1043:
55:
1005:, in that scores can be easily exaggerated or minimized by the person completing them. Like all questionnaires, the way the instrument is administered can have an effect on the final score. If a patient is asked to fill out the form in front of other people in a clinical environment, for instance, social expectations have been shown to elicit a different response compared to administration via a postal survey.
599:
894:
items were revised to assess both increases and decreases in sleep and appetite. All but three of the items were reworded; only the items dealing with feelings of being punished, thoughts about suicide, and interest in sex remained the same. Finally, participants were asked to rate how they have been
1008:
In participants with concomitant physical illness the BDI's reliance on physical symptoms such as fatigue may artificially inflate scores due to symptoms of the illness, rather than of depression. In an effort to deal with this concern Beck and his colleagues developed the "Beck
Depression Inventory
724:
attributed the syndrome to inverted hostility against the self.' By contrast, the BDI was developed in a novel way for its time; by collating patients' verbatim descriptions of their symptoms and then using these to structure a scale which could reflect the intensity or severity of a given symptom.
964:
The BDI was originally developed to provide a quantitative assessment of the intensity of depression. Because it is designed to reflect the depth of depression, it can monitor changes over time and provide an objective measure for judging improvement and the effectiveness or otherwise of treatment
767:
The development of the BDI reflects that in its structure, with items such as "I have lost all of my interest in other people" to reflect the world, "I feel discouraged about the future" to reflect the future, and "I blame myself for everything bad that happens" to reflect the self. The view of
823:
Some items on the original BDI had more than one statement marked with the same score. For instance, there are two responses under the Mood heading that score a 2: (2a) "I am blue or sad all the time and I can't snap out of it" and (2b) "I am so sad or unhappy that it is very painful".
1009:
for
Primary Care" (BDI-PC), a short screening scale consisting of seven items from the BDI-II considered to be independent of physical function. Unlike the standard BDI, the BDI-PC produces only a binary outcome of "not depressed" or "depressed" for patients above a cutoff score of 4.
957:, psychodynamic perspective, to one guided by the patient's own thoughts or "cognitions". It also established the principle that instead of attempting to develop a psychometric tool based on a possibly invalid theory, self-report questionnaires when analysed using techniques such as
688:
In its current version, the BDI-II is designed for individuals aged 13 and over, and is composed of items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, cognitions such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue,
696:
There are three versions of the BDI—the original BDI, first published in 1961 and later revised in 1978 as the BDI-1A, and the BDI-II, published in 1996. The BDI is widely used as an assessment tool by health care professionals and researchers in a variety of settings.
916:
One measure of an instrument's usefulness is to see how closely it agrees with another similar instrument that has been validated against information from a clinical interview by a trained clinician. In this respect, the BDI-II is positively correlated with the
740:
Beck developed a triad of negative cognitions about the world, the future, and the self, which play a major role in depression. An example of the triad in action taken from Brown (1995) is the case of a student obtaining poor exam results:
898:
Like the BDI, the BDI-II also contains about 21 questions, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms. The standardized cutoffs used differ from the original:
784:
The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Each question had a set of at least four possible responses, ranging in intensity. For example:
728:
Beck drew attention to the importance of "negative cognitions" described as sustained, inaccurate, and often intrusive negative thoughts about the self. In his view, it was the case that these cognitions
802:
When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depression's severity. The standard cut-off scores were as follows:
1427:
1066:
872:
1303:
Moran PW, Lambert MJ (1983). "A review of current assessment tools for monitoring changes in depression". In
Lambert MS, Christensen ER, DeJulio S (eds.).
1580:"The development and validation of the Xhosa translations of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Hopelessness Scale"
2018:
1903:
1688:
Steer RA, Cavalieri TA, Leonard DM, Beck AT (1999). "Use of the Beck
Depression Inventory for Primary Care to screen for major depression disorders".
1012:
Although designed as a screening device rather than a diagnostic tool, the BDI is sometimes used by health care providers to reach a quick diagnosis.
1553:
844:
statements" described above were removed, and respondents were instructed to endorse how they had been feeling during the preceding two weeks. The
1423:
1971:
1145:
629:
1976:
1019:; a fee must be paid for each copy used. There is no evidence that the BDI-II is more valid or reliable than other depression scales, and
933:= 0.93), suggesting that it was not overly sensitive to day-to-day variations in mood. The test also has high internal consistency (
1276:
Beck AT, Steer RA, Garbin MG J (1988). "Psychometric properties of the Beck
Depression Inventory Twenty-five years of evaluation".
