Battle of Arras (1917)

2643: 1962:, in which 41 New Zealand tunnellers were killed and 151 wounded. The British tunnellers had gained an advantage over the German miners by the Autumn of 1916, which virtually ended the German underground threat. The British turned to digging 12 subways about 25 ft (7.6 m) down, to the front line, the longest tunnel being 1,883 yd (1.070 mi; 1.722 km) long of the 10,500 yd (6.0 mi; 9.6 km) dug. In one sector, four Tunnelling companies of 500 men each, worked around-the-clock in 18-hour shifts for two months to dig 12 mi (20 km) of subways for foot traffic, tramways with rails for hand-drawn trolleys and a light railway system. Most tunnels were lit by electricity, accommodated telephone cables and some had trams and water supplies. Caverns were dug into the sides for brigade and battalion HQs, first aid posts and store-rooms. The subways were found to be a most efficient way to relieve troops in the line, form up for the attack and then to evacuate wounded. Some of the tunnels were continued into 2610:

French offensive in the Aisne sector. In many respects, the battle might be deemed a victory for the British and their allies but these gains were offset by high casualties after the first two days and the failure of the French offensive at the Aisne. By the end of the offensive, the British had suffered more than 150,000 casualties and gained little ground since the first day. Despite significant early gains, they were unable to break through and the situation reverted to stalemate. Although historians generally consider the battle a British victory, in the wider context of the front, it had very little impact on the strategic or tactical situation. Ludendorff later commented "no doubt exceedingly important strategic objects lay behind the British attack but I have never been able to discover what they were". Ludendorff was also "very depressed; had our principles of defensive tactics proved false and if so, what on Earth was to be done?"

2661: 1903:) by the front divisions. On 7 April, Nagel viewed the imminent British attack as a limited effort against Vimy ridge, preparatory to a bigger attack later, perhaps combined with the French attack expected in mid-April. Construction of positions to fulfil the new policy of area defence had been drastically curtailed by shortages of labour and the long winter, which affected the setting of concrete. The 6th Army commanders had also been reluctant to encourage the British to change their plans if the British detected a thinning of the front line. The Germans were inhibited by the extent of British air reconnaissance, which observed new field works and promptly directed artillery fire on them. The 6th Army failed to redeploy its artillery, which remained in lines easy to see and bombard. Work on defences was also divided between maintaining the front line, strengthening the third line and the new 1806:), with the reinforcements from Verdun, which began to arrive in greater numbers in September. In his analysis of the battle, Loßberg opposed the granting of discretion to front trench garrisons to retire, as he believed that manoeuvre would not evade Allied artillery fire, which could blanket the forward area and invited French or British infantry to occupy vacant areas. Loßberg considered that spontaneous withdrawals would disrupt the counter-attack reserves as they deployed and further deprive battalion and division commanders of the means to conduct an organised defence, which the dispersal of infantry over a wide area had already made difficult. Loßberg and others had severe doubts as to the ability of relief divisions to arrive on the battlefield in time to conduct an immediate counter-attack ( 1947:

he had 16 Army Troops companies, five with each corps in the front line and one with XVIII Corps, four tunnelling companies, three entrenching battalions, eight RE labour battalions and 37 labour companies. Inside the old walls of Arras were the Grand Place and Petit Place, under which there were old cellars, which were emptied and refurbished for the accommodation of 13,000 men. Under the suburbs of St Sauveur and Ronville were many caves, some huge, which were rediscovered by accident in October 1916. When cleared out, the caves had room for 11,500 men, one in the Ronville system housing 4,000 men. The 8 ft × 6 ft (2.4 m × 1.8 m) Crinchon sewer followed the ditch of the old fortifications and tunnels were dug from the cellars to the sewer.

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tunnel followed the line of the road to Cambrai and had five shafts in no man's land but the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line forestalled the use of the Ronville tunnels, when the German front line was withdrawn 1,000 yd (910 m) and there was no time to extend the diggings. The subterranean workings were lit by electricity and supplied by piped water, with gas-proof doors at the entrances; telephone cables, exchanges and testing-points used the tunnels, a hospital was installed and a tram ran from the sewer to the St Sauveur caves. The observation post for the VI Corps heavy artillery off the St Sauveur tunnel, had a telephone exchange with 750 circuits; much of the work in this area being done by the

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Corps were to allot tasks to divisions, which would then select objectives and devise infantry plans subject to corps approval. Artillery planning was controlled by corps with consultation of divisions by the corps General Officer Commanding, Royal Artillery (GOCRA) which became the title of the officer at each level of command who devised the bombardment plan, which was coordinated with neighbouring corps artillery commanders by the army GOCRA. Specific parts of the bombardment were nominated by divisions, using their local knowledge and the results of air reconnaissance. The corps artillery commander was to co-ordinate counter-battery fire and the howitzer bombardment for zero hour. Corps controlled the

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the men became exhausted by the endless task of keeping open dug-out entrances and demoralised by the absence of rations caused by the difficulties of preparing and moving hot food under bombardment. Some went without food altogether for two or three consecutive days. By the eve of battle, the front-line trenches had ceased to exist and their barbed wire defences were blown to pieces. The official history of the 2nd Bavarian Reserve Regiment describes the front line as "consisting no longer of trenches but of advanced nests of men scattered about". The 262nd Reserve Regiment history writes that its trench system was "lost in a crater field". To add to the misery, for the last ten hours of bombardment,

2169:, although they suffered many casualties in fighting near the village. One reason for the success of the offensive in this sector was the failure of Falkenhausen to employ a defence in depth. In theory, an attacker would be allowed to make initial gains, thus stretching their lines of communication. Reserves held close to the battlefield would be committed once the initial advance had bogged down, before enemy reinforcements could be brought up. The defenders would thus be able to counter-attack and regain any lost territory. In this sector, Falkenhausen kept his reserve troops too far from the front and they were too late for a useful counter-attack on either 10 or 11 April. 239: 2088:

objective) was not to be attacked by tanks, which were to begin the drive to the front line at zero hour and rendezvous with infantry at the black line two hours later. The tanks were reserved for the most difficult objectives beyond the black line in groups of up to ten vehicles. Four tanks were to attack Neuville Vitasse, four against Telegraph Hill, four against The Harp and another four against Tilloy lez Mofflaines and two were to drive down the slope from Roclincourt west of Bois de la Maison Blanche. Once the blue line had fallen, the tanks still running were to drive to rally points.

331: 320: 184: 1514: 255: 2184: 2243: 210: 2124: 2210:, constant training and the assignment of specific objectives to each platoon. By giving units specific goals, troops could continue the attack even if their officers were killed or communication broke down, thus bypassing two major problems of combat on the Western Front. The Canadian troops could see the Germans in retreat across the Douai Plain away from the ridge. There was nevertheless an inflexibility to the plan which prevented the leading troops from continuing the advance and on 10 April the Germans began to stop the gaps with reserves. 197: 63: 308: 297: 286: 275: 1621:, which covered an area 100 yd (91 m) wide and 50 yd (46 m) deep, with the four sections in a diamond pattern, the rifle section ahead, rifle grenade and bombing sections to the sides and the Lewis gun section behind, until resistance was met. German defenders were to be suppressed by fire from the Lewis-gun and rifle-grenade sections, while the riflemen and hand-grenade sections moved forward, preferably by infiltrating around the flanks of the resistance, to overwhelm the defenders from the rear. 2364: 2403:. On 8 April it was announced that wire cutting, begun on 5 April, would take another eight days. At dusk on 9 April, patrols went forward and found that the Hindenburg Line was occupied but that the wire cutting bombardment had made several lanes through the wire. Preparations were made in a rush, the 4th Australian Division to attack with two brigades, the 4th on the right and 12th on the left. The attack had to cover 500 yd (457 m) to the wire and another 100 yd (91 m) to the first trench at 1707:), who would join the sentries to recapture sentry-posts by immediate counter-attack. Defensive procedures in the battle zone were similar but with bigger units. The front trench system was the sentry line for the battle zone garrison, which was allowed to move away from concentrations of enemy fire and then counter-attack to recover the battle and outpost zones; such withdrawals were envisaged as occurring on small parts of the battlefield which had been made untenable by Allied artillery fire, as the prelude to 2463: 1383: 2561: 2234:(the right to issue orders in the army commander's name) and within hours, Loßberg began to restructure the German defence. The British aimed to consolidate the gains made in the first days of the offensive, to keep the initiative and to break through in concert with the French at Aisne. From 16 April, it was apparent that the French part of the Nivelle Offensive on the Aisne had not achieved a breakthrough. Haig continued to attack at Arras, to divert troops from the French on the Aisne. 170: 155: 1598: 1932: 2459:) ammunition. The next tank to reach the German lines was snagged by wire, then crossed the first trench before being knocked out. The last tank started late and followed a similar path to the first. The four tanks comprising the left-hand section were late and two were knocked out short of the German trenches; the third tank arrived behind the Australian infantry and silenced a machine-gun in Bullecourt. The tank was hit twice, returned to the railway and was hit again. 2473:

out and the 48th Australian Battalion further forward was surrounded. The artillery of the 2nd Guard Division and 220th Division added to the barrage in no man's land and prevented another Australian attack. As the Australians were being forced back, they were unable to salvage ammunition and grenades from the dead and wounded. The British and Australian artillery had eventually begun to fire but this fell on the Australian-occupied trenches, making them untenable. At

224: 2079:. (Flash spotting required Royal Flying Corps observers to record the location of telltale flashes made by guns whilst firing.) On Zero-Day, 9 April, over 80 per cent of German heavy guns in the sector were neutralised (that is, "unable to bring effective fire to bear, the crews being disabled or driven off") by counter-battery fire. Gas shells were also used against the draught horses of the batteries and to disrupt ammunition supply columns. 1999:, from adopting an offensive posture. Dominance of the air over Arras was essential for reconnaissance and the British carried out many aerial patrols. RFC aircraft carried out artillery spotting, photography of trench systems and bombing. Aerial observation was hazardous work as, for best results, the aircraft had to fly at slow speeds and low altitude over the German defences. It became even more dangerous with the arrival of the Red Baron, 2582:, while British troops from the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division attacked Bullecourt, which was finally taken by the 7th Division and despite determined counter-attacks was held by the 62nd (2nd West Riding) Division. German resistance was fierce and when the offensive was called off on 17 May, few of the initial objectives had been met. The Australians were in possession of much of the German trench system between Bullecourt and 1976: 2600: 1632:

through the leading platoons to the next objective. The new organisations and equipment gave the infantry platoon the capacity for fire and manoeuvre, even in the absence of adequate artillery support. To bring uniformity in adoption of the methods laid down in the revised manuals and others produced over the winter, Haig established a BEF Training Directorate in January 1917, to issue manuals and oversee training.

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blowing "a squall of sleet and snow into the faces of the Germans". The combination of the unusual bombardment and poor visibility meant many German troops were caught unawares and taken prisoner, still half-dressed, clambering out of the deep dugouts of the first two lines of trenches. Others were captured without their boots, trying to escape but stuck in the knee-deep mud of the communication trenches.

1713:(immediate counter-attack within the position). Such a decentralised battle by large numbers of small infantry detachments would present the attacker with unforeseen obstructions. Resistance from troops equipped with automatic weapons, supported by observed artillery fire, would increase the further the advance progressed. A school was opened in January 1917 to teach infantry commanders the new methods. 1663:. Defending infantry would fight in areas, with the front divisions in an outpost zone up to 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) deep behind listening posts, with the main line of resistance placed on a reverse slope, in front of artillery observation posts, which were kept far enough back to retain observation over the outpost zone. Behind the main line of resistance was a 2684:. Fowkes collated the daily casualty tallies kept by each unit under Haig's command and his findings were endorsed by the official historian Cyril Falls in 1940. Third Army casualties were 87,226, the First Army suffered 46,826 (including 11,004 Canadians at Vimy Ridge) and the Fifth Army 24,608 casualtis, a total of 158,660. German losses are more difficult to determine. 2152:, a trench running between Wancourt and Feuchy and an important component of the German defences. Most of these objectives, including Feuchy village, had been achieved by the evening of 10 April though the Germans were still in control of large sections of the trenches between Wancourt and Feuchy, particularly in the area of the fortified village of Neuville-Vitasse. 2219:

food for the men and feed for the draught horses was brought up and Casualty Clearing Stations were established in readiness for the inevitable counter-attacks. Allied commanders also faced a dilemma: whether to keep their exhausted divisions on the attack and run the risk of having insufficient manpower or replace them with fresh divisions and lose momentum.

