Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

2778: 2802: 2886: 7323: 2714: 3858: 2846: 2695: 5294:

around ~4100 BP (Narasimhan et al. 2019). - We observe a greater genetic affinity of Uz_IA to present-day Europeans than to the present-day Uzbekistan populations (supplementary fig. S7, Supplementary Material online). This higher genetic affinity for European populations is due to the similar components of Anatolian farmer and Steppe-related ancestries observed both in Uz_IA and European present-day populations. Lower genetic affinity for the present-day Uzbekistan populations indicates substantial demographic changes through several admixture events over the past ~2,000 years whereby present-day Uzbekistan populations now show additional ancestries derived from East Asian and Siberian populations (Irwin et al. 2010; Yunusbayev et al. 2015).

2597: 2814: 2830: 2862: 2746: 7837: 2874: 2766: 7495: 2734: 2997: 102: 109: 8279: 2547:, northern Afghanistan, the site Dashly 3 is regarded to be also from Middle Bronze Age to Late Bronze Age (2300–1700 BC) occupation, but its beginning is probably later than 2300 BC, although earlier than 2000 BC, if new datings for BMAC by Lyonnet and Dubova are taken into account. The old Dashly 3 complex, sometimes identified as a palace, is a fortified rectangular 88 m x 84 m compound. The square building had massive double outer walls and in the middle of each wall was a protruding salient composed of a T-shaped corridor flanked by two L-shaped corridors. 3657:, at a brick-lined burial pit, grave number 3200 of the Royal necropolis, a horse skeleton was found in period I, dated around 2200 BCE along with a four-wheeled wooden wagon with bronze rims. Archaeologist Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, mentioning N. A. Dubova's (2015) article, comments that this was an "almost complete skeleton of a foal" resting on the wagon with "wheels circled by bronze bands" and radiocarbon-dated to 2250 BCE. So he considers this horse and the wagon are "one and a half century prior" to similar burials of 3519:. About 1900 BC, the walled BMAC centres decreased sharply in size. Each oasis developed its own types of pottery and other objects. Also pottery of the Tazabagyab-Andronovo culture to the north appeared widely in the Bactrian and Margian countryside. Many BMAC strongholds continued to be occupied and Tazabagyab-Andronovo coarse incised pottery occurs within them (along with the previous BMAC pottery) as well as in pastoral camps outside the mudbrick walls. In the highlands above the Bactrian oases in Tajikistan, 3013: 4257:

development...Namazga-depe (170 acres) is the production and probable governmental center, while Altin-depe (114 acres) is a second capital. Specialization in ceramics, metallurgy, monumental architecture (including the Altin-depe ziggurat), wealth-based class stratification, internal and external trade, and vestiges of a symbol system...A sudden and gradual cultural decline began about 1600 B.C., and Namazga-depe shrank to three acres while Altin-depe was completely abandoned..."

65: 211: 3645:. He explains this by proposing that Indo-Aryan speakers probably formed the vanguard of the movement into south-central Asia and many of the BMAC loanwords which entered Iranian may have been mediated through Indo-Aryan. Michael Witzel points out that the borrowed vocabulary includes words from agriculture, village and town life, flora and fauna, ritual and religion, so providing evidence for the acculturation of Indo-Iranian speakers into the world of urban civilisation. 3686: 2010: 5017:"...In the Murghab region, pastoralists are attested as early as the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2210–1960 BCE). Evidence comes from the excavations made in three trenches just outside the defensive walls of the Bronze Age site of Adji Kui 1...There, the coexistence of the BMAC people living in the 'citadel,' as defined by G. Rossi Osmida (2003, 2007), with a pastoral population located on the edge of the town is clearly attested..." 2922: 9902: 9892: 4661:, Routledge, Abstract: "Southwestern Tajikistan has long been considered as isolated from the rest of Central Asia, and only slightly and late affected by the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) phenomenon. However recent discoveries at cemeteries (Farkhor, Gelot, and Darnajchi) where the material can be compared to that of Middle and Late Bronze Age sites (from Namazga (NMG) IV/early V to VI) disrupt this scenario..." 3670: 7437: 7425: 2341: 2777: 4063:: "...Salvatori has often dated its beginning very early (ca. 2400 BC), to make it match with Shahdad where a large amount of material similar to that of the BMAC has been discovered. With the start of international cooperation and the multiplication of analyses, the dates now admitted by all place the Oxus Civilization between 2250 and 1700 BC, while its final phase extends until ca. 1500 BC..." 2507:

Kelleli is located around 40 km northwest of Gonur; featuring Kelleli 3 with four hectares, characterised by towers in a double perimetral wall, four equal entrances, and houses in the southwest of the site. Kelleli 4 settlement is around three hectares, with the same characteristics in its wall. Sandro Salvatori (1998) commented that Kelleli phase began sightly later than Namazga V period.

2885: 2801: 4199:: "Viktor Sarianidi (1929–2013), a Russian archaeologist born in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, discovered the sites . His works are famous, but somewhat difficult to find in English. He, along with his collaborators from the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Moscow, excavated the sites from 1969–1979, halting work when Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan (Salvatori, 2000:97)." 2985:, and thus may indeed be considered a literate civilisation. It bears five markings which are similar to Chinese "small seal" characters. The only match to the Anau seal is a small jet seal of almost identical shape from Niyä (near modern Minfeng) along the southern Silk Road in Xinjiang, originally thought to be from the Western Han dynasty but now thought to date to 700 BC. 3661:. A stone statuette that seems to be a horse with saddle was found in burial number 3210 also in the Royal necropolis and was reported by Sarianidi in 2005, and in burial 3310 parts of a stallion's body were found, the stallion lacked its head, rump, and tail, and was considered as a cult burial of a domestic horse by archaeologist Sarianidi in his 2008 publication. 4304:: "...Though some authors consider that the Oxus Civilization could be an ultimate development of the Namazga culture...there is in fact a gap in our knowledge of a few hundred years in Margiana between the end of the NMG III period and the beginning of the BMAC, and the great majority of the sites in Bactria and Margiana are founded upon virgin soil." 45: 4283:, I.B. Tauris, p. 8: "...Soviet scholars Namazga Depe the Regionalization and Integration Eras. This latter (phases Namazga IV and V) encompasses the replacement of the Bronze Age cities of the early and mid third millennium BC by large palace-centred fortified compounds surrounded by secondary urban clusters in the late third millennium..." 4569:"...located some 40 km northwest of Gonur. The settlement has two major sites: Kelleli 3 and 4. Kelleli 3 is four hectares in size and had double external wall with towers flanking four symmetrical entrances. In the south-western sector, is an area of houses. Kelleli 4 is three hectares in size and also has a double outer wall with towers..." 2694: 4035:, in: On the Track of Uncovering a Civilisation. A volume in honor of the 80th-anniversary of Victor Sarianidi, p. 249: "Summing up we can now date the MBA 2400/2300-1950 BC and the LBA 1950–1500 BC and to recognise a very strong chronological correlation between the southern Central Asia MBA and the late Umm an-Nar period." 2845: 4256:

Masson, V.M., and V.I. Sarianidi, (1972). Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids, London, Thames and Hudson. , p. 1945: "The Bronze Age...2000-1600 B.C...(Namazga V) is the period of an urban revolution based on an Anatolian model of limited (or no) irrigation agriculture and retarded social

3594:

It has become increasingly clear that if one wishes to argue for Indo-Iranian migrations from the steppe lands south into the historical seats of the Iranians and Indo-Aryans that these steppe cultures were transformed as they passed through a membrane of Central Asian urbanism. The fact that typical

2687:

society, while the extensive corpus of metal objects point to a sophisticated tradition of metalworking. Wearing large stylised dresses, as well as headdresses that merge with the hair, "Bactrian princesses" embody the ranking goddess, character of the central Asian mythology that plays a regulatory

2165:

wrote in 2001 that during the years of the Soviet Union, the findings were largely unknown to the West until Sarianidi's work began to be translated in the 1990s. However, some publications by Soviet authors, like Masson, Sarianidi, Atagarryev, and Berdiev, had been available to the West, translated

2575:

V transitional period from Early to Middle Bronze Age, which can suggest a presence of BMAC inhabitants in this region earlier considered out of their influx. Gelot's grave N6-13 was dated to 2203–2036 cal BC (2 sigma), and Darnajchi's grave N2-2 as 2456-2140 cal BC (2 sigma). Farkhor's cemetery is

2506:

Identification of the first large settling in Margiana was possible through excavations at Kelleli 3 and 4, and these are the type sites of Kelleli phase. Massimo Vidale (2017) considers that the Kelleli phase was characterised by the appearance of the first palatial compounds from 2400 to 2000 BC.

3527:

and Bishkent type appeared with pottery that mixed elements of the late BMAC and Tazabagyab-Andronovo traditions. In southern Bactrian sites like Sappali Tepe too, increasing links with the Andronovo culture are seen. During the period 1700 – 1500 BCE, metal artefacts from Sappali Tepe derive from

2174:

Italian archaeologists, like Massimo Vidale and Dennys Frenez, support Sandro Salvatori's hypothesis that Namazga V is the beginning of the ultimate urban phase called BMAC, belonging to the Integration Era (c. 2400–1950 BC). On the other hand, Russian and French archaeologists Nadezhda Dubova and

2663:

found at Altyn-Depe are the earliest evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia, though model wheels have come from contexts possibly somewhat earlier. Judging by the type of harness, carts were initially pulled by oxen or a bull. However, camels were domesticated within the BMAC. A model of a

2527:

in southern Turkmenistan, with an area of around 55 hectares. An almost elliptical fortified complex, known as Gonur North includes the so-called "Monumental Palace", other minor buildings, temples and ritual places, together with the "Royal Necropolis", and water reservoirs, all dated by Italian

5293:

The BMAC populations were previously shown to be primarily a mixture of Iranian (~60–65%) and Anatolian (~20–25%) farmer ancestries (Narasimhan et al. 2019). Some BMAC individuals were found to have high Yamnaya/Steppe-related ancestry, suggesting this ancestry began appearing in Central Asia by

2158:

in 1976, during the period (1969–1979) when he was excavating in northern Afghanistan. Sarianidi's excavations from the late 1970s onward revealed numerous monumental structures in many sites, fortified by impressive walls and gates. Reports on the BMAC were mostly confined to Soviet journals. A

2713: 5367:

Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (6 September 2019).

4135:: "A series of 26 radiocarbon dates from Dzarkutan established a time bracket of the 20th–15th centuries BC , but these samples have not yet been published with reference to certain ceramic assemblages, so we lack a good resolution within this 500-year span (Görsdorf and Huff 2001)." 3595:

steppe wares are found on BMAC sites and that intrusive BMAC material is subsequently found further to the south in Iran, Afghanistan, Nepal, India and Pakistan, may suggest then the subsequent movement of Indo-Iranian-speakers after they had adopted the culture of the BMAC.

4169:"There is general agreement that the date of unprovenanced finds stretches back further than that of the 20th–18th-century BC graves scientifically excavated at Dashly-1 and 3 (Sarianidi 1976), and that they start in the last centuries of the third millennium BC." 2945:

25 metres by 25 metres. Each of these formidable structures has been extensively excavated. While they all have impressive fortification walls, gates, and buttresses, it is not always clear why one structure is identified as a temple and another as a palace.

2813: 2765: 4654: 2175:

Bertille Lyonnet consider there was a gap between the end of Namazga III phase and the beginning of BMAC in Margiana, and that most of the sites both in Margiana and Bactria were founded on virgin soil only around 2250 BC lasting until 1700 BC.

3581:

In contrast, Lamberg-Karlovsky did not see this as evidence that the complex originated in southeastern Iran. "The limited materials of this complex are intrusive in each of the sites on the Iranian Plateau as they are in sites of the Arabian

4084: : "The Oxus Civilization, also named the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (or Culture) (BMAC), developed in southern Central Asia during the Middle and Late Bronze Age and lasted for about half a millennium (ca. 2250–1700 BC)..." 3824:-related populations, at the end of Oxus Civilization. These Southern Central Asian Iron Age population derived around 57% of their ancestry from Western Steppe Herders (Andronovo) and c. 43% from the BMAC culture population. Modern day 2328:

of 1946, saw signs that people migrated to the region from central Iran at this time, bringing metallurgy and other innovations, but thought that the newcomers soon blended with the Jeitun farmers. (Vadim was the son of archaeologist

2745: 2829: 5306:

Kumar, Vikas; Bennett, E Andrew; Zhao, Dongyue; Liang, Yun; Tang, Yunpeng; Ren, Meng; Dai, Qinyan; Feng, Xiaotian; Cao, Peng; Yang, Ruowei; Liu, Feng; Ping, Wanjing; Zhang, Ming; Ding, Manyu; Yang, Melinda A (28 July 2021).

5244:

5072:

Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological considerations. Papers presented at an international symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki 8–10 January

3753:. Narasimshan et al. (2019) found no essential genetic contributions from the BMAC in later South Asians, suggesting that the Steppe-related ancestry was mediated via other groups. The male specimens belonged primarily to 2861: 5089: 2957:

The people of the BMAC culture were very proficient at working in a variety of metals including bronze, copper, silver, and gold. This is attested through the many metal artefacts found throughout the sites.