339:
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1896:
1447:
Beck AT, Steer RA and Brown GK (1996) "Manual for the Beck
Depression Inventory-II". San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation
566:
1167:
1948:
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832:
The BDI-IA was a revision of the original instrument developed by Beck during the 1970s, and copyrighted in 1978. To improve
1943:
1933:
1956:
1076:
1500:
Richter P, J Werner, A Heerlein, A Kraus, H Sauer (1998). "On the validity of the Beck
Depression Inventory. A review".
701:
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1995:
1889:
1109:
918:
868:
622:
546:
541:
369:
1554:"Literature available on Psychiatric Assessment Instruments translated in non-English languages: TBDI Section"
571:
138:
1375:"Concurrent validity and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory in outpatient adolescents"
1981:
1912:
1024:
852:
coefficient of around 0.85, meaning that the items on the inventory are highly correlated with each other.
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581:
494:
1928:
615:
1557:
1966:
1938:
1747:
Zimmerman M. Using scales to monitor symptoms and treatment of depression (measurement based care). In
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Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (June 1961). "An inventory for measuring depression".
1071:
85:
1825:"The Beck Depression Inventory as a screening device for major depression in renal dialysis patients"
1502:
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527:
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269:
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128:
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1002:
773:
561:
459:
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methods. The instrument remains widely used in research; in 1998, it had been used in over 2000
1961:
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576:
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133:
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666:
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69:
64:
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depression as sustained by intrusive negative cognitions has had particular application in
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379:
289:
124:
109:
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Moore MJ, Moore PB, Shaw PJ (October 1998). "Mood disturbances in motor neurone disease".
8:
1871:
1815:
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However, this version retained some flaws; the BDI-IA only addressed six out of the nine
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674:
384:
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359:
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155:
94:
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929:. The test was also shown to have a high one-week test–retest reliability (Pearson's
603:
404:
329:
235:
220:
104:
1674:
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feeling for the past two weeks, as opposed to the past week as in the original BDI.
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978:
409:
364:
349:
344:
225:
200:
1325:"Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients"
1824:
1190:"Dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes as vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms"
1164:"An Overview of Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression in Contemporary Literature"
1149:
958:
953:; it represented a shift in health care professionals' view of depression from a
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criteria for depression. This and other criticisms were addressed in the BDI-II.
663:
205:
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1881:
1606:"Mode of questionnaire administration can have serious effects on data quality"
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772:(CBT), which aims to challenge and neutralize them through techniques such as
2012:
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publisher, 'When Beck began studying depression in the 1950s, the prevailing
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1213:
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833:
690:
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119:
1556:. Victorian Transcultural Psychiatry Unit. December 2005. Archived from
1457:
Beck AT, Ward C, Mendelson M (1961). "Beck
Depression Inventory (BDI)".
1373:
Ambrosini PJ, Metz C, Bianchi MD, Rabinovich H, Undie A (January 1991).
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The BDI-II was a 1996 revision of the BDI, developed in response to the
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perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patient's own thoughts.
314:
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489:
484:
444:
1379:
Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
856:
1499:
974:
1372:
1067:
Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry
820:
Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms.
1028:
890:, and difficulty working were replaced. Also, sleep loss and
1763:"The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure"
681:
professionals, who had until then, viewed depression from a
504:
1188:
Brown GP, Hammen CL, Craske MG, Wickens TD (August 1995).
1727:(5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 301–302.
1687:
1187:
749:, so he may come to believe he does not enjoy the class.
704:(CDI), first published in 1979 by clinical psychologist
700:
The BDI was used as a model for the development of the
1822:
1760:
1323:
Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W (December 1996).
763:, as he may feel he does not deserve to be in college.
1761:
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB (September 2001).
1232:
945:
The development of the BDI was an important event in
873:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
795:(2) I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it.
1322:
1038:
1986:
Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS)
1722:
1275:
1104:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
16:21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory.
1977:Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
1456:
798:(3) I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand it.
2010:
1911:
1296:
1877:Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Test Online
1128:North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.
1644:
1957:Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS-11)
1897:
1813:Beck A.T. (1988). "Beck Hopelessness Scale."
1751:, Rose, BD (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA, 2011.
623:
1953:Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS)
1681:
1597:
1302:
1136:
1134:
1095:
1093:
1091:
875:, Fourth Edition, which changed many of the
759:The student has negative thoughts about his
756:because he thinks he may not pass the class.
752:The student has negative thoughts about his
745:The student has negative thoughts about the
1944:Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)
1934:Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
1638:
1366:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1904:
1890:
1181:
1001:The BDI has the same limitations as other
711:
630:
616:
2019:Depression screening and assessment tools
1823:Craven J, Rodin G, Littlefield C (1988).