2071:, accounting for over half the casualties at the first day of the Somme. A further complication was the location of German artillery, hidden as it was behind the ridges. In response, specialist artillery units were created to attack German artillery. Their targets were provided by 1st Field Survey Company, Royal Engineers, who collated data obtained from 2330:, another German defensive position in the Douai Plain. This was scheduled to coincide with the Australian attack at Bullecourt to present the Germans with a two–pronged assault. British commanders hoped that success in this venture would force the Germans to retreat further to the east. The British launched another attack using regiments from the 1764:). If the immediate counter-attack failed, counter-attack divisions would take their time to prepare a methodical attack if the lost ground was essential to the retention of the main position. Such methods required large numbers of reserve divisions ready to move to the battlefront. The reserve was obtained by creating 2472:

The Australian infantry in the German defences were cut off and the 4th Australian Brigade was forced back; many of its troops were taken prisoner and those who tried to retreat suffered many more casualties. In the 12th Australian Brigade, the 46th Australian Battalion in the first trench was forced

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and Stokes 4-inch mortars as the Australians assembled and waited for the tanks to arrive. Six battalions were out in the snow of no man's land. The left of the 12th Australian Brigade was only 400 yd (366 m) from Bullecourt and dawn was approaching. Zero hour was put back but the tanks had

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were sound but the whole art of leadership lies in applying them correctly". (A later court of inquiry found that Falkenhausen had indeed misunderstood the principles of defence in depth.) Ludendorff immediately ordered reinforcements. On 11 April, he sacked Falkenhausen's chief of staff and replaced

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The preliminary bombardment of Vimy Ridge started on 20 March; and the bombardment of the rest of the sector on 4 April. Limited to a front of only 24 mi (39 km), the bombardment used 2,689,000 shells, over a million more than had been used on the Somme. German casualties were not heavy but

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and the Battle of the Somme but had encountered two technical problems. The first was accurately synchronising the movement of the troops to the fall of the barrage: for Arras, this was overcome by rehearsal and strict scheduling. The second was the barrage falling erratically as the barrels of heavy

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with exits in mine craters in no man's land and new mines were laid. Galleries were dug to be opened after the attack for communication or cable trenches, the work being done by the 172nd, 176th, 182nd and 185th Tunnelling companies (Lieutenant-Colonel G. C. Williams, Controller of Mines First Army).

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of 8 May 1916 and marked a significant step in the evolution of the BEF into a homogeneous force, well adapted to its role on the Western Front. The duties of army, corps and divisions in planning attacks were standardised. Armies were to devise the plan and the principles of the artillery component.

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decided on a defensive strategy on the Western Front for that year. This impasse reinforced the French and British commanders' belief that to end the stalemate they needed a breakthrough; while this desire may have been the main impetus behind the offensive, the timing and location were influenced by

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After the initial assault around Bullecourt failed to penetrate the German lines, British commanders made preparations for a second attempt. British artillery began an intense bombardment of the village, which by 20 April had been virtually destroyed. Although the infantry assault was planned for 20

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persuaded the British Prime Minister, that if the British launched a diversionary assault to draw German troops away from the Aisne sector, the French offensive could succeed. It was agreed in the London Convention of 16 January, that the French assault on the Aisne would begin in mid-April and that

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met stiffer resistance. The village was secured by early evening but when a German counter-attack forced a brief retreat, elements of the 63rd (Royal Naval) Division were brought up as reinforcements and the village was held. Subsequent attacks on 29 April failed to capture more ground. The attacks

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The news of the battle reached General Ludendorff during his 52nd birthday celebrations at his headquarters in Kreuznach who wrote, "I had looked forward to the expected offensive with confidence and was now deeply depressed". He telephoned each of his commanders and "gained the impression that the

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After the Allied conference at Chantilly, Haig issued instructions for army commanders on 17 November 1916, with a general plan for offensive operations in the spring of 1917. The Chief engineer of the Third Army, Major-General E. R. Kenyon, composed a list of requirements by 19 November, for which

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and its companion manuals provided British infantry with "off-the-peg" tactics, devised from the experience of the Somme and from French Army operations, to go with new equipment made available by increasing British and Allied war production and better understanding of the organisation necessary to

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in Operation Alberich, negating the tactical assumptions underlying the plans for the French offensive. Until French troops advanced into the former Noyon Salient during the Battles of Arras, they encountered no German troops in the assault sector and French doubts over the wisdom of the offensive

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until after August 1916. The battles consumed enormous quantities of resources while achieving virtually no strategic gains on the battlefield. The cost to Germany of containing the Anglo-French attacks had been enormous and given that the material preponderance of the Entente and its allies could

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By the standards of the Western Front, the gains of the first two days were nothing short of spectacular. A great deal of ground was gained for relatively few casualties and a number of tactically significant points were captured, notably Vimy Ridge. The offensive drew German troops away from the

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The Cojeul river marked a divisional boundary within VI Corps. Guémappe on the north side of the river was the objective of the 15th (Scottish) Division, attacking east from Wancourt towards Vis-en-Artois. The objective was commanded by the higher ground on the south bank and it was not until the

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After the territorial gains of the first two days, a lull followed as British guns, ammunition and transport links were moved forward. Battalions of pioneers built temporary roads across the churned up battlefield; heavy artillery (and its ammunition) was manhandled into position in new gun pits;

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Two long tunnels were excavated from the Crinchon sewer, one through the St Sauveur and one through the Ronville system, allowing the 24,500 troops safely sheltered from German bombardment to move forward underground, avoiding the railway station, an obvious target for bombardment. The St Sauveur

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could be brought forward to relieve the front divisions on the evening of the second day. On 6 April, General Karl von Nagel, the 6th Army Chief of Staff, accepted that some of the front divisions might need to be relieved on the first evening of battle but that any penetrations would be repulsed

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Despite transfers, the Fifth Army had 26 batteries of medium and heavy howitzers but traffic jams caused many hold-ups. When the Bapaume railway station opened on 6 April, train delays caused huge traffic jams, made worse because the lorries could carry only half-loads because of the German road

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Forty tanks of the 1st Brigade were to be used in the attack on the Third Army front, eight with XVIII Corps and sixteen each in VII Corps and VI Corps. When the blue line had been reached, four of the VII Corps tanks were to join VI Corps for its attack on the brown line. The black line (first

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The average flying life of a RFC pilot in Arras in April was 18 hours and from 4 to 8 April, the RFC lost 75 aircraft and 105 aircrew. The casualties created a pilot shortage and replacements were sent to the front straight from flying school; during the same period, 56 aircraft were crashed by

2750:) and several staff officers. Ludendorff and Loßberg discovered that although the Allies were capable of breaking through the first position, they could probably not capitalise on their success if they were confronted by a mobile, clever defence. Ludendorff immediately ordered more training in 2114:

lasting five minutes, following a relatively quiet night. When the time came, it was snowing heavily; Allied troops advancing across no man's land were hindered by large drifts. It was still dark and visibility on the battlefield was very poor. A westerly wind was at the Allied soldiers' backs

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of February 1917, which recommended that the leading troops should push on to the final objective, when only one or two were involved but that for a greater number of objectives, when artillery covering fire was available for the depth of the intended advance, fresh platoons should "leap-frog"

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but drowning the sound of their engines with machine-gun fire failed and they were heard in the German defences. The tank on the right flank deviated to the right, suffered mechanical difficulties and returned to the railway. Another tank also veered right and crossed the first trench of the

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Zero-Hour had originally been planned for the morning of 8 April (Easter Sunday) but it was postponed 24 hours at the request of the French, despite reasonably good weather in the assault sector. Zero-Day was rescheduled for 9 April with Zero-Hour at 05:30. The assault was preceded by a

1659:(Principles of Command for Defensive Battles in Positional Warfare), the policy of unyielding defence of ground, regardless of its tactical value, was replaced by the defence of positions suitable for artillery observation and communication with the rear, where an attacking force would 2201:

in each platoon – the corps was able to advance through about 4,000 yd (3,700 m) of German defences and captured the crest of the ridge at about 13:00 on 10 April. Military historians have attributed the success of this attack to careful planning by Canadian Corps commander

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of February 1917 marked the end of attacks made by lines of infantry with a few detached specialists. The platoon was divided into a small headquarters and four sections, one with two trained grenade-throwers and assistants, the second with a Lewis gunner and nine assistants carrying

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near the Scarpe on 3 May. Neither effort made a significant advance and the attack was called off the following day after incurring many casualties. The British learned important lessons about the need for close liaison between tanks, infantry and artillery, which they used in the

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of ammunition, the third section comprised a sniper, scout and nine riflemen and the fourth section had nine men with four rifle-grenade launchers. The rifle and hand-grenade sections were to advance in front of the Lewis-gun and rifle-grenade sections, in two waves or in

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volume on the battle (1940), estimated that 30 per cent needed to be added to German returns for comparison with the British. Falls made "a general estimate" that German casualties were "probably fairly equal". Nicholls puts them at 120,000 and Keegan at 130,000.

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With a view to economising my troops, my objectives were shallow and for a like reason and also in order to give the appearance of an attack on a more imposing scale, demonstrations were continued southwards to the Arras-Cambrai Road and northwards to the Souchez

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the 48th Australian Battalion, the last in the German trenches, made an orderly retreated over the bullet-swept ground. By noon the German counter-attack had succeeded; few Australians had managed to re-cross no man's land through artillery and machine-gun fire.

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50th (Northumbrian) Division captured the rise on the south side of the Cojeul that the village was taken. Several determined German counter-attacks were made and by the morning of 24 April, the British held Guémappe, Gavrelle and the high ground overlooking

2018:...during these days, there was a whole series of dogfights, which almost invariably ended in defeat for the British since it was Richthofen's squadron they were up against. Often five or six planes in succession would be chased away or shot down in flames. 1859:, 15 mi (24 km) away from the front line. The new Hindenburg line ended at Telegraph Hill between Neuville-Vitasse and Tilloy lez Mofflaines, from whence the original system of four lines 75–150 yd (69–137 m) apart, ran north to the 2836:

Most of the tunnels and trenches are barred to the public for reasons of safety. A 270 yd (250 m) portion of the Grange Subway at Vimy Ridge is open to the public from May to November and the Wellington tunnel was opened to the public as the

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The mid-war years were momentous times. Governing politicians in Paris and London were under great pressure from the press, the people and their parliaments to win the war. Hundreds of thousands of casualties had been suffered at the battles of

2823:, which was blown by the New Zealand Tunnelling Company at zero hour, 5:30 a.m. Two German dugouts, 46 m (50 yd) of trench and a concrete pillbox were destroyed but it also stunned and apparently buried some members of the 13th 1494:

increased. The French government desperately needed a victory to avoid civil unrest but the British were wary of proceeding, given the rapidly changing tactical situation. In a meeting with Lloyd George, French commander-in-chief General

1812:) from behind the battle zone. Sceptics wanted the tactic of fighting in the front line to continue, with authority devolved no further than battalion, to maintain organizational coherence in anticipation of a methodical counter-attack ( 1355:

At the beginning of 1917, the British and French were still searching for a way to achieve a strategic breakthrough on the Western Front. The previous year had been marked by the costly success of the Anglo-French offensive astride the

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from 1917 to 1918. Haig stayed in his post until the end of the war. When the failures of the 6th Army command became apparent, Ludendorff removed Falkenhausen (who never held a field command again, spending the rest of the war as

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At 04:45 on 23 April, following two days of poor visibility and freezing weather, VI Corps and VII Corps attacked to the east on a 9 mi (14 km) front from Croisilles to Gavrelle, either side of the Scarpe. The

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At a conference at the 4th Australian Division HQ, it was decided that the infantry would advance fifteen minutes after the tanks, rather than wait on a signal from them. Only four tanks reached their start line by

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accordingly. While there was a risk of friendly fire, the creeping barrage forced the Germans to remain in their shelters, allowing Allied soldiers to advance without fear of machine gun fire. The new instantaneous

1560:) in the north and the plan was devised by Allenby. The British used the lessons of the Somme and Verdun the previous year and planned to attack on an 11 mi (18 km) front, from Vimy Ridge in the north to 1328:) but made few gains. The British armies then conducted smaller attacks to consolidate the new positions. Although these battles were generally successful in achieving limited aims, they came at considerable cost. 2407:

about an hour and 48 minutes before the sun rose to evade crossfire in the re-entrant between Quéant and Bullecourt. Artillery-fire would continue as normal until zero hour then maintain barrages on the flanks.

