Neuroticism - Knowledge

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region gene known as 5-HTTLPR, which is transcribed into a serotonin transporter that removes serotonin. It has been found that compared to the long (l) variant of 5-HTTLPR, the short (s) variant has reduced promoter activity, and the first study on this subject has shown that the presence of the s-variant 5-HTTLPR has been found to result in higher amygdala activity from seeing angry or fearful faces while doing a non-emotional task, with further studies confirming that the s-variant 5-HTTLPR result greater amygdala activity in response to negative stimuli, but there have also been null findings. A meta-analysis of 14 studies has shown that this gene has a moderate effect size and accounts for 10% of the phenotypic difference. However, the relationship between brain activity and genetics may not be completely straightforward due to other factors, with suggestions made that cognitive control and stress may moderate the effect of the gene. There are two models that have been proposed to explain the type of association between the 5-HTTLPR gene and amygdala activity: the "phasic activation" model proposes that the gene controls amygdala activity levels in response to stress, whereas the "tonic activation" model, on the other hand, proposes that the gene controls baseline amygdala activity. Another gene that has been suggested for further study to be related to neuroticism is the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene.

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review found personality differences between genders to be between "small and moderate", the largest of those differences being in the traits of agreeableness and neuroticism. Many personality traits were found to have had larger personality differences between men and women in developed countries compared to less developed countries, and differences in three traits—extraversion, neuroticism, and people-versus-thing orientation—showed differences that remained consistent across different levels of economic development, which is also consistent with the "possible influence of biologic factors." Three cross-cultural studies have revealed higher levels of female neuroticism across almost all nations.

361:. Mood disorders tend to have a much larger association with neuroticism than most other disorders. The five big studies have described children and adolescents with high neuroticism as "anxious, vulnerable, tense, easily frightened, 'falling apart' under stress, guilt-prone, moody, low in frustration tolerance, and insecure in relationships with others", which includes both traits concerning the prevalence of negative emotions as well as the response to these negative emotions. Neuroticism in adults similarly was found to be associated with the frequency of self-reported problems. 708:. One of the distinct traits of impulsivity is called urgency, which is a predisposition to experiencing strong impulses that can lead to impulsive behavior, while dealing with the negative emotions attached. Urgency can be both negative and positive; positive urgency deals with positive emotions and the contrast for negative urgency. Despite the negative emotions that are prominent in neuroticism, research indicates that it is combination of the negative emotions present, together with the positive emotions that are generated by the engagement in maladaptive behaviors. 1693:... two groups that have both been associated with elevated N scores – healthy women relative to men (Ellenbogen et al., 1996), and young adults at high risk for affective disorders (p62)... This is a robust finding that is consistent across cultures (Costa et al., 2001). This is especially the case during the reproductive years, but is also visible in children and elderly (Jorm, 1987). ... Clearly, the issue of sex differences in neuroticism and the implications for understanding N's neurobiological basis deserve more detailed and systematic investigation. (p65) 507:, a non-adaptive byproduct of our adaptive intelligence, which resulted in a crippling awareness of death that threatened to undermine other adaptive functions. This overblown anxiety thus needed to be buffered via intelligently creative, but largely fictitious and arbitrary notions of cultural meaning and personal value. Since highly religious or supernatural conceptions of the world provide "cosmic" personal significance and literal 3746: 3740: 422:. Results indicated that the CFQ-UA (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire- Unintended Activation) subscale was most strongly correlated with neuroticism (r = .40) and explained the most variance (16%) compared to overall CFQ scores, which only explained 7%. The authors interpret these findings as suggesting that mental noise is "highly specific in nature" as it is related most strongly to attention slips triggered endogenously by 399:. In other words, on some trials neurotic individuals are faster than average, and on others they are slower than average. It has been suggested that this variability reflects noise in the individual's information processing systems or instability of basic cognitive operations (such as regulation processes), and further that this noise originates from two sources: mental preoccupations and reactivity processes. 449:

successfully coped with. Likewise, a heightened reactivity to positive events may have had reproductive advantages, selecting for heightened reactivity generally. Nettle contends that evolution selected for higher levels of neuroticism until the negative effects of neuroticism outweighed its benefits, resulting in selection for a certain optimal level of neuroticism. This type of selection will result in a

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used to predict the trait neuroticism with good accuracy; a fact that is thought by some to underlie the neurological basis of the trait. The startle reflex is a reflex in response to a loud noise that one typically has no control over, though anticipation can reduce the effect. The strength of the reflex as well as the time until the reflex ceases can be used to predict both neuroticism and extraversion.

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that control neuroticism levels has "turned out to be difficult and hardly successful so far." On the other hand, with regards to environmental influences, adversities during development such as "emotional neglect and sexual abuse" were found to be positively associated with neuroticism. However, "sustained change in neuroticism and mental health are rather rare or have only small effects."

234:(BAS). The BIS is thought to be related to sensitivity to punishment as well as avoidance motivation, while the BAS is thought to be related to sensitivity to reward as well as approach motivation. Neuroticism has been found to be positively correlated with the BIS scale, and negatively correlated with the BAS scale. 559:. Neuroticism in particular was found to decrease as a result of maturity by decreasing through age 40 and then leveling off. Generally speaking, the influence of environments on neuroticism increases over the lifespan, although people probably select and evoke experiences based on their neuroticism levels. 527:

A 2013 review found that "Neuroticism is the product of the interplay between genetic and environmental influences. Heritability estimates typically range from 40% to 60%." The effect size of these genetic differences remain largely the same throughout development, but the hunt for any specific genes

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in response to fearful conditions and inversely correlated with it in response to disgusting or repulsive stimuli. This suggests that Neuroticism may increase vigilance where evasive action is possible but promote emotional blunting when escape is not an option. A measure of the startle reflex can be

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A related trait, behavioral inhibition, or "inhibition to the unfamiliar", has received attention as the trait concerning withdrawal or fear from unfamiliar situations, which is generally measured through observation of child behavior in response to, for example, encountering unfamiliar individuals.