7190: 4162: 4111: 2954:, the type of fort known in this region in the historical period. They may be circular or rectangular and have up to three encircling walls. Within the forts are residential quarters, workshops and temples. 3637:

which can be plausibly identified with the original language of the BMAC. Moreover, Lubotsky points out a larger number of words apparently borrowed from the same language, which are only attested in

2873: 4671: 3481:

seal stamped with an elephant and Indus script found at Gonur-depe. The relationship between Altyn-Depe and the Indus Valley seems to have been particularly strong. Among the finds there were two

2733: 5501: 4595: 3844:, who harbour an additional component derived from an East Asian-like source "through several admixture events over the past ~2,000 years", absent from Iron Age Uzbeks and modern Europeans. 2420:

in south-eastern Iran contained pottery of the Altyn-Depe and Geoksiur type. Thus the farmers of Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan were connected by a scattering of farming settlements.

7322: 4118:"Northern Bactria (Southern Uzbekistan) has produced some monumental buildings, but nothing to rival the spectacular architectural or sepulchral finds of Margiana and Southern Bactria." 4101:"Taken together, our dates suggest a timeframe of ca. 1950-1800 cal. BCE for phases 1–2 of Tilla Bulak, and, by extension, for the Sapalli Culture phase LB Ia and the transition to Ib." 4032: 3567:

For example, Sarianidi advocated identifying the complex as Indo-Iranian, describing it as the result of a migration from southwestern Iran. Bactria–Margiana material has been found at

5109: 2440:, at the end of Late Regionalization Era (2800 to 2400 BC), the culture of the Kopet Dag oases in Altyn-Depe site developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to phase IV at 3535:

region, in excavations at defensive walls of Adji Kui 1, showed pastoralists present, and living on the edge of the town, as early as the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (

2807:

Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face); Barbier-Mueller Museum

2388:

Oasis. About 3500 BC, the cultural unity of the area split into two pottery styles: colourful in the west (Anau, Kara-Depe and Namazga-Depe) and more austere in the east at

9455: 5703: 2625:. With their impressive material culture including monumental architecture, bronze tools, ceramics, and jewellery of semiprecious stones, the complex exhibits many of the 3616: 2276:. At the late Neolithic site of Chagylly Depe, farmers increasingly grew the kinds of crops that are typically associated with irrigation in an arid environment, such as 2771:

Axe head; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; copper alloy; height: 2.8 cm, length: 7.2 cm, thickness: 1.8 cm, weight: 82.5 g; Metropolitan Museum of Art

8321: 7197: 5638:

Lubotsky, Alexander (2020). "What Language Was Spoken by the People of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex?". In Paul W. Kroll; Jonathan A. Silk (eds.).

2996: 101: 17: 5575:

CNRS, L'archéologie de la Bactriane ancienne, actes du colloque Franco-soviétique n° 20. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1985,

2392:

and the Geoksiur Oasis settlements. This may reflect the formation of two tribal groups. It seems that around 3000 BC, people from Geoksiur migrated into the

3873: 2851:

Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2500–1500; chlorite (dress and headdresses) and limestone (head, hands and a leg); height: 13.33 cm;

2460:, mainly in three regions, Kopet Dag piedmont, Margiana, and southern Bactria, as well as some cemetery remains recently found in southwestern Tajikistan. 2325: 9355: 2783:

Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC; grey chlorite (dress and headdresses) and calcite (face);

9919: 4719: 4179: 4073: 4247:

Atagarryev E., and Berdiev O.K., (1970). "The Archaeological Exploration of Turkmenistan in the Year of Soviet Power", East and West 20, pp. 285–306.

2264:, from c. 7200 to 4600 BC. The inhabitants were farmers with origins in southwest Asia, who kept herds of goats and sheep and grew wheat and barley. 9983: 9963: 7494: 4144:

Kaniuth, Kai, (2020). "Life in the Countryside: The rural archaeology of the Sapalli culture", in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.),

2933:

as the "capital" of the complex in Margiana throughout the Bronze Age. The palace of north Gonur measures 150 metres by 140 metres, the temple at

9973: 5751: 4979:

Kaniuth, Kai (2007). "The metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age Sappali Culture (southern Uzbekistan) and its implications for the 'tin question'".

4523:, I. B. Tauris, London-New York, p. 9, Table 1: "3200–2800 BC. Kopet Dag, Altyn Depe, Namazga III, late Chalcolithic. Late Regionalisation Era." 9988: 9978: 9066: 3952: 1996: 2436:, the Namazga III phase lasted (c. 3200–2800 BC) and showed a late Chalcolithic culture, at the beginning of Late Regionalization Era. In the 10013: 9993: 1960: 10003: 8897: 8314: 5606: 2377: 4585:, in A. Gubaev, G.A. Koshelenko, and M. Tosi (eds), The Archaeological Map of the Murghab Delta, Preliminary Reports 1990–95, Rome, p. 48. 3857: 3603:

tradition, but infiltrated by Indo-Iranian speakers from the Andronovo culture in its late phase, creating a hybrid. In this perspective,

8525: 2365: 2284:

period. This region is dotted with the multi-period hallmarks characteristic of the ancient Near East, similar to those southwest of the

4222: 9611: 8364: 7836: 6844: 4611:: "...Dashly 3 site consists of two complexes and its occupation is dated to the -late Bronze Age, (2300–1700 BCE) and the Iron Age..." 3832:

were found to be direct descendants of the Bronze and Iron Age Central Asian populations, deriving ancestry from both the Yamnaya-like

3002: 2385: 9661: 5007:"Who interacted with whom? redefining the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in Bronze Age southern Turkmenistan" 4476: 9056: 7062: 4152:"The Sapalli culture, the local northern Bactrian variant of the Oxus Civilization, flourished from the 20th to the 15th century BC." 2938: 4345:

Harris, D. R.; Gosden, C.; Charles, M. P. (1996). "Jeitun: Recent excavations at an early Neolithic site in Southern Turkmenistan".

3477:. Finds within BMAC sites provide further evidence of trade and cultural contacts. They include an Elamite-type cylinder seal and a 8282: 5006: 4621: 4293: 4052: 3448: 2147:, though contemporary with the main BMAC sites in Margiana, are only graveyards, with no urban developments associated with them. 10023: 10018: 10008: 9041: 8307: 7183: 5933: 2973:(known as the "Anau seal") with geometric markings from the BMAC site at Anau in Turkmenistan in 2000 led some to claim that the 2515:

Gonur phase was considered, by Sarianidi, as a southward movement of the previous Kelleli phase people. In the ancient region of

7164: 4596:"Manufacturing and trade of Asian elephant ivory in Bronze Age Middle Asia: Evidence from Gonur Depe (Margiana, Turkmenistan)" 9071: 5655: 4824:"The rise of bronze in Central Asia: new evidence for the origin of Bronze Age tin and copper from multi-analytical research" 4755: 4016: 2018: 1967: 1939: 52: 9968: 3556:

The Bactria–Margiana complex has attracted attention as a candidate for those looking for the material counterparts to the

818: 9749: 9172: 8482: 7119: 5744: 4163:"The Metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age Sapalli Culture (Southern Uzbekistan) and its implications for the 'tin question'" 4112:"The Metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age Sapalli Culture (Southern Uzbekistan) and its implications for the 'tin question'" 1924: 4546: 9651: 9167: 9076: 9046: 8369: 7114: 6115: 5529: 5486: 4444:

Masson, V. M. (1992). "The Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.).

4128: 2596: 1989: 1946: 877: 2257:(or Djeitun). In this region, mud brick houses were first occupied during the Early Food-Producing Era, also known as 9998: 9872: 9445: 9375: 9330: 9114: 8615: 6525: 5693: 5674: 5621: 5595: 5580: 5566: 5510: 4965: 4457: 4236:"A brief history of archaeological research in Turkmenistan from the beginning of the 20th century until the present" 4094: 210: 3511:, its waters were channelled for irrigation agriculture by people whose remains resemble those of the nomads of the 9360: 9320: 9182: 9031: 8890: 4553:"The excavations at Kelleli 3 and 4 have given the name 'Kelleli phase' to the first major occupation in Margiana." 3840:. These Iron Age Central Asians also displayed a higher genetic affinity to present-day Europeans than present-day 2852: 2836: 2601: 2528:

archaeologists from around 2400 to 1900 BC. However French and Russian scholars like Lyonnet and Dubova date it to

2337:

in 2010 found a distinct break in settlement history between the late neolithic and early chalcolithic eras there.

2324:. During this Copper Age, the population of the region grew. Archaeologist Vadim Mikhaĭlovich Masson, who led the 1953: 717: 4717:

Kirtcho, L. B. (2009). "The earliest wheeled transport in Southwestern Central Asia: new finds from Alteyn-Depe".

9435: 9214: 9157: 9109: 9081: 8966: 8961: 8518: 7124: 6394: 5774: 4689:"The Grand'Route of Khorasan (Great Khorasan Road) during the third millennium BC and the 'dark stone' artefacts" 4380:

Miller, Naomi F. (1999). "Agricultural development in western Central Asia in the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages".

228: 5684:

Sarianidi, V. I. (1995). "Soviet Excavations in Bactria: The Bronze Age". In Ligabue, G.; Salvatori, S. (eds.).

4503: 2867:

Vessel with guilloche pattern; 2000–1500; chlorite; 3.33 x 6.67 x 3.81 cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art

9895: 9604: 8926: 8685: 8330: 8259: 7159: 7104: 6354: 5737: 3865: 2380:. Settlements similar to the early level at Anau also appeared further east– in the ancient delta of the river 1809: 1584: 988: 5309:"Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan" 5247:"Genetic Continuity of Bronze Age Ancestry with Increased Steppe-Related Ancestry in Late Iron Age Uzbekistan" 9420: 9340: 9335: 9177: 9162: 9036: 7265: 6648: 6110: 3722: 2135:, but they are mostly graveyards belonging to the BMAC-related Sapalli culture. A single BMAC site, known as 1982: 1554: 823: 760: 561: 447: 3496:

There is evidence of sustained contact between the BMAC and the Eurasian steppes to the north, intensifying

9387: 9382: 9345: 9209: 9061: 8735: 7109: 3642: 1242: 745: 556: 551: 546: 441: 5424:

Narasimhan et al. (2019). File (aat7487_tables1-5.xlsx), Table S1, in Resources, "Supplementary Material."

9564: 9511: 9365: 9201: 9152: 8883: 8854: 8824: 8630: 8354: 5042:

Witzel, Michael (2003). "Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia".

3718: 2739:

Camel figurine; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BCE; copper alloy; 8.89 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

1559: 1054: 755: 634: 620: 601: 4268:"Review to: Masson, V. M., and V. I. Sarianidi. Central Asia: Turkmenia before the Achaemenids (1972)" 3515:. This is interpreted as nomads settling down to agriculture, after contact with the BMAC, known as the 9370: 9104: 8785: 8511: 7888: 7649: 6374: 2724: 897: 855: 455: 83: 9696: 9597: 8931: 8670: 8580: 8245: 7727: 7661: 7643: 7516: 6610: 5904: 4632:: "The oldest period (pre-2000 BC) is mainly identified in Margiana and probably also at...Dashly 3." 3725:. The samples extracted from the BMAC sites did not have derived any part of their ancestry from the 3466: 3272: 2046: 1599: 1564: 1237: 541: 5468:

Francfort, H.P. (1994), "The central Asian Dimension of the Symbolic System in Bactria and Margia",

4622:"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" 4313:

Hiebert, Fredrik Talmage (1994): Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization in Central Asia, p. 12

4294:"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" 4053:"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): an overview" 9877: 9491: 9460: 9281: 9140: 7733: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7688: 7631: 7304: 7057: 6630: 6344: 6334: 6329: 5924: 5914: 5879: 4642: 4608: 4563: 3749:, was characterised by a combination of BMAC and Yamnaya/WSH ancestries, and associated with early 3211: 1859: 1749: 1569: 1100: 932: 883: 779: 581: 536: 531: 451: 3617:

Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit § Language of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)

2704:(dress and headdresses) and limestone (face and neck); height: 17.3 cm, width: 16.1 cm; 9785: 9779: 9526: 9440: 9303: 9187: 9016: 8986: 8819: 8268: 7748: 7715: 7691: 7685: 7670: 7513: 7207: 7154: 7042: 6919: 6824: 6668: 6550: 5959: 5909: 5760: 4196: 4131:, in South Asian Archaeology 2007, Volume I, Prehistoric Periods, BAR International Series 2454, 3630: 3285: 3116: 1754: 1481: 591: 586: 576: 220: 5627: 4267: 2879:

Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; 2nd millennium BC; chlorite and calcite; Louvre

9759: 9557: 9550: 9474: 9450: 9403: 9350: 9026: 9021: 9011: 8996: 8918: 8910: 8441: 8105: 7706: 7697: 7640: 7575: 7560: 7134: 6894: 5919: 5854: 5455:

Francfort, H.P. (1991), "Note on some Bronze Age Petroglyphs of Upper Indus and Central Asia",

4789: 4688: 4582: 3833: 3786: 3734: 3047: 2784: 2700:

Female figurine of the "Bactrian princess" type; between 3rd millennium and 2nd millennium BC;

2034: 2014: 1744: 1716: 1500: 1402: 1168: 1014: 638: 476: 368: 307: 262: 202: 194: 2468:

BMAC's urban period begins in the Kopet Dag piedmont, as per Massimo Vidale, corresponding to

2333:, who had previously already started work in this same area.) By contrast, a re-excavation of 2083:. The civilisation's urban phase or Integration Era, was dated in 2010 by Sandro Salvatori to 9691: 9521: 9506: 9430: 9425: 9276: 9051: 8451: 7994: 7985: 7679: 7655: 7510: 6969: 6944: 6854: 6485: 6319: 3352: 3239: 2487:

with its maximum size of c. 25 hectares and 7–10,000 inhabitants, were the two big cities in

2245:

There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the well-watered northern foothills of the

1891: 1720: 628: 624: 609: 605: 4693:

The Iranian Plateau during the Bronze Age: Development of urbanisation, production and trade

4533: 4520: 4280: 4033:"Thinking Around Grave 3245 in the 'Royal Graveyard' of Gonur (Murghab Delta, Turkmenistan)" 4006: 2600:

Bird-headed man with snakes; 2000–1500 BC; bronze; 7.30 cm; from Northern Afghanistan;

9905: 9769: 9764: 9641: 9573: 9501: 9293: 9120: 9006: 8770: 8700: 8278: 7991: 6904: 6751: 6286: 6084: 5138: 5044: 4923: 4473: 4389: 4095:"The Late Bronze Age Settlement of Tilla Bulak (Uzbekistan): A Summary of Four Years' Work" 3790: 3782: 3754: 3730: 3681:) with ancient (colour) and modern (grey) populations. Primary Component Analysis (detail). 3638: 3561: 3551: 2626: 2555:

New archaeological research has recently found at three ancient cemeteries in southwestern

2053: 2042: 1837: 1802: 1115: 798: 750: 687: 657: 615: 595: 459: 313: 2835:

Handled weight; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC; chlorite; 25.08 x 19.69 x 4.45 cm;

2491:

piedmont. This urban development is considered to have lasted, not from 2400 BC, but from

983: 8: 9847: 9842: 9496: 8695: 8625: 8585: 8565: 8344: 8000: 7997: 7948: 7652: 7507: 7144: 7078: 6934: 6359: 6349: 6079: 6004: 5435:"Genetic Continuity of Indo-Iranian Speakers Since the Iron Age in Southern Central Asia" 3607:

developed within the composite culture before moving south into the Indian subcontinent.

2823:; height: 12 cm, width: 13.3 cm, depth: 4.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art 2301: 1110: 1105: 1001: 925: 890: 813: 803: 662: 363: 358: 327: 70:

Female statuette, an example of a "Bactrian princess"; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC;

5142: 4393: 3925: 3693:

In 2019, Narasimhan and co-authors analysed BMAC skeletons from the Bronze Age sites of

2719:

Axe with eagle-headed demon & animals; late 3rd millennium-early 2nd millennium BC;

2444:. Altyn-Depe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown. 9724: 9578: 9126: 8991: 8849: 8844: 8595: 8446: 8191: 7988: 7533: 7527: 7299: 7094: 7047: 6914: 6829: 6814: 6771: 6726: 6590: 6379: 6165: 6054: 6014: 5939: 5784: 5402: 5369: 5341: 5308: 5279: 5246: 5218: 5193: 5169: 5126: 4885: 4405: 4362: 3694: 3634: 3626: 3516: 3226: 2581: 2404:. In both areas pottery typical of Geoksiur was in use. In Transoxiana they settled at 2373: 2305: 2233:

is derived from the Ancient Greek: Βακτριανή (Romanized Greek term: Baktrianē) (modern

2161: 2050: 2038: 1816: 1767: 1701: 1685: 1310: 963: 702: 388: 293: 288: 5548:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

2950:

points out that the BMAC fortified settlements such as Gonur and Togolok resemble the

2396:

delta (where small, scattered settlements appeared) and reached further east into the

9867: 9832: 8976: 8760: 8755: 8710: 8660: 8605: 8600: 8570: 8218: 7979: 7530: 7444: 7335: 7149: 6258: 6100: 6074: 6069: 5969: 5954: 5844: 5839: 5809: 5789: 5689: 5670: 5651: 5617: 5591: 5576: 5562: 5525: 5506: 5482: 5434: 5407: 5389: 5346: 5328: 5284: 5266: 5223: 5174: 5156: 4889: 4751: 4453: 4366: 4012: 3798: 3794: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3658: 3512: 3365: 3339: 3075: 3060: 2904: 2453: 2166:

in the first half of 1970s, slightly before Sarianidi labelled the findings as BMAC.

2022: 1830: 1796: 1788: 1732: 1726: 1708: 1679: 1658: 1644: 1636: 1406: 1267: 1207: 1189: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1087: 1082: 911: 774: 423: 416: 409: 395: 381: 341: 320: 257: 249: 5067: 4409: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3745:

towards Southern Central Asia at c. 2100 BCE. Succeeding cultures, specifically the

9958: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9719: 9656: 9636: 9620: 9001: 8941: 8834: 8829: 8775: 8740: 8705: 8690: 8640: 8620: 8610: 8575: 8560: 8215: 8033: 7795: 7229: 7139: 7067: 6688: 6575: 6384: 6369: 6218: 6064: 6024: 5979: 5964: 5643: 5397: 5381: 5336: 5320: 5274: 5258: 5213: 5205: 5164: 5146: 4988: 4875: 4867: 4835: 4801: 4728: 4397: 4354: 3947: 3877: 3802: 3770: 3604: 3432: 3417: 3404: 3313: 2630: 2437: 2155: 2090:–1950 BC, but a different view is held by Nadezhda A. Dubova and Bertille Lyonnet, 1824: 1774: 1591: 1397: 1285: 1225: 1202: 1145: 1140: 1077: 1064: 1059: 1049: 722: 335: 283: 275: 268: 169: 5642:. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 151. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 5–11. 4790:"Les représentations portraitistes des donateurs laïcs dans l'imagerie bouddhique" 3737:

ancestry, inline with the southwards expansion of Western Steppe Herders from the

9754: 9744: 8946: 8765: 8680: 8665: 8650: 8299: 8203: 7954: 7829: 7673: 7625: 7522: 7450: 7418: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7254: 7175: 7129: 7072: 7012: 7002: 6964: 6706: 6399: 6198: 6155: 6137: 5974: 5944: 5849: 5824: 5779: 5704:

Apāṁ Napāt, Dīrghatamas and Construction of the Brick Altar. Analysis of RV 1.143

5551: 4507: 4480: 4332: 4038: 3714: 3470: 3185: 3172: 3159: 2638: 2457: 2413: 2397: 2277: 2100:

Though it may be called the "Oxus civilization", apparently centred on the upper

1905: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1845: 1781: 1760: 1738: 1323: 1212: 1135: 1044: 977: 918: 784: 516: 501: 491: 486: 402: 374: 8675: 4858:

Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (2002). "Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranians".

2523:

is the largest of all settlements in this period and is located at the delta of

9701: 9486: 9415: 8981: 8839: 8809: 8780: 8715: 8477: 8390: 8185: 8145: 8131: 7801: 7502: 7471: 7089: 7052: 6874: 6809: 6683: 6535: 6520: 6490: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6208: 6059: 6049: 6009: 5794: 5151: 4915: 4840: 4823: 4732: 4208:

See Sarianidi, V. I. 1976. "Issledovanija pamjatnikov Dashlyiskogo Oazisa," in

3986: 3778: 3622: 3524: 3391: 3146: 3103: 2896: 2701: 2564: 2330: 2208: 1650: 1517: 1392: 950: 904: 872: 808: 299: 75: 5647: 4474:"A-II Spatial Effects of Technological Innovations and Changing Ways of Life," 4358: 3733:, although some peripheral samples did already carry significant Yamnaya-like 9952: 9934: 9921: 9809: 9219: 8971: 8936: 8814: 8750: 8745: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8645: 8456: 8224: 8170: 8125: 7966: 7924: 7789: 7611: 7578: 7474: 7468: 7354: 7281: 7084: 7037: 6929: 6761: 6746: 6678: 6437: 6203: 6175: 6160: 6120: 6019: 5874: 5859: 5814: 5496: 5393: 5332: 5324: 5270: 5262: 5160: 3837: 3774: 3750: 3705:, and Sappali Tepe. The BMAC population largely derived from preceding local 3572: 3557: 3532: 3453:

The Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) and contemporary cultures

3326: 3300: 3198: 3131: 2970: 2947: 2524: 2417: 2393: 2334: 2117: 2030: 1910: 1374: 1290: 1007: 865: 727: 481: 5385: 5209: 4992: 4805: 4270:, in The American Historical Review, Volume 80, Issue 2, April 1975, p. 375. 3542:-1960 BC), coexisting with the BMAC population that lived in the 'citadel.' 697: 9796: 8956: 8544: 8420: 8405: 8359: 8221: 8209: 8177: 8153: 8137: 8134: 8122: 8119: 8116: 8086: 7936: 7894: 7745: 7736: 7658: 7581: 7572: 7462: 7007: 6974: 6954: 6859: 6766: 6721: 6698: 6615: 6510: 6427: 6417: 6309: 6044: 6039: 6029: 5989: 5929: 5894: 5819: 5559:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

5411: 5350: 5288: 5227: 5178: 3975: 3910: 3813: 3474: 2646: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2480: 2469: 2441: 2369: 2357: 2313: 2281: 2151: 2113: 2076: 2072: 1529: 1367: 841: 712: 511: 506: 496: 132: 128: 5729: 4235: 3610: 64: 9814: 9628: 9516: 9086: 8951: 8906: 8635: 8487: 8415: 8233: 8230: 8182: 8112: 8055: 7951: 7942: 7897: 7882: 7873: 7867: 7742: 7709: 7667: 7637: 7634: 7601: 7569: 7453: 7099: 7032: 6984: 6949: 6924: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6869: 6864: 6819: 6799: 6791: 6620: 6605: 6555: 6545: 6500: 6457: 6233: 6228: 6193: 5994: 5949: 5889: 5720:

Black Sands – A documentary about the Gonur Tepe archaeological site

5707: 3957: 3861: 3746: 3587: 3029: 2988: 2961:

Extensive irrigation systems have been discovered at the Geoksiur Oasis.

2908: 2792: 2720: 2650: 2401: 2381: 2345: 2216: 2184: 2140: 2026: 1505: 1491: 1455: 1163: 136: 5550:, pp. 347–375, 2003, Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), 4655:"The formation of the Оxus Civilization/BMAC in southwestern Tajikistan" 3599:

Anthony (2007) sees the culture as begun by farmers in the Near Eastern

692: 9824: 9734: 9666: 9244: 9239: 8875: 8795: 8552: 8534: 8492: 8425: 8227: 8149: 8092: 8074: 7960: 7957: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7918: 7876: 7864: 7858: 7843: 7810: 7798: 7774: 7753: 7712: 7703: 7700: 7694: 7676: 7646: 7566: 7477: 7384: 6979: 6804: 6736: 6731: 6658: 6640: 6600: 6585: 6565: 6530: 6515: 6477: 6467: 6452: 6442: 6409: 6296: 6223: 5999: 5899: 5829: 5719: 5110:"Horse domestication history in Turkmenistan and other regions of Asia" 4401: 3915: 3900: 3882: 3817: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3685: 3654: 3576: 2930: 2684: 2679:

Fertility goddesses, named "Bactrian princesses", made from limestone,

2614: 2556: 2520: 2484: 2433: 2389: 2349: 2321: 2144: 2132: 2121: 2069: 2009: 1468: 1382: 1260: 1025: 140: 6183: 4880: 9711: 9254: 8472: 8410: 8039: 8023: 7969: 7915: 7885: 7879: 7870: 7855: 7849: 7739: 7682: 7664: 7465: 7363: 6899: 6849: 6781: 6716: 6663: 6653: 6625: 6560: 6505: 6495: 6432: 6422: 6268: 6145: 6105: 6034: 5884: 5725:

Sarianidi archaeological expedition at Gonur Tepe archaeological site

4500: 3981: 3942: 3937: 3920: 3895: 3829: 3821: 3600: 3504: 3490: 3486: 2900: 2585: 2488: 2483:

reaching c. 52 hectares and holding maybe 17–20,000 inhabitants, and

2429: 2409: 2309: 2285: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2250: 2246: 2101: 1671: 1448: 1440: 1433: 1426: 1412: 1280: 79: 8141: 5686:

Bactria: An ancient oasis civilization from the sands of Afghanistan

4772: 2921: 9804: 9729: 9686: 9676: 9646: 9589: 9531: 9264: 9249: 9224: 8866: 8655: 8400: 8071: 8061: 8043: 7933: 7891: 7852: 7846: 7807: 7804: 7771: 7721: 7604: 7459: 7456: 7372: 7369: 7249: 7234: 6959: 6939: 6540: 6364: 6278: 6213: 5984: 4871: 3809: 3669: 3508: 2978: 2942: 2820: 2752: 2680: 2634: 2516: 2220: 2192: 2109: 2068:) is the modern archaeological designation for a particular Middle 1614: 1605: 1496: 1297: 1272: 1176: 667: 243: 150: 71: 7436: 7424: 5522:

The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

5366: 5191: 3673:

Genetic proximity of the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (

9739: 9681: 9315: 9234: 8064: 7972: 7927: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7777: 7595: 7400: 7389: 7360: 7239: 6839: 6834: 6776: 6711: 6595: 6580: 6447: 6324: 6314: 6263: 5869: 4521:

Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia

4008:

Treasures from the Oxus: The Art and Civilization of Central Asia

3726: 3482: 3478: 3038: 2982: 2974: 2934: 2892: 2759:, gold and iron; height: 10.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art 2756: 2642: 2560: 2544: 2353: 2317: 2229: 2196: 2131:–1450 BC) sites in northern Bactria, currently known as southern 2105: 1664: 1628: 1621: 1419: 1039: 672: 154: 4485:

Reports of the Research Groups at the Topoi Plenary Session 2010

2891:

Seated Goddess, an example of a "Bactrian princess", Bronze Age

2819:

Beaker with birds on the rim; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC;

2629:. The complex can be compared to proto-urban settlements in the 2613:

The inhabitants of the BMAC were sedentary people who practised

9269: 9259: 9229: 8395: 8188: 8157: 8067: 8036: 8030: 8007: 7909: 7903: 7861: 7765: 7587: 7547: 7412: 7366: 7244: 6741: 6673: 6304: 6238: 6150: 5864: 3905: 3841: 3825: 3520: 3378: 3012: 2788: 2705: 2622: 2405: 2340: 2289: 2265: 2258: 2254: 2188: 1387: 1341: 860: 677: 108: 5370:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 5194:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 4853: 4851: 4097:, in South Asian Archaeology and Art 2012, Volume 1, Brepols, 3836:

and BMAC groups, and showing genetic continuity to historical

2941:

3 125 metres by 125 metres, and the house of a local ruler at

2203:, in modern-day southeastern Turkmenistan. It was then called 9774: 9671: 9325: 8503: 8128: 7963: 7945: 6570: 6462: 6389: 6339: 6188: 5834: 5665:

Sarianidi, V. I. (1994). "Preface". In Hiebert, F. T. (ed.).

3969: 3254: 2618: 2234: 1486: 1360: 1354: 1336: 707: 682: 5667:

Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization of Central Asia

5075:. Helsinki, Finland: Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 301–317. 4547:

Origins of the Bronze Age Oasis Civilization in Central Asia

3560:(Aryans), a major linguistic branch that split off from the 9286: 8385: 7816: 7540: 7406: 7395: 7378: 6994: 6756: 5804: 5127:"The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies" 4848: 3568: 3263: 3020: 2951: 2200: 1878: 5724: 5020: 4896: 4483:

in Friederike Fless, Gerd Graßhoff, Michael Meyer (eds.),

4223:"In Ruin, Symbols on a Stone Hint at a Lost Asian Culture" 2895:, Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex, circa 2000 BC. 2139:, lies in southern Bactria, current territory of northern 4942: 2751:

Monstrous male figure; late 3rd–early 2nd millennium BC;

2108:, most of the BMAC's urban sites are actually located in 3586:

Mallory/Adams (1997) associated the Andronovo, BMAC and

5125:

Zhang, Fan; Ning, Chao; Scott, Ashley (November 2021).

4930: 4698: 4416: 3611:

Possible evidence for a BMAC substratum in Indo-Iranian

2498:

to 1700 BC by Lyonnet and Dubova's recent publication.

2452:

The height of the urban development was reached in the

44: 2989:

Archaeological interactions with neighbouring cultures

5305: 5243: 5009:, in: Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A Dubova (eds.), 4624:, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), 4296:, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), 4182:, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), 4076:, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), 4055:, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.), 2447: 2049:

cultures are candidates for cultures associated with

4620:

Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b).

4577: 4575: 4292:

Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b).

4178:

Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a).

4072:

Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020a).

4051:

Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020b).

3820:

confirm the admixture between local BMAC groups and

3485:

seals and ivory objects. The Harappan settlement of

2326:

South Turkmenistan Complex Archaeological Expedition

27:

c. 2250–1700 BC Central Asian archaeological culture

4450:

The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BCE

4344: 4129:"A new Late Bronze Age site in Southern Uzbekistan" 8329: 7205: 4720:Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 3545: 5090:"The Oxus Civilization and the northern steppes" 4857: 4572: 2372:. In addition, there were smaller settlements at 9950: 5061: 5059: 5614:Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European 4959: 4957: 2312:piedmont region from 4600 to 4000 BC, then the 8350:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) 5472:, vol. 28, no. 259, pp. 406–418 5124: 5037: 5035: 9605: 8891: 8519: 8315: 7191: 5745: 5362: 5360: 5192:Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (2019). 5056: 4598:in Archaeological Research in Asia 15, p. 15. 2463: 2308:IA with a pre-Chalcolithic phase also in the 1990: 5556: 5495: 5026: 4954: 4902: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 3723:hunter-gatherers from Western Siberia (WSHG) 3489:in Northern Afghanistan on the banks of the 2364:Major chalcolithic settlements sprang up at 2143:. Sites found further east, in southwestern 7498:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5759: 5032: 4745: 2423: 2240: 2219:. The region was also mentioned in ancient 9901: 9891: 9612: 9598: 8898: 8884: 8526: 8512: 8322: 8308: 7198: 7184: 5752: 5738: 5588:Aryas, Aryens et Iraniens en Asie Centrale 5357: 5104: 5102: 2608: 2550: 2501: 1997: 1983: 1961:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 7063:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 5683: 5664: 5467: 5454: 5401: 5340: 5278: 5217: 5168: 5150: 5084: 5082: 4914: 4879: 4839: 4428: 4195:Vassar College WordPress, (10 May 2017). 2567:), and Darnajchi, ceramics influenced by 50:The extent of the BMAC (according to the 8905: 5637: 5616:. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. 5604: 5524:. Oxford University Press Incorporated. 5065: 4446:History of civilizations of Central Asia 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4234:Kurbanov, Aydogdy, (14 September 2018). 3856: 3684: 3668: 2920: 2595: 2510: 2412:. To the south the foundation layers of 2339: 2316:period develops from 4000 to 2800 BC in 2272:period in the northern foothills of the 2169: 2013:Archaeological cultures associated with 2008: 9984:Archaeological cultures in Turkmenistan 9964:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia 9838:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9097: 9032:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 8276: 7318:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 6910:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 5800:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 5669:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 5585: 5519: 5099: 4978: 4716: 4186:, Routledge, London and New York, p. 1. 3590:with Indo-Iranian migrations, writing, 2150:The civilisation was named BMAC by the 2124:mountain range. There are a few later ( 2062:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 33:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 18:Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex 14: 9974:Archaeological cultures in Afghanistan 9951: 8214: 8167: 8102: 8042:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) 7334: 7296: 7262: 7165:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 5433:Guarino-Vignon, Perle, et al. (2022). 5079: 5041: 4821: 4774:Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM 4443: 4379: 4347:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 4004: 3493:probably served as a trading station. 3465:BMAC materials have been found in the 3402: 2937:140 metres by 100 metres, the fort at 2295: 2280:, which became predominant during the 2237:), which came from the Sanskrit term. 9989:Archaeological cultures in Uzbekistan 9979:Archaeological cultures in Tajikistan 9593: 8879: 8507: 8303: 8265: 8242: 8200: 8083: 8052: 8020: 8004: 7976: 7826: 7814: 7786: 7622: 7592: 7585: 7545: 7538: 7434: 7404: 7393: 7376: 7344: 7316: 7314: 7179: 5733: 5502:Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture 5239: 5237: 5120: 5118: 4817: 4815: 4787: 4316: 3389: 3376: 3363: 3350: 3337: 3324: 3311: 3298: 3283: 3270: 3237: 3224: 3209: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3129: 3114: 3101: 3088: 3058: 3045: 3000: 2969:The discovery of a single tiny stone 2183:The region was first named Bakhdi in 1968:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1940:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 53:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 10014:Archaeological sites in Turkmenistan 9994:Archaeological sites in Central Asia 9619: 8212:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili 5476: 4948: 4936: 4704: 4422: 4382:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 3709:peoples who were in turn related to 3430: 3415: 3261: 3252: 3073: 3036: 3027: 3018: 2688:role, pacifying the untamed forces. 10004:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan 8483:Indo-Scythians in Indian literature 7120:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 4770: 4489:eTopoi: Journal for Ancient Studies 4221:John Noble Wilford, (13 May 2001). 3864:bowl fragment, 3rd millennium BCE, 2591: 2538: 1925:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 9652:List of Paleolithic sites in China 7835: 7493: 7435: 7266:Chronology of the Neolithic period 7115:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 6116:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 5540: 5439:Scientific Reports 12, Article 733 5234: 5115: 5108:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, (2021). 5094:The World of the Oxus Civilization 5011:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4920:Remarks on the Anau and Niyä Seals 4812: 4676:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4659:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4653:Vinogradova, Natal'ja M., (2020). 4628:, Routledge, London and New York, 4626:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4545:Hiebert, Fredrik Talmage, (1984). 4300:, Routledge, London and New York, 4298:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4184:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4148:, Routledge, London and New York, 4146:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4080:, Routledge, London and New York, 4078:The World of the Oxus Civilization 4059:, Routledge, London and New York, 4057:The World of the Oxus Civilization 3528:the Tazabagyab-Andronovo culture. 2448:Integration Era: Oxus Civilization 2344:Altyn-Depe location on the modern 1947:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 10035: 9873:List of Bronze Age sites in China 7840:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 6526:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 5713: 5586:Fussman, G.; et al. (2005). 4966:The Horse, the Wheel and Language 4672:"The 'classical Vakhsh culture'" 2656:Models of two-wheeled carts from 2348:map as well as location of other 9900: 9890: 8277: 7423: 7321: 5612:. In Carpelan, Christian (ed.). 5479:The Making of Bronze Age Eurasia 5070:. In Carpelan, Christian (ed.). 4926:. Vol. 124. pp. 35–47. 4212:, vol. 1. Moscow: Akademia Nauk. 4005:Vidale, Massimo (21 June 2017). 3729:people, who are associated with 3011: 2995: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2853:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 2844: 2837:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 2828: 2812: 2800: 2776: 2764: 2744: 2732: 2712: 2693: 2602:Los Angeles County Museum of Art 2268:has given its name to the whole 2195:(perhaps from the Sumerian term 2187:, which then formed the Persian 2029:have often been associated with 1954:Journal of Indo-European Studies 718:Bible translations into Armenian 209: 107: 100: 63: 43: 9436:Opium production in Afghanistan 8283:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East 7125:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 6395:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 5499:; Adams, D. Q. (1997). "BMAC". 5427: 5418: 5313:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5299: 5251:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5185: 4999: 4972: 4908: 4781: 4764: 4739: 4710: 4687:Francfort, Henri-Paul, (2019). 4681: 4664: 4647: 4635: 4614: 4601: 4588: 4556: 4539: 4526: 4513: 4494: 4466: 4373: 4338: 4307: 4286: 4273: 4260: 4250: 4241: 4228: 4215: 4202: 4189: 4172: 3675: 3546:Relationship with Indo-Iranians 2916: 229:List of Indo-European languages 10024:Unclassified languages of Asia 10019:23rd-century BC establishments 10009:Ancient history of Afghanistan 8686:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 8533: 8331:Ancient India and Central Asia 8260:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 7160:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 7105:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 5481:. Cambridge University Press. 4155: 4138: 4121: 4104: 4087: 4066: 4025: 3998: 3866:National Museum of Afghanistan 13: 1: 6111:Silk Road transmission of art 5112:, in MIRAS 1 (81), pp. 22–24. 5068:"The Indo-Iranian substratum" 3992: 3717:and to a lesser extent early 3536: 3497: 3454: 2665: 2657: 2576:located on the right bank of 2529: 2492: 2473: 2125: 2091: 2084: 1555:Proto-Indo-European mythology 824:Paleolithic continuity theory 116:Shown within Continental Asia 9356:Current provincial governors 9210:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 8736:South-Western Iberian Bronze 8379:Historical peoples and clans 8365:Genetics and archaeogenetics 7110:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 5505:. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 5066:Lubotsky, Alexander (2001). 5005:Cerasetti, Barbara, (2020). 4583:"The Bronze Age in Margiana" 3643:substratum in Vedic Sanskrit 3641:and therefore evidence of a 2199:), the capital of which was 2178: 1243:Northern Black Polished Ware 442:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 9969:Bronze Age cultures of Asia 9725:Early Neolithic settlements 8355:Indo-Aryan migration theory 5561:. Oxford University Press. 5552:google books (fully online) 5088:Bonora, Gian Luca, (2020). 4746:Fortenberry, Diane (2017). 4581:Salvatori, Sandro, (1998). 4031:Salvatori, Sandro, (2010). 3963: 3664: 2981:complex had also developed 2637:in western Afghanistan and 1560:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 10: 10040: 9517:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 9456:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 8786:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 8338:Archaeology and prehistory 8070:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman 7327: 7276:(Eastern migration of the 7275: 5447: 5152:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 4841:10.3389/feart.2023.1224873 4828:Frontiers in Earth Science 4788:Tarzi, Zémaryalaï (2009). 4777:. Miho Museum. p. 45. 4733:10.1016/j.aeae.2009.05.003 4491:, Special Volume 1 (2011). 4472:Reinhard Bernbeck et al., 4266:Levine, Louis D., (1975). 3757:, specifically J* (3/26), 3614: 3549: 2964: 2725:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2683:and clay reflect agrarian 2464:Kopet Dag, Namazga V phase 856:Domestication of the horse 84:Metropolitan Museum of Art 9886: 9823: 9795: 9710: 9627: 9544: 9482: 9473: 9411: 9402: 9311: 9302: 9200: 9148: 9139: 8932:Indus Valley civilisation 8917: 8863: 8794: 8671:Indus Valley Civilisation 8581:Armorican Tumulus culture 8551: 8541: 8465: 8434: 8378: 8337: 8256: 8246:Muslim conquest of Persia 8197: 8164: 8099: 8080: 8049: 8017: 7823: 7783: 7762: 7759: 7752: 7557: 7486: 7431: 7351: 7298: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7243: 7214: 7025: 6993: 6790: 6697: 6639: 6611:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 6476: 6408: 6295: 6277: 6174: 6136: 6129: 6093: 5767: 5708:homepage of Laszlo Forizs 5648:10.1163/9789004438200_003 5607:"Indo-Iranian substratum" 4678:, Routledge, pp. 698–733. 4532:Vidale, Massimo, (2017). 4519:Vidale, Massimo, (2017). 4359:10.1017/S0079497X00002863 4331:Vidale, Massimo, (2017). 4165:, in Iranica Antiqua 42, 4114:, in Iranica Antiqua 42, 4011:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3648: 3467:Indus Valley civilisation 2671:was found at Altyn-Depe. 2664:cart drawn by a camel of 2627:hallmarks of civilisation 2320:I-III, Ilgynly Depe, and 1565:Historical Vedic religion 842:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 184: 176: 165: 160: 146: 124: 95: 37: 9999:Bronze Age sites in Asia 9878:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 9153:Administrative divisions 8466:Mythology and literature 7058:Mogao Christian painting 6631:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 6345:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 6335:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 5702:Forizs, L. (2016, 2003) 5640:At the Shores of the Sky 5477:Kohl, Philip L. (2007). 5027:Mallory & Adams 1997 4903:Mallory & Adams 1997 4641:Eduljee, K. E., (2005). 4607:Eduljee, K. E., (2005). 4594:Frenez, Dennys, (2018). 4562:Eduljee, K. E., (2005). 4549:, Peabody Museum Press, 3847: 3812:samples from modern-day 2424:Late Regionalization Era 2241:Early Food-Producing Era 1570:Ancient Iranian religion 933:Novotitarovskaya culture 780:Indo-European migrations 9786:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 9780:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 9662:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 9017:Second Anglo-Afghan War 8987:Third Battle of Panipat 8631:Deverel–Rimbury culture 8269:Second Turkic Khaganate 7155:Saksanokhur gold buckle 7043:Hephthalite silver bowl 6920:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 5960:Second Turkic Khaganate 5761:History of Central Asia 5386:10.1126/science.aat7487 5210:10.1126/science.aat7487 4993:10.2143/IA.42.0.2017869 4822:Berger, Daniel (2023). 4806:10.3406/ktema.2009.1754 4750:. Phaidon. p. 66. 4695:, Archéologies, p. 262. 4534:Treasures from the Oxus 4501:Monjukli Depe artefacts 4479:10 October 2017 at the 4333:Treasures from the Oxus 4281:Treasures from the Oxus 4279:Vidale, Massimo, 2017. 2641:in eastern Iran, or at 2609:Agriculture and economy 2551:Southwestern Tajikistan 2502:Margiana, Kelleli phase 2015:Indo-Iranian migrations 1071:Northern/Eastern Steppe 131:, mainly in modern-day 9896:Archaeological periods 9087:Second Islamic Emirate 9027:Kingdom of Afghanistan 9022:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9012:First Anglo-Afghan War 8997:Emirate of Afghanistan 8947:Yabghus of Tokharistan 8442:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 8106:First Turkic Khaganate 7841: 7561:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 7499: 7440: 7250:Trans-Jaxartes steppes 7135:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 6895:Alexandria Prophthasia 5920:First Turkic Khaganate 5855:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 5520:Parpola, Asko (2015). 5325:10.1093/molbev/msab216 5263:10.1093/molbev/msab216 4670:Teufer, Mike, (2020). 4161:Kaniuth, Kai, (2007). 4127:Kaniuth, Kai, (2013). 4110:Kaniuth, Kai, (2007). 4093:Kaniuth, Kai, (2016). 3869: 3834:Western Steppe Herders 3735:Western Steppe Herders 3690: 3689:BMAC genetic profiles. 3682: 3629:, there is a proposed 3597: 3503:. In the delta of the 2926: 2785:Barbier-Mueller Museum 2723:; length: 15 cm; 2702:chlorite mineral group 2674: 2605: 2361: 2057: 1542:Religion and mythology 1501:Medieval Scandinavians 792:Alternative and fringe 9935:37.30111°N 64.15531°E 9692:South Asian Stone Age 9067:First Islamic Emirate 8452:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 7839: 7497: 7439: 6945:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 6320:Karsakpay inscription 5775:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 5605:Lubotsky, A. (2001). 