1669:(battle zone), a second defensive area 1,500–2,500 yd (0.85–1.42 mi; 1.4–2.3 km) deep, on ground hidden from enemy observation, as far as possible while in view of German artillery observers. A 2785:

was killed by a shell on 9 April 1917, during the first day of the Easter Offensive. Thomas's war diary gives a vivid and poignant picture of life on the Western front in the months leading up to the battle.

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April, it was postponed several times untilearly morning of 3 May. At 03:45, elements of the 2nd Australian Division attacked east of Bullecourt village, intending to pierce the Hindenburg Line and capture

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reported that two tanks and 200 infantry penetrated Hendecourt and that Indian cavalry could be seen west of Riencourt; no cavalry of the Sialkot Brigade came within 1.5 mi (2 km) of the village.

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Although the Canadian Corps had taken Vimy Ridge, difficulties in securing the south-eastern flank had left the position vulnerable. To rectify this, British and Canadian troops launched an attack towards

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attacking Observation Ridge, north of the Arras–Cambrai road. After reaching this objective, they were to push on towards Feuchy, the second and third German positions. At the same time, elements of the

4315:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: 2818:

Due to British fears that blowing the mines would churn up the ground too much and the German withdrawal south-east of Arras, the British were to spring only the 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) charge at

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had been adapted from a French design for high-explosive shells so that they detonated on the slightest impact, vaporising barbed wire. Poison gas shells were used for the final minutes of the barrage.

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but had been unable to capture Hendecourt. To the west, British troops managed to push the Germans out of Bullecourt but incurred considerable losses, failing also to advance north-east to Hendecourt.

2642: 1439:. The United States was close to declaring war on Germany; American public opinion was growing increasingly incensed by U-boat attacks upon civilian shipping, which had begun with the sinking of 1230:

on 1 July 1916. The British advance slowed in the next few days and the German defence recovered. The battle became a costly stalemate for both sides and by the end of the battle, the British

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The principal objective of the attack was to tie down German reserves to assist the French offensive against the plateau north of the Aisne traversed by the Chemin des Dames. Haig reported,

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Although Haig paid tribute to Allenby for the "great initial success"; Allenby's subordinates "objected to the way he handled the ... attritional stage" and he was sent to command the

637: 2265:, attacked the buildings west of Roeux Station and gained the line of their objectives on the western slopes of Greenland Hill, north of the railway. On the left of the main attack, the 555: 582: 538: 710: 6707: 2269:

made rapid progress against Gavrelle and secured the village. To the south of the Scarpe and east of Monchy-le-Preux the 29th Division gained the western slopes of Infantry Hill.

632: 1343:(3–17 May), the Arras sector became a quiet front, typical of most of the war in the west, except for attacks on the Hindenburg Line and around Lens, culminating in the Canadian 6722: 1996: 6906: 1564:, 4 mi (6.4 km) south of the Scarpe river. The preliminary bombardment was planned to last about a week except for a much longer and heavier barrage at Vimy Ridge. 4914:

Bechthold, Mike (2013). "Command, Leadership, and Doctrine on the Great War Battlefield: The Australian, British, and Canadian Experience at the Battle of Arras, May 1917".

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explosions that crept across the battlefield in lines, about one hundred metres in advance of the assaulting troops. The Allies had previously used creeping barrages at the

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50 mi (80 km) to the south. The aim of the French offensive was to break through the German defences in forty-eight hours. At Arras the Canadians were to capture

7346: 2510:) planned a spoiling attack to drive back the advanced posts, destroy supplies and guns and then retire to the Hindenburg defences. OHL had added an extra division to his 1585:

but divisions were given authority over extra batteries added to the barrage, which could be switched to other targets by the divisional commander and brigade commanders.

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only reached Noreuil and Holmes ordered the infantry back under cover; snow began to fall again and shielded the retirement. Patrols of the 2/7th and 2/8th battalions,

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line, which extended the Hindenburg position, was built around 4 mi (6.4 km) further back and not entirely mapped by the Allies until the battle had begun.

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in Palestine. He regarded the transfer as a "badge of failure" but "more than redeemed his reputation by defeating" the Ottomans in battles that were fought in the

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admitted that they could not meet their commitments. The spring offensive was reduced from attacks on the Eastern and Western fronts to a French assault along the

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After securing the area around Arleux at the end of April, the British determined to launch another attack east from Monchy to try to break through the

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Falls wrote that reports that tanks got into Riencourt and Hendecourt were caused by the foreshortening effect of the rolling down land. An Australian

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launched an assault on Vimy Ridge. Advancing behind a creeping barrage and making heavy use of machine guns – eighty to each brigade, including one

7356: 940: 696: 499: 391: 4870: 6794: 6152: 1466: 1002: 665: 2528:(Operation Battering Ram). The German forces managed to penetrate the Australian front line at the junction on the 1st Australian Division and 2331: 5583: 2660: 1792:) was published on 30 January 1917 by Ludendorff but new defensive methods were controversial. During the Battle of the Somme in 1916 Colonel 5645: 5129: 4581: 7386: 6854: 6784: 6423: 5635: 5546: 2304:

achieved the limited objective of securing the Canadian position on Vimy Ridge but casualties were high and the result was disappointing.

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The French, Russians and British had intended to launch a joint spring offensive in 1917 but this strategy foundered in February when the

6878: 5769: 5223: 492: 384: 307: 296: 285: 274: 175: 2794:, was severely wounded on 23 April 1917 leading an assault on the German trenches outside Monchy-le-Preux (for which he was awarded the 2764:

of the summer and late autumn; he had become "legendary as the fireman of the Western Front; always sent by OHL to the area of crisis".

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attacked on the northern side in determined fighting on the western outskirts of Roeux Wood and the chemical works. On their left, the

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on the Western Front. The British achieved the longest advance since trench warfare had begun, surpassing the record set by the French

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Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action (1917)

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objective from early 1915 was to break through the German defences into the open ground beyond and engage the numerically inferior

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was not fully in British hands until a few days later. The British were able to consolidate these gains and push forward towards

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IR 120 in Bullecourt spotted the Australians but were distracted by the 2/7th and 2/8th battalions, West Yorkshire Regiment.

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on 6 April 1917 but it would be more than a year before a suitable army could be raised, trained and transported to France.

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by internal reorganisation of the army, bringing divisions from the eastern front and by shortening the Western Front, in

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guns wore swiftly but at differing rates during fire: for Arras, the rate of wear of each gun barrel was calculated and

1958:

On the First Army front German sappers also conducted underground operations, seeking out Allied tunnels to assault and

1335:. New tactics and the equipment to exploit them had been used, showing that the British had absorbed the lessons of the 7145: 6435: 5837: 5595: 1331:

When the battle officially ended on 16 May, the British had made significant advances but had been unable to achieve a

788: 7020: 6714: 6530: 5802: 5273: 4859: 4658: 4601: 4395: 4324: 4276: 4257: 4221: 4202: 4181: 2854:(1921), subsidiary operations to the main Battle of Arras were labelled "Flanking Operations to the Arras Offensive". 2507: 2384: 741: 4356:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die militärischen Operationen zu Lande Zwölfter Band, Die Kriegführung im Frühjahr 1917

6200: 5238: 5138: 1157: 31: 17: 7271: 7076: 7056: 6843: 6779: 6602: 6471: 5375: 5295: 5233: 3391: 1837:

arranged the infantry at Arras for the rigid defence of the front-line, supported by methodical counter-attacks (

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on 28 April. The village was captured by Canadian troops with relative ease but the British troops advancing on

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Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg line and the Battles of Arras

2747: 2262: 2251:

battery under German fire close to Monchy-le-Preux, 24 April. In the foreground is an advanced dressing station

1952: 1530: 2760:

divisions. Loßberg was soon promoted to general and directed the defensive battle of the 4th Army against the

1716:

Given the growing Allied superiority in munitions and manpower, attackers might still penetrate to the second

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A Taste of Success: The First Battle of the Scarpe. The Opening Phase of the Battle of Arras, 9–14 April 1917

2496:

was holding a frontage of 13,000 yd (7.4 mi; 12 km), the local German corps commander General

2400: 881: 5171:, General history of the 1st South African Infantry Brigade involved in the battle, accessed 9 February 2017 805: 6995: 6622: 6562: 6459: 6364: 6127: 5913: 5617: 5456: 5355: 2742: 2738: 2156: 1557: 1429: 1245:

For much of the war, the opposing armies on the Western Front were at stalemate, with a continuous line of

980: 810: 312: 2579: 7233: 6670: 6655: 6513: 6465: 6230: 5781: 5655: 5568: 5563: 5332: 5320: 5315: 2266: 1890:

Just before the battle, Falkenhausen had written that parts of the front line might be lost but the five

1553: 1545: 1537: 1533: 1508: 1340: 1315: 1258: 1235: 1231: 1207: 1180: 1152: 1132: 965: 720: 660: 622: 279: 50: 5842: 2583: 1689:) held by sentries, had been built along the Western Front. Sentries could retreat to larger positions ( 822: 7391: 7331: 7213: 7170: 6447: 6205: 6190: 6092: 5961: 5529: 5441: 5398: 4890: 4712: 4690: 4668: 4354: 2623: 2541: 2358: 1683:(Principles of Field Fortification) was published by OHL in January 1917 and by April an outpost zone ( 1276: 1127: 1117: 1095: 1029: 945: 935: 908: 736: 617: 437: 2274: 2146:

and the Bois des Boeufs as their initial objectives. The ultimate objective of these assaults was the

2042: 1734:) still inflicting losses and disorganisation on the attackers. As the attackers tried to capture the 7155: 6923: 6507: 6495: 6250: 6235: 5956: 5847: 5541: 5519: 5268: 5258: 5191: 2761: 2537: 2193:

At roughly the same time, in perhaps the most carefully crafted portion of the entire offensive, the

2103: 1435:

were politically diminished and resigned in March 1917, following disagreements over the prospective

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Australian battalions restored the front line and the action ended with the Germans having suffered

7396: 7130: 6617: 6607: 6536: 6489: 6477: 6417: 6225: 6220: 6142: 5551: 5524: 5228: 2725: 2529: 2493: 2336: 2258: 2050: 1834: 1797: 1661:"fight itself to a standstill and use up its resources while the defenders conserve their strength" 1422: 1239: 1142: 1080: 1056: 960: 886: 215: 4361:

The World War 1914 to 1918, Military Land Operations Twelfth Volume, Warfare in the Spring of 1917

2143: 7336: 7201: 7193: 7135: 6895: 6590: 6353: 6180: 6175: 6107: 5966: 5951: 5946: 5926: 5807: 5684: 2421: 1864: 1830: 1722:(artillery protection line), leaving in their wake German garrisons isolated in resistance nests 1332: 1107: 1068: 1046: 896: 837: 763: 335: 229: 6147: 4969: 2676:

The most quoted Allied casualty figures are those in the returns made by Lieutenant-General Sir

1910: 1360:, while the French had been unable to take the initiative because of intense German pressure at 6968: 6692: 6627: 6483: 6210: 6137: 6072: 6054: 6027: 5941: 5908: 5573: 5534: 5514: 5325: 5218: 5162: 2248: 2000: 1499:

the British would make a diversionary attack in the Arras sector approximately one week prior.

1447: 1122: 1090: 1051: 950: 918: 891: 864: 773: 455: 4426:

A Record of the Battles and Engagements of the British Armies in France and Flanders 1914–1918

2838: 2522:

to the south, further to strengthen the attack. The four divisions provided 23 battalions for

1938: 1675:(rear battle zone) further back was to be occupied by the reserve battalion of each regiment. 901: 6958: 6612: 6501: 6277: 6240: 6170: 6117: 6039: 6007: 5981: 5931: 5862: 5764: 5717: 5501: 5370: 5253: 2787: 2111: 1648: 1219: 1137: 1112: 970: 852: 756: 244: 92: 4651:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918

2455:

opposite Grenadier Regiment 123 and was knocked out by machine-guns firing armour-piercing (

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The Dynamics of Doctrine: The Change in German Tactical Doctrine During the First World War

2782: 2665: 2313: 2183: 2178: 1860: 1307: 1254: 1024: 602: 533: 430: 5852: 2242: 1793: 1446:

in 1915 and culminated in the torpedoing of seven American merchantmen in early 1917. The

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The principal danger to assaulting troops came from enemy artillery fire as they crossed

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German records excluded the "lightly wounded". Captain Cyril Falls, the author of the

746: 7283: 7277: 7238: 7140: 6973: 6556: 6411: 6394: 6195: 6017: 5997: 5832: 5817: 5747: 5735: 5436: 5413: 5360: 5097: 5078: 5061: 5035: 5005: 4981: 4956: 4935: 4880: 4855: 4818: 4796: 4777: 4758: 4739: 4720: 4698: 4676: 4654: 4635: 4616: 4597: 4554: 4530: 4508: 4489: 4470: 4448: 4429: 4410: 4391: 4364: 4339: 4320: 4294: 4286: 4272: 4253: 4236: 4217: 4198: 4177: 4153: 4125: 2772: 2751: 2672:) mentioning three local men who were killed in action on the first day of the battle 2533: 1436: 1344: 1272: 1073: 1014: 817: 647: 408: 5054: 4927: 2631: 6341: 6311: 6305: 6215: 6044: 6012: 6002: 5741: 5665: 5660: 5588: 5408: 5308: 5156: 4923: 4875:. Vol. I (facs, repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: 4522: 2681: 2416: 2068: 1822:

Ludendorff was sufficiently impressed by Loßberg's memorandum to add it to the new

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provided the basis for the operational technique of the BEF for the rest of 1917.

