Big Five personality traits

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studies support the relative stability of personality traits across the human lifespan, at least from preschool age through adulthood. More specifically, research suggests that four of the Big Five – namely Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness – reliably describe personality differences in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. However, some evidence suggests that Openness may not be a fundamental, stable part of childhood personality. Although some researchers have found that Openness in children and adolescents relates to attributes such as creativity, curiosity, imagination, and intellect, many researchers have failed to find distinct individual differences in Openness in childhood and early adolescence. Potentially, Openness may (a) manifest in unique, currently unknown ways in childhood or (b) may only manifest as children develop socially and cognitively. Other studies have found evidence for all of the Big Five traits in childhood and adolescence as well as two other child-specific traits: Irritability and Activity. Despite these specific differences, the majority of findings suggest that personality traits – particularly Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness – are evident in childhood and adolescence and are associated with distinct social-emotional patterns of behavior that are largely consistent with adult manifestations of those same personality traits. Some researchers have proposed the youth personality trait is best described by six trait dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and activity. Despite some preliminary evidence for this "Little Six" model, research in this area has been delayed by a lack of available measures.

2608:(i.e. on the verbal descriptors of individual differences) indicated strong methodological flaws in this model, especially related to its main factors, Extraversion and Neuroticism. First, there is a natural pro-social bias of language in people's verbal evaluations. After all, language is an invention of group dynamics that was developed to facilitate socialization and the exchange of information and to synchronize group activity. This social function of language therefore creates a sociability bias in verbal descriptors of human behavior: there are more words related to social than physical or even mental aspects of behavior. The sheer number of such descriptors will cause them to group into the largest factor in any language, and such grouping has nothing to do with the way that core systems of individual differences are set up. Second, there is also a negativity bias in emotionality (i.e. most emotions have negative affectivity), and there are more words in language to describe negative rather than positive emotions. Such asymmetry in emotional valence creates another bias in language. Experiments using the lexical hypothesis approach indeed demonstrated that the use of lexical material skews the resulting dimensionality according to a sociability bias of language and a negativity bias of emotionality, grouping all evaluations around these two dimensions. This means that the two largest dimensions in the Big Five model might be just an artifact of the lexical approach that this model employed. 2069:(n > 75,000) examining the relationship between all of the Big Five personality traits and common mental disorders found that low conscientiousness yielded consistently strong effects for each common mental disorder examined (i.e., MDD, dysthymic disorder, GAD, PTSD, panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, and SUD). This finding parallels research on physical health, which has established that conscientiousness is the strongest personality predictor of reduced mortality, and is highly negatively correlated with making poor health choices. In regards to the other personality domains, the meta-analysis found that all common mental disorders examined were defined by high neuroticism, most exhibited low extraversion, only SUD was linked to agreeableness (negatively), and no disorders were associated with Openness. A meta-analysis of 59 longitudinal studies showed that high neuroticism predicted the development of anxiety, depression, substance abuse, psychosis, schizophrenia, and non-specific mental distress, also after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history. 2337:

conscientiousness and agreeableness, were positively related with all four learning styles (synthesis analysis, methodical study, fact retention, and elaborative processing), whereas neuroticism was negatively related with all four learning styles. In addition, extraversion and openness were positively related with elaborative processing. The Big Five together explained 14% of the variance in grade point average (GPA), and learning styles explained an additional 3%, suggesting that both personality traits and learning styles contribute to academic performance. Further, the relationship between openness and GPA was mediated by reflective learning styles (synthesis-analysis and elaborative processing). These latter results suggest that being intellectually curious fully enhances academic performance when students combine this scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing. Implications of these results are discussed in the context of teaching techniques and curriculum design.

1608:, persistence/effortful control, and activity level. Some of these differences in temperament are evident at, if not before, birth. For example, both parents and researchers recognize that some newborn infants are peaceful and easily soothed while others are comparatively fussy and hard to calm. Unlike temperament, however, many researchers view the development of personality as gradually occurring throughout childhood. Contrary to some researchers who question whether children have stable personality traits, Big Five or otherwise, most researchers contend that there are significant psychological differences between children that are associated with relatively stable, distinct, and salient behavior patterns. 2367: 2353:

environments. In addition, it was found that self-discipline, extraversion, and adaptability personality traits are generally in a positive relationship with academic achievement. The most important personality trait that has a negative relationship with academic achievement has emerged as neuroticism. The results generally show that individuals who are organized, planned, determined, who are oriented to new ideas and independent thinking have increased success in distance education environments. On the other hand, it can be said that individuals with anxiety and stress tendencies generally have lower academic success.

2689:, the statistical method used to identify the dimensional structure of observed variables, lacks a universally recognized basis for choosing among solutions with different numbers of factors. A five factor solution depends on some degree of interpretation by the analyst. A larger number of factors may underlie these five factors. This has led to disputes about the "true" number of factors. Big Five proponents have responded that although other solutions may be viable in a single data set, only the five-factor structure consistently replicates across different studies. 1077:. Conversely, those with low openness want to be fulfilled by persevering and are characterised as pragmatic and data-driven – sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed-minded. Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualise the openness factor as there is a lack of biological support for this particular trait. Openness has not shown a significant association with any brain regions as opposed to the other four traits which did when using brain imaging to detect changes in volume associated with each trait. 31: 2166:

proportional to elaborative processing. The Big Five personality traits accounted for 14% of the variance in GPA, suggesting that personality traits make some contributions to academic performance. Furthermore, reflective learning styles (synthesis-analysis and elaborative processing) were able to mediate the relationship between openness and GPA. These results indicate that intellectual curiosity significantly enhances academic performance if students combine their scholarly interest with thoughtful information processing.

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concept. For this reason developmental psychologists generally interpret individual differences in children as an expression of temperament rather than personality. Some researchers argue that temperaments and personality traits are age-specific demonstrations of virtually the same internal qualities. Some believe that early childhood temperaments may become adolescent and adult personality traits as individuals' basic genetic characteristics interact with their changing environments to various degrees.

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conducted a study from a sample of 822 healthy volunteers (438 women and 384 men). Out of the Big Five personality traits, they found neuroticism most related to worse subjective health outcomes and optimistic control to better subjective health outcomes. When relating to objective health conditions, connections drawn were presented weak, except that neuroticism significantly predicted chronic illness, whereas optimistic control was more closely related to physical injuries caused by accident.

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conscientiousness influence individuals to learn to a high degree unrecognized, while extraversion and agreeableness have similar effects. Conscientiousness and neuroticism also influence individuals to perform well in front of others for a sense of credit and reward, while agreeableness forces individuals to avoid this strategy of learning. Jensen's study concludes that individuals who score high on the agreeableness trait will likely learn just to perform well in front of others.

1588:, a large naturalistic sanctuary, and a research laboratory. Neuroticism and openness factors were found in an original zoo sample, but were not replicated in a new zoo sample or in other settings (perhaps reflecting the design of the CPQ). A study review found that markers for the three dimensions extraversion, neuroticism, and agreeableness were found most consistently across different species, followed by openness; only chimpanzees showed markers for conscientious behavior. 2592:

sphere). Also, the static Big Five is not theory driven, it is merely a statistically driven investigation of certain descriptors that tend to cluster together often based on less-than-optimal factor analytic procedures. Measures of the Big Five constructs appear to show some consistency in interviews, self-descriptions and observations, and this static five-factor structure seems to be found across a wide range of participants of different ages and cultures. However, while

1405:'s (1967) theory of personality, neuroticism is associated with low tolerance for stress or strongly disliked changes. Neuroticism is a classic temperament trait that has been studied in temperament research for decades, even before it was adapted by the Five Factor Model. Neurotic people are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening. They can perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their 2332:

personality represent stable approaches to information processing. For instance, conscientiousness has consistently emerged as a stable predictor of success in exam performance, largely because conscientious students experience fewer study delays. Conscientiousness shows a positive association with the four learning styles because students with high levels of conscientiousness develop focused learning strategies and appear to be more disciplined and achievement-oriented.

1636:. Children with high Extraversion are energetic, talkative, social, and dominant with children and adults, whereas children with low extraversion tend to be quiet, calm, inhibited, and submissive to other children and adults. Individual differences in extraversion first manifest in infancy as varying levels of positive emotionality. These differences in turn predict social and physical activity during later childhood and may represent, or be associated with, the 1831:, a systematic review of personality changes in Alzheimer's disease by Robins Wahlin and Byrne, published in 2011, found systematic and consistent trait changes mapped to the Big Five. The largest change observed was a decrease in conscientiousness. The next most significant changes were an increase in Neuroticism and decrease in Extraversion, but Openness and Agreeableness were also decreased. These changes in personality could assist with early diagnosis. 2461:. Role theory suggests that role senders provide cues to elicit desired behaviors. In this context, role senders provide workers with cues for expected behaviors, which in turn activates personality traits and work relevant behaviors. In essence, expectations of the role sender lead to different behavioral outcomes depending on the trait levels of individual workers, and because people differ in trait levels, responses to these cues will not be universal. 1141:, act dutifully, and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations. It is related to people's level of impulse control, regulation, and direction. High conscientiousness is often perceived as being stubborn and focused. Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity, but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability. High conscientiousness indicates a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behaviour. 1894: 1773:

social attitude that produces a strong awareness and/or acceptance towards the similarities and differences among individuals. (Miville, M., Romas, J., Johnson, J., and Lon, R. 2002) The study found that the counselor trainees that are more open to the idea of creative expression (a facet of Openness to Experience, Openness to Aesthetics) among individuals are more likely to work with a diverse group of clients, and feel comfortable in their role.

55: 2486:. While the traits of agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism have not been consistently linked to either conservative or liberal ideology, with studies producing mixed results, such traits are promising when analyzing the strength of an individual's party identification. However, correlations between the Big Five and political beliefs, while present, tend to be small, with one study finding correlations ranged from 0.14 to 0.24. 2407:, whose publication caused a two-decades' long crisis in personality psychometrics. However, later work demonstrated that the correlations obtained by psychometric personality researchers were actually very respectable by comparative standards, and that the economic value of even incremental increases in prediction accuracy was exceptionally large, given the vast difference in performance by those who occupy complex job positions. 1835:

those with higher levels of Neuroticism while those with higher levels of the other four traits self-reported higher quality of life than those with lower levels of these traits. This suggests that as well as assisting with early diagnosis, the Big Five personality traits could help identify people with dementia potentially more vulnerable to adverse outcomes and inform personalized care planning and interventions.

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with age, some findings in youth personality research have indicated that mean levels of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience decline from late childhood to late adolescence. The disruption hypothesis, which proposes that biological, social, and psychological changes experienced during youth result in temporary dips in maturity, has been proposed to explain these findings.

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paper, Fiske's 1949 paper, and Tupes' 1957 paper. Through statistical analysis, they derived five factors they labeled "Surgency", "Agreeableness", "Dependability", "Emotional Stability", and "Culture". In addition to the influence of Cattell and Fiske's work, they strongly noted the influence of French's 1953 study. Tupes and Christal further tested and explained their 1958 work in a 1961 paper.

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similar to sex and age, still cannot be controlled or easily changed by these factors. Therefore, it is suggested that temperament (neurochemically based individual differences) should be kept as an independent concept for further studies and not be confused with personality (culturally-based individual differences, reflected in the origin of the word "persona" (Lat) as a "social mask").

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and extraverted than shallow processors. Deep processing is associated with appropriate study methods (methodical study) and a stronger ability to analyze information (synthesis analysis), whereas shallow processors prefer structured fact retention learning styles and are better suited for elaborative processing. The main functions of these four specific learning styles are as follows:

772:. These four sets of researchers used somewhat different methods in finding the five traits, making the sets of five factors have varying names and meanings. However, all have been found to be strongly correlated with their corresponding factors. Studies indicate that the Big Five traits are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual behaviour as the more numerous 1806:, Individualism, Power Distance, Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance, with the average Big Five scores in a country. For instance, the degree to which a country values individualism correlates with its average extraversion, whereas people living in cultures which are accepting of large inequalities in their power structures tend to score somewhat higher on conscientiousness. 1521: 599: 1504:

personal history, self-image). Temperament researchers point out that the lack of attention to surviving temperament research by the creators of the Big Five model led to an overlap between its dimensions and dimensions described in multiple temperament models much earlier. For example, neuroticism reflects the traditional temperament dimension of emotionality studied by

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Different traits' facets are needed for different occupations. Various facets of the Big Five traits can predict the success of people in different environments. The estimated levels of an individual's success in jobs that require public speaking versus one-on-one interactions will differ according to whether that person has particular traits' facets.

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example, levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness demonstrate a negative trend during childhood and early adolescence before trending upwards during late adolescence and into adulthood. In addition to these group effects, there are individual differences: different people demonstrate unique patterns of change at all stages of life.

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of all common mental disorders and is not associated with personality. Further evidence is required to fully uncover the nature and differences between personality traits, temperament and life outcomes. Social and contextual parameters also play a role in outcomes and the interaction between the two is not yet fully understood.

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and helping behavior; lower conflict; lower deviance and turnover. Furthermore, attributes related to Agreeableness are important for workforce readiness for a variety of occupations and performance criteria. Research has suggested that those who are high in agreeableness are not as successful in accumulating income.

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individual's potential for performance based on their personality traits. For instance, in their journal article "Which Personality Attributes Are Most Important in the Workplace?" Paul Sackett and Philip Walmsley claim that conscientiousness and agreeableness are "important to success across many different jobs."

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associated with well-being. Personality can sometimes be flexible and measuring the big five personality for individuals as they enter certain stages of life may predict their educational identity. Recent studies have suggested the likelihood of an individual's personality affecting their educational identity.