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The emergent field of "imaging genetics", which investigates the role of genetic variation in the structure and function of the brain, has studied certain genes suggested to be related to neuroticism, and the one studied so far concerning this topic has been the serotonin transporter-linked promoter

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it was reported that some 80 per cent of individual differences in neuroticism are due to heredity and only 20 percent are due to environment....the factor of neuroticism is not a statistical artifact, but constitutes a biological unit which is inherited as a whole....neurotic predisposition is to a

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of neuroticism, so the extremities of the distribution will be individuals with excessive neuroticism or too low neuroticism for what is optimal, and the ones with excessive neuroticism would therefore be more vulnerable to the negative effects of depression, and Nettle gives this as the explanation

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Statement measures tend to comprise more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, "Remain calm under pressure", or "Have frequent mood swings". While some statement-based measures of neuroticism have

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When neuroticism is described as a personality trait that measures emotional stability, research has indicated that it is also involved in maladaptive behaviors to regulate an individual's emotions. High levels of neuroticism in an individual is associated with anxiety and overthinking, as well as

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A research over large samples has shown that levels of neuroticism are higher in women than men. Neuroticism is also found to decrease slightly with age. The same study noted that no functional MRI studies have yet been performed to investigate these differences, calling for more research. A 2010

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focuses on neuroticism and finds that heightened reactivity to negative outcomes may have had a survival benefit, and that furthermore a positive relationship has been found between neuroticism level and success in university with the precondition that the negative effects of neuroticism are also

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Individuals who score low in neuroticism tend to be more emotionally stable and less reactive to stress. They tend to be calm, even-tempered, and less likely to feel tense or rattled. Although they are low in negative emotion, they are not necessarily high in positive emotion. According to a 1998

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These associations can vary with culture: for example, Adams found that among upper-middle-class American teenaged girls, neuroticism was associated with eating disorders and self-harm, but among Ghanaian teenaged girls, higher neuroticism was associated with magical thinking and extreme fear of

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is one of the facets of neuroticism, it can lead to indulgence in anxiety-based maladaptive and risky behaviors. Neuroticism is considerably stable over time, and research has shown that individuals with higher levels of neuroticism may prefer short-term solutions, such as risky behaviors, and

148:, who sees high sensitivity as a misunderstood trait that was useful in human evolution. Another definition focuses on emotional instability and negativity or maladjustment, in contrast to emotional stability and positivity, or good adjustment. It has also been defined in terms of lack of 312:

A 2013 meta-analysis found that a wide range of clinical mental disorders are associated with elevated levels of neuroticism compared to levels in the general population. It found that high neuroticism is predictive for the development of anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder,

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irritability and impulsiveness. Studies have shown that individuals with higher levels of neuroticism are associated with a shortened life span, a greater likelihood of divorce, and a lack of education. To cope with the negative emotionality, these individuals may engage in

814:"Neuroticism's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history, but the adjusted association hardly decays with time: a meta-analysis on 59 longitudinal/prospective studies with 443 313 participants" 324:

Neuroticism has also been found to be associated with older age. In 2007, Mroczek & Spiro found that among older men, upward trends in neuroticism over life as well as increased neuroticism overall both contributed to higher mortality rates.

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development makes them less suited to use in other populations. For instance, statements in colloquial North American English like "feeling blue" or "being down in the dumps" are sometimes hard for non-native English-speakers to understand.

653:. Neuroticism is also a possible risk factor for developing an addiction disorder to internet. Investigation of the Instagram users showed the preference of cosmetic products and intolerance of weapons among highly neurotic users. 394:

will not differ between individuals high in neuroticism and those low in neuroticism, but that, with individuals high in neuroticism, there is considerably more trial-to-trial variability in performance reflected in reaction time

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efforts to interpret N scores and makes it difficult to determine whether each of neuroticism and the overlapping mental disorders might cause the other, or if both might stem from other causes. Correlations can be identified.

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Judge TA, Bono JE (February 2001). "Relationship of core self-evaluations traits--self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability--with job satisfaction and job performance: a meta-analysis".

182:, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Deciding which measure of either type to use in research is determined by an assessment of 645:

and economic vitality and correlations between high neuroticism and poor health outcomes. The review found that the causal relationship between regional cultural and economic conditions and psychological health is unclear.

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Cyders MA, Smith GT, Spillane NS, Fischer S, Annus AM, Peterson C (March 2007). "Integration of impulsivity and positive mood to predict risky behavior: development and validation of a measure of positive urgency".

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Servaas MN, van der Velde J, Costafreda SG, Horton P, Ormel J, Riese H, Aleman A (September 2013). "Neuroticism and the brain: a quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies investigating emotion processing".

253:. The concept of core self-evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997), and since then evidence has been found to suggest these have the ability to predict several work outcomes, specifically, 321:, and is predictive but less so for substance use and non-specific mental distress. These associations are smaller after adjustment for elevated baseline symptoms of the mental illnesses and psychiatric history. 197:. Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. Thompson (2008) systematically revised these measures to develop the International English Mini-Markers which has superior 605:, while other studies have found no correlations. Further studies have been conducted trying to tighten experimental design by using genetics to add additional differentiation among participants, as well as 209:

reliability of the International English Mini-Markers for the Neuroticism (emotional stability) measure for native English-speakers is reported as 0.84, and that for non-native English-speakers is 0.77.