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led to sharply increased losses of Allied pilots and April 1917, became known as

1518: 1490: 1425: 1319: 1211: 1170: 842: 677: 54: 5147: 4795:(repr. The Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Edinburgh: Blakwood. 4462: 1772:. By the spring of 1917, the German army in the west had a strategic reserve of 7381: 6983: 6963: 6634: 6347: 6185: 5976: 5867: 5723: 5627: 5610: 4388:

Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army's Art of Attack 1916–1918

4383: 2795: 2776: 2619: 2497: 2194: 2133:

The main British assault of the first day was directly east of Arras, with the

2072: 2046: 2004: 1876: 1495: 1432: 1303: 1246: 1203: 913: 783: 160: 5022:'An Army of Brigadiers' British Brigade Commanders at the Battle of Arras 1917 1382: 7325: 7094: 6382: 6376: 5812: 5729: 5640: 5168: 5020: 4985: 4960: 4945:"Bloody April Revisited: The Royal Flying Corps at the Battle of Arras, 1917" 4368: 4240: 2791: 2702:

are incomplete. Wolfgang Foerster, the editor of the German official history

2655:

dedicated to the memory of Lt William Henry O'Keefe who was killed in action.

2560: 2342: 2207: 2076: 1480: 1454: 1440: 1414: 1357: 1215: 795: 330: 319: 260: 113: 100: 5165:

General history of a regiment involved in the battle, accessed 24 April 2007

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The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne

4558: 4192: 4157: 4139: 4087: 2648: 2060: 2011: 1959: 1931: 1541: 1311: 301: 1339:

and could mount set-piece attacks against field fortifications. After the

376: 6755: 6660: 6358: 5786: 5207: 4308: 2824: 2203: 2055: 1310:, capturing the ridge. The Third Army in the centre advanced astride the 5135: 4774:

Directing Operations: British Corps Command on the Western Front 1914–18

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and destroyed six Australian artillery pieces. Counter-attacks from the

1624:

The changes in equipment, organisation and formation were elaborated in

484: 5004:. Cambridge Military Histories. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3976: 2570: 2380: 1299: 1280: 1294:

The British effort was an assault on a relatively broad front between

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he had received at the Battle of the Somme the previous September.

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British troops returning for a rest following the Battle of Arras.

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Grundsätze für die Führung in der Abwehrschlacht im Stellungskrieg

2669: 2652: 2237: 1963: 1288: 4428:(London Stamp Exchange ed.). Aldershot: Gale & Polden. 4291:

Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

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were able to force the Germans out of the village, although the

688: 4970:"The Introduction of New German Defensive Tactics in 1916–1917" 4831: 4553:. Fort Leavenworth: US Army Command and General Staff College. 4174:

Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action

2939: 2820: 2296: 2118: 1872: 1476: 1361: 189: 5176: 4363:]. Vol. XII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 2481: 6978: 4407:

Now All Roads Lead to France: The Last Years of Edward Thomas

4152:. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. 3894: 3892: 3668: 3320: 1856: 1388: 1302:

to the south-east. After a long preparatory bombardment, the

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Another online history of the battle, accessed 16 April 2007

5034:. Wolverhampton military Studies (No. 35). Warwick: Helion. 5032:

The Darkest Year: The British Army on the Western Front 1917

5002:

Holding Out: The German Army and Operational Command in 1917

4673:

Forgotten Victory: The First World War – Myths and Realities

4250:

The 1917 Spring Offensives: Arras, Vimy, Le Chemin des Dames

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18 pounder gun crew in action during the advance near Athies

4854:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 4316: 3569: 3459: 3457: 3029: 3027: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2956: 2954: 2802:

was wounded during the attack on Bullecourt on 3 May 1917.

2142:

began an assault south of the road, with the Devil's Wood,

1880: 1875:

and to the north the Point du Jour lines, running from the

1295: 1271:. The British attack at Arras was part of the Anglo-French 3889: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3039: 2343:

Flanking operations (Round Bullecourt, 11 April – 16 June)

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was planned. This required gunners to create a curtain of

1980:

British machine gunners fire on German aircraft near Arras

4056: 3762: 3698: 3581: 3557: 3442: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3272: 3116: 3051: 3000: 2864:

demolitions. The heavy guns of the 1st Anzac Corps fired

2172: 1800:) had been able to establish a line of relief divisions ( 627: 4378:– via Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich. 4176:(repr. ed.). London: Military Press International. 4032: 3964: 3850: 3810: 3774: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3481: 3469: 3454: 3344: 3308: 3284: 3248: 3236: 3212: 3152: 3140: 3024: 2983: 2966: 2951: 2037:

To keep enemy action to a minimum during the assault, a

1409:, with little prospect of victory in sight. The British 5159:

Exploring the life of a soldier killed at Oppy-Gavrelle

4872:

The Story of the 62nd (West Riding) Division, 1914–1919

4120:

Trench Warfare, 1914–1918: The Live and Let Live System

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and Cherisy; the fighting around Roeux was indecisive.

1989:(RFC) entered the battle with inferior aircraft to the 1752:

of the counter-attack divisions would advance from the

1502: 1417:, resigned in early December 1916 and was succeeded by 1214:. From 9 April to 16 May 1917, British troops attacked 3710: 3641: 3403: 3356: 3224: 3176: 3164: 3128: 3092: 2927: 2379:

The Hindenburg Line defences enclosing the village of

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Relief map showing the Hindenburg Line and Wotan Line

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Experience of the German 1st Army in the Somme Battles

1758:

into the battle zone, in an immediate counter-attack (

4150:

Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918

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had suffered about 160,000 casualties and the German

4336:

Chasing Lost Time: the Life of C. K. Scott Moncrieff

4044: 3940: 3916: 3874: 3862: 3822: 3798: 3786: 3653: 3545: 3512: 3493: 3373: 3332: 3296: 3260: 3104: 2622:

were awarded. On the German side, on 24 April 1917,

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German troops with British tank captured on 11 April

1867:

road. About 3 mi (4.8 km) behind were the

1365:

only be expected to increase in 1917, Field Marshal

7347:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

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Online history of the battle, accessed 4 April 2007

5096:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick: Helion. 4852:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