1786:
1621:
1603:
1577:
1131:
1088:
1311:
1305:The Assessment of Psychotherapy Outcomes
1161:
733:depression, rather than being generated
1723:Hersen M, Turner SM, Beidel DC (2007).
1424:"Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)"
1142:"Test developer profile: Aaron T. Beck"
1099:
969:. It has been translated into multiple
677:. Its development marked a shift among
2011:
1582:. biblioteca universia. Archived from
1031:) have been studied as a useful tool.
1949:Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
1885:
1779:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
1647:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
1471:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
1441:
1247:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
1155:
961:can suggest theoretical constructs.
813:19–29: indicates moderate depression
1725:Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis
1077:Quality of Life in Depression Scale
816:30–63: indicates severe depression.
13:
1982:Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)
1806:
869:American Psychiatric Association's
14:
2030:
1996:Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
1865:
1329:Journal of Personality Assessment
807:0–9: indicates minimal depression
1992:Wechsler Depression Rating Scale
1967:Major Depression Inventory (MDI)
1939:Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
1929:Burns Depression Checklist (BDC)
1391:10.1097/00004583-199101000-00008
1126:Children's Depression Inventory.
1102:Depression: Causes and Treatment
1041:
919:Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
848:for the BDI-IA was good, with a
810:10–18: indicates mild depression
597:
53:
1924:Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
1754:
1741:
1716:
1571:
1546:
1493:
1450:
1430:from the original on 2018-12-04
1416:
1405:from the original on 2012-10-29
1355:from the original on 2012-10-29
1170:from the original on 2009-02-14
1140:McGraw Hill Publishing Company
879:for Major Depressive Disorder.
702:Children's Depression Inventory
693:, and lack of interest in sex.
1989:Raskin Depression Rating Scale
1269:
1226:
1194:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
1118:
996:
673:for measuring the severity of
669:, one of the most widely used
32:measure severity of depression
1:
1816:The Psychological Corporation
1702:10.1016/S0163-8343(98)00070-X
1659:10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00203-2
340:Industrial and organizational
1913:Rating scales for depression
1604:Bowling A (September 2005).
1290:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5
1025:Patient Health Questionnaire
770:cognitive behavioral therapy
495:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
1841:10.2190/M1TX-V1EJ-E43L-RKLF
1690:General Hospital Psychiatry
1341:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
1206:10.1037/0021-843X.104.3.431
1034:
882:Items involving changes in
10:
2035:
1578:Steele GI (October 2006).
1152: (archived 2009-03-17)
1144:. Retrieved on 2009-02-24
1072:Major Depression Inventory
909:20–28: moderate depression
1919:
940:
912:29–63: severe depression.
862:
827:
644:Beck Depression Inventory
270:Applied behavior analysis
28:
24:Beck Depression Inventory
23:
1610:Journal of Public Health
1082:
903:0–13: minimal depression
1962:M3 Checklist:Depression
1062:Beck Hopelessness Scale
1003:self-report inventories
774:cognitive restructuring
712:Development and history
460:Behavioral neuroscience
115:Behavioral neuroscience
1057:Beck Anxiety Inventory
925:of 0.71, showing good
906:14–19: mild depression
779:
510:Psychology of religion
450:Behavioral engineering
134:Cognitive neuroscience
100:Affective neuroscience
1623:10.1093/pubmed/fdi031
1235:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry
789:(0) I do not feel sad
722:psychoanalytic theory
667:self-report inventory
604:Psychology portal
1829:Int J Psychiatry Med
846:internal consistency
1459:Arch Gen Psychiatry
1146:Aaron T. Beck, M.D.
1124:Kovacs, M. (1992).
1023:scales such as the
927:convergent validity
877:diagnostic criteria
871:publication of the
662:, is a 21-question
455:Behavioral genetics
370:Occupational health
110:Behavioral genetics
41:Part of a series on
1653:(Suppl 1): S53–6.
1307:. New York: Wiley.
1278:Clin. Psychol. Rev
971:European languages
671:psychometric tests
572:Schools of thought
410:Sport and exercise
256:Applied psychology
2004:
2003:
1734:978-0-471-74584-6
1516:10.1159/000066239
1162:Allen JP (2003).
1049:Psychiatry portal
967:empirical studies
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537:Counseling topics
480:Consumer behavior
221:Psycholinguistics
105:Affective science
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997:Limitations
973:as well as
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691:weight loss
542:Disciplines
415:Suicidology
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241:Theoretical
216:Personality
146:Comparative
129:Cognitivism
120:Behaviorism
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1409:2008-10-30
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300:Counseling
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485:Emotions
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295:Consumer
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747:world
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365:Music
350:Media
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