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that, during adolescence, develops into the neuroticism personality domain. Mean neuroticism levels change throughout the lifespan as a function of personality maturation and social roles, but also the

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McCrae RR, Costa PT, Pedroso de Lima M, Simões A, Ostendorf F, Angleitner A, et al. (March 1999). "Age differences in personality across the adult life span: parallels in five cultures".

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Peters EM, Bowen R, Balbuena L (2020-05-03). "Mood Instability and Trait Anxiety as Distinct Components of Eysenckian Neuroticism With Differential Relations to Impulsivity and Risk Taking".

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Ormel J, Bastiaansen A, Riese H, Bos EH, Servaas M, Ellenbogen M, et al. (January 2013). "The biological and psychological basis of neuroticism: current status and future directions".

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when stimulated and slow relaxation from arousal, especially with regard to negative emotional arousal. This definition also fit people described as "highly sensitive" by psychologist

511:, they are deemed to offer the most efficient buffers against death anxiety and neuroticism. Thus, historically, the shift to more materialistic and secular cultures—starting in the 189:

Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect neurotic traits, such as anxiety, envy, jealousy, and moodiness, and are very space and time efficient for research purposes.

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forms of coping, such as procrastination, substance abuse, etc. With these internal pressures, due to these negative emotions, neuroticism often relates to difficulties with

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Roberts BW, Walton KE, Viechtbauer W (January 2006). "Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies".

692:, due to the correlated adjectives such as adventurous, enthusiastic, and outgoing. These adjectives allow the individual to feel the positive emotions associated with 1058:

Ormel, Johan; Jeronimus, Bertus F.; Kotov, Roman; Riese, Harriëtte; Bos, Elisabeth H.; Hankin, Benjamin; Rosmalen, Judith G.M.; Oldehinkel, Albertine J. (July 2013).

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Kotov R, Gamez W, Schmidt F, Watson D (September 2010). "Linking "big" personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: a meta-analysis".

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Boksem MA, Tops M, Wester AE, Meijman TF, Lorist MM (July 2006). "Error-related ERP components and individual differences in punishment and reward sensitivity".

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Piedmont RL, Chae JH (1997). "Cross-cultural generalizability of the five-factor model of personality - Development and validation of the NEO PI-R for Koreans".

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Depue RA, Fu Y (June 2011). "Neurogenetic and experiential processes underlying major personality traits: implications for modelling personality disorders".

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Cooper ML, Agocha VB, Sheldon MS (December 2000). "A motivational perspective on risky behaviors: the role of personality and affect regulatory processes".

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Carver CS, White TL (1994). "Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales".

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and are more likely to interpret ordinary situations, such as minor frustrations, as appearing hopelessly difficult. Their behavioral responses may include

593:, brain regions associated with arousal, is correlated with high neuroticism scores, as is activation of the associations have also been found with the 128:. Neurotic extraverts, for example, would experience high levels of both positive and negative emotional states, a kind of "emotional roller coaster". 1166:

Goldberg LR, Johnson JA, Eber HW, et al. (2006). "The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures".

641:, and cities. Likewise, in the UK neuroticism is lowest in urban areas. Generally, geographical studies find correlations between low neuroticism and 2318:

Lippa RA (November 2010). "Gender Differences in Personality and Interests: When, Where, and Why?: Gender Differences in Personality and Interests".

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Corr PJ, Wilson GD, Fotiadou M, Kumari V, Gray NS, Checkley S, Gray JA (1995-10-01). "Personality and affective modulation of the startle reflex".

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produce numerical scores, and these scores are mapped onto the concept of "neuroticism" in various ways, which has created some confusion in the

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Singh P (2022-01-02). "Emotion Regulation Difficulties Mediate the Relationship between Neuroticism and Health-Risk Behaviours in Adolescents".

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Judge TA, Locke EA, Durham CC, Kluger AN (February 1998). "Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: the role of core evaluations".

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in surveys of neuroticism; a 2012 review of N-scores said that "many studies used samples drawn from privileged and educated populations".

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Cruz-Fierro N, Martínez-Fierro M, Cerda-Flores RM, Gómez-Govea MA, Delgado-Enciso I, Martínez-De-Villarreal LE, et al. (March 2018).

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The anxiety and maladaptive stress responses that are aspects of neuroticism have been the subject of intensive study. Dysregulation of

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Robinson MD, Tamir M (July 2005). "Neuroticism as mental noise: a relation between neuroticism and reaction time standard deviations".

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Cultural worldviews that impart life with a sense of enduring meaning, such as social continuity beyond one's death, future legacy and

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Bono J. E.; Judge T. A. (2003). "Core self-evaluations: A review of the trait and its role in job satisfaction and job performance".

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Dormann C.; Fay D.; Zapf D.; Frese M. (2006). "A state-trait analysis of job satisfaction: On the effect of core self-evaluations".

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DeNeve KM, Cooper H (September 1998). "The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being".

5086: 4703: 4516: 3034: 466:(TMT) neuroticism is primarily caused by insufficient anxiety buffers against unconscious death anxiety. These buffers consist of: 1978:

Allen NB, Badcock PB (July 2006). "Darwinian models of depression: a review of evolutionary accounts of mood and mood disorders".

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in light of the five-factor personality theory and found that elevated neuroticism is correlated with many personality disorders.