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responding is present. When compared with a traditional Big Five measure for its ability to predict GPA and creative achievement under both normal and "fake good"-bias response conditions, the relative-scored measure significantly and consistently predicted these outcomes under both conditions; however, the

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personality stabilizes for working-age individuals within about four years after starting working. There is also little evidence that adverse life events can have any significant impact on the personality of individuals. More recent research and meta-analyses of previous studies, however, indicate that

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The Big Five Personality Model also has applications in the study of political psychology. Studies have been finding links between the big five personality traits and political identification. It has been found by several studies that individuals who score high in Conscientiousness are more likely to

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A study published in 2023 found that the Big Five personality traits may also influence the quality of life experienced by people with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, post diagnosis. In this study people with dementia with lower levels of Neuroticism self-reported higher quality of life than

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Research into the Big Five has been pursued in a variety of languages and cultures, such as German, Chinese, and South Asian. For example, Thompson has claimed to find the Big Five structure across several cultures using an international English language scale. Cheung, van de Vijver, and Leong (2011)

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data, which compare personality levels across different age groups, show a high degree of stability in personality traits during adulthood, especially Neuroticism that is often regarded as a temperament trait similarly to longitudinal research in temperament for the same traits. It is shown that the

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effect. Many researchers have sought to investigate how trends in adult personality development compare to trends in youth personality development. Two main population-level indices have been important in this area of research: rank-order consistency and mean-level consistency. Rank-order consistency

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Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others' well-being and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others' motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative.

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from external activities/situations, and energy creation from external means. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy interacting with people, and are often perceived as energetic. They tend to be enthusiastic and action-oriented. They possess high group

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to one another; that is, the five factors are not independent. Orthogonality is viewed as desirable by some researchers because it minimizes redundancy between the dimensions. This is particularly important when the goal of a study is to provide a comprehensive description of personality with as few

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has also been shown to be positively correlated with conscientiousness and negatively correlated with neuroticism. Some research has also suggested that the conscientiousness of a supervisor is positively associated with an employee's perception of abusive supervision. Others have suggested that low

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As of 2002, there were over fifty published studies relating the FFM to personality disorders. Since that time, quite a number of additional studies have expanded on this research base and provided further empirical support for understanding the DSM personality disorders in terms of the FFM domains.

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Research on the Big Five, and personality in general, has focused primarily on individual differences in adulthood, rather than in childhood and adolescence, and often include temperament traits. Recently, there has been growing recognition of the need to study child and adolescent personality trait

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At the other end of the scale, less neurotic individuals are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings;

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is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, open to emotion, sensitive to beauty, and willing to try new things. They tend to be, when compared to closed people,

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The predictive effects of the Big Five personality traits relate mostly to social functioning and rules-driven behavior and are not very specific for prediction of particular aspects of behavior. For example, it was noted by all temperament researchers that high neuroticism precedes the development

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When the relationship between the five-factor personality traits and academic achievement in distance education settings was examined in brief, the openness personality trait was found to be the most important variable that has a positive relationship with academic achievement in distance education

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When all four facets are implicated within the classroom, they will each likely improve academic achievement. This model asserts that students develop either agentic/shallow processing or reflective/deep processing. Deep processors are more often found to be more conscientious, intellectually open,

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Studies conducted on college students have concluded that hope, which is linked to agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness, has a positive effect on psychological well-being. Individuals high in neurotic tendencies are less likely to display hopeful tendencies and are negatively

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Five major models have been posed to explain the nature of the relationship between personality and mental illness. There is currently no single "best model", as each of them has received at least some empirical support. These models are not mutually exclusive – more than one may be operating for a

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These common mental disorders (CMDs) have been empirically linked to the Big Five personality traits, neuroticism in particular. Numerous studies have found that having high scores of neuroticism significantly increases one's risk for developing a common mental disorder. A large-scale meta-analysis

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A 2017 study has found that countries' average personality trait levels are correlated with their political systems. Countries with higher average trait Openness tended to have more democratic institutions, an association that held even after factoring out other relevant influences such as economic

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A study of gender differences in 55 nations using the Big Five Inventory found that women tended to be somewhat higher than men in neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The difference in neuroticism was the most prominent and consistent, with significant differences found

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Findings from these studies indicate that, consistent with adult personality trends, youth personality becomes increasingly more stable in terms of rank-order throughout childhood. Unlike adult personality research, which indicates that people become agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable

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Researchers of adult temperament point out that, similarly to sex, age, and mental illness, temperament is based on biochemical systems whereas personality is a product of socialisation of an individual possessing these four types of features. Temperament interacts with socio-cultural factors, but,

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Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts. They tend to seem quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression, but as greater independence of their social world than

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reanalysed data from Cattell, Tupes, Norman, Fiske and Digman. They re-affirmed the validity of the five factors, naming them "Friendly Compliance vs. Hostile Non-compliance", "Extraversion vs. Introversion", "Ego Strength vs. Emotional Disorganization", "Will to Achieve" and "Intellect". They also

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undertook a personality trait study of US Air Force officers. Each was rated by their peers using Cattell's 35 terms (or in some cases, the 30 most reliable terms). In 1958, Tupes and Raymond Christal began a US Air Force study by taking 37 personality factors and other data found in Cattell's 1947

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Those labels for the five factors may be remembered using the acronyms "OCEAN" or "CANOE". Beneath each proposed global factor, there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors. For example, extraversion is typically associated with qualities such as gregariousness, assertiveness,

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Much of the evidence on the measures of the Big 5 relies on self-report questionnaires, which makes self-report bias and falsification of responses difficult to deal with and account for. It has been argued that the Big Five tests do not create an accurate personality profile because the responses

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The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self-descriptive sentences or, in the case of lexical measures, items that are single adjectives. Due to the length of sentence-based and some lexical measures, short forms have been developed and validated for use in

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is negatively related to individual task proactivity. Typically this is associated with lower career success and being less able to cope with conflict. However there are benefits to the Agreeableness personality trait including higher subjective well-being; more positive interpersonal interactions

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Research has suggested that individuals who are considered leaders typically exhibit lower amounts of neurotic traits, maintain higher levels of openness, balanced levels of conscientiousness, and balanced levels of extraversion. Further studies have linked professional burnout to neuroticism, and

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It is believed that the Big Five traits are predictors of future performance outcomes to varying degrees. Specific facets of the Big Five traits are also thought to be indicators of success in the workplace, and each individual facet can give a more precise indication as to the nature of a person.

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Besides openness, all Big Five personality traits helped predict the educational identity of students. Based on these findings, scientists are beginning to see that the Big Five traits might have a large influence of on academic motivation that leads to predicting a student's academic performance.

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Recent studies have begun to explore the developmental origins and trajectories of the Big Five among children and adolescents, especially those that relate to temperament. Many researchers have sought to distinguish between personality and temperament. Temperament often refers to early behavioral

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is the general concern for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature.

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Research suggests that a relative-scored Big Five measure in which respondents had to make repeated choices between equally desirable personality descriptors may be a potential alternative to traditional Big Five measures in accurately assessing personality traits, especially when lying or biased

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Openness has been linked to learning styles that often lead to academic success and higher grades like synthesis analysis and methodical study. Because conscientiousness and openness have been shown to predict all four learning styles, it suggests that individuals who possess characteristics like

2243:(APS) commissioned a report that concludes that no significant evidence exists that learning-style assessments should be included in the education system. Thus it is premature, at best, to conclude that the evidence links the Big Five to "learning styles", or "learning styles" to learning itself. 2085:

According to this model, personality contributes to the onset or etiology of various common mental disorders. In other words, pre-existing personality traits either cause the development of CMDs directly or enhance the impact of causal risk factors. There is strong support for neuroticism being a

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In 2002, the Journal of Psychology posted a Big Five Personality Trait Difference; where researchers explored the relationship between the five-factor model and the Universal-Diverse Orientation (UDO) in counselor trainees. (Thompson, R., Brossart, D., and Mivielle, A., 2002). UDO is known as one

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effect. On average, levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness typically increase with time, whereas extraversion, neuroticism, and openness tend to decrease. Research has also demonstrated that changes in Big Five personality traits depend on the individual's current stage of development. For

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Conversely, agreeableness has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military. A study of Asian military units showed that agreeable people are more likely to be poor transactional leaders. Therefore, with further research, organisations may be able to determine an

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Some authors suggested that Big Five personality traits combined with learning styles can help predict some variations in the academic performance and the academic motivation of an individual which can then influence their academic achievements. This may be seen because individual differences in

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According to the research carried out by Komarraju, Karau, Schmeck & Avdic (2011), conscientiousness and agreeableness are positively related with all four learning styles, whereas neuroticism was negatively related with those four. Furthermore, extraversion and openness were only positively

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However, the APS report also suggested that all existing learning styles have not been exhausted and that there could exist learning styles worthy of being included in educational practices. There are studies that conclude that personality and thinking styles may be intertwined in ways that link

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argues that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to siblings that were born later. Large-scale studies using random samples and self-report personality tests, however, have found milder effects than Sulloway claimed, or no

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Measured differences in the magnitude of sex differences between more or less developed world regions were caused by the changes in the measured personalities of men, not women, in these respective regions. That is, men in highly developed world regions were less neurotic, less extraverted, less

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researchers as to whether or not biologically based differences define a concept of temperament or a part of personality. The presence of such differences in pre-cultural individuals (such as animals or young infants) suggests that they belong to temperament since personality is a socio-cultural

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concluded that the 10 aspects of the Big Five may have distinct biological substrates. This was derived through factor analyses of two data samples with the International Personality Item Pool, followed by cross-correlation with scores derived from 10 genetic factors identified as underlying the

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or a very brief (10 item) measure of the Big Five domains. Research has suggested that some methodologies in administering personality tests are inadequate in length and provide insufficient detail to truly evaluate personality. Usually, longer, more detailed questions will give a more accurate

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data, which is a large-scale representative survey of American high school students, with 272,003 eligible participants, found statistically significant but very small effects (the average absolute correlation between birth order and personality was .02) of birth order on personality, such that

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The structure, manifestations, and development of the Big Five in childhood and adolescence have been studied using a variety of methods, including parent- and teacher-ratings, preadolescent and adolescent self- and peer-ratings, and observations of parent-child interactions. Results from these

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than calm and composed people. These problems in emotional regulation can make a neurotic person think less clearly, make worse decisions, and cope less effectively with stress. Being disappointed with one's life achievements can make one more neurotic and increase one's chances of falling into

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is highly predictive of job performance in general, and is positively related to all forms of work role performance, including job performance and job satisfaction, greater leadership effectiveness, lower turnover and deviant behaviors. However this personality trait is associated with reduced

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This model proposes that associations between personality and psychopathology are found because these two constructs both occupy a single domain or spectrum and psychopathology is simply a display of the extremes of normal personality function. Support for this model is provided by an issue of

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Gender differences in personality traits are largest in prosperous, healthy, and more gender-egalitarian nations. The explanation for this, as stated by the researchers of a 2001 paper, is that actions by women in individualistic, egalitarian countries are more likely to be attributed to their

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Similarly to findings in temperament research, children with high activity tend to have high energy levels and more intense and frequent motor activity compared to their peers. Salient differences in activity reliably manifest in infancy, persist through adolescence, and fade as motor activity

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skills. In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions, individuals were asked to take a personality test and be directly evaluated by supervised subordinates. Very agreeable leaders were more likely to be considered transformational rather than

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used 22 terms either adapted from Cattell's 1947 study, and through surveys of male university students and statistics derived five factors: "Social Adaptability", "Emotional Control", "Conformity", "Inquiring Intellect", and "Confident Self-expression". In the same year, Cattell, with Maurice

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of Harvard University took Allport and Odbert's list and reduced this to a list of roughly 160 terms by eliminating words with very similar meanings. To these, he added terms from 22 other psychological categories, and additional "interest" and "abilities" terms. This resulted in a list of 171

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It has been argued that there are limitations to the scope of the Big Five model as an explanatory or predictive theory. It has also been argued that measures of the Big Five account for only 56% of the normal personality trait sphere alone (not even considering the abnormal personality trait

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asserted that "the five-factor model of personality is widely accepted as representing the higher-order structure of both normal and abnormal personality traits". However, other researchers disagree that this model is widely accepted (see the section Critique below) and suggest that it simply

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Sopagna Eap et al. (2008) found that European-American men scored higher than Asian-American men on extroversion, conscientiousness, and openness, while Asian-American men scored higher than European-American men on neuroticism. Benet-Martínez and Karakitapoglu-Aygün (2003) arrived at similar

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Moreover, temperament refers to dynamic features of behaviour (energetic, tempo, sensitivity, and emotionality-related), whereas personality is to be considered a psycho-social construct comprising the content characteristics of human behaviour (such as values, attitudes, habits, preferences,

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reactions tend to stay for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. For instance, neuroticism is connected to pessimism toward work, to certainty that work hinders personal relationships, and to higher levels of anxiety from the pressures at work. Furthermore,

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Emerging methodologies increasingly confirmed personality theories during the 1980s. Though generally failing to predict single instances of behavior, researchers found that they could predict patterns of behavior by aggregating large numbers of observations. As a result, correlations between

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Each of the Big Five personality traits contains two separate, but correlated, aspects reflecting a level of personality below the broad domains but above the many facet scales also making up part of the Big Five. The aspects are labelled as follows: Volatility and Withdrawal for Neuroticism;

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Personality and learning styles are both likely to play significant roles in influencing academic achievement. College students (308 undergraduates) completed the Five Factor Inventory and the Inventory of Learning Processes and reported their grade point average. Two of the Big Five traits,

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To examine how the Big Five personality traits are related to subjective health outcomes (positive and negative mood, physical symptoms, and general health concern) and objective health conditions (chronic illness, serious illness, and physical injuries), Jasna Hudek-Knezevic and Igor Kardum

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In addition, some research (Fleeson, 2001) suggests that the Big Five should not be conceived of as dichotomies (such as extraversion vs. introversion) but as continua. Each individual has the capacity to move along each dimension as circumstances (social or temporal) change. He is or she is

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in that population) and environmental factors both influence all five factors to the same degree. Among four twin studies examined in 2003, the mean percentage for heritability was calculated for each personality and it was concluded that heritability influenced the five factors broadly. The

999:, adding the factors "Agreeableness" and "Conscientiousness", and becoming a Big Five instrument. This set the names for the factors that are now most commonly used. The NEO maintainers call their model the "Five Factor Model" (FFM). Each NEO personality dimension has six subordinate facets. 877:

replicated Tupes and Christal's work in 1963. He relabeled "Surgency" as "Extroversion or Surgency", and "Dependability" as "Conscientiousness". He also found four subordinate scales for each factor. Norman's paper was much more read than Tupes and Christal's papers had been. Norman's later