5590:. Paris: de Boccard. 5557:Edwin Bryant (2001). 3860: 3688: 3672: 3592: 3507:where it reaches the 2924: 2599: 2580:river, very near the 2511:Margiana, Gonur phase 2343: 2278:hexaploid bread wheat 2170:Origin and chronology 2012: 1892:Indo-European studies 1255:Peoples and societies 166:Excavation dates 129:Southern Central Asia 9770:Neolithic South Asia 9765:Neolithic Revolution 9642:Japanese Paleolithic 9173:Environmental issues 9121:Graveyard of empires 9110:Arabs in Afghanistan 8701:Mumun pottery period 8370:History of the horse 7208:Ancient Central Asia 6752:Kutlug Timur Minaret 6287:Noin-Ula burial site 6085:Chinese Central Asia 5457:Pakistan Archaeology 5096:, Routledge, p. 749. 5045:Sino-Platonic Papers 4924:Sino-Platonic Papers 4860:Current Anthropology 4506:29 June 2017 at the 4225:, in New York Times. 3731:Proto-Indo-Europeans 3562:Proto-Indo-Europeans 3552:Indo-Aryan migration 3531:New research in the 3449:class=notpageimage| 2223:texts as बाह्लीक or 2079:, also known as the 799:Anatolian hypothesis 751:Proto-Indo-Europeans 658:Hittite inscriptions 203:Indo-European topics 172:(late 1960s to 1979) 137:northern Afghanistan 9931: / 9848:Bronze Age Caucasus 9843:Bronze Age Anatolia 9127:Wars in Afghanistan 9047:Democratic Republic 8696:Minoan civilization 8626:Deer stones culture 8586:Atlantic Bronze Age 8566:Aegean civilization 8345:Proto-Indo-Iranians 7949:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 7145:Siberian Ice Maiden 6935:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 6350:Petrovka settlement 6080:Soviet Central Asia 6005:Great Seljuq Empire 5143:2021Natur.599..256Z 4939:, pp. 196–199. 4707:, pp. 186–187. 4425:, pp. 189–190. 4394:1999VegHA...8...13M 3765:(7/26), as well as 2416:on the bank of the 2302:Regionalization Era 2296:Regionalization Era 1055:Multi-cordoned ware 926:Mikhaylovka culture 814:Indigenous Aryanism 804:Armenian hypothesis 663:Hieroglyphic Luwian 34: 9940:37.30111; 64.15531 9735:Trialetian culture 9446:Telecommunications 9416:Afghani (currency) 9331:Leadership Council 9115:European influence 8992:Dost Mohammad Khan 8927:Pre-Islamic period 8845:Leyla-Tepe culture 8802:and Transcaucasia) 8616:Chinese Bronze Age 8596:Bronze Age Britain 8447:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8192:Tong Yabghu Qaghan 7842: 7500: 7489:Hellenistic Period 7441: 7300:Afanasievo culture 7095:Buddhas of Bamiyan 7048:Chilek silver bowl 6915:Buddhas of Bamiyan 6591:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 6380:Talapty Settlement 6166:Filippovka kurgans 6055:Khanate of Bukhara 6015:Khwarazmian Empire 5940:Ikhshids of Sogdia 5785:Afanasievo culture 5688:. Venice: Erizzo. 5441:, 14 January 2022. 5204:(6457): eaat7487. 4969:(2007), pp.452–56. 4402:10.1007/BF02042837 3870: 3743:Andronovo cultures 3691: 3683: 3653:In excavations at 3635:Proto-Indo-Iranian 3627:Alexander Lubotsky 3523:cemeteries of the 3517:Tazabagyab culture 2929:Sarianidi regards 2927: 2925:BMAC bronze tools. 2606: 2582:Indus Civilization 2384:, the site of the 2362: 2227:. The modern term 2162:The New York Times 2120:delta, and in the 2058: 635:Proto-Indo-Iranian 621:Proto-Balto-Slavic 602:Proto-Italo-Celtic 32: 9914: 9913: 9868:Bronze Age Levant 9833:Andronovo culture 9740:Nemrikian culture 9587: 9586: 9540: 9539: 9469: 9468: 9398: 9397: 9361:Foreign relations 9196: 9195: 9135: 9134: 9037:Saqqawist Emirate 8977:Siege of Kandahar 8873: 8872: 8756:Terramare culture 8711:Nordic Bronze Age 8661:Hallstatt culture 8606:Canegrate culture 8601:Bronze Age Europe 8571:Andronovo culture 8501: 8500: 8297: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8219:Irbis Bolun Cabgu 7980:Kushano-Sasanians 7445:Achaemenid Empire 7336:Andronovo Culture 7173: 7172: 7150:Ai-Khanoum plaque 7021: 7020: 6825:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 6101:Central Asian art 6075:Russian Turkestan 6070:Chinese Turkestan 5970:Abbasid Caliphate 5934:Anxi Protectorate 5880:Kushano-Sasanians 5845:Macedonian Empire 5840:Achaemenid Empire 5810:Andronovo culture 5790:Sintashta culture 5657:978-90-04-43298-7 5633:on 11 April 2008. 5546:Aruz, Joan (ed), 5319:(11): 4908–4917. 5257:(11): 4908–4917. 5137:(7884): 256–261. 4771:Inagaki, Hajime. 4757:978-0-7148-7502-6 4238:, in ArchéOrient. 4018:978-1-83860-976-4 3719:Anatolian farmers 3711:Neolithic farmers 3680: 3659:Sintashta culture 3513:Andronovo culture 2905:Central Asian art 2454:Middle Bronze Age 2081:Oxus Civilization 2007: 2006: 1268:Anatolian peoples 1238:Painted Grey Ware 1126:Nordic Bronze Age 775:Kurgan hypothesis 728:Old Irish glosses 693:Gaulish epigraphy 188: 187: 16:(Redirected from 10031: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9932: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9924: 9904: 9903: 9894: 9893: 9863:Bronze Age Korea 9858:Bronze Age India 9853:Bronze Age China 9730:Khiamian culture 9720:Fertile Crescent 9657:Natufian culture 9637:Dmanisi hominins 9621:Prehistoric Asia 9614: 9607: 9600: 9591: 9590: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9480: 9479: 9409: 9408: 9309: 9308: 9146: 9145: 9095: 9094: 9082:Islamic Republic 9042:Daoud's Republic 9007:Afghan–Sikh Wars 9002:Battle of Jamrud 8962:Islamic conquest 8942:Greater Khorasan 8900: 8893: 8886: 8877: 8876: 8803: 8776:Urnfield culture 8741:Srubnaya culture 8706:Mycenaean Greece 8691:Lusatian culture 8641:Ewart Park Phase 8621:Cycladic culture 8611:Catacomb culture 8576:Apennine culture 8561:Abashevo culture 8528: 8521: 8514: 8505: 8504: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8301: 8300: 8281: 8095:Kun-khi Ghadfar 7925:Bahram VI Chobin 7796:Kujula Kadphises 7427: 7325: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7200: 7193: 7186: 7177: 7176: 7140:Seal of Khingila 7068:Penjikent murals 6689:Kalai Kafirnigan 6576:Koi Krylgan Kala 6385:Turkistan (city) 6370:Steppe Geoglyphs 6134: 6133: 6065:Khanate of Khiva 6025:Chagatai Khanate 5980:Saffarid dynasty 5965:Uyghur Khaganate 5754: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5699: 5680: 5661: 5634: 5632: 5626:. Archived from 5611: 5601: 5572: 5535: 5516: 5492: 5473: 5464: 5442: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5405: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5344: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5282: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5172: 5154: 5122: 5113: 5106: 5097: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5039: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4976: 4970: 4961: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4855: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4685: 4679: 4668: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4570: 4560: 4554: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4498: 4492: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4441: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4342: 4336: 4335:, p. 9, Table 1. 4329: 4314: 4311: 4305: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4176: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4142: 4136: 4125: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4091: 4085: 4070: 4064: 4049: 4036: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4002: 3948:Koi Krylgan Kala 3926:Berdysyčran-depe 3878:Jowzjan Province 3808:Genetic data on 3679: 3678: 3674: 3605:Proto-Indo-Aryan 3583: 3541: 3538: 3502: 3499: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3441: 3428: 3426: 3413: 3411: 3400: 3398: 3387: 3385: 3374: 3372: 3361: 3359: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3333: 3322: 3320: 3309: 3307: 3296: 3294: 3281: 3279: 3268: 3266: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3248: 3235: 3233: 3222: 3220: 3207: 3205: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3140: 3127: 3125: 3122:Northeast Asians 3112: 3110: 3099: 3097: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3069: 3056: 3054: 3043: 3041: 3034: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3015: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2888: 2876: 2864: 2848: 2832: 2816: 2804: 2780: 2768: 2748: 2736: 2716: 2697: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2592:Material culture 2539:Southern Bactria 2534: 2531: 2497: 2494: 2478: 2475: 2456:, also known as 2438:Early Bronze Age 2376:, Dashlyji, and 2159:journalist from 2156:Viktor Sarianidi 2130: 2127: 2104:(Oxus River) in 2096: 2093: 2089: 2086: 2033:migrations. The 1999: 1992: 1985: 1840: 1833: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1763: 1688: 1674: 1667: 1653: 1631: 1624: 1617: 1608: 1443: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1398:Germanic peoples 1388:Hellenic peoples 1377: 1370: 1363: 1286:Mycenaean Greeks 1275: 1203:Thraco-Cimmerian 1101:Globular Amphora 1078:Abashevo culture 1017: 1010: 980: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 723:Tocharian script 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 344: 330: 323: 316: 302: 278: 271: 252: 213: 190: 189: 170:Viktor Sarianidi 111: 110: 104: 67: 47: 35: 31: 21: 10039: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10028: 9949: 9948: 9939: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9910: 9882: 9819: 9791: 9760:Neolithic Korea 9755:Neolithic Tibet 9750:Neolithic China 9745:Zarzian culture 9706: 9623: 9618: 9588: 9583: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9536: 9465: 9394: 9298: 9192: 9131: 9093: 9077:War (2001–2021) 8967:Mongol invasion 8913: 8904: 8874: 8869: 8859: 8855:Khojaly–Gadabay 8825:Shulaveri-Shomu 8801: 8800:(North Caucasus 8799: 8798: 8790: 8771:Únětice culture 8766:Tumulus culture 8681:Karasuk culture 8666:Helladic period 8656:Argaric culture 8651:Glazkov culture 8547: 8537: 8532: 8502: 8497: 8461: 8430: 8374: 8333: 8328: 8298: 8293: 8271: 8262: 8248: 8208: 8206: 8204:Tokhara Yabghus 8181: 8176:(vassal of the 8175: 8173: 8110: 8108: 8091: 8089: 8060: 8058: 8028: 8026: 8012: 8010: 7984: 7982: 7955:Farrukh Hormizd 7834: 7832: 7830:Sasanian Empire 7794: 7792: 7770: 7768: 7650:Mithridates III 7630: 7628: 7626:Parthian Empire 7614: 7608: 7607: 7600: 7598: 7565: 7563: 7523:Seleucid Empire 7519: 7492: 7490: 7449: 7447: 7422: 7419:Pazyryk Culture 7416: 7410: 7399: 7388: 7382: 7359: 7357: 7320: 7305:Proto-Tocharian 7302: 7288:,as far as the 7286:Eurasian Steppe 7278:Yamnaya culture 7255:Altai Mountains 7225: 7210: 7204: 7174: 7169: 7130:Afrasiab murals 7073:Sampul tapestry 7017: 7013:Shahr-e Sukhteh 7003:Bandian complex 6989: 6965:Musalla Complex 6845:Tapa-i Kafariha 6786: 6707:Cave of Dzhebel 6693: 6635: 6472: 6404: 6400:Araltobe kurgan 6291: 6273: 6199:Kizilgaha caves 6170: 6156:Pazyryk burials 6138:Southern Russia 6125: 6089: 5975:Tahirid dynasty 5945:Tokhara Yabghus 5850:Seleucid Empire 5825:Pazyryk culture 5780:Yamnaya culture 5763: 5758: 5716: 5696: 5677: 5658: 5630: 5624: 5609: 5598: 5569: 5543: 5541:Further reading 5538: 5532: 5513: 5489: 5450: 5445: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5365: 5358: 5304: 5300: 5242: 5235: 5190: 5186: 5123: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5087: 5080: 5064: 5057: 5040: 5033: 5025: 5021: 5004: 5000: 4981:Iranica Antiqua 4977: 4973: 4963:David Anthony, 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4916:Colarusso, John 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4856: 4849: 4820: 4813: 4786: 4782: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4744: 4740: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4686: 4682: 4669: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4561: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4508:Wayback Machine 4499: 4495: 4481:Wayback Machine 4471: 4467: 4460: 4448:. Vol. 1: 4442: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4378: 4374: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4210:Drevnii Baktria 4207: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4177: 4173: 4160: 4156: 4143: 4139: 4126: 4122: 4109: 4105: 4092: 4088: 4071: 4067: 4050: 4039: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3966: 3890:In Turkmenistan 3850: 3715:Iranian plateau 3676: 3667: 3651: 3619: 3613: 3580: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3500: 3471:Iranian Plateau 3463: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3422: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3065: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3008: 3003: 3001: 2991: 2967: 2919: 2912: 2889: 2880: 2877: 2868: 2865: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2817: 2808: 2805: 2796: 2781: 2772: 2769: 2760: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2728: 2727:(New York City) 2717: 2708: 2698: 2677: 2668: 2660: 2639:Shahr-e Sukhteh 2611: 2594: 2553: 2541: 2532: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2476: 2466: 2458:Integration Era 2450: 2426: 2414:Shahr-i Shōkhta 2298: 2292:Plain in Iran. 2243: 2181: 2172: 2128: 2094: 2087: 2003: 1974: 1973: 1906:Marija Gimbutas 1894: 1884: 1883: 1875:Winter solstice 1865:Horse sacrifice 1836: 1829: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1787: 1780: 1773: 1766: 1759: 1712: 1697: 1684: 1670: 1663: 1649: 1640: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1604: 1595: 1574: 1543: 1535: 1534: 1477: 1464: 1439: 1432: 1425: 1418: 1411: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1350: 1332: 1319: 1306: 1277: 1271: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1221: 1198: 1185: 1173: 1154: 1096: 1073: 1035: 1028: 1022: 1013: 1006: 997: 995:Northern Europe 976: 972: 959: 946: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 878:Steppe cultures 851: 844: 837: 829: 828: 819:Baltic homeland 793: 789: 785:Eurasian nomads 769: 765: 741: 733: 732: 703:Runic epigraphy 698:Latin epigraphy 653: 645: 644: 582:Proto-Anatolian 566: 521: 517:Thraco-Illyrian 502:Graeco-Phrygian 492:Graeco-Armenian 487:Graeco-Albanian 466: 444: 431: 422: 415: 408: 401: 394: 387: 380: 373: 340: 326: 319: 312: 298: 274: 267: 248: 233: 225: 223: 139:, and southern 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 113: 112: 91: 90: 89: 88: 87: 86:(New York City) 68: 59: 58: 57: 48: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10037: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9908: 9898: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9801: 9799: 9793: 9792: 9790: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9716: 9714: 9708: 9707: 9705: 9704: 9702:Xiaochangliang 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9617: 9616: 9609: 9602: 9594: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9569: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9421:Communications 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9341:Prime Minister 9338: 9336:Supreme Leader 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9287:Persian (Dari) 9279: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9206: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9178:Extreme points 9175: 9170: 9165: 9163:Climate change 9160: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9101: 9099: 9092: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8982:Durrani Empire 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8923: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8903: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8880: 8871: 8870: 8864: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8840:Maykop culture 