4496: 1116:"Interpreting neuroticism scores across the adult life course: immutable or experience-dependent set points of negative affect?" 454:

for the existence of depression rather than hypothesizing, as others have, that depression itself has any evolutionary benefit.

4822: 426:. In other words, this may suggest that mental noise is mostly task-irrelevant cognitions such as worries and preoccupations. 993: 928: 582:

genes may influence the development of neuroticism in combination with environmental effects like the quality of upbringing.

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This trait in particular has been hypothesized to be related to amygdala function, but the evidence so far has been mixed.

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Like other personality traits, neuroticism is typically viewed as a continuous dimension rather than a discrete state.

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Judge TA, Locke EA, Durham CC (1997). "The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach".

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similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, their generally

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traits. Individuals with high scores on neuroticism are more likely than average to experience such feelings as

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Thompson ER (October 2008). "Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers".

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Caspi A, Shiner R (2011). Rutter M, Bishop DV, Pine DS, Scott S, Stevenson J, Taylor E, Thapar A (eds.).

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Cyders MA, Smith GT (2007). "Mood-based rash action and its components: Positive and negative urgency".

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A 2013 review found that a high level of neuroticism in young adults is a risk factor for triggering

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study, being high in scores of positive emotion is generally an element of the independent traits of

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McAdams DP, Olson BD (2010). "Personality development: continuity and change over the life course".

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Saucier G (December 1994). "Mini-markers: a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers".

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A 2016 review investigated the geographic issue; it found that in US, neuroticism is highest in the

140:, but there is some disagreement on its definition. It is sometimes defined as a tendency for quick 5548: 5464: 5459: 5156: 5119: 5111: 4929: 4898: 4639: 4624: 4138: 4103: 3144: 594: 463: 418:. This scale was correlated with two well-known measures of neuroticism, the BIS/BAS scale and the 350: 202: 2627:"Extraversion and Neuroticism as antecedents of emotion regulation and dysregulation in adulthood" 5485: 4992: 4842: 4837: 4794: 4611: 4280: 4195: 4039: 3762: 3254: 3020: 722: 717: 492: 485:

While TMT agrees with standard evolutionary psychology accounts that the roots of neuroticism in

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People with high scores on the neuroticism index are thought to be at risk of developing common

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The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system.

918: 5558: 5291: 5171: 5078: 5057: 4210: 3855: 3660: 3089: 2430:"Red Is Open-Minded, Blue Is Conscientious: Predicting User Traits From Instagram Image Data" 1011:"Neuroticism is a fundamental domain of personality with enormous public health implications" 575: 516: 238: 198: 179: 164: 5383: 5296: 5052: 4872: 4473: 4453: 4222: 4165: 4155: 4143: 4054: 4049: 4034: 4019: 3935: 3885: 3880: 3825: 3685: 3436: 2055:

Eysenck HJ, Prell DB (July 1951). "The inheritance of neuroticism: an experimental study".

547: 374: 206: 153: 2266:"Age differences in the Big Five across the life span: evidence from two national samples" 8: 5433: 5415: 5378: 5368: 5222: 5124: 5101: 4949: 4941: 4720: 4698: 4426: 4170: 4133: 4118: 4088: 4029: 4014: 3970: 3955: 3850: 3840: 3486: 737: 727: 696:. However, neuroticism can also be a contributing factor, just for different reasons. As 626: 450: 1760: 1305:

Gray, J.A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck's theory of personality, In H.J. Eysenck (Ed.)

1060:"Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship" 870:"Neuroticism and common mental disorders: meaning and utility of a complex relationship" 660:

and neuroticism. More severe bruxism is associated with a higher degree of neuroticism.

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have had mixed results, with some finding that increased activity in the amygdala and

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Flehmig et al. (2007) studied mental noise in terms of everyday behaviours using the

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Goldberg LR (1992). "The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure".

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Ormel J, Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Bos EH, Hankin B, et al. (July 2013).

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Questions used in many neuroticism scales overlap with instruments used to assess

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Temperament and Personality, in Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (5th ed)

983: 732: 579: 552: 532: 358: 258: 97: 90: 86: 70: 5438: 2429: 2041: 1991: 1587:"The role of neuroticism in startle reactions to fearful and disgusting stimuli" 960: 5373: 5314: 5238: 5047: 5014: 4997: 4987: 4257: 4190: 4009: 3690: 3650: 3576: 3224: 2891: 2807: 2406: 2389: 2146: 1887: 1399: 1249: 791: 650: 598: 571: 500: 297: 265: 190: 101: 2900: 2103: 1556: 1520: 1179: 1131: 1075: 885: 829: 5582: 5407: 5358: 4676: 4265: 3950: 3634: 3500: 3352: 3321: 3249: 3154: 2960: 2650: 2358: 1624: 1284: 1214: 391: 334: 318: 246: 215: 186:

properties and the time and space constraints of the study being undertaken.

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Neuroticism has been included as one of the four dimensions that comprise

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Personality trait involving anxiety, anger, jealousy, guilt or depression

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The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications

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may also explain differences in personality. For example, one of the

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This is relevant to neuroticism because it is also associated with

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have been studied), and the sorts of symptoms once referred to as "

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Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry

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in the cultural worldview context, an enduring sense of meaning.