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Some cross-cultural research has shown some patterns of gender differences on responses to the NEO-PI-R and the Big Five Inventory. For example, women consistently report higher Neuroticism, Agreeableness, warmth (an extraversion facet) and openness to feelings, and men often report higher

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more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs. Open people can be perceived as unpredictable or lacking focus, and more likely to engage in risky behaviour or drug-taking. Moreover, individuals with high openness are said to pursue

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Compton WM, Conway KP, Stinson FS, Colliver JD, Grant BF (June 2005). "Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM-IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related

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is positively related to proactivity at the individual and the organizational levels and is negatively related to team and organizational proficiency. These effects were found to be completely independent of one another. This is also counter-conscientious and has a negative correlation to

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Researchers have long suggested that work is more likely to be fulfilling to the individual and beneficial to society when there is alignment between the person and their occupation. For instance, software programmers and scientists often rank high on Openness to experience and tend to be

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In addition, a previous study by psychologist Mikael Jensen has shown relationships between the Big Five personality traits, learning, and academic achievement. According to Jensen, all personality traits, except neuroticism, are associated with learning goals and motivation. Openness and

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suggested that conscientiousness and agreeableness have a positive relationship with all types of learning styles (synthesis-analysis, methodical study, fact retention, and elaborative processing), whereas neuroticism shows an inverse relationship. Moreover, extraversion and openness were

741:. It was defined by several independent sets of researchers who analysed words describing people's behaviour. These researchers first studied relationships between a large number of words related to personality traits. They made lists of these words shorter by 5–10 times and then used 2092:

This model proposes that premorbid personality traits impact the expression, course, severity, and/or treatment response of a mental disorder. An example of this relationship would be a heightened likelihood of committing suicide in a depressed individual who also has low levels of

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criterion overlap. For instance, two of the primary facet scales of neuroticism in the NEO-PI-R are "depression" and "anxiety". Thus the fact that diagnostic criteria for depression, anxiety, and neuroticism assess the same content increases the correlations between these domains.

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Children with high shyness are generally socially withdrawn, nervous, and inhibited around strangers. In time, such children may become fearful even around "known others", especially if their peers reject them. Similar pattern was described in temperament longitudinal studies of

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The initial model was advanced in 1958 by Ernest Tupes and Raymond Christal, research psychologists working at Lackland Air Force Base in Texas, but failed to reach scholars and scientists until the 1980s. In 1990, J.M. Digman advanced his five-factor model of personality, which

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Children with high sociability generally prefer to be with others rather than alone. During middle childhood, the distinction between low sociability and high shyness becomes more pronounced, particularly as children gain greater control over how and where they spend their

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In the 4th edition of the 16PF Questionnaire released in 1968, 5 "global factors" derived from the 16 factors were identified: "Extraversion", "Independence", "Anxiety", "Self-control" and "Tough-mindedness". 16PF advocates have since called these "the original Big 5".

9494:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 1813:

Attempts to replicate the Big Five have succeeded in some countries but not in others. Some research suggests, for instance, that Hungarians do not have a single agreeableness factor. Other researchers have found evidence for agreeableness but not for other factors.

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Job outcome measures include job and training proficiency and personnel data. However, research demonstrating such prediction has been criticized, in part because of the apparently low correlation coefficients characterizing the relationship between personality and

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Children with high dominance tend to influence the behavior of others, particularly their peers, to obtain desirable rewards or outcomes. Such children are generally skilled at organizing activities and games and deceiving others by controlling their nonverbal

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Andrew H. Schwartz analyzed 700 million words, phrases, and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers, who also took standard personality tests, and found striking variations in language with personality, gender, and age.

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According to the scar model, episodes of a mental disorder 'scar' an individual's personality, changing it in significant ways from premorbid functioning. An example of a scar effect would be a decrease in openness to experience following an episode of

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has called the Big Five a "psychology of the stranger", because they refer to traits that are relatively easy to observe in a stranger; other aspects of personality that are more privately held or more context-dependent are excluded from the Big Five.

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There may be debate as to what counts as personality and what does not and the nature of the questions in the survey greatly influence outcome. Multiple particularly broad question databases have failed to produce the Big Five as the top five traits.

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clinical depression. Moreover, neurotic individuals tend to experience more negative life events, but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences. Also, neurotic people tend to have worse psychological well-being.

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traits. From this he used factor analysis to derive 60 "personality clusters or syndromes" and an additional 7 minor clusters. Cattell then narrowed this down to 35 terms, and later added a 36th factor in the form of an IQ measure. Through

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studies in the English language indicated five large groups of personality traits, more recent, and more comprehensive, cross-language studies have provided evidence for six large groups rather than five, with the sixth factor being

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Bagby RM, Sellbom M, Costa PT, Widiger TA (April 2008). "PredictingDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV personality disorders with the five-factor model of personality and the personality psychopathology five".

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He went on to suggest that repeatedly observed higher order factors hierarchically above the proclaimed Big Five personality traits may promise deeper biological understanding of the origins and implications of these superfactors.

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According to the common cause model, personality traits are predictive of CMDs because personality and psychopathology have shared genetic and environmental determinants which result in non-causal associations between the two

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Research regarding personality with growing age has suggested that as individuals enter their elder years (79–86), those with lower IQ see a raise in extraversion, but a decline in conscientiousness and physical well-being.

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firstborns were slightly more conscientious, dominant, and agreeable, while also being less neurotic and less sociable. Parental socioeconomic status and participant gender had much larger correlations with personality.

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Average deviation of five factor personality profile of heroin users from the population mean. N stands for Neuroticism, E for Extraversion, O for Openness to experience, A for Agreeableness and C for Conscientiousness.

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results in greater leadership emergence and effectiveness; as well as higher job and life satisfaction. However extraversion can lead to more impulsive behaviors, more accidents and lower performance in certain jobs.

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expression of personality traits differs profoundly across different cultures as a function of the different socio-cultural conditioning and experiential learning that takes place within different cultural settings.

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Iwasa H, Masui Y, Gondo Y, Inagaki H, Kawaai C, Suzuki T (May 2008). "Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a Japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study".

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Trapmann, S., Hell, B., Hirn, J.-O. W. ve Schuler, H. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between the Big Five and academic success at university. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 215(2),

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One common criticism is that the Big Five does not explain all of human personality. Some psychologists have dissented from the model precisely because they feel it neglects other domains of personality, such as

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three-factor personality inventory, published by Costa and McCrae in 1985. It used the three NEO factors. The methodology employed in constructing the NEO instruments has since been subject to critical scrutiny.

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than those not in the gifted program. While not a measure of the Big Five, gifted students also reported less state anxiety than students not in the gifted program. Specific Big Five personality traits predict

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Tatsuoka and Herbert Eber, found 4 additional factors, which they believed consisted of information that could only be provided through self-rating. With this understanding, they created the sixteen factor

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Higher conscientiousness is associated with lower obesity risk. In already obese individuals, higher conscientiousness is associated with a higher likelihood of becoming non-obese over a five-year period.

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Because agreeableness is a social trait, research has shown that one's agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one's team members. Agreeableness also positively predicts

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Enthusiasm and Assertiveness for Extraversion; Intellect and Openness for Openness to Experience; Industriousness and Orderliness for Conscientiousness; and Compassion and Politeness for Agreeableness.

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Converging evidence from several nationally representative studies has established three classes of mental disorders which are especially common in the general population: Depressive disorders (e.g.,

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extraverts. Introverts need less stimulation and more time alone than extraverts. This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial; rather, they are aloof and reserved in social situations.

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Moreover, the factor analysis that this model is based on is a linear method incapable of capturing nonlinear, feedback and contingent relationships between core systems of individual differences.

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personality disorder symptoms. However, most predictions related to an increase in Neuroticism and a decrease in Agreeableness, and therefore did not differentiate between the disorders very well.

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in the 1990s. Further development in Germany and the United States saw the pool based on three languages. Its questions and results have been mapped to various Big Five personality typing models.

12444: 8730:"The associations between personality traits and quality of life, satisfaction with life, and well-being over time in people with dementia and their caregivers: findings from the IDEAL programme" 5170: 2560:

given on these tests are not true in all cases and can be falsified. For example, questionnaires are answered by potential employees who might choose answers that paint them in the best light.

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Though the effect sizes are small: Of the Big Five personality traits high Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Extraversion relate to general religiosity, while Openness relate negatively to

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A study completed in 2020 concluded that dolphins have some similar personality traits to humans. Both are large brained intelligent animals but have evolved separately for millions of years.

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processing information, forming categories, and organizing them into hierarchies. This is the only one of the learning styles that has explained a significant impact on academic performance.

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thinking styles to the Big Five personality traits. There is no general consensus on the number or specifications of particular learning styles, but there have been many different proposals.

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Goldberg LR, Johnson JA, Eber HW, Hogan R, Ashton MC, Cloninger CR, Gough HG (February 2006). "The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures".

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questionnaire lost its predictive ability in the faking condition. Thus, the relative-scored measure proved to be less affected by biased responding than the Likert measure of the Big Five.

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put at the highest-organised level. These five overarching domains have been found to contain most known personality traits and are assumed to represent the basic structure behind them all.

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intellectually curious, think in symbols and abstractions, and find repetition boring. Psychologists and sociologists rank higher on Agreeableness and Openness than economists and jurists.

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self-report measures were as follows: openness to experience was estimated to have a 57% genetic influence, extraversion 54%, conscientiousness 49%, neuroticism 48%, and agreeableness 42%.

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The factors that influence a personality are called the determinants of personality. These factors determine the traits which a person develops in the course of development from a child.

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applied statistical analysis to 16PF results, and determined that the model could be reduced to five factors, "Anxiety", "Extraversion", "Warmth", "Imagination" and "Conscientiousness".

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is more likely to be described as "always prepared" rather than "messy". These associations suggest five broad dimensions used in common language to describe the human personality,

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to group the remaining traits (with data mostly based upon people's estimations, in self-report questionnaires and peer ratings) in order to find the basic factors of personality.

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extraversion to enduring positive work experience. Studies have linked national innovation, leadership, and ideation to openness to experience and conscientiousness. Occupational

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became the first person known to consider deriving a comprehensive taxonomy of human personality traits by sampling language. The idea that this may be possible is known as the

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indicates the relative placement of individuals within a group. Mean-level consistency indicates whether groups increase or decrease on certain traits throughout the lifetime.

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van Lieshout CF, Haselager GJ (1994). "The Big Five personality factors in Q-sort descriptions of children and adolescents.". In Halverson CF, Kohnstamm GA, Martin RP (eds.).

1933:), and substance use disorders (SUDs). The Five Factor personality profiles of users of different drugs may be different. For example, the typical profile for heroin users is 918:

like Mischel argued that attitudes and behavior were not stable, but varied with the situation. Predicting behavior from personality instruments was claimed to be impossible.

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Roberts BW, Walton KE, Viechtbauer W (January 2006). "Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies".

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Digman, John M.; Takemoto-Chock, Naomi K. (1981-04-01). "Factors In The Natural Language Of Personality: Re-Analysis, Comparison, And Interpretation Of Six Major Studies".

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Mervielde I, De Fruyt F, Jarmuz S (May 1998). "Linking openness and intellect in childhood and adulthood.". In Kohnstamm GA, Halverson CF, Mervielde I, Havill VL (eds.).

1026:" to the five (which it calls "Emotionality", "Extraversion", "Agreeableness", "Conscientiousness", and "Openness to Experience"). Each of these factors has four facets. 980:(OPQ) in 1984. This was the first commercially available Big Five test. Its factors are "Extroversion", "Vigorous", "Methodical", "Emotional Stability", and "Abstract". 2469:

The Big Five model of personality was used for attempts to predict satisfaction in romantic relationships, relationship quality in dating, engaged, and married couples.

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Goldberg LR (May 1980). Some ruminations about the structure of individual differences: Developing a common lexicon for the major characteristics of human personality.

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may add as much as five years to one's life. The Big Five personality traits also predict positive health outcomes. In an elderly Japanese sample, conscientiousness,

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conscientious and less agreeable compared to men in less developed world regions. Women, on the other hand tended not to differ in personality traits across regions.

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posits that within a person trait levels predict future behavior, that trait levels differ between people, and that work-related cues activate traits which leads to

2002: 1936: 3013:"General personality and psychopathology in referred and nonreferred children and adolescents: an investigation of continuity, pathoplasty, and complication models" 10357: 8792:

Mullins-Sweatt SN, Widiger TA (2006). "The five-factor model of personality disorder: A translation across science and practice.". In Krueger R, Tackett J (eds.).

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Damian RI, Roberts BW (October 2015). "The associations of birth order with personality and intelligence in a representative sample of U.S. high school students".

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Mervielde I, De Fruyt F (1999). "Construction of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children (Hi- PIC).". In Mervielde ID, De Fruyt F, Ostendorf F (eds.).

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Soto CJ (August 2016). "The Little Six Personality Dimensions From Early Childhood to Early Adulthood: Mean-Level Age and Gender Differences in Parents' Reports".

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McCrae RR, Costa PT, Ostendorf F, Angleitner A, Hrebícková M, Avia MD, Sanz J, Sánchez-Bernardos ML, Kusdil ME, Woodfield R, Saunders PR, Smith PB (January 2000).

1329:), it was the strongest of the Big Five traits. However, the same study could not predict leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader's direct supervisor. 10241:"Unraveling the impact of the Big Five personality traits on academic performance: The moderating and mediating effects of self-efficacy and academic motivation" 2588:. In response to Block, the model was defended in a paper published by Costa and McCrae. This was followed by a number of published critical replies from Block. 1604:

and affective characteristics that are thought to be driven primarily by genes. Models of temperament often include four trait dimensions: surgency/sociability,

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Personality plays an important role in academic achievement. A study of 308 undergraduates who completed the Five Factor Inventory Processes and reported their

12393: 11918: 9435:"The Power of Personality: The Comparative Validity of Personality Traits, Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes" 4881:

Boyle GJ, Stankov L, Cattell RB (1995). "Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence". In Saklofske DH, Zeidner M (eds.).