3080: 3012: 5053: 4830:Winkler, Gretchen; Tiedemann, Kurt M. von (2014). 4469:. Translated by Hofman, Michael. London: Penguin. 4214:Look To Your Front: Studies in the First World War 4117: 3188: 2432:the patrols began to retire. The patrols suffered 1291:and divert German reserves from the French front. 4271:(repr. ed.). Milton Keynes: Military Press. 2415:Bullecourt was subjected to a gas bombardment by 7323: 4829: 4334:Findlay, Jean (2014). "Chapter 9: Wounded Out". 3958: 2393:(Balcony Trench) around Quéant, defended by the 1645:In a new manual published on 1 December 1916 by 166: 6153:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4695:Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918 4689: 4634:(2nd ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 4026: 2696:suffered 79,418 casualties but the figures for 2387:for about 2,500 yd (2,286 m) to the 2374:) defences around Bullecourt and Quéant, 1917. 2238:Second Battle of the Scarpe (23–24 April 1917) 235: 7377:Battles of World War I involving South Africa 7372:Battles of World War I involving Newfoundland 5192: 5163:Online history of the Worcestershire Regiment 4790: 4145:The Australian Imperial Force in France: 1917 3692: 2347: 1936:Exit from the Allied military tunnels in the 704: 500: 392: 220: 7367:Battles of World War I involving New Zealand 5048: 4717:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 4594:Cheerful Sacrifice: The Battle of Arras 1917 2852:Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee 2755: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2626:awarded Loßberg the Oakleaves (similar to a 2523: 2517: 2511: 2501: 2450: 2394: 2388: 2369: 2325: 2319: 2229: 2160: 2147: 2119:First Battle of the Scarpe (9–14 April 1917) 1904: 1898: 1891: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1789:Erfahrungen der I Armee in der Sommeschlacht 1787: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1670: 1664: 1654: 1646: 1484: 1323: 1262: 27:British offensive during the First World War 6643: 4793:The Fifteenth (Scottish) Division 1914–1919 2482:German attack on Lagnicourt (15 April 1917) 1653:(OHL, supreme command of the German army), 1567: 1467:Operations on the Ancre, January–March 1917 406: 7362:Battles of World War I involving Australia 7342:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 5199: 5185: 4521: 3677: 2775:makes reference to the battle in the poem 2228:him with Loßberg. Loßberg went armed with 1602:Front lines at Arras prior to the assault. 1592: 1306:of the First Army in the north fought the 711: 697: 507: 493: 399: 385: 30:For other battles with the same name, see 4942: 4913: 4711: 4667: 4247: 4038: 3635: 3463: 3206: 2308:Third Battle of the Scarpe (3–4 May 1917) 2188:Canadian machine gun squad at Vimy Ridge. 2014:. A German infantry officer later wrote, 1483:. In March, the German army in the west ( 514: 7352:Battles of World War I involving Germany 6442:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5130:New Zealand Tunnellers Memorial in Arras 5124:The Battle of Arras at the War Chronicle 5091: 4809: 4591: 4382: 4352: 4266: 4230: 4115: 4014: 3998: 3986: 3716: 3704: 3606: 3575: 3448: 3412: 3367: 3182: 3170: 3122: 3098: 3074: 3045: 2994: 2977: 2945: 2933: 2659: 2641: 2598: 2559: 2461: 2362: 2241: 2182: 2122: 1974: 1930: 1740:and dig in near the German second line, 1596: 1512: 1381: 7357:Battles of World War I involving Canada 6819:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5025:(PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. 4771: 4752: 4736:The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917 4733: 4648: 4333: 4285: 4074: 3898: 3752: 3647: 3230: 3146: 3006: 2767: 2716:losses to the end of April and another 2708:volume for early 1917 (1939), recorded 1921: 1640: 1374:political and tactical considerations. 14: 7324: 5018: 4868: 4757:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 4629: 4610: 4543: 4529:. London: Naval & Military Press. 4502: 4483: 4461: 4404: 4190: 4171: 4062: 4050: 4010: 3934: 3922: 3844: 3840: 3756: 3740: 3728: 3662: 3623: 3587: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3436: 3424: 3158: 3134: 3057: 3033: 2960: 2827:and impeded their assault temporarily. 2173:Battle of Vimy Ridge (9–12 April 1917) 1995:, this did not deter their commander, 1897:with local immediate counter-attacks ( 1572:In December 1916, the training manual 6772:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6108:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5180: 5029: 4999: 4967: 4849: 4697:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4442: 4423: 4307: 4124:(repr. ed.). London: Pan Books. 3982: 3970: 3946: 3883: 3868: 3856: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3506: 3487: 3475: 3379: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3218: 3110: 3086: 3018: 2488:German attack on Lagnicourt, 15 April 692: 577: 488: 380: 7176:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 5148:France reveals British WWI cave camp 5136:The Arras tunnels – NZHistory.net.nz 5118:The Battle of Arras at 1914–1918.net 5072: 4974:British Journal for Military History 4949:British Journal for Military History 4211: 4138: 3910: 3194: 2556:Battle of Bullecourt (3–17 May 1917) 1879:river north along the east slope of 1503:Tactics: British Expeditionary Force 7387:Battle honours of the Rifle Brigade 7105:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5899:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 5169:The South Africans at Delville Wood 4088:"War Composers: E. J. Moeran's War" 2281:Battle of Arleux (28–29 April 1917) 2155:The following day, troops from the 1849:) on the second or third day. Five 1824:Manual of Infantry Training for War 1629:The Normal Formation For the Attack 24: 5838:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4907: 4252:. Paris: Histoire et Collections. 4197:. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart. 1778: 25: 7408: 5111: 5077:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 4817:. Vol. I. New York: Viking. 4791:Stewart, J.; Buchan, J. (2003) . 4615:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 4596:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. 4568:from the original on 4 March 2017 1970: 1275:, the main part of which was the 718: 6201:Second Battle of the Piave River 5823:Russian invasion of East Prussia 4353:Foerster, Wolfgang, ed. (1939). 4293:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 4235:(repr. ed.). London: Dent. 2618:On the Allied side, twenty-five 2371:Siegfriedstellung, Wotanstellung 1818:) by the relief divisions after 1536:) were in the Arras sector, the 329: 318: 306: 295: 284: 273: 253: 237: 222: 208: 195: 182: 168: 153: 61: 32:Battle of Arras (disambiguation) 7272:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6472:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5206: 5068:– via Archive Foundation. 4928:10.1179/0729247313Z.00000000020 4338:. London: Chatto & Windus. 4108: 4080: 3392:Veterans Affairs Canada website 3385: 2905: 2892: 2883: 2857: 2844: 2830: 2812: 2213: 2003:in March 1917. The presence of 67:The Battle of Arras, April 1917 7095:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6954:Deportations from East Prussia 6751:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5019:Harvey, Trevor Gordon (2016). 2720:by the end of May, a total of 2096: 1953:New Zealand Tunnelling Company 1926: 1843:), by the "relief" divisions ( 1517:Troops of the 10th Battalion, 1377: 1249:from the Belgian coast to the 13: 1: 7006:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4738:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4445:Underground Warfare 1914–1918 4233:Sir Douglas Haig's Despatches 2781:. The Anglo-Welsh lyric poet 2732: 2637: 2352: 1900:Gegenangriffe in der Stellung 1680:Allgemeines über Stellungsbau 1350: 1287:to the east, advance towards 134: 7161:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6460:Estonian War of Independence 6128:Southern Palestine offensive 5030:Jones, Spencer, ed. (2022). 4447:. Pen & Sword Military. 3959:Winkler & Tiedemann 2014 2921: 2911:The original records are in 2743:Sinai and Palestine campaign 2739:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 2630:for a repeat award) for the 2589: 2157:56th (1/1st London) Division 2032: 7: 7115:USA against Austria-Hungary 6514:Turkish War of Independence 6466:Latvian War of Independence 6191:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5782:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 4675:. London: Review (Hodder). 4580:New Zealand Defence Force. 4267:Corkerry, S., ed. (2001) . 4216:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 4027:Sheffield & Bourne 2005 2900:forward observation officer 2872:from 5 to 8 April averaged 2748:Governor-General of Belgium 2594: 2532:, occupying the village of 2438: 2267:63rd (Royal Naval) Division 1911:Drocourt–Quéant switch line 1527:British Expeditionary Force 1525:Three of the armies of the 1509:Western Front tactics, 1917 1460: 1341:Second Battle of Bullecourt 1181:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 7413: 7198:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6746:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6206:Second Battle of the Marne 6093:Second battle of the Aisne 5962:Second Battle of Champagne 5803:German invasion of Belgium 2839:Carrière Wellington museum 2485: 2359:First attack on Bullecourt 2356: 2348:First attack on Bullecourt 2311: 2176: 2029:inexperienced RFC pilots. 1916: 1521:at Wagonlieu, 8 April 1917 1506: 1464: 1277:Second Battle of the Aisne 29: 7304: 7263: 7184: 7123: 7085: 7029: 7018: 6979:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6922: 6894: 6842: 6764: 6738: 6690: 6583: 6576: 6508:Irish War of Independence 6404: 6286: 6251:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6236:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6161: 6063: 5990: 5891: 5848:First Battle of the Marne 5795: 5757: 5692: 5683: 5626: 5500: 5489: 5455: 5427: 5389: 5341: 5294: 5287: 5214: 5060:. Boston: Little, Brown. 4582:Arras Tunnellers Memorial 4231:Boraston, J. H. (1920) . 3693:Stewart & Buchan 2003 2613: 2580:Hendecourt-lès-Cagnicourt 2091: 1710:Gegenstoß in der Stellung 1701:(five men and an NCO per 728: 526: 443:The Hills (3rd Champagne) 418: 362: 341: 266: 145: 71: 60: 48: 43: 7131:Constantinople Agreement 6424:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6287:Co-belligerent conflicts 6256:Second Romanian campaign 6226:Third Transjordan attack 5937:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5843:Battle of Grand Couronné 5132:archived 21 October 2008 4943:Bechthold, Mike (2018). 4586:Archived 21 October 2008 4405:Hollis, Matthew (2011). 4248:Buffetaut, Yves (1997). 4116:Ashworth, Tony (2000) . 3329:, pp. 189, 192–193. 2948:, pp. 48–51, 55–56. 2805: 2726:History of the Great War 2647:Stained glass window by 2584:Riencourt-lès-Cagnicourt 2516:and added two more from 2259:51st (Highland) Division 2223:principles laid down by 2082: 2051:Battle of Neuve Chapelle 1719:Artillerieschutzstellung 1568:Division attack training 1552:) in the centre and the 7194:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7146:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6454:Greater Poland Uprising 6354:National Protection War 6231:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6181:German spring offensive 6176:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5952:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5927:Second Battle of Artois 5808:Battle of the Frontiers 5141:1 December 2008 at the 5056:The Real War, 1914–1918 4719:. London: Aurum Press. 4630:Oldham, Peter (2000) . 4503:Levine, Joshua (2008). 4191:Berton, Pierre (1986). 2530:2nd Australian Division 2494:1st Australian Division 2422:West Yorkshire Regiment 2337:Battle of Cambrai, 1917 2275:Fontaine-lès-Croisilles 2135:12th (Eastern) Division 1865:Bailleul-aux-Cornailles 1831:Ludwig von Falkenhausen 1796:(Chief of Staff of the 1761:Gegenstoß aus der Tiefe 1593:Platoon attack training 1069:German spring offensive 410:Nivelle Offensive, 1917 336:Ludwig von Falkenhausen 7219:Paris Peace Conference 7207:Ukraine–Central Powers 7001:Massacres of Albanians 6969:Late Ottoman genocides 6776:Bulgarian occupations 6484:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6448:Hungarian–Romanian War 6266:Naval Victory Bulletin 6261:Armistice with Germany 6211:Hundred Days Offensive 6138:Battle of La Malmaison 6088:Second battle of Arras 6055:Battle of Transylvania 5909:Second Battle of Ypres 5777:Sarajevo assassination 5666:South African Republic 5092:Smithson, Jim (2017). 4850:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 4776:. Stroud: Spellmount. 4653:. London: Frank Cass. 4611:Oldham, Peter (1997). 4505:On a Wing and a Prayer 4424:James, E. A. (1990) . 4409:. London: Bloomsbury. 4212:Bond, B., ed. (1999). 2756: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2673: 2657: 2606: 2574: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2502: 2469: 2451: 2424:began to advance from 2395: 2389: 2376: 2370: 2326: 2320: 2292: 2253: 2230: 2190: 2161: 2148: 2130: 2026: 2001:Manfred von Richthofen 1982: 1943: 1905: 1899: 1892: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1788: 1760: 1754: 1748: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1671: 1665: 1655: 1647: 1637:exploit it in battle. 