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Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

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is highest in ethnically diverse regions of the mid-Atlantic,

531:

In the July 1951 article: "The Inheritance of Neuroticism" by

5406: 4747: 3729: 3655: 3549: 3522: 3401: 3336: 3331: 3301: 3239: 3109: 3104: 50: 42: 2678:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 102–138. 2547:(2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 102–138. 2126: 4920: 3532: 3493: 3476: 3379: 3306: 3286: 3094: 2023: 586: 556: 193:(1992) developed a 20-word measure as part of his 100-word 58: 46: 2792: 222:

Neuroticism has also been studied from the perspective of

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Jeronimus BF, Kotov R, Riese H, Ormel J (October 2016).

811: 677:, leading to engagement in divergent (risky) behaviors. 495:

sensitivities to negative outcomes, it posits that once

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Buss DM (1991). "Evolutionary personality psychology".

1909:

Flehmig HC, Steinborn M, Langner R, Westhoff K (2007).

1704: 1330: 503:, neuroticism increased enormously, becoming largely a 333:

Disorders associated with elevated neuroticism include

2578:"Personality change influences mortality in older men" 2387: 2024:

Pyszczynski T, Solomon S, Greenberg J (January 2015).

1506: 205:

in populations both within and outside North America.

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The extent of neuroticism is generally assessed using

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Rentfrow PJ (April 2020). "Geographical psychology".

1444: 1009:

Widiger, Thomas A.; Oltmanns, Joshua R. (June 2017).

241:, one's fundamental appraisal of oneself, along with 543:

In children and adolescents, psychologists speak of

522: 167:, especially with regard to sub-traits or "facets". 33:

associated with negative emotions. It is one of the

2749: 2505: 2459:"The phenotype, psychotype and genotype of bruxism" 1973: 1971: 1165: 684:associated with neuroticism, it can be viewed as a 574:system, and influence of different versions of the 4356: 2675:Handbook of personality : theory and research 2544:Handbook of personality : theory and research 1113: 2624: 2390:"Neuroticism in the digital age: A meta-analysis" 2170: 5580: 4765: 3623: 1968: 1795:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited. p. 1425: 663: 2930: 1161: 1159: 1114:Ormel J, Riese H, Rosmalen JG (February 2012). 1008: 807: 805: 803: 801: 279: 5538: 3498: 2263: 1654: 975: 81:. Such people are thought to respond worse to 4324: 3028: 2916: 2166: 2164: 1873: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1438: 985:Psychology: the science of mind and behaviour 224:Gray's biopsychological theory of personality 136:Neuroticism is a trait in many models within 3802: 3641: 3632: 3399: 2575: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2171:Briley DA, Tucker-Drob EM (September 2014). 2054: 1977: 1876:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1826: 1824: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1746: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1387:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1270: 1156: 946: 863: 861: 859: 857: 855: 798: 629:and southwards but declines westward, while 4301:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 3365: 2877: 2828: 2388:Marciano L, Camerini AL, Schulz PJ (2020). 2213: 1788: 1482:Applied Psychology: An International Review 1383: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1103: 981: 923:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 173–174. 743:Neurotic Personality Questionnaire KON-2006 457: 5228:Other specified feeding or eating disorder 4495: 4331: 4317: 3035: 3021: 2923: 2909: 2671: 2540: 2161: 2030:Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1631: 1535: 1500: 1473: 1141:11370/0cbc5f60-c030-4588-99b8-2b63ac9797a8 773: 771: 769: 767: 519:—is deemed to have increased neuroticism. 429: 385: 373:A 2004 meta-analysis attempted to analyze 271:Neuroticism is highly correlated with the 2854: 2601: 2482: 2405: 2320:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2306: 2289: 2264:Donnellan MB, Lucas RE (September 2008). 2196: 1821: 1775: 1541: 1414: 1352: 1139: 1083: 1034: 893: 852: 5491:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 5087:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 2344: 1200: 1100: 942: 940: 916: 777: 380: 368: 1830: 1733: 1235: 764: 5581: 2880:Personality and Individual Differences 2223:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1661:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1605:Personality and Individual Differences 780:Personality and Individual Differences 656:There is a strong correlation between 540:large extent hereditarily determined. 5537: 5405: 5340: 5192: 4919: 4764: 4674: 4494: 4355: 4312: 3016: 2904: 2829:Cyders MA, Smith GT (November 2008). 2706: 2317: 2019: 2017: 937: 446:evolutionary approaches to depression 4675: 1939: 1933: 1273:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 5194:Physiological and physical behavior 3042: 2987:International Personality Item Pool 2665: 2534: 2499: 2394:Computers in Human Behavior Reports 1761:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100507 1428:Research in Organizational Behavior 568:hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis 13: 5140:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures 4534:Emotional and behavioral disorders 2014: 1833:International Review of Psychiatry 1168:Journal of Research in Personality 477:A sense of personal value, or the 14: 5605: 5320:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 2997:Revised NEO Personality Inventory 2752:Journal of Personality Assessment 1545:The Journal of Applied Psychology 1509:The Journal of Applied Psychology 1238:Journal of Personality Assessment 523:Genetic and environmental factors 420:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 390:Studies have found that the mean 328: 4620:X-linked intellectual disability 3744: 3738: 2625:Kokkonen M, Pulkkinen L (2001). 2594:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01907.x 2576:Mroczek DK, Spiro A (May 2007). 2332:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00320.x 1494:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00227.x 988:. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. 404:Cognitive Failures Questionnaire 4449:Intermittent explosive disorder 4374:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation 2871: 2822: 2786: 2743: 2700: 2631:European Journal of Personality 2618: 2569: 2450: 2422: 2381: 2338: 2257: 2235:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.005 2083: 2048: 1902: 1867: 1698: 1673:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.09.004 1596: 1579: 1447:European Journal of Personality 1377: 1324: 1312: 1299: 1264: 1229: 1194: 616: 491:or its ancestors are likely in 5092:Dissociative identity disorder 4357:Adult personality and behavior 1954:10.1146/annurev.psych.42.1.459 1345:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.05.004 1051: 1002: 910: 701:neglect the long-term costs. 355:dissociative identity disorder 170: 1: 2764:10.1080/00223891.2019.1569528 2721:10.1080/00223980.2021.2006124 2347:Current Opinion in Psychology 2057:The Journal of Mental Science 758: 664:Maladaptive (risky) behaviors 232:behavioural activation system 228:behavioural inhibition system 131: 5496:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia 5033:Generalized anxiety disorder 4766:Neurological and symptomatic 4411:Sexual relationship disorder 4253:Social emotional development 1845:10.3109/09540261.2011.599315 1617:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00059-F 982:Passer MW, Smith RE (2009). 280:Mental disorder correlations 7: 5272:REM sleep behavior disorder 4741:Seasonal affective disorder 4539:Separation anxiety disorder 3499: 2932:Big Five personality traits 2672:Pervin LA, John OP (1999). 2541:Pervin LA, John OP (1999). 2042:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001 1992:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.01.007 1942:Annual Review of Psychology 1749:Annual Review of Psychology 961:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197 711: 499:achieved a higher level of 152:and poor ability to manage 10: 5610: 5539:Symptoms and uncategorized 4640:developmental disabilities 4406:Sexual maturation disorder 2892:10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.008 2808:10.1037/1040-3590.19.1.107 2407:10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100026 2147:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466 1888:10.1037/0022-3514.89.1.107 1400:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319 1250:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8 1120:Clinical Psychology Review 1064:Clinical Psychology Review 917:Carducci BJ (2009-02-20). 874:Clinical Psychology Review 792:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013 686:negative personality trait 585:Neuroimaging studies with 433: 18: 5544: 5533: 5509: 5501:Simple-type schizophrenia 5478: 5470:Schizophreniform disorder 5447: 5426: 5422: 5401: 5354: 5336: 5305: 5282: 5236: 5203: 5199: 5188: 5110: 5077: 5025: 4968: 4959: 4940: 4936: 4915: 4881: 4848:Mild cognitive impairment 4833:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease 4813: 4775: 4771: 4760: 4731:Major depressive disorder 4684: 4670: 4636:Psychological development 4635: 4610: 4507: 4503: 4490: 4419: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4296: 3815: 3753: 3736: 3055: 2974: 2938: 2709:The Journal of Psychology 2104:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1 1557:10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80 1521:10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17 1180:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007 1132:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.004 1076:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 886:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.04.003 830:10.1017/S0033291716001653 591:anterior cingulate cortex 515:, and culminating in the 337:, such as depression and 302:major depressive disorder 5549:Impulse-control disorder 5465:Schizoaffective disorder 5460:Brief reactive psychosis 5157:Mass psychogenic illness 5120:Body dysmorphic disorder 4899:Post-concussion syndrome 4509:Emotional and behavioral 4186:in virtual communication 2796:Psychological Assessment 2359:10.1177/0963721416658446 2135:Developmental Psychology 2036:. Academic Press: 1–70. 