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The proposed Big Five model has been subjected to considerable critical scrutiny in a number of published studies. One prominent critic of the model has been

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The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Five Item Personality Inventory (FIPI) are very abbreviated rating forms of the Big Five personality traits.

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Previous research has found evidence that most adults become more agreeable and conscientious and less neurotic as they age. This has been referred to as the

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Markey PM, Markey CN, Ericksen AJ, Tinsley BJ (2002). "A preliminary validation of preadolescents' self-reports using the Five-Factor Model of personality".

2991: 6444:"A cross-setting study of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) personality structure and development: zoological parks and Yerkes National Primate Research Center" 1401:, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. It is sometimes called emotional instability, or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability. According to 8213:

Lodhi PH, Deo S, Belhekar VM (2002). "The Five-Factor model of personality in Indian context: measurement and correlates.". In McCrae RR, Allik J (eds.).

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Mathiesen KS, Tambs K (March 1999). "The EAS temperament questionnaire – factor structure, age trends, reliability, and stability in a Norwegian sample".

6523: 10963:

Neal A, Yeo G, Koy A, Xiao T (26 January 2011). "Predicting the Form and Direction of Work Role Performance From the Big 5 Model of Personality Traits".

10020: 2777:. Based on these findings it has been suggested that the Big Five system should be replaced by HEXACO, or revised to better align with lexical evidence. 2556:

portrayal of personality. The five factor structure has been replicated in peer reports. However, many of the substantive findings rely on self-reports.

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and a list of common slang words. The result was a list of 4504 adjectives they believed were descriptive of observable and relatively permanent traits.

12467: 1584:, revealed factors of extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness– as well as an additional factor of dominance–across hundreds of chimpanzees in 7393: 12247:

Paunonen SV, Haddock G, Forsterling F, Keinonen M (2003). "Broad versus Narrow Personality Measures and the Prediction of Behaviour Across Cultures".

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Eaton WO (1994). "Temperament, development, and the Five-Factor Model: Lessons from activity level". In Halverson CF, Kohnstamm GA, Martin RP (eds.).

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Mershon B, Gorsuch RL (1988). "Number of factors in the personality sphere: does increase in factors increase predictability of real-life criteria?".

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The Big Five personality traits have been assessed in some non-human species but methodology is debatable. In one series of studies, human ratings of

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By 2009, personality and social psychologists generally agreed that both personal and situational variables are needed to account for human behavior.

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data, semantic associations between aspects of personality and specific terms are often applied to the same person. For example, someone described as

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Norman WT (June 1963). "Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: replicated factors structure in peer nomination personality ratings".

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Sweetser KD (2014). "Partisan Personality: The Psychological Differences Between Democrats and Republicans, and Independents Somewhere in Between".

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Rothbart MK, Ahadi SA, Hershey KL, Fisher P (2001). "Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: the Children's Behavior Questionnaire".

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Ashton MC, Lee K, de Vries RE (May 2014). "The HEXACO Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality factors: a review of research and theory".

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replicates early temperament research. Noticeably, FFM publications never compare their findings to temperament models even though temperament and

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visibility, like to talk, and assert themselves. Extraverts may appear more dominant in social settings, as opposed to introverts in that setting.

4701:"Openness to experience and ego level in Loevinger's Sentence Completion Test: Dispositional contributions to developmental models of personality" 6205:

Trofimova IN (2016). "The interlocking between functional aspects of activities and a neurochemical model of temperament". In Arnold, MC (eds.).

1708: 7489:"Personality effects on children's speech in everyday life: Sociability-mediated exposure and shyness-mediated re-activity to social situations" 7122: 4666:

Costa, Paul T.; McCrae, Robert R. (1978). "Objective Personality Assessment". In Storandt, Martha; Siegler, Ilene C.; Elias, Merrill F. (eds.).

1426:). Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test. 11218:

Löwe, Konstantin Felix. "Is Politics Downstream from Personality? The Five Factor Model's Effect on Political Orientation in Sweden." (2019).

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Fehrman E, Muhammad AK, Mirkes EM, Egan V, Gorban AN (2015). "The Five Factor Model of personality and evaluation of drug consumption risk".

8640:"The Five-factor Personality Inventory as a measure of the Five-factor Model: Belgian, American, and Hungarian comparisons with the NEO-PI-R" 3534:

Karson S, O'Dell JW (1976). A guide to the clinical use of the 16PF (Report). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality & Ability Testing.

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Goldberg, Lewis R.; Johnson, John A.; Eber, Herbert W.; Hogan, Robert; Ashton, Michael C.; Cloninger, C. Robert; Gough, Harrison G. (2006).

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French, John W. (March 1953). "The Description of Personality Measurements in Terms of Rotated Factors". Institute of Educational Sciences.

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adaptability, lower learning in initial stages of skill acquisition and more interpersonally abrasiveness, when also low in agreeableness.

3838:"The comparative validity of 11 modern personality inventories: predictions of behavioral acts, informant reports, and clinical indicators" 1791:

suggest, however, that the Openness factor is particularly unsupported in Asian countries and that a different fifth factor is identified.

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Schwartz HA, Eichstaedt JC, Kern ML, Dziurzynski L, Ramones SM, Agrawal M, Shah A, Kosinski M, Stillwell D, Seligman ME, Ungar LH (2013).

10271: 968:, Andrew Comrey, and John M. Digman, reviewed the available personality instruments of the day. In 1981, Digman and Takemoto-Chock of the 1870: 17: 2511:. High Neuroticism may be related to extrinsic religiosity, whereas intrinsic religiosity and spirituality reflect Emotional Stability. 1716:

therefore not simply on one end of each trait dichotomy but is a blend of both, exhibiting some characteristics more often than others:

8394:"The Interplay Of Cultural Syndromes And Personality In Predicting Life Satisfaction: Comparing Asian Americans and European Americans" 6787: 11556: 10922: 7775: 7666: 7488: 6608: 5986:

Shiner R, Caspi A (January 2003). "Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: measurement, development, and consequences".

5604: 12607: 8005: 7963: 6025: 5907: 3446: 809: 3650: 3415: 7418: 6083: 5833:

Dwan T, Ownsworth T (2019). "The Big Five personality factors and psychological well-being following stroke: a systematic review".

1803: 339: 9848:"Association of personality with the development and persistence of obesity: a meta-analysis based on individual-participant data" 3484:

Saucier G, Goldberg LR (1996). "The language of personality: Lexical perspectives on the five-factor model". In Wiggins JS (ed.).

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Goldberg LR (1982). "From Ace to Zombie: Some explorations in the language of personality". In Spielberger CD, Butcher JN (eds.).

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Gerber AS, et al. (2010). "Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts".

1782: 977: 11436:

Hirsh JB, Peterson JB (October 2008). "Predicting creativity and academic success with a 'Fake-Proof' measure of the Big Five".

11022: 9164:"Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions" 6865:"Adolescent personality factors in self-ratings and peer nominations and their prediction of peer acceptance and peer rejection" 4396:"Relationships between behavior trait ratings by peers and later officer performance of USAF Officer Candidate School graduates" 12492: 11795: 9944: 9913: 8247: 2482:. On the opposite end of the spectrum, a strong correlation was identified between high scores in Openness to Experience and a 566: 11517: 8778:

Widiger TA, Costa PT. Jr. "Five-Factor model personality disorder research". In: Costa Paul T Jr, Widiger Thomas A., editors.

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DeYoung, Colin G.; Hirsh, Jacob B.; Shane, Matthew S.; Papademetris, Xenophon; Rajeevan, Nallakkandi; Gray, Jeremy R. (2010).

839:. He posited that the two most important personality dimensions were "Extraversion" and "Neuroticism", a term that he coined. 12344: 12204: 11985: 10500: 9556: 9233: 6982: 5399: 5369: 5208: 4683: 2985: 2816: 2774: 2240: 1704: 1019: 942:(NEO) model. The model was based on the three factors in its name. They used Eysenck's concept of "Extroversion" rather than 11764: 10046:"Personality traits and educational identity formation in late adolescents: longitudinal associations and academic progress" 9945:"Do academically gifted and nongifted students differ on the Big-Five and adaptive status? Some recent data and conclusions" 6316: 6130: 3580:

Cattell HE, Mead AD (2007). "The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)". In Boyle GJ, Matthews G, Saklofske DH (eds.).

12138: 7123:"The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies" 4284:

Cattell, H. B. (1989). "The 16PF: Personality In Depth." Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.

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Sackett, Paul R and Phillip T. Walmsley (September 2014). "Which Personality Attributes are Important in the Workplace?".

8175: 6864: 3837: 2725:'s final published work before his death in January 2010 drew together his lifetime perspective on the five-factor model. 12846: 12394:"The General Factor of Personality: A meta-analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion-related validity study" 8335:

Eap, Sopagna; DeGarmo, David S.; Kawakami, Ayaka; Hara, Shelley N.; Hall, Gordon C.N.; Teten, Andra L. (September 2008).

7528:"Subtypes of social withdrawal in early childhood: sociometric status and social-cognitive differences across four years" 3192:"Dimensional personality traits and the prediction of DSM-IV personality disorder symptom counts in a nonclinical sample" 2523: 1012: 7624: 5605:"Mutual reinforcement between neuroticism and life experiences: a five-wave, 16-year study to test reciprocal causation" 3354:"A quantitative review of the comprehensiveness of the five-factor model in relation to popular personality inventories" 3191: 12782: 11645: 7032: 2585: 2450:

is negatively related to all forms of work role performance. This increases the chance of engaging in risky behaviors.

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Some diseases cause changes in personality. For example, although gradual memory impairment is the hallmark feature of

1581: 10587: 10045: 8905:"Benefits of Distinguishing between Physical and Social-Verbal Aspects of Behavior: An Example of Generalized Anxiety" 8595: 8228:

McCrae RR (2002). "NEO-PI-R data from 36 cultures: Further Intercultural comparisons.". In McCrae RR, Allik J (eds.).

5515:"Transformational leadership: relations to the five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts" 5514: 5475: 3545:

Krug SE, Johns EF (1986). "A large scale cross-validation of second-order personality structure defined by the 16PF".

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A recent study of Israeli high-school students found that those in the gifted program systematically scored higher on

12856: 10548: 9393:"Conscientiousness and health-related behaviors: a meta-analysis of the leading behavioral contributors to mortality" 9206:

Fehrman, Elaine; Egan, Vincent; Gorban, Alexander N.; Levesley, Jeremy; Mirkes, Evgeny M.; Muhammad, Awaz K. (2019).

9039:"The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: A meta-analytic review." LM Saulsman, AC Page, 4484:. Personnel Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, United States Air Force. 939: 12851: 12416: 11949: 8278: 6609:"Age differences in personality traits from 10 to 65: Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample" 5647:"Neuroticism is associated with larger and more prolonged electrodermal responses to emotionally evocative pictures" 1869:

The five-factor model was claimed to significantly predict all ten personality disorder symptoms and outperform the

9079:"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication" 7873:

Cavallera G, Passerini A, Pepe A (2013). "Personality and gender in swimmers in indoor practice at leisure level".

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and the existence of unrecognized but successful efforts to specify aspects of character not subsumed by the model.

2719:. Although this does not mean that these five factors do not exist, the underlying causes behind them are unknown. 1319: 622: 546: 10860:

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8432: 7370: 5143: 2551:

applied research settings where questionnaire space and respondent time are limited, such as the 40-item balanced

2387:

Controversy exists as to whether or not the Big 5 personality traits are correlated with success in the workplace.

10768:"The relation between supervisors' big five personality traits and employees' experiences of abusive supervision" 10449: 10418: 8997:

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personality, rather than being attributed to ascribed gender roles within collectivist, traditional countries.

1298:

Disagreeable people are often competitive or challenging, which can be seen as argumentative or untrustworthy.

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personality and behavior increased substantially, and it became clear that "personality" did in fact exist.

935: 760:

and have mainly identified the same five factors: Tupes and Christal were first, followed by Goldberg at the

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Two theories have been integrated in an attempt to account for these differences in work role performance.

1910: 950: 946:'s. Each factor had six facets. The authors expanded their explanation of the model in subsequent papers. 581: 494: 8058:"Associations between birth order and personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and observer ratings" 7822: 7527: 7271: 6229:"Taxonomies of psychological individual differences: biological perspectives on millennia-long challenges" 1787:

Individual differences in personality traits are widely understood to be conditioned by cultural context.

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discipline, determination, and curiosity are more likely to engage in all of the above learning styles.

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Zhang Lf (6 September 2001). "Measuring thinking styles in addition to measuring personality traits?".

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Generally, people are a combination of extraversion and introversion, with personality psychologist

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10164:"Development of a Self-Report inventory for assessing Individual Differences in Learning Processes" 9587:

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11480: 11301: 10461: 7902:"Relationship of gender differences in preferences to economic development and gender equality" 7678: 7341: 7234: 6974: 5788:"Negative and positive life events are associated with small but lasting change in neuroticism" 3962: 3705: 2831: 2419: 2201: 2058:{\displaystyle {\rm {E}}\Uparrow ,{\rm {O}}\Uparrow ,{\rm {A}}\Downarrow ,{\rm {C}}\Downarrow } 1992:{\displaystyle {\rm {N}}\Uparrow ,{\rm {O}}\Uparrow ,{\rm {A}}\Downarrow ,{\rm {C}}\Downarrow } 1828: 1411: 1065: 874: 666: 576: 509: 399: 309: 264: 240: 215: 145: 133: 99: 12325:"What makes a good structural model of personality? Evaluating the big five and alternatives." 11518:"An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits" 8474: 7371:"On winning some and losing some: A social relations approach to social dominance in toddlers" 6773:

Personality psychology in Europe: Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Personality

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As one example, Schmeck, Ribich, and Ramanaiah (1997) defined four types of learning styles:

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in all five traits at various points in the lifespan. The new research shows evidence for a

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Contemporary Directions in Psychopathology: Scientific Foundations of the DSM-IV and ICD-11

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Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) manual

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assertiveness (a facet of extraversion) and openness to ideas as assessed by the NEO-PI-R.

