41:
389:, which resulted in defeat for the Axis. He realized after this that German victory would not be possible and began to reinforce the east of the country. The ensuing evolution of the war made Antonescu make an evacuation plan for the Bessarabia Governorate, as well as for the Bukovina Governorate, the rest of the region of Moldavia and the Transnistria Governorate. This plan was named "Operation 1111", and it was divided in three suboperations, which were "Operation 1111 A" for Bessarabia and Transnistria, "Operation 1111 B" for Bukovina and "Operation 1111 M" for the rest of Moldavia.
33:
356:, and by mid-August, the unit had murdered 4,425 Jews in the northern part of Bessarabia. As the Romanians left corpses unburied whenever they plundered, raped or fired shots in the streets and received bribes from Jews, the Nazis issued letters, protests and orders decrying the lack of organization and planning. Beginning with 24 July 1941, a parallel campaign of
361:
the
Germans refused to allow the transit of Jews across the river, several ghettos were set up across Bessarabia, hosting about 80,000 Jews by late August 1941. 25,000 of them would die in these camps, characterized by forced labor, corruption, hunger, plunder, suffering, rapes, executions and epidemics; before
360:
the surviving Jews across the
Dniester began. The convoys of deportees were not provided with food or water and had to sleep in improvised camps surrounded by barbed wire in the middle of a plowed field. Hundreds of Jews were pushed into the Dniester and whoever attempted to climb out was shot. As
373:
on 30 August 1941. Consequently, 55,867 Jews from
Bessarabia were deported into Transnistria. The killings, along deportations, continued until October 1941, when all Jews had been removed from Bessarabia. More than 45,000 Jews, likely 60,000, were killed in Bessarabia and Bukovina. Furthermore,
221:
Despite the fact that
Bukovina and Bessarabia were already under Romanian control again, it was decided that the regions would not be fully integrated within the country, but that they would rather remain as autonomous regions ruled by a
325:
of his own accord and under no German pressure. Special teams instigated the locals to kill Jews on their own and, when this failed, special orders were delivered to local garrisons to have them executed. The
107:
of
Bessarabia which severely dwindled the presence of the Romanian population. If in 1817 Moldavians were 86% of the population, in 1897 they were only 56%. Previously, Moldavia had also lost the region of
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all Jews in urban areas". Jews turned over to the gendarmes by the army had no chance of survival and were shot immediately. On 11 July 1941, the
374:
until 15 November 1943, between 104,522 and 120,810 Romanian citizens of Jewish ethnicity or descent originating in
Bessarabia, Bukovina and the
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210:
the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, but
Romanian military actions only began on 2 July. After a few weeks, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina were
500:"Political and cultural evolution of the Romanians in the Romanian ancestral territories of Bessarabia and Bukovina over the course of time"
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338:, reaching Chișinău by 17 July 1941, when several thousands were killed on a single day. The army was joined by the Romanian
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This article is about the governorate of the
Kingdom of Romania. For the governorate of the Russian Empire, see
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As soon as
Romanian troops entered Bessarabia in 1941, they began a campaign to exterminate the local
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At first, Ion
Antonescu had become convinced that Nazi Germany would win the war. This was up to the
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407:, giving up Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union "in exchange" for the recovery of
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would also be established, although it was never formally annexed unlike the other two regions.
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in Bessarabia was already in place by 6 July 1941, when 500 Jews were killed in the town of
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in the northern part of the geographic region of Bessarabia, which was attached to the
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643:"Evacuarea provinciei Bucovina în primăvara lui 1944: Pregătirea Operațiunii 1111 B"
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This event would become the reason of discord between Romania and the newly formed
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sparked, and this allowed Bessarabia to declare itself as independent, forming the
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as "compensation" for the "great loss brought to the Bessarabian population".
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had joined in order to gain several Romanian-populated regions, the
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from Hungary and marking the end of the Bessarabia Governorate.