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8788: 8783: 8781:Wessex culture 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8716:Okunev culture 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8531: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8436: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8391:Indo-Scythians 8388: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8312: 8304: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8274: 8273: 8267: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8251: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8213: 8202: 8199: 8198:625 CE–651 CE 8195: 8194: 8186:Heshana Khagan 8169: 8166: 8165:560 CE–625 CE 8162: 8161: 8146:Empress Ashina 8132:Ishbara Qaghan 8104: 8101: 8100:560 CE–651 CE 8097: 8096: 8085: 8082: 8081:440 CE–560 CE 8078: 8077: 8054: 8051: 8050:370 CE–540 CE 8047: 8046: 8022: 8019: 8018:320 CE–467 CE 8015: 8014: 8006: 8003: 7978: 7975: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7813: 7802:Vima Kadphises 7788: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7764: 7761: 7760:141 BCE–30 CE 7757: 7756: 7751: 7728:Parthamaspates 7662:Mithridates IV 7644:Mithridates II 7624: 7621: 7617: 7616: 7610: 7594: 7591: 7584: 7559: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7503:Argead dynasty 7488: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7472:Artaxerxes III 7443: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7413:Arzhan culture 7403: 7392: 7375: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7333: 7332:2000–1900 BCE 7329: 7328: 7326: 7315: 7313: 7312:2400–2000 BCE 7309: 7308: 7297: 7294: 7293: 7274: 7273:3500–2500 BCE 7270: 7269: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7203: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7171: 7170: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7090:Bimaran Casket 7087: 7082: 7079:Sogdian Daēnās 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7053:Gardez Ganesha 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6875:Takht-e Rostam 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6810:Dilberjin Tepe 6807: 6802: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6703: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6684:Takht-i Sangin 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6536:Guldursun-Kala 6533: 6528: 6523: 6521:Dalverzin Tepe 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6491:Akchakhan-Kala 6488: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6249:Dunhuang Caves 6246: 6244:Bezeklik Caves 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6209:Subashi Temple 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6140: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6060:Durrani Empire 6057: 6052: 6050:Timurid Empire 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5795:Vakhsh culture 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5715: 5714:External links 5712: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5694: 5681: 5675: 5662: 5656: 5635: 5622: 5602: 5596: 5583: 5573: 5567: 5554: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531:978-0190226923 5530: 5517: 5511: 5497:Mallory, J. P. 5493: 5488:978-1139461993 5487: 5474: 5465: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5426: 5417: 5356: 5298: 5233: 5184: 5114: 5098: 5078: 5055: 5031: 5019: 4998: 4971: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4907: 4895: 4872:10.1086/324130 4847: 4811: 4780: 4763: 4756: 4748:THE ART MUSEUM 4738: 4709: 4697: 4680: 4663: 4646: 4634: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4571: 4555: 4538: 4525: 4512: 4493: 4465: 4458: 4427: 4415: 4388:(1–2): 13–19. 4372: 4337: 4315: 4306: 4285: 4272: 4259: 4249: 4240: 4227: 4214: 4201: 4188: 4180:"Introduction" 4171: 4154: 4137: 4120: 4103: 4086: 4074:"Introduction" 4065: 4037: 4024: 4017: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3987:Vakhsh culture 3984: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3853:In Afghanistan 3849: 3846: 3666: 3663: 3650: 3647: 3623:Michael Witzel 3615:Main article: 3612: 3609: 3547: 3544: 3501: 2000 BC 3458: 2000 BC 3452: 3447: 3446: 3010: 3009: 2994: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2966: 2963: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2890: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2850: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2782: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2763: 2761: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2699: 2692: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2200 BC 2661: 3000 BC 2610: 2607: 2593: 2590: 2565:Kulob District 2552: 2549: 2540: 2537: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2465: 2462: 2449: 2446: 2425: 2422: 2331:Mikhail Masson 2297: 2294: 2242: 2239: 2209:Middle Persian 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2154:archaeologist 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1943: 1935: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1860:Fire sacrifice 1856: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1778: 1771: 1764: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1705: 1704: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1668: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651:Zoroastrianism 1633: 1632: 1625: 1618: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1521: 1520: 1518:Medieval India 1509: 1508: 1503: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1472: 1471: 1459: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1437: 1430: 1423: 1416: 1400: 1395: 1393:Italic peoples 1390: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1364: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1327: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1264: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1229: 1228: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1193: 1192: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1171: 1169:Gandhara grave 1166: 1161: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015:Middle Dnieper 1011: 992: 991: 986: 981: 970:Eastern Europe 967: 966: 954: 953: 941: 940: 939: 938: 937: 936: 929: 915: 908: 901: 898:Dnieper–Donets 894: 887: 875: 873:Kurgan culture 870: 869: 868: 858: 846: 845: 838: 835: 834: 831: 830: 827: 826: 821: 816: 811: 809:Beech argument 806: 801: 795: 794: 788: 787: 782: 777: 771: 770: 764: 763: 758: 753: 748: 742: 739: 738: 735: 734: 731: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 632: 618: 613: 599: 592:Proto-Germanic 589: 587:Proto-Armenian 584: 579: 577:Proto-Albanian 573: 572: 565: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 528: 527: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 473: 472: 465: 464: 463: 462: 438: 437: 430: 429: 428: 427: 420: 413: 406: 399: 392: 385: 378: 366: 361: 355: 354: 348: 347: 346: 345: 333: 332: 331: 324: 317: 305: 304: 303: 291: 286: 281: 280: 279: 272: 260: 255: 254: 253: 240: 239: 232: 231: 224: 219: 218: 215: 214: 206: 205: 199: 198: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 167: 163: 162: 158: 157: 148: 144: 143: 126: 122: 121: 115: 106: 105: 99: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 82:; 9 × 9.4 cm; 69: 62: 61: 60: 49: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10036: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9947: 9944: 9907: 9899: 9897: 9889: 9888: 9885: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Halaf culture 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9788:(Mesopotamia) 9787: 9784: 9782:(Mesopotamia) 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9715: 9713: 9709: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9610: 9608: 9603: 9601: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9547: 9543: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9389: 9388:Chief Justice 9386: 9385: 9384: 9383:Supreme Court 9381: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9346:Deputy Leader 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9313: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9072:2001 invasion 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:Islamic State 9060: 9059: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8972:Hotak dynasty 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937:Maurya Empire 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8889: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8746:Tagar culture 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8731:Samus culture 8729: 8727: 8726:Penard Period 8724: 8722: 8721:Ordos culture 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8646:Ezero culture 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8510: 8509: 8506: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8457:Kushan Empire 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8325: 8320: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8284: 8280: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8263: 8261: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8225:Ishbara Tolis 8223: 8220: 8217: 8211: 8207: 8205: 8196: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8172: 8171:Western Turks 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8126:Taspar Qaghan 8124: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8109: 8107: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8088: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8045: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8032: 8027: 8025: 8016: 8011: 8009: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7981: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7967:Yazdegerd III 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7838: 7833: 7831: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7791: 7790:Kushan Empire 7782: 7779: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7758: 7755: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7734:Mithridates V 7732: 7731:Sinatruces II 7729: 7726: 7725:Vologases III 7723: 7720: 7719:Artabanus III 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7689:Tiridates III 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7632:Mithridates I 7629: 7627: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7612:Hunnic tribes 7606: 7603: 7599: 7597: 7590: 7589: 7583: 7580: 7579:Euthydemus II 7577: 7574: 7571: 7568: 7564: 7562: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7496: 7491: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7475:Artaxerxes IV 7473: 7470: 7469:Artaxerxes II 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7409: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7358: 7356: 7355:Median Empire 7348: 7347: 7342:2000–900 BCE 7341: 7340: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7319: 7311: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7282:Pontic steppe 7279: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7264:Preceded by: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7085:Oxus Treasure 7083: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7038:Orlat plaques 7036: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7024: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6930:Dasht-e Nawar 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6762:Monjukli Depe 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6747:Konye-Urgench 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Takht-i Kuwad 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438:Koshoy Korgon 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Kumtura Caves 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6176:Western China 6173: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6161:Salbyk kurgan 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6151:Arzhan kurgan 6149: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6121:Serindian art 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6020:Mongol Empire 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6010:Ghurid Empire 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5925:Western Turks 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5875:Kushan Empire 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Guiyi Circuit 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5835:Median Empire 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815:Tagar culture 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5695:88-7077-025-7 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5676:0-87365-545-1 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5629: 5625: 5623:952-5150-59-3 5619: 5615: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5597:2-86803-072-6 5593: 5589: 5584: 5582: 5581:2-222-03514-7 5578: 5574: 5570: 5568:0-19-516947-6 5564: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5512:1-884964-98-2 5508: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5060: 5051: 5047: 5046: 5038: 5036: 5029:, p. 73. 5028: 5023: 5016: 5013:, Routledge, 5012: 5008: 5002: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4967: 4960: 4958: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4905:, p. 72. 4904: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4690: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4536:, pp. 10, 18. 4535: 4529: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4461: 4459:92-3-102719-0 4455: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4424: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4310: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4263: 4253: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3932:In Uzbekistan 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3885:(Tepe Fullol) 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3838:Indo-Iranians 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3751:Indo-Iranians 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3721:, as well as 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3687: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3621:As argued by 3618: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558:Indo-Iranians 3553: 3543: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3473:, and in the 3472: 3468: 3450: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3295: 3293: 3280: 3267: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3243:Seima-Turbino 3234: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3053: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3006: 2998: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631:Helmand basin 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2546: 2536: 2526: 2525:Murghab river 2522: 2518: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2418:Helmand River 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2335:Monjukli Depe 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2123: 2119: 2118:Murghab river 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1911:J. P. Mallory 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548:Reconstructed 1546: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1375:Insular Celts 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291:Indo-Iranians 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033:Pontic Steppe 1027: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 996: 990: 987: 985: 982: 979: 975: 974: 973: 971: 965: 962: 961: 960: 958: 952: 949: 948: 947: 945: 934: 930: 927: 923: 922: 920: 916: 913: 909: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 880: 879: 876: 874: 871: 867: 866:Kurgan stelae 864: 863: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 852: 850: 849:Pontic Steppe 843: 840: 839: 833: 