1533: 965: 738: 454: 379: 289: 124: 109: 12196: 7964:"Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: robust and surprising findings" 4813: 1600:

development in order to understand how traits develop and change throughout the lifespan.

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The Psychology of Vocational Choice: A Theory of Personality Types and Model Environments

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particular individual and various mental disorders may be explained by different models.

1508:'s group since the '60s. Extraversion was also first introduced as a temperament type by 1045: 714: 384: 374: 359: 324: 319: 304: 284: 279: 155: 94: 12720: 11862: 11686: 11120:

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5741: 3124: 2696:). Results do not always replicate when run on other populations or in other languages. 2366: 1422:

Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense (i.e.,

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Block J (2010). "The Five-Factor framing of personality and beyond: Some ruminations".

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used a lexical hypothesis approach with the Dutch language to develop what became the

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Parental descriptions of child personality: Developmental antecedents of the Big Five

6967: 6884: 6753: 6713: 6674: 6628: 6590: 6578: 6519: 6473: 6424: 6375: 6336: 6301: 6258: 6146: 6103: 6045: 6003: 5927: 5850: 5807: 5765: 5669: 5665: 5624: 5572: 5534: 5495: 5395: 5365: 5354: 5271: 5245: 5226:"Testing Predictions From Personality Neuroscience: Brain Structure and the Big Five" 5204: 5065: 4956: 4917: 4854: 4795: 4787: 4720: 4700: 4679: 4586: 4524: 4516: 4353: 4315: 4245: 4237: 4207: 4136: 4128: 4058: 4038: 3980: 3930: 3857: 3723: 3670: 3651:"Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers" 3616: 3566: 3516: 3466: 3385: 3373: 3326: 3287: 3249: 3211: 3089: 3032: 2981: 2922: 2885: 2745:

the use of factor analysis as the exclusive paradigm for conceptualizing personality,

2658: 2440: 2190: 1577: 1556: 1134: 805: 722: 672: 603: 404: 329: 235: 220: 104: 12674: 12592: 12123: 12088: 11457: 11419: 11018: 10907: 10380:"Big Five personality group differences across academic majors: A systematic review" 10080: 9525: 9353: 8983: 8889: 8863: 8714: 8671: 8147: 7859: 7807: 7708: 7651: 7442: 7107: 7059: 6822: 6387: 6356:"Heritability of the big five personality dimensions and their facets: a twin study" 6115: 5819: 5584: 5026: 4432:. Air Force Personnel & Training Research Center, Lackland Air Force Base. 1957. 4148: 3869: 3788: 3735: 3338: 3044: 2934: 976:

Peter Saville and his team included the five-factor "Pentagon" model as part of the

737:

The Big Five model was built to understand the relationship between personality and

30: 12734: 12724: 12696: 12654: 12619: 12580: 12543: 12535: 12504: 12459: 12408: 12374: 12332: 12305: 12256: 12229: 12150: 12111: 12076: 12049: 12014: 11933: 11876: 11866: 11807: 11776: 11737: 11700: 11690: 11611: 11588: 11568: 11529: 11502: 11490: 11445: 11399: 11361: 11331: 11311: 11250: 11193: 11163: 11129: 11094: 11071: 11059: 11006: 10972: 10934: 10879: 10826: 10789: 10779: 10740: 10680: 10641: 10599: 10560: 10529: 10471: 10430: 10391: 10323: 10286: 10252: 10219: 10175: 10144: 10107: 10060: 9990: 9956: 9925: 9867: 9859: 9816: 9788: 9749: 9708: 9700: 9608: 9600: 9505: 9457: 9449: 9404: 9365: 9311: 9298:

Cuijpers P, Smit F, Penninx BW, de Graaf R, ten Have M, Beekman AT (October 2010).

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Hunt A, Martyr A, Gamble LD, Morris RG, Thom JM, Pentecost C, Clare L (June 2023).

8694: 8651: 8607: 8568: 8533: 8486: 8447: 8405: 8364: 8348: 8290: 8259: 8187: 8127: 8096: 8069: 8017: 7975: 7923: 7913: 7882: 7845: 7837: 7787: 7743: 7735: 7688: 7639: 7582: 7539: 7500: 7469: 7430: 7351: 7283: 7244: 7184: 7157: 7137: 7087: 7047: 6999: 6876: 6845: 6810: 6802: 6743: 6701: 6666: 6620: 6568: 6560: 6507: 6463: 6455: 6414: 6367: 6328: 6289: 6278:"What's next for the neurobiology of temperament, personality and psychopathology?" 6248: 6240: 6142: 6095: 6037: 5995: 5919: 5862: 5842: 5799: 5755: 5745: 5661: 5616: 5564: 5526: 5487: 5431: 5261: 5237: 5100: 5014: 4948: 4909: 4846: 4779: 4712: 4671: 4578: 4508: 4451: 4403: 4307: 4227: 4219: 4171: 4120: 4085: 4050: 4019: 3992: 3972: 3922: 3892: 3849: 3776: 3715: 3682: 3662: 3608: 3554: 3508: 3458: 3427: 3365: 3318: 3279: 3241: 3203: 3169: 3120: 3079: 3071: 3024: 2914: 2873: 2811: 2597: 2416:

agreeableness and high neuroticism are traits more related to abusive supervision.

1863: 1859: 1605: 1548: 1406: 1398: 1030: 931: 769: 702: 409: 364: 349: 344: 225: 200: 8537: 8310: 7643: 7419:"Dominance and deception in children and adults: Are leaders the best misleaders?" 5846: 3060:"A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance" 2693: 2370:

The Vocations Map - many people in the same role share similar personality traits.

2301:

focusing on the actual result instead of understanding the logic behind something

1568: 12729: 12189: 11871: 11695: 10667:

McLean, Dawson; Bouaissa, Mohsen; Rainville, Bruno; Auger, Ludovic (2019-12-04).

10256: 9995: 9978: 9820: 7771: 7319:

The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood

7000:"The Big-Five trait taxonomy: history, measurement, and theoretical perspectives" 6931:

The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood

6905:

The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood

6332: 6293: 5750: 5198: 4543: 4479: 4427: 2953: 2796: 2739: 2716: 2686: 2397: 2233: 2179: 1999:, whereas for ecstasy users the high level of N is not expected but E is higher: 1926: 1699: 1585: 1138: 1074: 843: 821: 816: 742: 698: 205: 12324: 12154: 12053: 12018: 11825:

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predicts utilizing synthesis-analysis and elaborative-processing learning styles

12623: 12166: 11901: 11615: 10630:"Who Earns More and Why? A Multiple Mediation Model from Personality to Salary" 10603: 10533: 10395: 10290: 10179: 9960: 9929: 8746: 8451: 8263: 8191: 8021: 7979: 7473: 7188: 6880: 6041: 5923: 5530: 5491: 5452: 5298: 4913: 4783: 4481:

Stability of Personality Trait Rating Factors Obtained Under Diverse Conditions

3976: 3926: 3896: 3462: 3207: 2662: 2504: 2404: 2236:

have been described as "enduring ways of thinking and processing information".

1918: 1854: 1799: 1765: 1760: 961: 927: 907: 883: 797: 750: 12760: 12584: 12412: 12378: 12115: 11449: 11403: 11197: 11063: 10645: 10564: 10549:"Individual differences in output variability as a function of job complexity" 10064: 9604: 9509: 9225: 9094: 8522:"Personality-and-culture: The case of national extraversion and word-of-mouth" 8248:"Development and validation of an international English big-five mini-markers" 8131: 8100: 7886: 7841: 7270:

John OP, Caspi A, Robins RW, Moffitt TE, Stouthamer-Loeber M (February 1994).

7141: 7091: 6277: 6084:"Children's behavioral manifestations of the five-factor model of personality" 5803: 5104: 5018: 4952: 4850: 4757:

Symposium presentation at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association

3853: 3780: 3666: 3612: 3558: 3322: 2918: 2383: 1652:) are similar to the previously described traits of temperament; the other is 1225:

suggesting a model by which differences in their brains produce these traits.

12876: 12820: 12658: 12608:"A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives" 12522:

Gurven, M.; von Rueden, C.; Massenkoff, M.; Kaplan, H.; Lero Vie, M. (2013).

11623: 11365: 11323: 11098: 11010: 10883: 10830: 10784: 10744: 10694: 10403: 10004: 9761: 9566: 8967: 8921: 8655: 8572: 8545: 8498: 8417: 8409: 8360: 8352: 7937: 7434: 7403: 7051: 6807:

10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199911/12)13:6<493::aid-per355>3.0.co;2-v

6748: 6099: 5568: 5249: 5241: 4858: 4791: 4724: 4590: 4520: 4319: 4241: 4132: 4062: 3369: 2877: 2674: 2426: 2412: 2128: 1930: 1290: 765: 706: 684: 514: 474: 394: 389: 11937: 11557:"An alternative "description of personality": the big-five factor structure" 11167: 10685: 10450:"Reconsidering the use of personality tests in personnel selection contexts" 9914:"The Big Five personality traits, learning styles, and academic achievement" 9792: 9753: 9704: 7918: 7901: 7586: 7248: 6511: 5999: 4974: 4744:(Thesis thesis). Brunel University School of Sport and Education PhD Theses. 4739: 12861: 12748: 12666: 12631: 12557: 12220:

Piekkola B (2011). "Traits across cultures: A neo-Allportian perspective".

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published an extensive meta-analysis of personality trait factor studies.

828: 756:

At least four sets of researchers have worked independently for decades to

643: 499: 190: 12026: 11749: 11580: 9275: 9258: 8199: 7559: 7512: 7303: 7196: 6888: 6379: 6026:"Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development" 4960: 4921: 4528: 4232: 3727: 3674: 3520: 3470: 3330: 3253: 2926: 12825: 9140: 8314: 6403:"Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences" 4497:"Author's Note on "Recurrent Personality Factors Based on Trait Ratings"" 3620: 2836: 2707:

A frequent criticism is that the Big Five is not based on any underlying

2692:

Surveys in studies are often online surveys of college students (compare

2642: 2618: 2596:

temperament trait dimensions might appear across different cultures, the

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Khan AA, Jacobson KC, Gardner CO, Prescott CA, Kendler KS (March 2005).

8337:"Culture and Personality Among European American and Asian American Men" 7928: 5257: 2860:

Roccas, Sonia; Sagiv, Lilach; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Knafo, Ariel (2002).

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In her review of the personality disorder literature published in 2007,

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asserted that personality instruments could not predict behavior with a

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I often forget to put things back in their proper place. (

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This was closely followed by another commercial test, the