1604: 1522: 1485: 1448:United States Congress 1393: 1324: 1314:and in the south, the 1298:in the north-west and 1263: 1200:Second Battle of Arras 358:5 divisions in reserve 351:9 divisions in reserve 267:Commanders and leaders 7229:Treaty of St. Germain 7202:Russia–Central Powers 7156:Sykes–Picot Agreement 6984:Pontic Greek genocide 6959:Destruction of Kalisz 6935:Eastern Mediterranean 6496:Polish–Lithuanian War 6278:Armistice of Belgrade 6241:Armistice of Salonica 6171:Operation Faustschlag 6118:Third Battle of Oituz 6040:Baranovichi offensive 6008:Lake Naroch offensive 5982:Battle of Robat Karim 5957:Vistula–Bug offensive 5932:Battles of the Isonzo 5863:First Battle of Ypres 5157:Finding Private Adams 4693:; Bourne, J. (2005). 4592:Nicholls, J. (2005). 4484:Keegan, John (1999). 4443:Jones, Simon (2010). 2913:The National Archives 2788:C. K. Scott Moncrieff 2663: 2645: 2602: 2563: 2525:Unternehmen Sturmbock 2465: 2366: 2287: 2245: 2208:General Arthur Currie 2186: 2144:Tilloy-lès-Mofflaines 2126: 2112:hurricane bombardment 2016: 1978: 1934: 1755:rückwärtige Kampfzone 1672:rückwärtige Kampfzone 1649:Oberste Heeresleitung 1600: 1516: 1385: 518:Battle of Arras, 1917 363:Casualties and losses 79:9 April – 16 May 1917 7224:Treaty of Versailles 6940:Mount Lebanon famine 6855:in the United States 6823:Russian occupations 6537:Turkish–Armenian War 6478:Polish–Ukrainian War 6418:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6365:Central Asian Revolt 6148:Armistice of Focșani 5878:Battle of Sarikamish 5828:Battle of Tannenberg 5224:Military engagements 5000:Cowan, Tony (2023). 4968:Cowan, Tony (2019). 4869:Wyrall, E. (2003) . 4772:Simpson, A. (2006). 4753:Sheldon, J. (2015). 4734:Sheldon, J. (2008). 4649:Samuels, M. (1995). 4172:Bellis, M. (1996) . 4013:, pp. 348–352; 4001:, pp. 272, 276. 3771:, pp. viii, 19. 3397:21 June 2008 at the 2790:, the translator of 2768:Literature and music 2666:Ruhstorf an der Rott 2548:and the Australians 2314:Capture of Oppy Wood 2206:and his subordinate 2179:Battle of Vimy Ridge 1922:British preparations 1641:Tactics: German army 1607:The training manual 1544:) in the south, the 1308:Battle of Vimy Ridge 1176:French Army mutinies 1171:1914 Christmas truce 941:Hohenzollern Redoubt 114:50.28972°N 2.78083°E 7291:They shall not pass 7214:Treaty of Bucharest 7171:Treaty of Bucharest 7110:USA against Germany 7087:Declarations of war 6791:German occupations 6704:British casualties 6563:Soviet–Georgian War 6490:Egyptian Revolution 6430:Armeno-Georgian War 6294:Somaliland campaign 6246:Armistice of Mudros 6123:Battle of Caporetto 6113:Battle of Mărășești 6083:Zimmermann telegram 6078:February Revolution 6023:Battle of the Somme 5947:Bug-Narew Offensive 5922:Battle of Gallipoli 5914:Sinking of the RMS 5706:Scramble for Africa 5700:Franco-Prussian War 5356:Sinai and Palestine 5050:Liddell Hart, Basil 4815:The First World War 4632:The Hindenburg Line 4613:The Hindenburg Line 4544:Lupfer, T. (1981). 4507:. London: Collins. 4488:. London: Pimlico. 4486:The First World War 4065:, pp. 332–333. 4029:, pp. 495–496. 4017:, pp. 210–211. 3989:, pp. 210–211. 3973:, pp. 556–561. 3913:, pp. 355–403. 3901:, pp. 224–225. 3859:, pp. 363–364. 3819:, pp. 361–362. 3783:, pp. 357–359. 3695:, pp. 129–133. 3680:, pp. 421–422. 3590:, pp. 104–105. 3578:, pp. 244–246. 3566:, pp. 325–326. 3490:, pp. 186–187. 3478:, pp. 173–175. 3427:, pp. 252–253. 3353:, pp. 136–137. 3317:, pp. 353–354. 3293:, pp. 175–176. 3281:, p. 240, map. 3257:, pp. 156–158. 3245:, pp. 152–156. 3221:, pp. 149–151. 3209:, pp. 209–211. 3060:, pp. 377–379. 3048:, pp. 243–244. 3036:, pp. 227–231. 3009:, pp. 250–310. 2963:, pp. 348–352. 2798:) and the composer 2492:Observing that the 1939:Carrière Wellington 1893:Ablösungsdivisionen 1855:were placed behind 1852:Ablösungsdivisionen 1846:Ablösungsdivisionen 1833:, commander of the 1803:Ablösungsdivisionen 1619:artillery formation 1489:), withdrew to the 1430:Minister of Defence 1367:Paul von Hindenburg 1337:Battle of the Somme 1198:(also known as the 1165:Associated articles 882:Hartmannswillerkopf 742:Invasion of Belgium 655:Associated articles 612:Flanking operations 463:Associated articles 110: / 7251:Treaty of Lausanne 7166:Paris Economy Pact 7100:UK against Germany 7030:Entry into the war 6996:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6715:Ottoman casualties 6525:Franco-Turkish War 6405:Post-War conflicts 6389:Russian Revolution 6371:Invasion of Darfur 6336:Kelantan rebellion 6324:Kurdish rebellions 6300:Mexican Revolution 6133:October Revolution 6098:Kerensky offensive 6073:Capture of Baghdad 6050:Monastir offensive 6035:Brusilov offensive 5873:Battle of Kolubara 5712:Russo-Japanese War 3161:, pp. 83–107. 2800:Ernest John Moeran 2762:Flanders Offensive 2674: 2658: 2607: 2575: 2470: 2377: 2254: 2191: 2131: 1987:Royal Flying Corps 1983: 1944: 1770:Operation Alberich 1605: 1523: 1471:Operation Alberich 1419:David Lloyd George 1394: 1218:defences near the 7392:April 1917 events 7332:Conflicts in 1917 7317: 7316: 7300: 7299: 7284:The Golden Virgin 7278:Mutilated victory 7259: 7258: 7239:Treaty of Trianon 7234:Treaty of Neuilly 7141:Damascus Protocol 7014: 7013: 6974:Armenian genocide 6931:Allied blockades 6903:Belgian refugees 6686: 6685: 6596:Strategic bombing 6572: 6571: 6557:Franco-Syrian War 6531:Greco-Turkish War 6519:Anglo-Turkish War 6502:Polish–Soviet War 6436:German Revolution 6412:Russian Civil War 6395:Finnish Civil War 6221:Battle of Megiddo 6196:Battle of Goychay 6143:Battle of Cambrai 6103:Battle of Mărăști 6018:Battle of Jutland 5998:Erzurum offensive 5853:Siege of Przemyśl 5833:Siege of Tsingtao 5818:Battle of Galicia 5748:Second Balkan War 5736:Italo-Turkish War 5693:Pre-War conflicts 5679: 5678: 5569:Portuguese Empire 5485: 5484: 5447:German New Guinea 5429:Asian and Pacific 5103:978-1-911096-40-5 5084:978-1-84415-619-1 5073:Reed, P. (2007). 5041:978-1-914059-98-8 5011:978-1-108-83023-2 4916:War & Society 4886:978-1-84342-467-3 4802:978-1-84342-639-4 4783:978-1-86227-292-7 4764:978-1-78346-345-9 4745:978-1-84415-680-1 4726:978-1-84513-691-8 4704:978-0-297-84702-1 4682:978-0-7472-6460-6 4641:978-0-85052-568-7 4622:978-0-85052-568-7 4536:978-1-84574-303-1 4523:Ludendorff, Erich 4514:978-0-00-726945-7 4495:978-0-7126-6645-9 4476:978-0-14-118691-7 4454:978-1-84415-962-8 4435:978-0-948130-18-2 4416:978-0-571-27608-0 4345:978-0-374-71401-7 4300:978-0-674-01880-8 4131:978-0-330-48068-0 3937:, pp. 60–71. 3847:, pp. 66–67. 3759:, pp. 66–67. 3743:, pp. 50–56. 3731:, pp. 38–40. 3707:, pp. 97–98. 3542:, pp. 50–53. 3451:, pp. 53–64. 3149:, pp. 63–70. 3125:, pp. 30–32. 2997:, pp. 48–51. 2980:, pp. 55–56. 2773:Siegfried Sassoon 2752:manoeuvre warfare 2718:64,000 casualties 2508:XIV Reserve Corps 2417:Livens projectors 1997:General Trenchard 1861:Neuville St Vaast 1794:Fritz von Loßberg 1725:Widerstandsnester 1437:Nivelle Offensive 1387:The town square, 1345:Battle of Hill 70 1325:Siegfriedstellung 1283:, dominating the 1273:Nivelle Offensive 1206:offensive on the 1189: 1188: 1015:Nivelle offensive 789:Trouée de Charmes 686: 685: 482: 481: 450:Other engagements 375: 374: 141: 140: 119:50.28972; 2.78083 16:(Redirected from 7404: 7244:Treaty of Sèvres 7136:Treaty of London 7027: 7026: 6805:Northeast France 6736: 6735: 6708:Parliamentarians 6641: 6640: 6603:Chemical weapons 6581: 6580: 6342:Senussi campaign 6312:Muscat rebellion 6306:Maritz rebellion 6274: 6216:Vardar offensive 6045:Battle of Romani 6013:Battle of Asiago 6003:Battle of Verdun 5967:Kosovo offensive 5742:First Balkan War 5690: 5689: 5589:Russian Republic 5498: 5497: 5292: 5291: 5234:Economic history 5201: 5194: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5107: 5088: 5069: 5059: 5045: 5026: 5015: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4964: 4939: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4889:. 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London: Yale. 4379: 4377: 4375: 4349: 4330: 4304: 4282: 4263: 4244: 4227: 4208: 4187: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4135: 4123: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3887: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3610: 3604: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3510: 3504: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3137:, pp. 1–81. 3132: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2964: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2828: 2816: 2759: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2682:Adjutant-General 2664:War memorial in 2620:Victoria Crosses 2551: 2547: 2546:2,313 casualties 2527: 2521: 2515: 2505: 2476: 2454: 2447: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2414: 2406: 2398: 2392: 2373: 2329: 2323: 2233: 2164: 2151: 2039:creeping barrage 2024: 1992:Luftstreitkräfte 1913:) further back. 1908: 1902: 1895: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1805: 1791: 1775: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1635: 1627: 1615: 1610: 1588: 1583:creeping barrage 1579: 1575: 1562:Neuville-Vitasse 1534:Sir Douglas Haig 1488: 1455:Imperial Germany 1371:Erich Ludendorff 1347:(15–25 August). 1327: 1266: 1128:St Quentin Canal 723: 713: 706: 699: 690: 689: 529:Battles of Arras 521: 519: 509: 502: 495: 486: 485: 413: 411: 401: 394: 387: 378: 377: 334: 333: 325:Erich Ludendorff 323: 322: 311: 310: 300: 299: 289: 288: 278: 277: 259: 257: 256: 247: 243: 241: 240: 232: 228: 226: 225: 214: 212: 211: 201: 199: 198: 188: 186: 185: 178: 174: 172: 171: 159: 157: 156: 125: 124: 122: 121: 120: 115: 111: 108: 107: 106: 103: 73: 72: 65: 41: 40: 21: 18:Battle of Arleux 7412: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7405: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7397:May 1917 events 7322: 7321: 7318: 7313: 7296: 7255: 7187: 7180: 7151:Treaty of Darin 7119: 7081: 7037:Austria-Hungary 7023: 7010: 6991:Rape of Belgium 6918: 6890: 6838: 6832:Western Armenia 6827:Eastern Galicia 6760: 6734: 6698: 6697:Civilian impact 6696: 6682: 6639: 6568: 6400: 6330:Ovambo Uprising 6282: 6268: 6157: 6059: 5986: 5904:Battle of Łomża 5887: 5883:Christmas truce 5858:Race to the Sea 5791: 5753: 5675: 5646:Austria-Hungary 5622: 5557:Empire of Japan 5494: 5492: 5481: 5465:U-boat campaign 5451: 5423: 5385: 5337: 5283: 5264:Popular culture 5210: 5205: 5143:Wayback Machine 5114: 5104: 5085: 5042: 5012: 4990: 4988: 4910: 4908:Further reading 4905: 4896: 4894: 4893:on 26 June 2019 4887: 4877:The Bodley Head 4862: 4840: 4838: 4803: 4784: 4765: 4746: 4727: 4705: 4683: 4661: 4642: 4623: 4604: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4550: 4537: 4515: 4496: 4477: 4455: 4436: 4417: 4398: 4373: 4371: 4346: 4327: 4301: 4279: 4260: 4224: 4205: 4184: 4162: 4160: 4132: 4111: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985:, p. 556; 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3787: 3779: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3755:, p. 220; 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3684: 3678:Ludendorff 2005 3676: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3613: 3605: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3513: 3505: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3399:Wayback Machine 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2967: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936:, pp. 3–4. 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2831: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2770: 2735: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2656: 2640: 2616: 2605: 2597: 2592: 2573: 2567:Hindenburg Line 2558: 2549: 2545: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2468: 2445: 2441: 2434:162 casualties. 2433: 2429: 2425: 2412: 2404: 2375: 2361: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2316: 2310: 2283: 2252: 2240: 2216: 2189: 2181: 2175: 2167:Monchy-le-Preux 2129: 2121: 2099: 2094: 2085: 2035: 2025: 2022: 1981: 1973: 1942: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1883:ridge. The new 1819: 1781: 1779:German 6th Army 1773: 1765: 1749:Sturmregimenter 1743:Sturmbattalions 1643: 1633: 1625: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1595: 1586: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1519:Royal Fusiliers 1511: 1505: 1491:Hindenburg line 1473: 1463: 1426:Aristide Briand 1392: 1391:, February 1919 1380: 1353: 1320:Hindenburg Line 1269:war of movement 1242:about 125,000. 