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526:"Basarabia în documente semnate de marile puteri (1920–1947)"
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44:
Ethnic map of the Bessarabia Governorate according to the
278:, in the Lăpușna County. It did not include the interwar
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Romanian autonomous province existent during World War II
230:). The new Bessarabia Governorate was organized in nine
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instead. The Bessarabia Governorate had two governors:
36:
Administrative divisions of the Bessarabia Governorate
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and integrated back into Romania. Subsequently, the
194:'s mediation that resulted in territorial losses to
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rivers and historically part of the principality of
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Institutul de Istorie "George Barițiu", Cluj-Napoca
504:Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defense University
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553:Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences
99:. This marked the start of a strong process of
472:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–327.
680:States and territories disestablished in 1944
190:Following this, Romania was forced to accept
175:, Romania was left vulnerable, and in a 1940
352:D started its own extermination campaign in
675:States and territories established in 1941
382:, hunger, cold or straightforward murder.
403:and Romania changed sides and joined the
396:ended with the overthrow of Antonescu by
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725:The Holocaust in Bessarabia and Bukovina
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628:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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690:1944 disestablishments in Romania
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202:and later became a member of the
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63:) was an administrative unit of
431:Bessarabia Governorate (Russia)
148:, on 27 March 1918, Bessarabia
126:the first modern Romanian state
720:Former subdivisions of Romania
685:1941 establishments in Romania
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599:(in Romanian). Tehnica-Info.
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142:Moldavian Democratic Republic
469:A concise history of Romania
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25:Bessarabia (disambiguation)
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596:Istoria Republicii Moldova
593:Dulgheru, Valeriu (2018).
171:(UK), but at the start of
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647:Arhivele Totalitarismului
128:. Later, in 1917, during
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436:The Holocaust in Romania
426:Transnistria Governorate
274:of this governorate was
216:Transnistria Governorate
116:. In 1859, this country
61:Guvernământul Basarabiei
715:Romania in World War II
710:Moldova in World War II
705:History of Odesa Oblast
695:Governorates of Romania
498:Șandru, Florin (2013).
183:Bessarabia, as well as
144:. Following a Romanian
79:In 1812, the region of
641:Cazacu, Elena (2018).
321:("Leader") of Romania
75:Background and history
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53:Bessarabia Governorate
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23:. For other uses, see
21:Bessarabia Governorate
670:History of Bessarabia
570:Cărare, Livi (2010).
524:Scurtu, Ioan (2015).
409:Northern Transylvania
288:Constantin Voiculescu
95:, was annexed by the
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421:Bukovina Governorate
387:Battle of Stalingrad
284:Bukovina Governorate
83:, lying between the
46:1941 Romanian census
630:. 11 November 2004.
159:(USSR). During the
138:Russian Revolution
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700:History of Budjak
606:978-9975-63-422-9
206:. The Axis would
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69:World War II
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29:
536:(1): 76–85.
510:(1): 46–65.
376:Old Kingdom
340:Gendarmerie
302: [
291: [
204:Axis powers
130:World War I
124:, creating
664:Categories
442:References
318:Conducător
212:recaptured
81:Bessarabia
582:: 99–107.
401:Michael I
358:deporting
177:ultimatum
132:to which
122:Wallachia
466:(2014).
415:See also
276:Chișinău
232:counties
224:governor
200:Bulgaria
181:captured
167:and the
110:Bukovina
93:Moldavia
89:Dniester
57:Romanian
344:ghettos
272:capital
268:Tighina
256:Lăpușna
196:Hungary
134:Romania
67:during
65:Romania
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476:
405:Allies
380:typhus
336:Edineț
270:. The
264:Soroca
252:Ismail
248:Chilia
208:invade
192:Hitler
165:France
150:united
118:united
624:(PDF)
369:with
354:Bălți
306:]
295:]
260:Orhei
244:Cahul
236:Bălți
601:ISBN
474:ISBN
398:King
313:Jews
297:and
266:and
198:and
103:and
87:and
85:Prut
51:The
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304:ro
293:ro
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59::
609:.
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508:2
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226:(
55:(
27:.
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