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( 1022:model in 2004. It adds a sixth factor, " 29: 12703:Rentfrow PJ, Jokela M, Lamb ME (2015). 12442: 12281: 11824: 11793: 11762: 11179: 11177: 11145: 11143: 11045: 11043: 10990:Holland AS, Roisman GI (October 2008). 10869: 10488: 10340: 10201: 10199: 10197: 9682: 9680: 8996: 8839: 8558: 7770: 7724:"Personality Trait Change in Adulthood" 7722:Roberts BW, Mroczek D (February 2008). 7203: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6602: 6600: 6308: 6213: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6171: 6162: 6128: 5168: 4896:Epstein S, O'Brien EJ (November 1985). 4737: 4161: 4110: 4075: 4036: 3941: 3836:Grucza RA, Goldberg LR (October 2007). 3816: 3804:The 16PF Fifth Edition technical manual 3057: 2156: 1783:Big Five personality traits and culture 1776: 1360:I am not really interested in others. 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Plenty!" 11800:Personality and Individual Differences 11796:"Four ways five factors are not basic" 11769:Personality and Individual Differences 11765:"Dimensions of personality: 16, 5, 3?" 11243:Personality and Individual Differences 11183: 11156:European Journal of Political Research 11149: 11049: 10816: 10618: 10518:"How are we doing in soft psychology?" 10384:Personality and Individual Differences 10279:Personality and Individual Differences 10205: 10137:Personality and Individual Differences 9949:Personality and Individual Differences 9918:Personality and Individual Differences 9774: 9664: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9582: 9580: 9578: 9576: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9072: 9070: 8852:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8825:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190200 8252:Personality and Individual Differences 8227: 7331: 6282:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 6135:Personality and Individual Differences 5702: 5550: 5548: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 4935:Kenrick DT, Funder DC (January 1988). 4602: 4600: 4473: 4471: 4351: 4264:Personality and mood by questionnaire. 3595:Costa PT, McCrae RR (September 1976). 3498: 3269: 3106: 2220:both predict all four learning styles. 2073:The personality-psychopathology models 810:Webster's New International Dictionary 758:reflect personality traits in language 12764: 12570: 12364: 12101: 12066: 11975: 11833: 11727: 11650:Personality and Aptitude Career Tests 11119: 11052:The American Political Science Review 10953: 10872:Perspectives on Psychological Science 10845: 10707: 10377: 10269: 10134: 10017: 9442:Perspectives on Psychological Science 8806: 8796:. 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In 1936, American psychologists 25: 12899: 12857:Revised NEO Personality Inventory 12684: 10592:The Journal of Applied Psychology 10316:Canadian Journal of Communication 10212:Journal of Education and Learning 10168:Applied Psychological Measurement 9543:Handbook of Personality Disorders 9263:The British Journal of Psychiatry 8180:Journal of Personality Assessment 7623:Cobb-Clark DA, Schurer S (2012). 6869:Journal of Personality Assessment 6553:Journal of Comparative Psychology 6276:Trofimova I, et al. (2022). 6181:Rusalov VM, Trofimova IN (2007). 5519:The Journal of Applied Psychology 5480:The Journal of Applied Psychology 4565:Goldberg, Lewis R. 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(2015). 9671:Personality and Psychopathology 8864:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.008 8600:European Journal of Personality 7875:Social Behavior and Personality 7487:Asendorpf JB, Meier GH (1993). 7417:Keating CF, Heltman KR (1994). 6795:European Journal of Personality 6448:American Journal of Primatology 5869: 5826: 5717: 5506: 5467: 5444: 5345: 5330: 5316:"How to become a better leader" 5217: 5190: 5111: 5057: 5033: 4991: 4967: 4830: 4806: 4763: 4748: 4731: 4692: 4659: 4635: 4624: 4558: 4535: 4488: 4436: 4420: 4387: 4345: 4334: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4199: 4182: 4155: 4069: 4030: 3999: 3876: 3829: 3810: 3795: 3760: 3742: 3689: 3627: 3588: 3573: 3538: 3527: 3492: 3477: 3438: 3414:Norman WT, Goldberg LR (1966). 3407: 3392: 3298: 2514: 2378: 1515: 1397:is the tendency to have strong 1201: 1172:I leave my belongings around. ( 1080: 898:During the 1970s, the changing 34:The Big Five personality traits 10673:American Journal of Management 9304:Archives of General Psychiatry 9168:Archives of General Psychiatry 9083:Archives of General Psychiatry 6998:John OP, Srivastava S (1999). 6321:American Journal of Psychology 5696:The Long Shadow of Temperament 5169:Sellers FS (19 October 2015). 4206:Fiske, Donald W. (July 1949). 4006:Allport GW, Odbert HS (1936). 3156:Allport GW, Odbert HS (1936). 3051: 3017:Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2960: 2853: 2807:Genomics of personality traits 2498: 2362:Occupation and personality fit 2052: 2039: 2026: 2013: 1986: 1973: 1960: 1947: 1915:post-traumatic stress disorder 1389: 1277:I am quiet around strangers. ( 13: 1: 11604:Journal of Applied Psychology 11555:Goldberg LR (December 1990). 11495:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1 11316:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1 11255:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00233-6 11087:American Behavioral Scientist 10553:Journal of Applied Psychology 10417:Mount MK, Barrick MR (1998). 10149:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00166-0 9669:Krueger R, Tackett L (2006). 9015:Personality and Mental Health 8903:Trofimova I, Sulis W (2016). 8594:Szirmak Z, De Raad B (1994). 8538:10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.01.015 7644:10.1016/j.econlet.2011.11.015 7369:Hawley PH, Little TD (1999). 5847:10.1080/09638288.2017.1419382 5835:Disability and Rehabilitation 5711:Handbook of Social Psychology 5314:Toegel G, Barsoux JL (2012). 5118:Alexander, Nix (2017-03-03). 2847: 2546:Relative-scored Big 5 measure 2356: 2083:The Vulnerability/Risk Model: 1563: 1156:I get chores done right away. 1050:2016 US presidential election 936:National Institutes of Health 865:In 1957, Ernest Tupes of the 340:Industrial and organizational 12730:10.1371/journal.pone.0122245 12509:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90002-7 12491:Costa PT, McCrae RR (1992). 12464:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90237-j 12001:Costa PT, McCrae RR (1995). 11872:10.1371/journal.pone.0085677 11812:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90237-j 11781:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90144-z 11696:10.1371/journal.pone.0073791 10257:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.03.013 9996:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.401 9821:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181662ac9 8526:Journal of Business Research 7608:McCrae RR, Costa PT (1990). 6491:Gosling SD, John OP (1999). 6333:10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.4.0467 6294:10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101143 6147:10.1016/0191-8869(89)90017-2 5751:10.1371/journal.pone.0032413 5339:Neo PI-R professional manual 5337:Costa PT, McCrae RR (1992). 3634:Costa PT, McCrae RR (1985). 3305:Goldberg LR (January 1993). 3141:Shrout PE, Fiske ST (1995). 2948:Costa PT, McCrae RR (1992). 2899:Goldberg LR (January 1993). 2151: 2086:robust vulnerability factor. 1911:generalized anxiety disorder 1909:), anxiety disorders (e.g., 1873:(MMPI) in the prediction of 1638:behavioral activation system 1450:I have frequent mood swings. 495:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 12792:Big Five personality traits 12155:10.1037/0033-295x.109.1.202 12054:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.226 12019:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.216 11742:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.187 11573:10.1037/0022-3514.59.6.1216 10328:10.22230/CJC.1999V24N3A1111 9846:, Kivimäki M (April 2013). 9409:10.1037/0033-2909.130.6.887 9181:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097 8813:Annual Review of Psychology 8491:10.1177/0022002184015004003 7792:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011 7693:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1041 7505:10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.1072 6706:10.1207/s15327965pli1202_02 5694:Kagan J, Snidman N (2009). 5320:MIT Sloan Management Review 4676:10.1007/978-1-4684-3342-5_5 4266:San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 3113:Annual Review of Psychology 2827:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 2780: 2735:their "cloudy" measurement, 2575: 1483:Temperament and personality 1412:skin-conductance reactivity 1357:I make people feel at ease. 1351:I take time out for others. 1304:transformational leadership 1256:I keep in the background. ( 1234:I am the life of the party. 1153:I pay attention to details. 1089:I have a vivid imagination. 860:Educational Testing Service 788:In 1884, British scientist 648:Big Five personality traits 18:Big five personality traits 10: 12904: 12624:10.1037/0022-3514.87.5.707 11616:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.812 10604:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.765 10534:10.1037/0003-066x.45.6.775 10492:Personality and assessment 10396:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.011 10291:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.011 10180:10.1177/014662167700100310 9961:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.007 9930:10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.019 9593:Clinical Psychology Review 9043:, 2004 – Elsevier Science 9041:Clinical Psychology Review 8747:10.1186/s12877-023-04075-x 8452:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.407 8264:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013 8192:10.1207/s15327752jpa6902_6 8046:. WW Norton & Company. 8022:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168 7980:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322 7474:10.1037/0012-1649.26.5.721 7189:10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.189 7031:Soto C, Tackett J (2015). 6881:10.1207/s15327752jpa6903_8 6042:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 5924:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.122 5531:10.1037/0021-9010.89.4.610 5492:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.751 5120:"From Mad Men to Math Men" 4914:10.1037/0033-2909.98.3.513 4784:10.1207/s15327906mbr1602_2 3977:10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880 3927:10.1037/0022-3514.81.3.524 3897:10.1037/0022-3514.55.4.675 3463:10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.552 3208:10.1521/pedi.19.1.53.62180 2978:Cambridge University Press 2659:risk-taking/thrill-seeking 2543:Self-report questionnaires 1842: 1780: 1753: 1487:There are debates between 1435:I get stressed out easily. 1342:I am interested in people. 1179:I make a mess of things. 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(1996). 4012:Psychological Monographs 3802:Conn S, Rieke M (1994). 3370:10.1177/1073191102092010 3162:Psychological Monographs 2878:10.1177/0146167202289008 2822:Moral foundations theory 2505:religious fundamentalism 2473:Political identification 1823:Personality and dementia 1354:I feel others' emotions. 784:Finding the five factors 650:(sometimes known as the 11938:10.1111/1467-6494.00117 11404:10.1023/A:1019637632584 11168:10.1111/1475-6765.12070 10772:Frontiers in Psychology 10733:Cross-Cultural Research 10686:10.33423/ajm.v19i4.2392 10341:Holland, J. L. (1966). 10206:Jensen, Mikael (2015). 9793:10.1348/135910799168560 9754:10.1348/135910799168560 9705:10.3325/cmj.2009.50.394 8999:Handbook of Temperament 8909:Frontiers in Psychology 7919:10.1126/science.aas9899 7587:10.1111/1469-7610.00460 7249:10.1111/1467-8624.00355 6512:10.1111/1467-8721.00017 6407:Journal of Neurobiology 6000:10.1111/1469-7610.00101 5356:The Introvert Advantage 5203:. Profile. p. 11. 4759:(Report). Honolulu, HI. 4738:Saville, Peter (1978). 3613:10.1093/geronj/31.5.564 2678:variables as possible. 2459:work relevant behaviors 2455:Trait activation theory 2306:Elaborative processing: 2097:The Common Cause Model: 1889:Common mental disorders 1750:Birth-order differences 1453:I get irritated easily. 1447:I change my mood a lot. 1263:I have little to say. ( 1092:I have excellent ideas. 1009:University of Groningen 1003:Subsequent developments 867:United States Air Force 460:Behavioral neuroscience 115:Behavioral neuroscience 12806:Openness to experience 12288:Journal of Personality 12081:10.1006/jrpe.2000.2293 12042:Psychological Bulletin 12007:Psychological Bulletin 11926:Journal of Personality 11730:Psychological Bulletin 10727:Fairweather J (2012). 9498:Psychological Medicine 9397:Psychological Bulletin 9358:Psychological Bulletin 8612:10.1002/per.2410080203 8160:Ostendorf, F. (1990). 8074:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2233 8042:Harris, J. R. (2006). 7356:10.1006/drev.1998.0470 7130:Psychological Bulletin 7080:Psychological Bulletin 6850:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2341 6736:Journal of Personality 6659:Journal of Personality 6360:Journal of Personality 6245:10.1098/rstb.2017.0152 5792:Psychological Medicine 5437:10.4102/sajip.v29i1.88 4902:Psychological Bulletin 4814:"Society, August 2012" 4583:10.1006/jrpe.1998.2224 4501:Journal of Personality 4456:10.1037/e568692011-006 4408:10.1037/e522552009-001 4375:Cite journal requires 4262:Cattell, R.B. (1973). 3698:Journal of Personality 3601:Journal of Gerontology 3501:Journal of Personality 3064:Psychological Bulletin 2832:Personality psychology 2643:masculinity/femininity 2540:Lexical questionnaires 2465:Romantic relationships 2388: 2371: 2345: 2263:elaborative processing 2090:The Pathoplasty Model: 2059: 1993: 1898: 1573: 1529: 1441:I am easily disturbed. 1249:I do not talk a lot. ( 1240:I start conversations. 1165:I do not like order. ( 1098:I use difficult words. 1066:Openness to experience 1061:Openness to experience 875:University of Michigan 667:openness to experience 510:Psychology of religion 450:Behavioral engineering 134:Cognitive neuroscience 100:Affective neuroscience 35: 12573:Psychological Inquiry 12104:Psychological Inquiry 10819:Journal of Management 10522:American Psychologist 9276:10.1192/bjp.186.3.190 8956:Psychological Reports 7456:Asendorpf JB (1990). 7214:. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. 6694:Psychological Inquiry 6315:Trofimova IN (2010). 5713:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 5230:Psychological Science 5029:– via Elsevier. 4975:"History of the IPIP" 4189:h.j. eysenck (1950). 3547:Psychological Reports 3488:. New York: Guilford. 2906:American Psychologist 2787:Core self-evaluations 2682:Methodological issues 2484:left-leaning ideology 2386: 2369: 2334: 2060: 1994: 1896: 1845:Personality disorders 1839:Personality disorders 1606:negative emotionality 1571: 1523: 1466:I seldom feel blue. ( 1438:I worry about things. 1150:I am always prepared. 1033:, Lena C. Quilty and 886:continued this work. 873:Warren Norman of the 848:University of Chicago 604:Psychology portal 33: 12852:Personality theories 12143:Psychological Review 11845:Trofimova I (2014). 11348:Goldberg LR (1992). 11122:Political Psychology 10516:Rosenthal R (1990). 10454:Personnel Psychology 10423:Personnel Psychology 10378:Vedel, Anna (2016). 10345:. Oxford: Blaisdell. 9539:Livesley WJ (2001). 9141:10.4088/jcp.v66n0602 8246:Thompson ER (2008). 7334:Developmental Review 6730:Goldberg LR (2001). 2157:Academic achievement 2003: 1937: 1777:Cultural differences 1534:behavioural genetics 1348:I have a soft heart. 1193:I shirk my duties. ( 1159:I follow a schedule. 1137:is a tendency to be 970:University of Hawaii 966:Naomi Takemoto-Chock 916:Social psychologists 804:and Henry Odbert of 12721:2015PLoSO..1022245R 12443:Eysenck HJ (1992). 12282:McAdams DP (1995). 11863:2014PLoSO...985677T 11794:Eysenck HJ (1992). 11763:Eysenck HJ (1991). 11687:2013PLoSO...873791S 10225:10.5539/jel.v4n4p91 6954:. Psychology Press. 6167:. New York: Plenum. 6129:Rusalov VM (1989). 5742:2012PLoSO...732413R 5197:Ambridge B (2014). 5176:The Washington Post 5150:on 16 February 2016 3145:. Psychology Press. 2423:Conscientiousness. 2282:Synthesis analysis: 2104:The Spectrum Model: 1829:Alzheimer's disease 1444:I get upset easily. 1104:I am full of ideas. 1046:Cambridge Analytica 1007:Wim Hofstee at the 835:published his book 776:or primary traits. 455:Behavioral genetics 370:Occupational health 110:Behavioral genetics 41:Part of a series on 12888:1961 introductions 12883:Personality traits 12842:Facet (psychology) 12493:"Reply to Eysenck" 11186:Political Behavior 11134:10.1111/pops.12347 10489:Mischel W (1968). 9795:– via Wiley. 9210:. Springer, Cham. 7912:(6412): eaas9899. 6671:10.1111/jopy.12168 6565:10.1037/com0000259 6239:(1744): 20170152. 6163:Strelau J (1998). 4885:. pp. 417–46. 4125:10.1007/BF02289253 3234:USAF ASD Tech. Rep 3107:Digman JM (1990). 2970:Personality Traits 2711:; it is merely an 2703:Theoretical status 2606:lexical hypothesis 2507:and positively to 2389: 2372: 2254:synthesis analysis 2055: 1989: 1907:dysthymic disorder 1899: 1729:Gender differences 1574: 1530: 1456:I often feel blue. 1407:negative emotional 1367:I insult people. ( 1071:self-actualisation 914:of more than 0.3. 894:Hiatus in research 853:16PF Questionnaire 802:Harvard University 794:lexical hypothesis 790:Sir Francis Galton 739:academic behaviour 703:personality survey 572:Schools of thought 410:Sport and exercise 256:Applied psychology 36: 12870: 12869: 12811:Conscientiousness 12346:978-1-4338-1704-5 12337:10.1037/14343-013 12206:978-1-4292-3719-2 11987:978-1-4129-4651-3 10502:978-0-8058-2330-1 10495:. London: Wiley. 