1212:First World War 1196:Battle of Arras 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1162: 966:Vimy Ridge 1916 843:Race to the Sea 811:1st St. Quentin 733: 724: 719: 717: 687: 682: 678:Hindenburg Line 652: 633:Hindenburg Line 609: 522: 517: 515: 513: 483: 478: 460: 447: 414: 409: 407: 405: 371:120,000–130,000 357: 355: 350: 348: 328: 327: 317: 305: 304: 294: 293: 283: 282: 272: 254: 252: 238: 236: 223: 221: 209: 207: 196: 194: 183: 181: 169: 167: 154: 152: 118: 116: 112: 109: 104: 101: 99: 97: 96: 95: 66: 55:First World War 44:Battle of Arras 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7410: 7400: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7337:1917 in France 7334: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7216: 7211: 7210: 7209: 7204: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7186:Peace treaties 7185: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7074: 7072:United Kingdom 7069: 7064: 7062:Ottoman Empire 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6966: 6964:Sack of Dinant 6961: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6928: 6926: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6912:United Kingdom 6909: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6872: 6866:POW locations 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6848: 6846: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6821: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6673: 6666:United Kingdom 6663: 6661:Ottoman Empire 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6638: 6637: 6635:Trench warfare 6632: 6631: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6587: 6585: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6522: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6351: 6348:Volta-Bani War 6345: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6186:Zeebrugge Raid 6183: 6178: 6173: 6167: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5977:Battle of Loos 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:Black Sea raid 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5770:Historiography 5761: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5724:Bosnian Crisis 5721: 5718:Tangier Crisis 5715: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Ottoman Empire 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5628:Central Powers 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5611:British Empire 5606:United Kingdom 5603: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5584:Russian Empire 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5502:Entente Powers 5495: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5472: 5470:North Atlantic 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5381:Central Arabia 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5345: 5343:Middle Eastern 5339: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5298: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5244:Historiography 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5196: 5189: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5154: 5145: 5133: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5112:External links 5110: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5089: 5083: 5070: 5046: 5040: 5027: 5016: 5010: 4997: 4965: 4940: 4922:(2): 116–137. 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4885: 4866: 4860: 4847: 4836:Pour le Mérite 4827: 4807: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4769: 4763: 4750: 4744: 4731: 4725: 4709: 4703: 4687: 4681: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4640: 4627: 4621: 4608: 4602: 4589: 4578: 4541: 4535: 4527:My War Memoirs 4519: 4513: 4500: 4494: 4481: 4475: 4467:Storm of Steel 4459: 4453: 4440: 4434: 4421: 4415: 4402: 4396: 4380: 4350: 4344: 4331: 4325: 4305: 4299: 4287:Doughty, R. A. 4283: 4277: 4264: 4258: 4245: 4228: 4222: 4209: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4169: 4140:Bean, C. E. W. 4136: 4130: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4043: 4041:, p. 122. 4039:Buffetaut 1997 4031: 4019: 4003: 3991: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3949:, p. 183. 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3888: 3886:, p. 369. 3873: 3871:, p. 366. 3861: 3849: 3843:, p. 42; 3833: 3831:, p. 362. 3821: 3809: 3807:, p. 361. 3797: 3795:, p. 359. 3785: 3773: 3761: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3682: 3667: 3652: 3650:, p. 325. 3640: 3636:Buffetaut 1997 3628: 3626:, p. 352. 3611: 3609:, p. 244. 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3511: 3509:, p. 173. 3492: 3480: 3468: 3466:, p. 194. 3464:Sheffield 2002 3453: 3441: 3439:, p. 133. 3429: 3417: 3402: 3384: 3382:, p. 309. 3372: 3355: 3343: 3341:, p. 193. 3331: 3319: 3307: 3305:, p. 180. 3295: 3283: 3271: 3269:, p. 161. 3259: 3247: 3235: 3233:, p. 181. 3223: 3211: 3207:Sheffield 2011 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3113:, p. 168. 3103: 3091: 3079: 3077:, p. 243. 3062: 3050: 3038: 3023: 3021:, p. 133. 3011: 2999: 2982: 2965: 2950: 2938: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2904: 2891: 2882: 2856: 2843: 2841:in March 2008. 2829: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2769: 2766: 2734: 2731: 2714:78,000 British 2693:Gruppe Souchez 2646: 2639: 2636: 2632:Pour le Mérite 2624:Kaiser Wilhelm 2615: 2612: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2519:Gruppe Cambrai 2498:Otto von Moser 2486:Main article: 2483: 2480: 2466: 2452:Balkonstellung 2440: 2437: 2390:Balkonstellung 2367: 2357:Main article: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2324:and reach the 2309: 2306: 2282: 2279: 2246: 2239: 2236: 2215: 2212: 2195:Canadian Corps 2187: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2073:flash spotting 2047:shrapnel shell 2043:high explosive 2034: 2031: 2020: 1979: 1972: 1971:War in the air 1969: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1780: 1777: 1666:Grosskampfzone 1642: 1639: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1569: 1566: 1550:Edmund Allenby 1504: 1501: 1496:Robert Nivelle 1462: 1459: 1433:Hubert Lyautey 1423:Prime Minister 1411:Prime Minister 1386: 1379: 1376: 1352: 1349: 1304:Canadian Corps 1187: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1161: 1160: 1158:Lys and Escaut 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1060: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1012: 1005: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 927: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 905: 904: 894: 889: 887:Neuve Chapelle 884: 879: 868: 867: 862: 860:Winter actions 857: 856: 855: 850: 840: 835: 830: 825: 823:Grand Couronné 820: 815: 814: 813: 808: 803: 793: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 761: 760: 759: 754: 749: 739: 729: 726: 725: 716: 715: 708: 701: 693: 684: 683: 681: 680: 675: 668: 663: 651: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 628:2nd Bullecourt 625: 620: 618:1st Bullecourt 608: 607: 606: 605: 600: 595: 590: 580: 575: 574: 573: 568: 563: 553: 552: 551: 546: 536: 527: 524: 523: 512: 511: 504: 497: 489: 480: 479: 477: 476: 471: 459: 458: 446: 445: 440: 435: 434: 433: 419: 416: 415: 404: 403: 396: 389: 381: 373: 372: 369: 365: 364: 360: 359: 352: 344: 343: 339: 338: 315: 291:Edmund Allenby 269: 268: 264: 263: 250: 249: 248: 233: 218: 205: 192: 179: 176:United Kingdom 161:British Empire 148: 147: 143: 142: 139: 138: 131: 127: 126: 87: 85: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 58: 57: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7409: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7320: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7303: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7077:United States 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7017: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6678:United States 6676: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6628:Convoy system 6626: 6625: 6624: 6623:Naval warfare 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6396: 6393: 6390: 6387: 6384: 6383:Kaocen revolt 6381: 6378: 6377:Easter Rising 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5942:Great Retreat 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Battle of Cer 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5730:Agadir Crisis 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5618:United States 5616: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5536: 5535:French Empire 5533: 5532: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5488: 5478: 5477:Mediterranean 5475: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5457:Naval warfare 5454: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5333:Italian Front 5331: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5321:Eastern Front 5319: 5317: 5316:Western Front 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5274:Puppet states 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5075:Walking Arras 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4911: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4861:0-8371-5029-9 4857: 4853: 4848: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4811:Strachan, Hew 4808: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4713:Sheffield, G. 4710: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4691:Sheffield, G. 4688: 4684: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669:Sheffield, G. 4666: 4662: 4660:0-7146-4214-2 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4603:1-84415-326-6 4599: 4595: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4397:0-30006-663-5 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4326:0-89839-180-6 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4278:0-85420-250-1 4274: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4259:2-908182-66-1 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4223:1-86227-065-1 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4204:0-7710-1339-6 4200: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4183:0-85420-195-5 4179: 4175: 4170: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4113: 4093: 4092:War Composers 4089: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4053:, p. 10. 4052: 4047: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4015:Nicholls 2005 4012: 4007: 4000: 3999:Foerster 1939 3995: 3988: 3987:Nicholls 2005 3984: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3925:, p. 69. 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3853: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3777: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3719:, p. 99. 3718: 3717:Boraston 1919 3713: 3706: 3705:Boraston 1919 3701: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3665:, p. 29. 3664: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3638:, p. 84. 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3608: 3607:Strachan 2003 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3576:Strachan 2003 3572: 3565: 3560: 3554:, p. 56. 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3530:, p. 50. 3529: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3450: 3449:Nicholls 2005 3445: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3415:, p. 36. 3414: 3413:Nicholls 2005 3409: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3370:, p. 30. 3369: 3368:Nicholls 2005 3364: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3197:, p. 86. 3196: 3191: 3185:, p. 88. 3184: 3183:Corkerry 2001 3179: 3173:, p. 77. 3172: 3171:Griffith 1996 3167: 3160: 3155: 3148: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3123:Nicholls 2005 3119: 3112: 3107: 3101:, p. 23. 3100: 3099:Nicholls 2005 3095: 3089:, p. 16. 3088: 3083: 3076: 3075:Strachan 2003 3071: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3046:Strachan 2003 3042: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2995:Ashworth 2000 2991: 2989: 2987: 2979: 2978:Ashworth 2000 2974: 2972: 2970: 2962: 2957: 2955: 2947: 2946:Ashworth 2000 2942: 2935: 2934:Ashworth 2000 2930: 2926: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2860: 2853: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2783:Edward Thomas 2780: 2779: 2774: 2765: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2727: 2710:85,000 German 2706: 2705:Der Weltkrieg 2700: 2694: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2601: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2553: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2503:Gruppe Quéant 2500:, commanding 2499: 2495: 2489: 2479: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2436: 2423: 2418: 2409: 2402: 2401:27th Division 2397: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2365: 2360: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2327:Wotanstellung 2322: 2315: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2278: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2263:37th Division 2260: 2250: 2244: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2125: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2105: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2077:sound ranging 2074: 2070: 2069:no man's land 2065: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2030: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1985:Although the 1977: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1906:Wotanstellung 1901: 1894: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1841: 1840:Gegenangriffe 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1776: 1774:40 divisions. 