack, Burton L. (1996),
1226:
2848:Intertestamental period
1765:Colossians and Philemon
1069:B. Thanksgiving (1:3–8)
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758:, and addressed to the
734:, "to the Colossians".
457:Christianity portal
2832:Apocalyptic literature
2469:Paralipomena of Baruch
1841:(NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
1780:George Arthur Buttrick
1682:, accessed 19 May 2021
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2996:Additional Scriptures
2960:New Testament uncials
1011:
1000:
985:
916:Surviving manuscripts
837:Clement of Alexandria
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2981:Bible version debate
2955:New Testament papyri
2901:Samaritan Pentateuch
2526:Testament of Abraham
2464:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
1630:St Paul and Epicurus
1303:Logos Bible Software
1066:A. Greetings (1:1–2)
845:Origen of Alexandria
682:Pauline Christianity
414:Johannine literature
115:Acts of the Apostles
48:New Testament papyri
3075:New Testament books
2923:Muratorian fragment
2858:New Testament canon
2853:Old Testament canon
2746:Chapters and verses
2364:Additions to Daniel
2330:Additions to Esther
1889:First Thessalonians
1520:Stephen D. Morrison
1163:The prison epistles
1001:Ruined building in
988:Codex Claromontanus
965:Codex Claromontanus
730:gives its title as
399:New Testament canon
3070:Canonical epistles
2536:Testament of Jacob
2531:Testament of Isaac
2416:Prayer of Manasseh
2379:Bel and the Dragon
2359:Letter of Jeremiah
1881:Books of the Bible
1692:Colossians 1:12–13
1558:. Crossway. 2008.
1398:Harris, Stephen L.
1140:Colossians 2:16–23
1122:Doctrinal sections
1072:C. Prayer (1:9–14)
1022:Book of Revelation
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1006:
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971:Codex Coislinianus
947:Codex Alexandrinus
814:letter to Philemon
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627:Apocalypse of Paul
615:Related literature
529:Pauline literature
325:Book of Revelation
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3046:
3016:Textual criticism
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2503:Psalms of Solomon
2446:Orthodox Tewahedo
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2033:
1895:
1894:
1886:Succeeded by
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1830:at GospelHall.org
1725:Colossians 3:5–14
1280:978-1-4335-6343-0
1136:Colossians 2:8–15
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719:
494:
493:
424:Pastoral epistles
257:Catholic epistles
3102:
3080:Pauline epistles
2896:Dead Sea Scrolls
2878:Dating the Bible
2756:Historical books
2393:Eastern Orthodox
2306:Eastern Orthodox
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2026:Textual variants
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1865:Preceded by
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752:Paul the Apostle
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445:Bible portal
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409:Synoptic Gospels
379:Petrine epistles
366:Pauline epistles
141:Pauline epistles
72:Four Evangelists
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3085:Prison writings
3050:
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2734:
2665:2 Thessalonians
2660:1 Thessalonians
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864:1 Thessalonians
828:
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736:British Library
732:προς κολασσαείς
716:
687:
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1270:ESV Pew Bible
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857:New Testament
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806:Bruce Metzger
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2863:Antilegomena
2765:Poetic Books
2761:Wisdom books
2739:Subdivisions
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2647:
2357: /
2282:Deuterocanon
2202:Lamentations
2182:Ecclesiastes
2089:(protocanon)
2080:Hebrew Bible
1975:Jesus Justus
1927:
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1828:Online Bible
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571:
511:in the Bible
192:
31:Books of the
3039:WikiProject
2917:Diatessaron
2888:Manuscripts
2841:Development
2643:Philippians
2513:Beta Israel
2431:4 Maccabees
2426:3 Maccabees
2340:2 Maccabees
2335:1 Maccabees
2117:Deuteronomy
1942:Aristarchus
1868:Philippians
1492:12:13' etc.
1185:Aristarchus
1173:Philippians
931:(c. AD 200)
810:christology
800:Composition
794:Koine Greek
567:Philippians
188:Philippians
3054:Categories
2976:Authorship
2906:Septuagint
2751:Pentateuch
2730:Revelation
2654:Laodiceans
2648:Colossians
2137:1–2 Samuel
1811:Colossians
1772:Colossians
1648:: 315–331.