9864:10.1111/obr.12007 9673:. Guilford Press. 9651:. Guilford Press. 9558:978-1-57230-629-5 9235:978-3-030-10441-2 8807:Clark LA (2007). 7632:Economics Letters 7532:Child Development 7276:Child Development 7227:Child Development 6984:978-0-8058-2301-1 6460:10.1002/ajp.20428 6420:10.1002/neu.10160 5876:Dolan SL (2006). 5401:978-0-205-99793-0 5371:978-0-7611-2369-9 5352:Laney MO (2002). 5210:978-1-78283-023-8 5064:Jang, KL (2002). 4685:978-1-4684-3342-5 4448:PsycEXTRA Dataset 4400:PsycEXTRA Dataset 3240:(61–97): 225–51. 2987:978-0-521-83107-9 2713:empirical finding 2441:Conscientiousness 2348:Distance Learning 2313: 2312: 2290:Methodical study: 2191:conscientiousness 1724:Group differences 1557:genetic variation 1399:negative emotions 1135:Conscientiousness 1130:Conscientiousness 955:Brunel University 922:Renewed attention 806:Dartmouth College 723:positive emotions 673:conscientiousness 640: 639: 537:Counseling topics 480:Consumer behavior 221:Psycholinguistics 105:Affective science 16:(Redirected from 12895: 12785: 12778: 12771: 12762: 12761: 12752: 12742: 12732: 12679: 12678: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12603: 12597: 12596: 12568: 12562: 12561: 12551: 12540:10.1037/a0030841 12519: 12513: 12512: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12478: 12472: 12466:. Archived from 12449: 12440: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12427: 12421: 12415:. Archived from 12398: 12389: 12383: 12382: 12362: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12353: 12320: 12314: 12313: 12303: 12279: 12273: 12272: 12244: 12238: 12237: 12234:10.1037/a0022478 12217: 12211: 12210: 12194: 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12165:. Archived from 12134: 12128: 12127: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12037: 12031: 12030: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11973: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11954: 11948:. Archived from 11923: 11914: 11905: 11899: 11894: 11884: 11874: 11842: 11831: 11830: 11827:The Psychologist 11822: 11816: 11815: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11760: 11754: 11753: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11708: 11698: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11642: 11636: 11635: 11599: 11593: 11592: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11534:10.1037/a0027403 11513: 11507: 11506: 11488: 11486:10.1.1.1013.6925 11468: 11462: 11461: 11433: 11424: 11423: 11387: 11378: 11377: 11345: 11336: 11335: 11309: 11307:10.1.1.1013.6925 11289: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11265: 11259: 11258: 11238: 11232: 11229: 11223: 11216: 11210: 11209: 11181: 11172: 11171: 11147: 11138: 11137: 11117: 11111: 11110: 11082: 11076: 11075: 11047: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11027: 11021:. Archived from 10996: 10987: 10981: 10980: 10960: 10951: 10950: 10939:10.1037/a0026021 10918: 10912: 10911: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10843: 10842: 10814: 10808: 10807: 10797: 10787: 10763: 10757: 10756: 10724: 10718: 10717: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10688: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10625: 10616: 10615: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10469: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10311: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10294: 10276: 10270:Vedel A (2014). 10267: 10261: 10260: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10203: 10192: 10191: 10159: 10153: 10152: 10132: 10126: 10125: 10115: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10050: 10041: 10030: 10029: 10015: 10009: 10008: 9998: 9974: 9965: 9964: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9909: 9886: 9885: 9875: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9733: 9727: 9726: 9716: 9684: 9675: 9674: 9666: 9653: 9652: 9644: 9627: 9626: 9616: 9584: 9571: 9570: 9546: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9504:(14): 2883–906. 9489: 9476: 9475: 9465: 9439: 9430: 9421: 9420: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9370:10.1037/a0020327 9349: 9330: 9329: 9319: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9278: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9219: 9203: 9194: 9193: 9183: 9174:(10): 1097–106. 9159: 9153: 9152: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9106: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9050: 9044: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8934: 8924: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8875: 8843: 8837: 8836: 8804: 8798: 8797: 8789: 8783: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8759: 8749: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8699:10.1002/gps.2655 8682: 8676: 8675: 8635: 8624: 8623: 8591: 8585: 8584: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8437: 8428: 8422: 8421: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8372: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8313:. Archived from 8295:10.1037/a0022389 8274: 8268: 8267: 8243: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8171: 8165: 8158: 8152: 8151: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8053: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8001: 7992: 7991: 7959: 7950: 7949: 7931: 7921: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7853: 7827: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7686: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7629: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7349: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7242: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7127: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7075: 7064: 7063: 7037: 7028: 7011: 7010: 7004: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6972: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6947: 6936: 6935: 6925: 6914: 6913: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6792: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6751: 6727: 6718: 6717: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6654: 6637: 6636: 6625:10.1037/a0021717 6604: 6595: 6594: 6576: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6522:. Archived from 6497: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6471: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6422: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6224: 6211: 6210: 6202: 6187: 6186: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6160: 6151: 6150: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6079: 6054: 6053: 6021: 6012: 6011: 5983: 5936: 5935: 5903: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5783: 5774: 5773: 5763: 5753: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5691: 5678: 5677: 5654:Psychophysiology 5651: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5621:10.1037/a0037009 5600: 5589: 5588: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5359: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5311: 5302: 5295: 5280: 5279: 5269: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5004: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4863: 4862: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4717:10.1037/h0077727 4711:(6): 1179–1190. 4696: 4690: 4689: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4475: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4414: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4349: 4343: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4235: 4224:10.1037/h0057198 4203: 4197: 4196: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4055:10.1037/h0054116 4034: 4028: 4027: 4024:10.1037/h0093360 4003: 3997: 3996: 3970: 3950: 3939: 3938: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3713: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3496: 3490: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3432:10.1037/h0024002 3411: 3405: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3284:10.1037/h0040291 3267: 3258: 3257: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3174:10.1037/h0093360 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3128: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3076:10.1037/a0014996 3055: 3049: 3048: 3029:10.1037/a0027742 3008: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2990:. Archived from 2976:(2nd ed.). 2975: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2857: 2812:Goal orientation 2771:Honesty-Humility 2639:conservativeness 2343: 2271: 2270: 2257:methodical study 2064: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2050: 2038: 2037: 2025: 2024: 2012: 2011: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1984: 1972: 1971: 1959: 1958: 1946: 1945: 1864:neurotransmitter 1860:mental disorders 1804:cultural factors 1694:Many studies of 1586:zoological parks 1491:researchers and 1139:self-disciplined 1073:specifically by 1024:Honesty-Humility 632: 625: 618: 602: 601: 600: 567:Research methods 226:Psychophysiology 86:Basic psychology 57: 38: 37: 21: 12903: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12894: 12893: 12892: 12873: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12830: 12794: 12789: 12715:(3): e0122245. 12699:for researchers 12687: 12682: 12643: 12639: 12604: 12600: 12569: 12565: 12520: 12516: 12489: 12485: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12447: 12441: 12434: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12396: 12390: 12386: 12363: 12359: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12321: 12317: 12301:10.1.1.527.6832 12280: 12276: 12261:10.1002/per.496 12245: 12241: 12218: 12214: 12207: 12185: 12181: 12172: 12170: 12135: 12131: 12100: 12096: 12065: 12061: 12038: 12034: 11999: 11995: 11988: 11974: 11967: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11921: 11915: 11908: 11843: 11834: 11823: 11819: 11792: 11788: 11761: 11757: 11726: 11722: 11667: 11663: 11654: 11652: 11644: 11643: 11639: 11600: 11596: 11553: 11549: 11514: 11510: 11469: 11465: 11434: 11427: 11388: 11381: 11346: 11339: 11290: 11286: 11277: 11275: 11267: 11266: 11262: 11239: 11235: 11231:Roberts, p. 338 11230: 11226: 11217: 11213: 11182: 11175: 11148: 11141: 11118: 11114: 11083: 11079: 11048: 11041: 11031: 11029: 11028:on 2 March 2013 11025: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10977:10.1002/job.742 10961: 10954: 10919: 10915: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10846: 10815: 10811: 10764: 10760: 10725: 10721: 10706: 10702: 10665: 10661: 10626: 10619: 10584: 10580: 10545: 10541: 10514: 10510: 10503: 10487: 10483: 10467:10.1.1.493.5981 10446: 10442: 10415: 10411: 10376: 10372: 10362: 10360: 10354: 10350: 10339: 10335: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10298: 10274: 10268: 10264: 10237: 10233: 10204: 10195: 10160: 10156: 10133: 10129: 10092: 10088: 10048: 10042: 10033: 10016: 10012: 9975: 9968: 9941: 9937: 9910: 9889: 9852:Obesity Reviews 9840: 9836: 9804: 9800: 9773: 9769: 9734: 9730: 9685: 9678: 9667: 9656: 9645: 9630: 9585: 9574: 9559: 9537: 9533: 9490: 9479: 9437: 9431: 9424: 9389: 9385: 9350: 9333: 9310:(10): 1086–93. 9296: 9292: 9255: 9251: 9236: 9204: 9197: 9160: 9156: 9124: 9120: 9075: 9068: 9051: 9047: 9038: 9034: 9010: 9006: 8995: 8991: 8952: 8948: 8901: 8897: 8844: 8840: 8805: 8801: 8790: 8786: 8777: 8773: 8726: 8722: 8693:(10): 1019–29. 8683: 8679: 8636: 8627: 8592: 8588: 8557: 8553: 8518: 8514: 8471: 8467: 8435: 8429: 8425: 8390: 8386: 8333: 8329: 8320: 8318: 8275: 8271: 8244: 8237: 8226: 8222: 8211: 8207: 8172: 8168: 8159: 8155: 8112: 8108: 8085: 8081: 8054: 8050: 8041: 8037: 8002: 7995: 7960: 7953: 7898: 7894: 7871: 7867: 7825: 7819: 7815: 7769: 7765: 7720: 7716: 7684:10.1.1.499.4124 7663: 7659: 7627: 7621: 7617: 7606: 7602: 7571: 7567: 7544:10.2307/1131850 7524: 7520: 7485: 7481: 7454: 7450: 7415: 7411: 7390: 7386: 7367: 7363: 7347:10.1.1.459.4755 7330: 7326: 7315: 7311: 7288:10.2307/1131373 7268: 7264: 7240:10.1.1.398.8830 7233:(5): 1394–408. 7223: 7219: 7208: 7204: 7169: 7165: 7125: 7119: 7115: 7076: 7067: 7035: 7029: 7014: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6963: 6959: 6948: 6939: 6926: 6917: 6900: 6896: 6861: 6857: 6834: 6830: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6769: 6765: 6728: 6721: 6690: 6686: 6655: 6640: 6605: 6598: 6545: 6541: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6495: 6489: 6485: 6454:(11): 1264–77. 6440: 6436: 6399: 6395: 6352: 6348: 6313: 6309: 6274: 6270: 6225: 6214: 6203: 6190: 6179: 6172: 6161: 6154: 6127: 6123: 6080: 6057: 6022: 6015: 5984: 5939: 5904: 5885: 5874: 5870: 5841:(10): 1119–30. 5831: 5827: 5798:(11): 2403–15. 5784: 5777: 5722: 5718: 5707: 5703: 5692: 5681: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5601: 5592: 5553: 5546: 5511: 5507: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5449: 5445: 5416: 5409: 5402: 5388: 5379: 5372: 5350: 5346: 5335: 5331: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5283: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5128: 5126: 5116: 5112: 5085: 5081: 5062: 5058: 5049: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4933: 4929: 4894: 4890: 4879: 4866: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4820: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4768: 4764: 4753: 4749: 4736: 4732: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4664: 4660: 4651: 4649: 4647:psycnet.apa.org 4641: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4563: 4559: 4540: 4536: 4493: 4489: 4476: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4392: 4388: 4376: 4374: 4365: 4364: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4204: 4200: 4187: 4183: 4160: 4156: 4109: 4105: 4090:10.2307/1417576 4074: 4070: 4035: 4031: 4004: 4000: 3968:10.1.1.513.2517 3951: 3942: 3911: 3904: 3881: 3877: 3834: 3830: 3815: 3811: 3800: 3796: 3765: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3711:10.1.1.470.4858 3694: 3690: 3647: 3643: 3632: 3628: 3593: 3589: 3584:. London: Sage. 3578: 3574: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3497: 3493: 3482: 3478: 3443: 3439: 3412: 3408: 3397: 3393: 3350: 3346: 3303: 3299: 3268: 3261: 3230: 3223: 3188: 3181: 3154: 3150: 3139: 3132: 3105: 3101: 3056: 3052: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2988: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2954:Odessa, Florida 2946: 2942: 2897: 2893: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2797:DISC assessment 2783: 2762: 2740:early childhood 2717:factor analysis 2705: 2687:Factor analysis 2684: 2655:sense of humour 2614: 2578: 2517: 2501: 2492: 2475: 2467: 2398:job performance 2381: 2364: 2359: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2298:Fact retention: 2234:Learning styles 2231: 2229:Learning styles 2180:learning styles 2159: 2154: 2149: 2121: 2119:Physical health 2111:The Scar Model: 2075: 2046: 2045: 2033: 2032: 2020: 2019: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1980: 1979: 1967: 1966: 1954: 1953: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1927:specific phobia 1891: 1847: 1841: 1825: 1820: 1785: 1779: 1758: 1752: 1731: 1726: 1700:cross-sectional 1692: 1630: 1597: 1566: 1555:that is due to 1543:(the degree of 1539:suggested that 1518: 1512:from the '20s. 1485: 1477: 1432: 1392: 1339: 1288: 1231: 1204: 1147: 1132: 1083: 1063: 1058: 1035:Jordan Peterson 1005: 924: 896: 822:factor analysis 817:Raymond Cattell 786: 743:factor analysis 735: 699:factor analysis 636: 598: 596: 589: 588: 587: 586: 562:Psychotherapies 530: 520: 519: 440: 432: 431: 430: 429: 258: 248: 247: 246: 245: 206:Neuropsychology 88: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12901: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12802: 12800: 12796: 12795: 12788: 12787: 12780: 12773: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12753: 12700: 12694: 12686: 12685:External links 12683: 12681: 12680: 12637: 12598: 12563: 12534:(2): 354–370. 12514: 12483: 12432: 12384: 12373:(6): 1213–33. 12357: 12345: 12315: 12274: 12239: 12212: 12205: 12179: 12129: 12094: 12059: 12032: 11993: 11986: 11965: 11906: 11832: 11817: 11786: 11755: 11736:(2): 187–215. 11720: 11661: 11637: 11594: 11567:(6): 1216–29. 11547: 11508: 11463: 11444:(5): 1323–33. 11425: 11379: 11337: 11284: 11260: 11233: 11224: 11211: 11192:(4): 653–688. 11173: 11162:(2): 197–215. 11139: 11112: 11093:(9): 1183–94. 11077: 11039: 10982: 10952: 10933:(2): 390–407. 10913: 10878:(5): 538–551. 10862: 10844: 10809: 10758: 10719: 10700: 10659: 10617: 10578: 10539: 10508: 10501: 10481: 10460:(3): 683–729. 10440: 10409: 10370: 10348: 10333: 10306: 10296: 10262: 10231: 10193: 10154: 10127: 10086: 10031: 10010: 9966: 9935: 9887: 9844:Singh-Manoux A 9834: 9815:(5): 399–405. 9798: 9787:(2): 181–192. 9767: 9728: 9699:(4): 394–402. 9676: 9654: 9628: 9572: 9557: 9531: 9477: 9422: 9403:(6): 887–919. 9383: 9364:(5): 768–821. 9331: 9290: 9249: 9234: 9195: 9154: 9118: 9066: 9045: 9032: 9027:10.1002/pmh.33 9004: 8989: 8962:(2): 387–412. 8946: 8895: 8838: 8799: 8784: 8771: 8734:BMC Geriatrics 8720: 8677: 8625: 8586: 8567:(2): 195–216. 8551: 8532:(6): 778–785. 8512: 8485:(4): 417–433. 8465: 8423: 8384: 8347:(5): 630–643. 8327: 8289:(7): 593–603. 8269: 8235: 8220: 8205: 8166: 8153: 8106: 8079: 8068:(4): 498–509. 8048: 8035: 7993: 7951: 7892: 7881:(4): 693–704. 7865: 7813: 7786:(6): 1011–27. 7763: 7714: 7677:(5): 1041–53. 7657: 7615: 7600: 7565: 7518: 7499:(6): 1072–83. 7479: 7448: 7409: 7384: 7361: 7324: 7309: 7262: 7217: 7202: 7183:(1): 189–204. 7163: 7113: 7065: 7012: 6990: 6983: 6957: 6937: 6915: 6894: 6855: 6828: 6801:(6): 493–509. 6778: 6763: 6719: 6684: 6638: 6596: 6559:(2): 219–231. 6539: 6483: 6434: 6393: 6346: 6307: 6268: 6212: 6188: 6170: 6152: 6121: 6055: 6013: 5937: 5883: 5868: 5825: 5775: 5716: 5701: 5679: 5634: 5590: 5544: 5505: 5466: 5443: 5407: 5400: 5377: 5370: 5344: 5329: 5303: 5281: 5236:(6): 820–828. 5216: 5209: 5189: 5161: 5135: 5110: 5079: 5056: 5032: 4990: 4966: 4927: 4888: 4864: 4829: 4805: 4778:(2): 149–170. 