1771: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1693: 1692:Gruppennester 1687: 1686:Vorpostenfeld 1681: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1599: 1590: 1584: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1531:Field Marshal 1528: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1500: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428:, along with 1427: 1424: 1421:. In France, 1420: 1416: 1415:H. H. Asquith 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1326: 1321: 1318:attacked the 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:Western Front 1205: 1201: 1197: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1133:Meuse-Argonne 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1047:Passchendaele 1045: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 998: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 933: 932: 931: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 909:2nd Champagne 907: 903: 900: 899: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 877:1st Champagne 875: 874: 873: 872: 866: 863: 861: 858: 854: 851: 849: 846: 845: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796:Great Retreat 794: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 765: 762: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 732: 727: 722: 721:Western Front 714: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 694: 691: 679: 676: 674: 673: 669: 667: 664: 662: 661:Tactics, 1917 659: 658: 657: 656: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 614: 613: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 584: 581: 579: 576: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 557: 554: 550: 547: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 535: 532: 531: 530: 525: 520: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 490: 487: 475: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 464: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 432: 429: 428: 427: 424: 423: 422: 417: 412: 402: 397: 395: 390: 388: 383: 382: 379: 370: 367: 366: 361: 353: 346: 345: 340: 337: 332: 326: 321: 316: 314: 309: 303: 298: 292: 287: 281: 276: 271: 270: 265: 262: 261:German Empire 251: 246: 234: 231: 219: 217: 206: 204: 193: 191: 180: 177: 165: 164: 163: 162: 150: 149: 144: 136: 132: 129: 128: 123: 94: 90: 86: 83: 82: 78: 75: 74: 70: 64: 59: 56: 52: 51:Western Front 47: 42: 37: 33: 19: 7319: 7289: 7282: 7270: 6877: / 6809: 6644:Conscription 6608:Cryptography 6545:Iraqi Revolt 6087: 5972:Siege of Kut 5915: 5493:participants 5442:German Samoa 5376:South Arabia 5174: 5093: 5074: 5055: 5031: 5021: 5001: 4989:. Retrieved 4980:(2): 81–99. 4977: 4973: 4952: 4948: 4919: 4915: 4895:. Retrieved 4891:the original 4871: 4851: 4839:. Retrieved 4835: 4814: 4792: 4773: 4754: 4735: 4716: 4694: 4672: 4650: 4631: 4612: 4593: 4585: 4570:. Retrieved 4546: 4526: 4504: 4485: 4466: 4444: 4425: 4406: 4387: 4384:Griffith, P. 4372:. Retrieved 4360: 4355: 4335: 4312: 4290: 4268: 4249: 4232: 4213: 4193: 4173: 4161:. Retrieved 4144: 4119: 4109:Bibliography 4095:. Retrieved 4091: 4082: 4075:Findlay 2014 4070: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4022: 4006: 3994: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3899:Sheldon 2015 3864: 3852: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3776: 3764: 3753:Sheldon 2015 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3648:Sheldon 2008 3643: 3631: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3483: 3471: 3444: 3432: 3420: 3387: 3375: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3231:Samuels 1995 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3147:Simpson 2006 3142: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3053: 3041: 3014: 3007:Doughty 2005 3002: 2941: 2929: 2907: 2894: 2885: 2876:per day and 2874:4,000 rounds 2868:on 3 April, 2866:1,100 rounds 2859: 2851: 2846: 2832: 2814: 2777: 2771: 2736: 2712:casualties, 2699:Gruppe Arras 2678:George Fowke 2675: 2649:Harry Clarke 2617: 2608: 2576: 2491: 2471: 2442: 2410: 2378: 2332:4th Division 2321:Boiry Riegel 2317: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2271: 2255: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2214:Second phase 2192: 2162:Monchyriegel 2154: 2149:Monchyriegel 2140:3rd Division 2132: 2108: 2106:were added. 2100: 2086: 2066: 2061:No. 106 Fuze 2036: 2027: 2023:Ernst Jünger 2017: 2012:Bloody April 2005: 1990: 1984: 1964:Russian saps 1960:counter-mine 1957: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1889: 1884: 1828: 1823: 1820:24–48 hours. 1815:Gegenangriff 1783: 1782: 1766:22 divisions 1715: 1677: 1660: 1644: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1606: 1571: 1542:Hubert Gough 1524: 1474: 1451:declared war 1442: 1395: 1369:and General 1354: 1333:breakthrough 1330: 1312:Scarpe River 1293: 1251:Swiss border 1244: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1164: 1163: 1123:Saint-Mihiel 1091:Belleau Wood 1074: 1062: 1061: 1052:La Malmaison 1019: 1008: 996: 995: 961:Kink Salient 929: 928: 924:Gas: Wieltje 870: 869: 730: 671: 654: 653: 611: 610: 528: 516: 462: 461: 456:La Malmaison 449: 448: 425: 420: 356:12 divisions 349:14 divisions 302:Hubert Gough 280:Douglas Haig 245:South Africa 216:Newfoundland 151: 146:Belligerents 49:Part of the 36: 6907:Netherlands 6884:Switzerland 6765:Occupations 6756:Spanish flu 6533:(1919–1922) 6527:(1918–1921) 6521:(1918–1923) 6510:(1919–1921) 6504:(1919–1921) 6498:(1919–1920) 6474:(1918–1920) 6468:(1918–1920) 6462:(1918–1920) 6444:(1918–1920) 6426:(1918–1920) 6420:(1917–1921) 6414:(1917–1921) 6361:(1916-1918) 6359:Arab Revolt 6350:(1915–1917) 6344:(1915–1917) 6332:(1914-1917) 6326:(1914–1917) 6320:(1914–1921) 6314:(1913–1920) 6302:(1910–1920) 6296:(1900–1920) 6269: [ 5787:July Crisis 5708:(1880–1914) 5371:Mesopotamia 5249:Home fronts 5208:World War I 4897:11 February 4163:14 November 4063:Hollis 2011 4051:Lupfer 1981 4011:Keegan 1999 3935:Oldham 1997 3923:Oldham 1997 3845:Oldham 2000 3841:Wyrall 2003 3757:Oldham 2000 3741:Oldham 1997 3729:Oldham 1997 3663:Lupfer 1981 3624:Keegan 1999 3588:Berton 1986 3564:Keegan 1999 3552:Oldham 1997 3540:Oldham 1997 3528:Oldham 1997 3437:Jünger 2003 3425:Levine 2008 3159:Bellis 1996 3135:Bellis 1996 3058:Keegan 1999 3034:Keegan 1999 2961:Keegan 1999 2825:Royal Scots 2778:The General 2687:Gruppe Vimy 2204:Julian Byng 2097:First phase 1927:Underground 1698:Stosstrupps 1558:Henry Horne 1481:Aisne River 1378:Home fronts 1358:River Somme 1285:Douai Plain 1259:German Army 1210:during the 1143:2nd Cambrai 981:Boar's Head 971:Mont Sorrel 666:Ancre, 1917 354:first day: 347:first day: 313:Henry Horne 230:New Zealand 117: / 7326:Categories 7124:Agreements 6924:War crimes 6800:Luxembourg 6693:Casualties 5564:Montenegro 5399:South West 5279:Technology 5269:Propaganda 5259:Opposition 5153:5 May 2008 4463:Jünger, E. 3983:Falls 1992 3971:Falls 1992 3947:Wynne 1976 3884:Falls 1992 3869:Falls 1992 3857:Falls 1992 3829:Falls 1992 3817:Falls 1992 3805:Falls 1992 3793:Falls 1992 3781:Falls 1992 3769:James 1990 3507:Wynne 1976 3488:Falls 1992 3476:Wynne 1976 3380:Falls 1992 3351:Jones 2010 3339:Falls 1992 3327:Falls 1992 3315:Falls 1992 3303:Wynne 1976 3291:Falls 1992 3279:Falls 1992 3267:Wynne 1976 3255:Wynne 1976 3243:Wynne 1976 3219:Wynne 1976 3111:Wynne 1976 3087:Falls 1992 3019:Wynne 1976 2733:Commanders 2638:Casualties 2571:Bullecourt 2534:Lagnicourt 2475:12:25 p.m. 2405:4:30 a.m., 2385:re-entrant 2381:Bullecourt 2353:8–10 April 2312:See also: 2249:18-pounder 2104:gas shells 2056:calibrated 1809:Gegenstoss 1695:) held by 1554:First Army 1546:Third Army 1538:Fifth Army 1507:See also: 1465:See also: 1351:Background 1316:Fifth Army 1300:Bullecourt 1281:Vimy Ridge 1236:First Army 1232:Third Army 1228:Sixth Army 956:Wulverghem 919:3rd Artois 897:2nd Artois 865:1st Artois 623:Lagnicourt 583:3rd Scarpe 556:2nd Scarpe 539:1st Scarpe 534:Vimy Ridge 431:Vimy Ridge 102:50°17′23″N 7021:Diplomacy 6728:Olympians 6651:Australia 6618:Logistics 6551:Vlora War 6480:(1918–19) 6456:(1918–19) 6450:(1918–19) 6438:(1918–19) 6385:(1916–17) 6367:(1916–17) 6318:Zaian War 6308:(1914–15) 6028:first day 5916:Lusitania 5744:(1912–13) 5738:(1911–12) 5726:(1908–09) 5720:(1905–06) 5702:(1870–71) 5491:Principal 5351:Gallipoli 5254:Memorials 5239:Geography 5229:Aftermath 4986:2057-0422 4961:2057-0422 4936:159854430 4369:248903245 4311:(1992) . 4309:Falls, C. 4241:633614212 4142:(1941) . 3911:Bean 1941 3195:Bond 1999 2922:Footnotes 2870:1,695 and 2590:Aftermath 2446:4:30 a.m. 2430:5:10 a.m. 2426:4:35 p.m. 2413:1:00 a.m. 2383:formed a 2231:vollmacht 2199:Lewis gun 2033:Artillery 1576:replaced 1556:(General 1548:(General 1540:(General 1443:Lusitania 1441:RMS 1399:Gallipoli 1138:5th Ypres 1118:2nd Somme 1096:2nd Marne 1086:3rd Aisne 1035:The Hills 1030:2nd Aisne 991:Fromelles 986:1st Somme 936:The Bluff 902:Hébuterne 892:2nd Ypres 853:1st Ypres 833:1st Aisne 828:1st Marne 801:Le Cateau 779:Charleroi 764:Frontiers 603:Oppy Wood 438:2nd Aisne 203:Australia 105:2°46′51″E 7309:Category 6896:Refugees 6862:Italians 6851:Germans 6811:Ober Ost 6591:Aviation 5685:Timeline 5656:Bulgaria 5437:Tsingtao 5414:Togoland 5361:Caucasus 5296:European 5288:Theatres 5151:BBC News 5139:Archived 5066:56212202 5052:(1930). 4823:53075929 4813:(2003). 4715:(2011). 4671:(2002). 4563:Archived 4525:(2005). 4465:(2003). 4386:(1996). 4289:(2005). 4097:24 April 3395:Archived 2880:9 April. 2878:6,025 on 2757:Eingreif 2754:for the 2722:142,000. 2595:Analysis 2457:K bullet 2439:11 April 2301:Gavrelle 2247:British 2021:— 1869:Wancourt 1835:6th Army 1829:General 1798:1st Army 1614:30 drums 1486:Westheer 1477:Russians 1461:Strategy 1264:Westheer 1247:trenches 1240:6th Army 1234:and the 1222:city of 1202:) was a 1148:Courtrai 1103:Soissons 1042:Messines 1009:Alberich 818:Maubeuge 774:Ardennes 769:Lorraine 737:Moresnet 672:Alberich 571:Coulotte 566:Gavrelle 561:Guémappe 549:Wancourt 469:Mutinies 342:Strength 135:Analysis 84:Location 7047:Germany 6947:Germany 6875:Germany 6795:Belgium 6780:Albania 6739:Disease 6719:Sports 6671:Ireland 6584:Warfare 6577:Aspects 5765:Origins 5758:Prelude 5661:Senussi 5641:Germany 5636:Leaders 5574:Romania 5515:Belgium 5510:Leaders 5409:Kamerun 5391:African 5326:Romania 5304:Balkans 5219:Outline 4991:5 April 4572:8 April 4559:8189258 4374:29 June 4158:9945668 4077:, ch 9. 2850:In the 2670:Bavaria 2653:Wexford 2428:and at 2399:German 1917:Prelude 1289:Cambrai 1267:) in a 1204:British 1113:Ailette 1081:The Lys 1075:Michael 1057:Cambrai 951:Hulluch 946:St Eloi 838:Antwerp 648:Hill 70 638:Souchez 593:Fresnoy 588:Chérisy 421:Battles 368:158,000 137:section 53:of the 7067:Russia 7042:France 6870:Canada 6785:Serbia 6656:Canada 6613:Horses 6565:(1921) 6559:(1920) 6553:(1920) 6547:(1920) 6539:(1920) 6492:(1919) 6486:(1919) 6432:(1918) 6397:(1918) 6391:(1917) 6379:(1916) 6373:(1916) 6338:(1915) 5750:(1913) 5732:(1911) 5714:(1905) 5671:Darfur 5596:Serbia 5579:Russia 5542:Greece 5530:France 5520:Brazil 5366:Persia 5309:Serbia 5100: 5081: 5064: 5038: 5008: 4984: 4959: 4934: 4883: 4858: 4841:6 June 4821: 4799: 4780: 4761: 4742: 4723: 4701: 4679: 4657: 4638: 4619: 4600: 4557: 4533: 4511: 4492: 4473: 4451: 4432: 4413: 4394: 4367: 4342: 4323: 4297: 4275: 4256: 4239: 4220: 4201: 4180: 4156: 4128: 2821:Blagny 2792:Proust 2680:, the 2614:Awards 2513:Gruppe 2297:Arleux 2290:River. 2092:Battle 1877:Scarpe 1873:Feuchy 1634:SS 143 1626:SS 144 1609:SS 143 1587:SS 135 1578:SS 109 1574:SS 135 1529:(BEF, 1407:Verdun 1401:, the 1362:Verdun 1255:Allied 1253:. The 1220:French 1216:German 1153:Sambre 1108:Amiens 976:Verdun 806:Étreux 752:Dinant 578:Arleux 544:Monchy 474:Verdun 258: 242: 227: 213: 200: 190:Canada 187: 173: 158: 130:Result 93:France 7382:Arras 7264:Other 7057:Japan 7052:Italy 6879:camps 6723:Rugby 6273:] 5552:Japan 5547:Italy 5525:China 5419:North 4955:(2). 4932:S2CID 4566:(PDF) 4551:(PDF) 4359:[ 2806:Notes 2569:near 2550:1,010 2396:élite 2083:Tanks 2006:Jasta 1885:Wotan 1857:Douai 1737:Widas 1731:Widas 1704:Trupp 1403:Somme 1389:Arras 1224:Arras 1020:Arras 1003:Ancre 757:Namur 747:Liège 643:Avion 426:Arras 89:Arras 6844:POWs 6163:1918 6065:1917 5991:1916 5892:1915 5796:1914 5601:Siam 5404:East 5098:ISBN 5079:ISBN 5062:OCLC 5036:ISBN 5006:ISBN 4993:2024 4982:ISSN 4957:ISSN 4899:2020 4881:ISBN 4856:ISBN 4843:2007 4819:OCLC 4797:ISBN 4778:ISBN 4759:ISBN 4740:ISBN 4721:ISBN 4699:ISBN 4677:ISBN 4655:ISBN 4636:ISBN 4617:ISBN 4598:ISBN 4574:2017 4555:OCLC 4531:ISBN 4509:ISBN 4490:ISBN 4471:ISBN 4449:ISBN 4430:ISBN 4411:ISBN 4392:ISBN 4376:2021 4365:OCLC 4340:ISBN 4321:ISBN 4317:HMSO 4295:ISBN 4273:ISBN 4254:ISBN 4237:OCLC 4218:ISBN 4199:ISBN 4194:Vimy 4178:ISBN 4165:2015 4154:OCLC 4126:ISBN 4099:2021 2690:and 2565:The 2542:20th 2540:and 2075:and 2045:and 1881:Vimy 1746:and 1469:and 1405:and 1296:Vimy 1194:The 1063:1918 1025:Vimy 997:1917 930:1916 914:Loos 871:1915 848:Yser 784:Mons 731:1914 598:Rœux 133:See 76:Date 4924:doi 2651:in 2628:bar 2538:9th 2411:At 2225:OHL 1786:, ( 1453:on 7328:: 6271:It 4976:. 4972:. 4951:. 4947:. 4930:. 4920:32 4918:. 4879:. 4834:. 4561:. 4319:. 4148:. 4090:. 3891:^ 3876:^ 3685:^ 3670:^ 3655:^ 3614:^ 3595:^ 3514:^ 3495:^ 3456:^ 3405:^ 3358:^ 3065:^ 3026:^ 2985:^ 2968:^ 2953:^ 2796:MC 2552:. 2339:. 2008:11 1955:. 1826:. 1413:, 91:, 6695:/ 5200:e 5193:t 5186:v 5106:. 5087:. 5044:. 5014:. 4995:. 4978:5 4963:. 4953:4 4938:. 4926:: 4901:. 4864:. 4845:. 4825:. 4805:. 4786:. 4767:. 4748:. 4729:. 4707:. 4685:. 4663:. 4644:. 4625:. 4606:. 4588:. 4576:. 4539:. 4517:. 4498:. 4479:. 4457:. 4438:. 4419:. 4400:. 4348:. 4329:. 4303:. 4281:. 4262:. 4243:. 4226:. 4207:. 4186:. 4167:. 4134:. 4101:. 3961:. 2668:( 2506:( 1909:( 1871:– 1863:– 1728:( 1322:( 1261:( 712:e 705:t 698:v 508:e 501:t 494:v 400:e 393:t 386:v 34:. 20:)

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Battle of Arras (1917)

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