1285:10.1177/0022022197282001 1215:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 1203:Psychological Assessment 595:medial prefrontal cortex 464:terror management theory 458:Terror management theory 351:schizoaffective disorder 19:Not to be confused with 5486:Childhood schizophrenia 4838:Frontotemporal dementia 4795:High-functioning autism 4612:Intellectual disability 2520:10.1111/1467-6494.00126 1307:A model for personality 723:Highly sensitive person 718:Cognitive vulnerability 436:Evolutionary psychology 430:Evolutionary psychology 386:Mental-noise hypothesis 304:), which can sometimes 294:social anxiety disorder 110:substance use disorders 5003:Specific social phobia 4894:Organic brain syndrome 4736:Melancholic depression 4497:Childhood and learning 3803: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3400: 3366: 2946:Openness to experience 2835:Psychological Bulletin 2508:Journal of Personality 2177:Psychological Bulletin 2092:Psychological Bulletin 2069:10.1192/bjp.97.408.441 1707:Psychological Bulletin 949:Psychological Bulletin 818:Psychological Medicine 748:Personality psychology 631:openness to experience 414:, and a "lapse" is an 5559:Psychomotor agitation 5349:and substance-related 5292:Postpartum depression 5172:Somatization disorder 5058:Acute stress reaction 4823:AIDS dementia complex 2582:Psychological Science 1805:10.1002/9781444300895 576:serotonin transporter 517:Industrial Revolution 381:Theories of causation 375:personality disorders 369:Personality disorders 239:core self-evaluations 165:scientific literature 5554:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 5384:Substance dependence 5297:Postpartum psychosis 4843:Huntington's disease 4625:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 4474:Personality disorder 4223:Group affective tone 2992:Personality theories 2475:10.3892/br.2018.1041 2270:Psychology and Aging 548:negative affectivity 349:, schizophrenia and 207:Internal consistency 180:self-report measures 154:psychological stress 5434:Delusional disorder 5379:Stimulant psychosis 5369:Physical dependence 5223:Rumination syndrome 5125:Conversion disorder 5102:Psychogenic amnesia 4952:with depressed mood 4950:Adjustment disorder 4853:Parkinson's disease 4828:Alzheimer's disease 4721:Atypical depression 4557:Social functioning 4432:Munchausen syndrome 4427:Factitious disorder 4276:constructed emotion 3946:functional accounts 1453:(Suppl 1): S5–S18. 1318:Gray, J.A. (1982). 738:Neurotics Anonymous 728:Illusion of control 627:mid-Atlantic states 451:normal distribution 412:error by commission 397:standard deviations 264:There is a risk of 5589:Personality traits 5453:schizophrenia-like 5097:Dissociative fugue 4546:Movement disorders 4176:in decision-making 3417:(sense of purpose) 2982:Facet (psychology) 2463:Biomedical Reports 1915:Psychology Science 675:emotion regulation 424:associative memory 138:personality theory 5576: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5397: 5396: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5073: 5072: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4868:Vascular dementia 4790:Asperger syndrome 4756: 4755: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4600:Tourette syndrome 4486: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4306: 4305: 3893:Appeal to emotion 3671:Social connection 3010: 3009: 2951:Conscientiousness 2326:(11): 1098–1110. 1027:10.1002/wps.20411 995:978-0-07-711836-5 930:978-1-4051-3635-8 824:(14): 2883–2906. 416:error by omission 410:. A "slip" is an 343:anxiety disorders 290:anxiety disorders 161:personality tests 106:anxiety disorders 31:personality trait 5601: 5535: 5534: 5424: 5423: 5403: 5402: 5338: 5337: 5213:Anorexia nervosa 5201: 5200: 5190: 5189: 5167:Psychogenic pain 5135:Globus pharyngis 4983:Childhood phobia 4966: 4965: 4938: 4937: 4917: 4916: 4773: 4772: 4762: 4761: 4672: 4671: 4571:Selective mutism 4522:Conduct disorder 4505: 4504: 4492: 4491: 4469:Trichotillomania 4444:Gender dysphoria 4439:Fear of intimacy 4396:Sexual anhedonia 4364: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4340:Mental disorders 4333: 4326: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4281:discrete emotion 4181:in the workplace 4077:Empathy quotient 3808: 3748: 3742: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3504: 3405: 3371: 3037: 3030: 3023: 3014: 3013: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2895: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2847:10.1037/a0013341 2826: 2820: 2819: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2514:(6): 1059–1088. 2503: 2497: 2496: 2486: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2437:aclanthology.org 2434: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2409: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2315: 2304: 2303: 2293: 2282:10.1037/a0012897 2261: 2255: 2254: 2229:(8): 1518–1529. 2217: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2189:10.1037/a0037091 2183:(5): 1303–1331. 2168: 2159: 2158: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2063:(408): 441–465. 2052: 2046: 2045: 2021: 2012: 2011: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1786: 1773: 1772: 1744: 1731: 1730: 1719:10.1037/a0020327 1702: 1696: 1695: 1656: 1629: 1628: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1423: 1412: 1411: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1356: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1233: 1227: 1226: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1143: 1111: 1098: 1097: 1087: 1055: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1015:World Psychiatry 1006: 1000: 999: 979: 973: 972: 944: 935: 934: 914: 908: 907: 897: 865: 850: 849: 809: 796: 795: 775: 643:entrepreneurship 347:eating disorders 339:bipolar disorder 286:mental disorders 255:job satisfaction 243:locus of control 195:Big Five markers 98:mental disorders 5609: 5608: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5568: 5540: 5521: 5505: 5474: 5452: 5443: 5418: 5393: 5350: 5347:substance abuse 5324: 5301: 5278: 5232: 5218:Bulimia nervosa 5195: 5176: 5152:Hypochondriasis 5147:False pregnancy 5130:Ganser syndrome 5112:Somatic symptom 5106: 5069: 5021: 5010:Specific phobia 4955: 4932: 4903: 4877: 4809: 4805:Savant syndrome 4777:Autism spectrum 4767: 4752: 4680: 4658: 4637: 4631: 4606: 4499: 4478: 4454:Dermatillomania 4415: 4401:Sexual anorexia 4358: 4347: 4337: 4307: 4302: 4292: 4233:Jealousy in art 3976:in conversation 3898:Amygdala hijack 3811: 3749: 3743: 3734: 3723:sense of wonder 3051: 3041: 3011: 3006: 2970: 2934: 2929: 2899: 2876: 2872: 2827: 2823: 2791: 2787: 2748: 2744: 2705: 2701: 2686: 2670: 2666: 2643:10.1002/per.425 2623: 2619: 2574: 2570: 2555: 2539: 2535: 2504: 2500: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2386: 2382: 2343: 2339: 2316: 2307: 2262: 2258: 2218: 2214: 2169: 2162: 2131: 2127: 2088: 2084: 2053: 2049: 2022: 2015: 1976: 1969: 1938: 1934: 1907: 1903: 1872: 1868: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1787: 1776: 1745: 1734: 1703: 1699: 1657: 1632: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1540: 1536: 1505: 1501: 1478: 1474: 1459:10.1002/per.481 1443: 1439: 1424: 1415: 1382: 1378: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1269: 1265: 1234: 1230: 1199: 1195: 1164: 1157: 1112: 1101: 1056: 1052: 1007: 1003: 996: 980: 976: 945: 938: 931: 915: 911: 866: 853: 810: 799: 776: 765: 