4762: 4747: 4730: 4691: 4684: 4658: 4634: 4631:Richard Miller 4623: 4596: 4577:(4): 391–396. 4557: 4534: 4507:(2): 221–224. 4487: 4467: 4435: 4419: 4386: 4377:|journal= 4344: 4333: 4306:(2): 125–127. 4286: 4277: 4268: 4255: 4233:2027.42/179031 4218:(3): 329–344. 4198: 4181: 4170:(2): 114–130. 4154: 4119:(3): 197–220. 4103: 4068: 4049:(4): 476–506. 4029: 3998: 3961:(5): 880–896. 3940: 3902: 3875: 3828: 3809: 3794: 3759: 3741: 3704:(2): 175–215. 3688: 3641: 3626: 3587: 3572: 3537: 3526: 3507:(2): 195–214. 3491: 3476: 3437: 3406: 3391: 3364:(2): 188–203. 3344: 3297: 3259: 3221: 3179: 3148: 3130: 3099: 3050: 3000: 2997:on 2014-12-05. 2986: 2959: 2940: 2891: 2872:(6): 789–801. 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2704: 2701: 2683: 2680: 2663:Dan P. McAdams 2613: 2610: 2577: 2574: 2548: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2527: 2516: 2513: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2405:Walter Mischel 2380: 2377: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2260:fact retention 2258: 2255: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2074: 2071: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2010: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1949: 1944: 1919:panic disorder 1890: 1887: 1855:Lee Anna Clark 1843:Main article: 1840: 1837: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1800:Geert Hofstede 1781:Main article: 1778: 1775: 1766:Project Talent 1761:Frank Sulloway 1754:Main article: 1751: 1748: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1629: 1626: 1596: 1593: 1565: 1562: 1537:study of twins 1517: 1514: 1484: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1428: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1287: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1261: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1230: 1227: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1004: 1001: 962:Lewis Goldberg 923: 920: 908:Walter Mischel 895: 892: 884:Lewis Goldberg 842:In July 1949, 798:Gordon Allport 785: 782: 751:Lewis Goldberg 734: 731: 701:is applied to 695: 694: 688: 682: 676: 670: 638: 637: 635: 634: 627: 620: 612: 609: 608: 607: 606: 591: 590: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 532: 531: 526: 525: 522: 521: 518: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 441: 438: 437: 434: 433: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 261: 260: 259: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 151:Cross-cultural 148: 143: 142: 141: 131: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 90: 89: 84: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 72: 67: 59: 58: 50: 49: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12900: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12821:Agreeableness 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12797: 12793: 12786: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12757: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12701: 12698: 12695: 12692: 12689: 12688: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12653:(2): 139–52. 12652: 12648: 12641: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12618:(5): 707–21. 12617: 12613: 12609: 12602: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12574: 12567: 12559: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12529: 12525: 12524:"APA PsycNet" 12518: 12510: 12506: 12503:(8): 861–65. 12502: 12498: 12494: 12487: 12473:on 2012-11-07 12469: 12465: 12461: 12458:(8): 667–73. 12457: 12453: 12446: 12439: 12437: 12422:on 2012-07-11 12418: 12414: 12410: 12407:(3): 315–27. 12406: 12402: 12395: 12388: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12361: 12348: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12319: 12311: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12294:(3): 365–96. 12293: 12289: 12285: 12278: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12255:(6): 413–33. 12254: 12250: 12243: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12216: 12208: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12192: 12183: 12169:on 2015-01-23 12168: 12164: 12160: 12156: 12152: 12149:(1): 202–05. 12148: 12144: 12140: 12133: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12098: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12048:(2): 226–29. 12047: 12043: 12036: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12013:(2): 216–20. 12012: 12008: 12004: 11997: 11989: 11983: 11979: 11972: 11970: 11955:on 2019-02-14 11951: 11947: 11943: 11939: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11920: 11913: 11911: 11903: 11898: 11892: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11857:(1): e85677. 11856: 11852: 11848: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11828: 11821: 11813: 11809: 11806:(6): 667–73. 11805: 11801: 11797: 11790: 11782: 11778: 11775:(8): 773–90. 11774: 11770: 11766: 11759: 11751: 11747: 11743: 11739: 11735: 11731: 11724: 11716: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11681:(9): e73791. 11680: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11651: 11647: 11641: 11633: 11629: 11625: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11610:(5): 812–21. 11609: 11605: 11598: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11528:(4): 874–88. 11527: 11523: 11519: 11512: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11479:(6): 504–28. 11478: 11474: 11467: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11430: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11398:(2): 245–60. 11397: 11393: 11386: 11384: 11375: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11344: 11342: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11317: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11300:(6): 504–28. 11299: 11295: 11288: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11228: 11221: 11215: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11191: 11187: 11180: 11178: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11153: 11146: 11144: 11135: 11131: 11128:(5): 881–99. 11127: 11123: 11116: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11081: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11044: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11005:(5): 811–29. 11004: 11000: 10993: 10986: 10978: 10974: 10971:(2): 175–92. 10970: 10966: 10959: 10957: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10917: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10866: 10857: 10855: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10825:(3): 261–89. 10824: 10820: 10813: 10805: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10704: 10696: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10624: 10622: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10598:(4): 765–80. 10597: 10593: 10589: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10543: 10535: 10531: 10528:(6): 775–77. 10527: 10523: 10519: 10512: 10504: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10485: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10444: 10436: 10432: 10429:(4): 849–57. 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10374: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10337: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10266: 10258: 10254: 10251:(4): 439–48. 10250: 10246: 10242: 10235: 10226: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10202: 10200: 10198: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10174:(3): 413–31. 10173: 10169: 10165: 10158: 10150: 10146: 10143:(3): 445–58. 10142: 10138: 10131: 10123: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10106:(3): 105–19. 10105: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10059:(3): 346–61. 10058: 10054: 10047: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10014: 10006: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9989:: 1788–1792. 9988: 9984: 9980: 9973: 9971: 9962: 9958: 9955:(5): 566–70. 9954: 9950: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9924:(4): 472–77. 9923: 9919: 9915: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9883: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9858:(4): 315–23. 9857: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9838: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9802: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9748:(2): 181–92. 9747: 9743: 9739: 9732: 9724: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9683: 9681: 9672: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9650: 9643: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9624: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9599:(5): 686–97. 9598: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9544: 9535: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9448:(4): 313–45. 9447: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9427: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9327: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9269:(3): 190–96. 9268: 9264: 9260: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9202: 9200: 9191: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9135:(6): 677–85. 9134: 9130: 9127:conditions". 9122: 9114: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9089:(6): 617–27. 9088: 9084: 9080: 9073: 9071: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9000: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8842: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8795: 8788: 8781: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650:(3): 207–15. 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8632: 8630: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8606:(2): 95–117. 8605: 8601: 8597: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8446:(3): 407–25. 8445: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8317:on 2013-05-18 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8258:(6): 542–48. 8257: 8253: 8249: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8186:(2): 324–41. 8185: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8126:(5): 561–72. 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8039: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8016:(1): 168–82. 8015: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7974:(2): 322–31. 7973: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7956: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7869: 7861: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7836:(3): 271–78. 7835: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7611: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7581:(3): 431–39. 7580: 7576: 7569: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7538:(2): 278–94. 7537: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7468:(5): 721–30. 7467: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7429:(3): 312–21. 7428: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7282:(1): 160–78. 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7221: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7034: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6961: 6953: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6933: 6932: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6898: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6875:(3): 534–54. 6874: 6870: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6844:(2): 173–81. 6843: 6839: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6742:(5): 709–43. 6741: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6665:(4): 409–22. 6664: 6660: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6619:(2): 330–48. 6618: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6601: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6529:on 2018-09-28 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6366:(3): 577–91. 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6327:(4): 467–80. 6326: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6208: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6184: 6177: 6175: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6144: 6141:(8): 817–27. 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6094:(4): 423–32. 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6036:(1): 173–86. 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5918:(1): 122–35. 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5880:. p. 76. 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5736:(3): e32413. 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5697: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5660:(5): 823–26. 5659: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5639: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5615:(4): 751–64. 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5563:(5): 538–51. 5562: 5558: 5551: 5549: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5525:(4): 610–21. 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5486:(5): 751–65. 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5447: 5438: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5373: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5348: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5193: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5099:(3): 146–49. 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4931: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908:(3): 513–37. 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4648: 4644: 4643:"APA PsycNet" 4638: 4632: 4627: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4423: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4369: 4360: 4355: 4348: 4342: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4281: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Psychometrika 4107: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3921:(3): 524–39. 3920: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3891:(4): 675–80. 3890: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3848:(2): 167–87. 3847: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3607:(5): 564–70. 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:(2): 683–93. 3552: 3548: 3541: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457:(3): 552–67. 3456: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3426:(6): 681–91. 3425: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278:(6): 574–83. 3277: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3070:(2): 322–38. 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023:(4): 958–70. 3022: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2852: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631:seductiveness 2628: 2624: 2620: 2612:Limited scope 2609: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2496: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2470: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2427:Agreeableness 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2413:self-efficacy 2408: 2406: 2401: 2399: 2393: 2385: 2376: 2368: 2354: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2239:In 2008, the 2237: 2235: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2173:and lower on 2172: 2167: 2164: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129:conscientious 2127:Being highly 2125: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2070: 2066: 2042: 2029: 2016: 1976: 1963: 1950: 1932: 1931:social phobia 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1815: 1811: 1810:development. 1807: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1705:change occurs 1701: 1697: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1527: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1494: 1490: 1480: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1315: 1310: 1309:transactional 1305: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291:Agreeableness 1286:Agreeableness 1280: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1124: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1031:Colin DeYoung 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1000: 998: 993: 989: 986: 981: 979: 974: 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 951:Peter Saville 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:Robert McCrae 929: 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 887: 885: 881: 876: 871: 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 818: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 781: 777: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 752: 746: 744: 740: 730: 728: 724: 718: 716: 712: 708: 707:conscientious 704: 700: 692: 689: 686: 685:agreeableness 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 664: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 613: 611: 610: 605: 595: 594: 593: 592: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557:Psychologists 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Organizations 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 529: 524: 523: 516: 515:Psychometrics 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Consciousness 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 436: 435: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 395:Psychotherapy 393: 391: 390:Psychometrics 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 257: 252: 251: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 161:Developmental 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 140: 137: 136: 135: 132: 130: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 92: 87: 82: 81: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 62: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 45: 44: 40: 39: 32: 19: 12862:Trait theory 12816:Extraversion 12791: 12712: 12708: 12650: 12646: 12640: 12615: 12611: 12601: 12576: 12572: 12566: 12531: 12527: 12517: 12500: 12496: 12486: 12475:. 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