1587:Acts 27-28
1424:Colossians
1255:References
1245:Colossians
1030:Hierapolis
929:Papyrus 46
879:Karl Barth
868:amanuenses
841:Tertullian
820:Authorship
787:amanuensis
780:Asia Minor
770:city near
766:, a small
572:Colossians
533:Authorship
339:Authorship
319:Apocalypse
193:Colossians
133:Apocalypse
108:Lukan Acts
2815:Johannine
2675:2 Timothy
2670:1 Timothy
2638:Ephesians
2633:Galatians
2421:Psalm 151
2289:apocrypha
2267:Zechariah
2257:Zephaniah
2142:1–2 Kings
2107:Leviticus
1947:Archippus
1411:Ephesians
1313:April 21,
1189:Archippus
1169:Ephesians
1038:Epicurean
949:(400–440)
943:(330–360)
937:(325–350)
896:Ephesians
738:, London.
592:2 Timothy
587:1 Timothy
562:Ephesians
557:Galatians
350:Luke-Acts
225:2 Timothy
220:1 Timothy
177:Ephesians
172:Galatians
3095:Colossae
3029:Category
2928:Peshitta
2825:Catholic
2820:Pastoral
2805:Epistles
2798:Synoptic
2685:Philemon
2498:2 Baruch
2485:Peshitta
2459:Jubilees
2411:2 Esdras
2406:1 Esdras
2301:Catholic
2252:Habakkuk
2197:Jeremiah
2177:Proverbs
2157:Nehemiah
2010:Tychicus
1995:Onesimus
1962:Epaphras
1952:Barnabas
1816:LibriVox
1307:Archived
1285:Archived
1221:Epaphras
1215:See also
1205:Onesimus
1197:Epaphras
1177:Philemon
1132:fullness
1026:Laodicea
1003:Colossae
973:(c. 550)
961:(c. 450)
955:(c. 450)
904:Onesimus
900:Tychicus
892:Philemon
849:Eusebius
833:Irenaeus
772:Laodicea
768:Phrygian
764:Colossae
665:See also
602:Philemon
501:a series
499:Part of
418:epistles
241:Philemon
129:Epistles
24:a series
22:Part of
3001:Studies
2969:Related
2940:Vulgate
2810:Pauline
2788:Gospels
2705:2 Peter
2700:1 Peter
2690:Hebrews
2593:Matthew
2483:Syriac
2369:Susanna
2272:Malachi
2232:Obadiah
2207:Ezekiel
2112:Numbers
2097:Genesis
2070:of the
2019:Related
2005:Timothy
1990:Nymphas
1935:Persons
1857:Epistle
1854:Pauline
1181:Timothy
1150:Conduct
1058:Outline
1042:atomism
1020:of the
990:in the
978:Content
776:Ephesus
756:Timothy
531: (
371:Hebrews
277:2 Peter
272:1 Peter
249:Hebrews
82:Matthew
60:Gospels
3034:Portal
2911:Targum
2720:3 John
2715:2 John
2710:1 John
2618:Romans
2571:Jewish
2396:Others
2355:Baruch
2350:Sirach
2345:Wisdom
2325:Judith
2310:Others
2262:Haggai
2212:Daniel
2192:Isaiah
2172:Psalms
2162:Esther
2127:Judges
2122:Joshua
2102:Exodus
1970:Christ
1562:
1277:
1207:, and
1175:, and
1051:heresy
1046:Christ
1028:, and
760:church
542:Romans
298:3 John
293:2 John
288:1 John
148:Romans
2695:James
2680:Titus
2454:Enoch
2320:Tobit
2247:Nahum
2242:Micah
2237:Jonah
2217:Hosea
2072:Bible
2068:Books
1967:Jesus
1957:Demas
1540:28:30
1536:28:16
1227:Notes
1209:Demas
1128:theme
597:Titus
264:James
236:Titus
2793:List
2725:Jude
2613:Acts
2608:John
2603:Luke
2598:Mark
2559:list
2436:Odes
2227:Amos
2222:Joel
2152:Ezra
2132:Ruth
2000:Paul
1985:Mark
1980:Luke
1560:ISBN
1533:Acts
1315:2022
1275:ISBN
1201:Luke
1193:Mark
902:and
894:and
886:Date
847:and
754:and
742:The
509:Paul
309:Jude
131:and
97:John
92:Luke
87:Mark
64:Acts
62:and
2286:and
2167:Job
778:in
762:in
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1388:^
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