761: 733:Negative affect 714: 666: 619: 580:5-HT1A receptor 533:Hans J. Eysenck 525: 460: 438: 432: 388: 383: 371: 359:hypochondriasis 331: 282: 259:job performance 173: 134: 87:procrastination 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5607: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5419: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Rebound effect 5371: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5334: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5315:Hypersexuality 5311: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5209: 5207: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5050: 5048:Panic disorder 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5015:Claustrophobia 5007: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4998:Anthropophobia 4990: 4988:Social anxiety 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4946: 4944: 4934: 4933: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4858:Pick's disease 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4769: 4768: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4616: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4501: 4500: 4488: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4359: 4349: 4348: 4344:Classification 4336: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4286:somatic marker 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4258:Stoic passions 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4206:social sharing 4203: 4198: 4196:self-conscious 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4139:thought method 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4104:lateralization 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3931:classification 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3725: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3651:Sentimentality 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3487:at first sight 3484: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3411: 3406: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3363: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3225:Disappointment 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3040: 3039: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2928: 2927: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2898: 2897: 2886:(4): 839–850. 2870: 2841:(6): 807–828. 2821: 2802:(1): 107–118. 2785: 2758:(3): 337–347. 2742: 2699: 2684: 2664: 2637:(6): 407–424. 2617: 2588:(5): 371–376. 2568: 2553: 2533: 2498: 2469:(3): 264–268. 2449: 2421: 2380: 2353:(6): 165–170. 2337: 2305: 2276:(3): 558–566. 2256: 2212: 2160: 2141:(2): 466–477. 2125: 2082: 2047: 2013: 1986:(5): 815–826. 1967: 1932: 1921:(4): 343–360. 1901: 1882:(1): 107–114. 1866: 1839:(3): 258–281. 1820: 1813: 1774: 1732: 1713:(5): 768–821. 1697: 1630: 1611:(4): 543–553. 1595: 1578: 1534: 1499: 1472: 1437: 1413: 1394:(2): 319–333. 1376: 1333:Brain Research 1323: 1311: 1298: 1279:(2): 131–155. 1263: 1244:(3): 506–516. 1228: 1193: 1155: 1099: 1070:(5): 686–697. 1050: 1021:(2): 144–145. 1001: 994: 974: 955:(2): 197–229. 936: 929: 909: 880:(5): 686–697. 851: 797: 786:(6): 542–548. 762: 760: 757: 756: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 713: 710: 665: 662: 651:mood disorders 618: 615: 599:insular cortex 572:glucocorticoid 524: 521: 501:self-awareness 483: 482: 475: 459: 456: 440:The theory of 431: 428: 392:reaction times 387: 384: 382: 379: 370: 367: 335:mood disorders 330: 329:Mood disorders 327: 298:mood disorders 281: 278: 273:startle reflex 266:selection bias 230:(BIS) and the 191:Lewis Goldberg 172: 169: 133: 130: 102:mood disorders 75:depressed mood 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5606: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479:Schizophrenia 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5408:Schizophrenia 5404: 5400: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5359:Drug overdose 5357: 5356: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5307:Sexual desire 5304: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4993:Social phobia 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4928:-related and 4927: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4300: 4295: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4040:dysregulation 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3988:interpersonal 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3841:in psychology 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3826:consciousness 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3635:Schadenfreude 3631: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3501:Mono no aware 3497: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3353:Joie de vivre 3350: 3349: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3322:Gratification 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3250:Embarrassment 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3155:Belongingness 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2961:Agreeableness 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2685:1-57230-483-9 2681: 2677: 2676: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2554:1-57230-483-9 2550: 2546: 2545: 2537: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2438: 2431: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2216: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1814:9781444300895 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1380: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339:(1): 92–101. 1338: 1334: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1308: 1302: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1232: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1197: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1110: 1108: 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310: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 277: 274: 269: 267: 262: 260: 256: 252: 248: 247:self-efficacy 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 220: 217: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 176: 168: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 129: 127: 126:agreeableness 123: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 94: 92: 91:substance use 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 22: 5439:Folie à deux 5364:Intoxication 5345:substances, 5343:Psychoactive 5262:Night terror 5079:Dissociative 5043:Panic attack 4595:Tic disorder 4298: 4238:Meta-emotion 4151:Emotionality 4124:responsivity 4072:and bullying 4067:intelligence 3877:Affectivity 3861:neuroscience 3831:in education 3414: 3375:Homesickness 3351: 3277:Enthrallment 3262:Emotion work 3125:Anticipation 3002:Trait theory 2965: 2956:Extraversion 2883: 2879: 2873: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2715:(1): 48–67. 2712: 2708: 2702: 2674: 2667: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2543: 2536: 2511: 2507: 2501: 2466: 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4716:Depression 4699:Bipolar II 4588:Stuttering 4583:Cluttering 4379:Paraphilia 4243:Pathognomy 4144:well-being 4060:and gender 4055:expression 4050:exhaustion 4035:detachment 4020:competence 4001:Emotional 3983:regulation 3966:perception 3961:in animals 3911:and memory 3847:Affective 3755:Worldviews 3617:melancholy 3602:Resentment 3472:Loneliness 3447:Irritation 3432:Insecurity 3422:Indulgence 3297:Excitement 3282:Enthusiasm 3215:Depression 3175:Confidence 3170:Compassion 3145:Attraction 3070:Admiration 3065:Acceptance 2400:: 100026. 1434:: 151–188. 1354:1874/19738 759:References 639:West Coast 607:twin study 553:expression 434:See also: 132:Definition 79:loneliness 5517:Catatonia 5449:Psychosis 5284:Postnatal 5267:Nightmare 4873:Wandering 4726:Dysthymia 4694:Bipolar I 4649:Pervasive 4464:Pyromania 4389:Voyeurism 4384:Fetishism 4271:appraisal 4211:sociology 4162:Emotions 4134:symbiosis 4119:reasoning 4089:isolation 4030:contagion 4015:blackmail 3941:expressed 3936:evolution 3926:and 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