832: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 791: 790: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 767: 766: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 737: 736: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 649: 648: 640: 639:Proto-Iranian 636: 633: 630: 626: 622: 619: 617: 614: 611: 607: 603: 600: 597: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 568: 567: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 529: 526: 523: 522: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 482:Daco-Thracian 480: 478: 475: 474: 471: 468: 467: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 445: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435:Reconstructed 433: 432: 425: 421: 418: 414: 411: 407: 404: 400: 397: 393: 390: 386: 383: 379: 376: 372: 371: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 350: 349: 343: 339: 338: 337: 334: 329: 325: 322: 318: 315: 311: 310: 309: 306: 301: 297: 296: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 277: 273: 270: 266: 265: 264: 261: 259: 256: 251: 247: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 235: 234: 230: 227: 226: 222: 217: 216: 212: 208: 207: 204: 201: 200: 196: 192: 191: 183: 179: 175: 171: 168: 164: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 127: 123: 103: 94: 85: 81: 77: 73: 66: 55: 54: 46: 36: 30: 19: 9916: 9906:Time periods 9837: 9797:Chalcolithic 9565:Bibliography 9366:Human rights 9321:Constitution 9202:Demographics 8957:Hindu Shahis 8590: 8545:Chalcolithic 8421:Hephthalites 8406:Sakaldwipiya 8360:Swat culture 8349: 8266: 8257: 8254:673–751 CE 8243: 8240:651–673 CE 8222:Duolu Qaghan 8210:Tardush Shad 8201: 8178:Tang dynasty 8168: 8154:Yangsu Tegin 8138:Tulan Qaghan 8135:Bagha Qaghan 8129:Ashina Anluo 8123:Muqan Qaghan 8120:Issik Qaghan 8117:Bumin Qaghan 8103: 8087:Hephthalites 8084: 8053: 8021: 8005: 7977: 7937:Ardashir III 7895:Yazdegerd II 7827: 7815: 7787: 7763: 7749:Artabanus IV 7746:Vologases VI 7737:Vologases IV 7716:Vologases II 7692:Artabanus II 7686:Artabanus II 7671:Tiridates II 7659:Phraates III 7623: 7620:160–141 BCE 7609: 7593: 7586: 7582:Antimachus I 7573:Euthydemus I 7558: 7555:256–160 BCE 7546: 7539: 7534:Antiochus II 7521: 7520: 7514:Alexander II 7501: 7487: 7484:331–256 BCE 7463:Artaxerxes I 7442: 7432:539–331 BCE 7405: 7394: 7383: 7377: 7352: 7349:626–539 BCE 7317: 7284:through the 7263: 7224:Territories/ 7077: 7008:Mount Khajeh 6975:Qala-i-Jangi 6955:Khair Khaneh 6909: 6860:Khair Khaneh 6767:Namazga-Tepe 6722:Anau culture 6699:Turkmenistan 6616:Tavka Kurgan 6511:Balalyk Tepe 6428:Burana Tower 6418:Aigyr-Zhal 2 6310:Issyk kurgan 6045:Kart dynasty 6040:Sufi dynasty 6030:Golden Horde 5955:Oghuz Yabgus 5930:Tang dynasty 5895:Hephthalites 5820:Uyuk culture 5799: 5685: 5666: 5639: 5628:the original 5613: 5587: 5558: 5547: 5521: 5500: 5478: 5469: 5460: 5456: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5377: 5373: 5316: 5312: 5301: 5292: 5254: 5250: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5134: 5130: 5093: 5071: 5049: 5043: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5001: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4951:, Chapter 5. 4944: 4932: 4919: 4910: 4898: 4866:(1): 63–88. 4863: 4859: 4831: 4827: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4773: 4766: 4747: 4741: 4727:(1): 25–33. 4724: 4718: 4712: 4700: 4692: 4683: 4675: 4666: 4658: 4649: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4616: 4603: 4590: 4566: 4558: 4550: 4541: 4528: 4515: 4510:(in German). 4496: 4488: 4484: 4468: 4449: 4445: 4418: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4288: 4275: 4262: 4252: 4243: 4230: 4217: 4209: 4204: 4191: 4183: 4174: 4166: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4132: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4098: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4027: 4007: 4000: 3974: 3953:Sappali tepe 3931: 3930: 3911:Namazga-Tepe 3889: 3888: 3852: 3851: 3814:Turkmenistan 3807: 3755:haplogroup J 3692: 3652: 3620: 3598: 3593: 3588:Yaz cultures 3585: 3566: 3555: 3530: 3495: 3475:Persian Gulf 3464: 3435: 3434: 3420: 3419: 3407: 3406: 3394: 3393: 3381: 3380: 3368: 3367: 3355: 3354: 3342: 3341: 3329: 3328: 3316: 3315: 3302: 3287: 3278:CIVILIZATION 3242: 3241: 3229: 3228: 3214: 3213: 3201: 3200: 3188: 3187: 3175: 3174: 3162: 3161: 3149: 3148: 3134: 3133: 3119: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3078: 3077: 3063: 3062: 3049: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2928: 2917:Architecture 2678: 2655: 2651:Indus Valley 2647:Mohenjo-daro 2612: 2563:, Gelot (in 2554: 2543:In southern 2542: 2514: 2505: 2481:Namazga Depe 2470:Namazga-Depe 2467: 2451: 2442:Namazga-Depe 2427: 2370:Namazga-Depe 2363: 2358:Mohenjo-daro 2314:Chalcolithic 2299: 2282:Chalcolithic 2244: 2228: 2224: 2212: 2204: 2182: 2173: 2160: 2149: 2136: 2114:Turkmenistan 2099: 2080: 2077:Central Asia 2075:of southern 2073:civilisation 2065: 2061: 2059: 2043:Copper Hoard 2031:Indo-Iranian 2027:Yaz cultures 1966: 1959: 1952: 1945: 1938: 1932:Publications 1931: 1917: 1898: 1852: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717:Paleo-Balkan 1707: 1706: 1694: 1693: 1635: 1634: 1590: 1589: 1577: 1547: 1530:Greater Iran 1523: 1522: 1511: 1510: 1474: 1473: 1461: 1460: 1403:Paleo-Balkan 1368:Celtiberians 1347: 1346: 1329: 1328: 1316: 1315: 1303: 1302: 1231: 1230: 1218: 1217: 1195: 1194: 1182: 1181: 1158: 1151: 1150: 1093: 1092: 1070: 1069: 1032: 1031: 994: 993: 969: 968: 956: 955: 943: 942: 884:Bug–Dniester 848: 847: 713:Gothic Bible 629:Proto-Baltic 625:Proto-Slavic 610:Proto-Italic 606:Proto-Celtic 569: 524: 512:Italo-Celtic 507:Indo-Hittite 497:Graeco-Aryan 470:Hypothetical 469: 434: 369:Paleo-Balkan 351: 308:Indo-Iranian 263:Balto-Slavic 236: 133:Turkmenistan 51: 29: 9938: / 9815:Uruk period 9629:Paleolithic 9168:Earthquakes 8952:Turk Shahis 8907:Afghanistan 8820:Kura–Araxes 8751:Tarim Basin 8636:Elp culture 8488:Uttaramadra 8416:Alchon Huns 8234:Ashina Helu 8231:Irbis Seguy 8216:Külüg Sibir 8183:Niri Qaghan 8113:Ashina Tuwu 8056:Alchon Huns 7952:Azarmidokht 7943:Khosrow III 7898:Hormizd III 7883:Yazdegerd I 7874:Ardashir II 7868:Adur Narseh 7824:224–350 CE 7784:30 –224 CE 7743:Vologases V 7710:Vardanes II 7707:Vologases I 7698:Gotarzes II 7668:Phraates IV 7638:Hyspaosines 7602:Modu Chanyu 7576:Demetrius I 7570:Diodotus II 7531:Antiochus I 7508:Alexander I 7100:Kabul hoard 7033:Sokh snakes 6985:Surkh Kotal 6950:Haji Piyada 6925:Darra-e Kur 6890:Yemshi Tepe 6885:Tillya Tepe 6880:Tepe Fullol 6870:Tepe Narenj 6865:Tapa Sardar 6855:Fondukistan 6820:Tapa Shotor 6800:Tepe Fullol 6792:Afghanistan 6621:Toprak-Kala 6606:Shahrukhiya 6556:Kampir Tepe 6546:Itchan Kala 6501:Ancient Pap 6458:Shakh Fazil 6330:Krasnyi Yar 6234:Mogao Caves 6194:Kizil Caves 6130:Archaeology 5995:Farighunids 5950:Turk Shahis 5890:Alchon Huns 4353:: 423–442. 3958:Toprak-Kala 3862:Tepe Fullol 3801:(1/26) and 3747:Yaz culture 3582:peninsula." 3540: 2210 2909:Miho Museum 2793:Switzerland 2721:gilt silver 2617:farming of 2533: 2250 2519:, the site 2496: 2250 2479:-2000 BC). 2477: 2400 2432:region, at 2402:Transoxiana 2346:Middle East 2249:during the 2217:New Persian 2185:Old Persian 2141:Afghanistan 2129: 1950 2095: 2250 2088: 2400 2025:, BMAC and 1810:Continental 1803:Anglo-Saxon 1506:Middle Ages 1456:Middle Ages 1311:Indo-Aryans 1304:Indo-Aryans 1111:Bell Beaker 1106:Corded ware 1002:Corded ware 891:Sredny Stog 836:Archaeology 616:Proto-Greek 596:Proto-Norse 9953:Categories 9926:64°09′19″E 9923:37°18′04″N 9825:Bronze Age 9667:Peking Man 9326:Loya jirga 9245:Nuristanis 9057:since 1992 9052:Soviet war 8850:Jar-Burial 8796:Bronze Age 8676:Late Jomon 8553:Bronze Age 8535:Bronze Age 8493:Uttarakuru 8426:Nezak Huns 8228:Yukuk Shad 8150:Apa Qaghan 8093:Akhshunwar 8075:Mihirakula 8013:Wanunkhur 7995:Hormizd II 7986:Ardashir I 7961:Khosrow IV 7958:Hormizd VI 7940:Shahrbaraz 7931:Khosrow II 7922:Khosrow II 7919:Hormizd IV 7877:Shapur III 7865:Hormizd II 7859:Bahram III 7844:Ardashir I 7811:Vasudeva I 7805:Kanishka I 7799:Vima Takto 7775:Sapadbizes 7754:Eucratides 7713:Pacorus II 7704:Vonones II 7701:Meherdates 7695:Vardanes I 7680:Orodes III 7677:Phraates V 7656:Sinatruces 7567:Diodotus I 7528:Seleucus I 7478:Darius III 7385:Massagetae 7206:Rulers of 6980:Rag-i-Bibi 6805:Ai-Khanoum 6737:Gonur Depe 6732:Dev-Kesken 6669:Kafir-kala 6659:Ajina tepe 6641:Tajikistan 6601:Sarmishsay 6586:Kyzyl-Kala 6566:Khalchayan 6551:Kafir-kala 6531:Fayaz Tepe 6516:Burchmulla 6478:Uzbekistan 6468:Tash Rabat 6443:Manas Ordo 6410:Kyrgyzstan 6297:Kazakhstan 6000:Ghaznavids 5905:Ustrushana 5900:Tocharians 5830:Massagetae 4881:1808/21124 4800:(1): 290. 3993:References 3916:Togolok 21 3901:Gonur Tepe 3883:Khush Tepe 3818:Uzbekistan 3707:Copper Age 3703:Gonur Tepe 3699:Dzharkutan 3655:Gonur Depe 3639:Indo-Aryan 3631:substratum 3577:Tepe Yahya 3550:See also: 3230:Chemurchek 3217:Xiajiadian 2685:Bronze Age 2615:irrigation 2586:Shortughai 2557:Tajikistan 2535:-1700 BC. 2521:Gonur Depe 2485:Altyn Depe 2434:Altyn Depe 2410:Pendjikent 2400:Valley in 2390:Altyn-Depe 2378:Yassy-depe 2352:cultures ( 2350:Eneolithic 2322:Altyn Depe 2304:begins in 2253:period at 2145:Tajikistan 2133:Uzbekistan 2122:Kopet Dagh 2097:–1700 BC. 2070:Bronze Age 2054:migrations 2051:Indo-Aryan 2039:Cemetery H 1918:Institutes 1838:Lithuanian 1592:Indo-Aryan 1578:Historical 1512:Indo-Aryan 1469:Tocharians 1383:Cimmerians 1261:Bronze Age 1152:South Asia 1026:Bronze Age 964:Afanasievo 768:Mainstream 532:Vocabulary 452:Sound laws 314:Indo-Aryan 161:Site notes 141:Uzbekistan 9712:Neolithic 9492:Education 9461:Transport 9282:Languages 9255:Qizilbash 9183:Volcanoes 9141:Geography 8761:Trzciniec 8478:Āryāvarta 8473:Shakdvipa 8411:Kidarites 8040:Grumbates 8024:Kidarites 7992:Hormizd I 7970:Peroz III 7916:Khosrow I 7886:Shapur IV 7880:Bahram IV 7871:Shapur II 7856:Bahram II 7850:Hormizd I 7740:Osroes II 7683:Vonones I 7665:Orodes II 7641:Artabanus 7517:Antigonus 7466:Darius II 7364:Phraortes 7280:from the 7026:Artifacts 6900:Aq Kupruk 6850:Mes Aynak 6782:Ulug Depe 6717:Altyndepe 6664:Cyropolis 6654:Penjikent 6626:Varakhsha 6561:Kara Tepe 6506:Ayaz-Kala 6496:Akhsikath 6486:Afrasiyab 6433:Issyk-Kul 6423:Balasagun 6269:Beshbalik 6146:Sintashta 6106:Silk Road 6035:Ilkhanate 5990:Ma'munids 5885:Kidarites 5470:Antiquity 5463:: 125–135 5394:0036-8075 5333:0737-4038 5271:0737-4038 5161:1476-4687 4987:: 23–40. 4949:Kohl 2007 4937:Kohl 2007 4890:162536112 4705:Kohl 2007 4564:"Kelleli" 4423:Kohl 2007 4367:129621644 3982:Zoroaster 3943:Djarkutan 3938:Ayaz Kala 3921:Ulug Depe 3896:Altyndepe 3830:Yaghnobis 3822:Andronovo 3739:Sintashta 3713:from the 3601:Neolithic 3579:in Iran. 3505:Amu Darya 3491:Amu Darya 3487:Shortugai 3469:, on the 3369:Zhukaigou 3343:Xichengyi 3079:Sintashta 3064:Andronovo 2901:limestone 2489:Kopet Dag 2472:level V ( 2430:Kopet Dag 2398:Zerafshan 2366:Kara-Depe 2310:Kopet Dag 2286:Kopet Dag 2274:Kopet Dag 2270:Neolithic 2262:Neolithic 2251:Neolithic 2247:Kopet Dag 2179:Etymology 2116:) on the 2102:Amu Darya 2023:Andronovo 1853:Practices 1672:Yarsanism 1482:Albanians 1462:East Asia 1449:Scythians 1441:Phrygians 1434:Paeonians 1427:Illyrians 1413:Thracians 1330:East Asia 1281:Armenians 1208:Hallstatt 1190:Chernoles 1131:Terramare 1121:Trzciniec 1088:Sintashta 1083:Andronovo 984:Cernavodă 957:East Asia 912:Khvalynsk 652:Philology 562:Particles 448:Phonology 389:Liburnian 364:Tocharian 359:Anatolian 328:Nuristani 221:Languages 177:Condition 80:alabaster 9805:Daimabad 9697:Ubeidiya 9687:Solo Man 9677:Sangiran 9647:Java Man 9574:Category 9532:War rugs 9527:Religion 9512:Olympics 9441:Taxation 9304:Politics 9265:Turkmens 9250:Pashtuns 9225:Farsiwan 9188:Wildlife 9105:Timeline 9098:By topic 8911:articles 8867:Iron Age 8835:Trialeti 8830:Colchian 8401:Kambojas 8180:657–742) 8072:Toramana 8062:Khingila 8044:Goboziko 8001:Varahran 7998:Peroz II 7934:Kavad II 7892:Bahram V 7853:Bahram I 7847:Shapur I 7808:Huvishka 7772:Arseiles 7722:Osroes I 7653:Orodes I 7647:Gotarzes 7635:Phraates 7605:Laoshang 7457:Darius I 7454:Cambyses 7373:Astyages 7370:Cyaxares 7292:region) 7235:Margiana 7230:Khorasan 6960:Mundigak 6940:Firozkoh 6830:Shotorak 6649:Bunjikat 6541:Hazorasp 6365:Shilikty 6355:Boralday 6279:Mongolia 6214:Dunhuang 5985:Samanids 5915:Farghana 5768:Polities 5412:31488661 5380:(6457). 5351:34320653 5289:34320653 5228:31488661 5179:34707286 4918:(2002). 4643:"Dashly" 4609:"Dashly" 4504:Archived 4477:Archived 4410:53965048 4197:"Dashly" 3964:See also 3810:Iron Age 3805:(1/26). 3797:(1/26), 3793:(1/26), 3789:(1/26), 3785:(2/26), 3781:(1/26), 3777:(3/26), 3773:(2/26), 3769:(2/26), 3761:(1/26), 3665:Genetics 3509:Aral Sea 3483:Harappan 3479:Harappan 3436:Catacomb 3421:Abashevo 3408:Shijiahe 3317:Longshan 2979:Margiana 2943:Adji Kui 2911:, Japan. 2897:chlorite 2821:electrum 2753:chlorite 2681:chlorite 2635:Mundigak 2584:'s site 2517:Margiana 2386:Geoksiur 2221:Sanskrit 2112:(modern 2110:Margiana 2037:(Swat), 1899:Scholars 1797:Germanic 1768:Scottish 1733:Thracian 1727:Illyrian 1721:Albanian 1709:European 1702:Armenian 1686:Ossetian 1680:Scythian 1665:Yazidism 1615:Buddhism 1606:Hinduism 1497:Norsemen 1407:Anatolia 1324:Iranians 1317:Iranians 1298:Iron Age 1273:Hittites 1226:Colchian 1219:Caucasus 1177:Iron Age 1146:Lusatian 1141:Urnfield 1065:Srubnaya 1060:Poltavka 1050:Catacomb 989:Cucuteni 944:Caucasus 761:Religion 746:Homeland 688:Behistun 668:Linear B 557:Numerals 552:Pronouns 477:Balkanic 424:Thracian 417:Phrygian 410:Paeonian 396:Messapic 382:Illyrian 294:Hellenic 289:Germanic 258:Armenian 250:Albanian 244:Albanoid 195:a series 193:Part of 151:Margiana 125:Location 76:chlorite 72:steatite 9959:Bactria 9682:Soanian 9551:Outline 9487:Cuisine 9475:Culture 9451:Tourism 9404:Economy 9351:Cabinet 9316:Taliban 9235:Hazaras 9158:Borders 8919:History 8065:Javukha 8029:Yosada 7989:Peroz I 7973:Narsieh 7928:Vistahm 7913:Kavad I 7907:Kavad I 7901:Peroz I 7889:Khosrow 7778:Heraios 7596:Xiongnu 7401:Skunkha 7390:Tomyris 7361:Deioces 7240:Bactria 6905:Asqalan 6840:Bimaran 6835:Paitava 6777:Togolok 6712:Abiward 6596:Poykent 6581:Koktepe 6448:Navekat 6325:Kerderi 6315:Jankent 6264:Kashgar 6239:Tumshuq 6184:Bulayïq 6094:Culture 5910:Khuttal 5870:Xiongnu 5706:in the 5448:Sources 5403:6822619 5374:Science 5342:8557446 5280:8557446 5219:6822619 5198:Science 5170:8580821 5139:Bibcode 5015:p. 490: 4390:Bibcode 4150:p. 457: 4099:p. 119: 3727:Yamnaya 3677: 3573:Shahdad 3533:Murghab 3438:Culture 3423:Culture 3305:culture 3292:KINGDOM 3245:culture 3189:Karakol 3176:Glazkov 3163:Elunino 3137:mummies 3120:Ancient 3081:culture 3066:culture 3040:ASSYRIA 2983:writing 2975:Bactria 2965:Writing 2948:Mallory 2939:Kelleli 2935:Togolok 2893:Bactria 2757:calcite 2649:in the 2643:Harappa 2573:Namazga 2571:IV and 2569:Namazga 2561:Farkhor 2559:called 2545:Bactria 2394:Murghab 2354:Harappa 2318:Namazga 2288:in the 2230:Bactria 2225:Bāhlīka 2205:Bāxtriš 2197:Marhasi 2189:satrapy 2106:Bactria 2021:). The 2017:(after 1831:Latvian 1789:Cornish 1659:Kurdish 1645:Persian 1637:Iranian 1629:Sikhism 1622:Jainism 1585:Hittite 1524:Iranian 1420:Dacians 1213:Jastorf 1136:Tumulus 1116:Únětice 1045:Yamnaya 1040:Chariot 978:Usatovo 919:Yamnaya 756:Society 740:Origins 673:Rigveda 525:Grammar 352:Extinct 342:Romance 321:Iranian 155:Bactria 9579:Portal 9522:Poetry 9507:Cinema 9431:Mining 9426:Energy 9277:Health 9270:Uzbeks 9260:Tajiks 9230:Gurjar 9220:Baloch 8909: 8810:Kurgan 8435:States 8396:Yuezhi 8189:Sheguy 8158:Tamgan 8142:Istämi 8068:Mehama 8037:Kidara 8031:Kirada 8008:Kangju 7910:Jamasp 7904:Balash 7862:Narseh 7766:Yuezhi 7588:Yuezhi 7548:Yuezhi 7511:Philip 7460:Xerxes 7367:Madyes 7245:Sogdia 6970:Nagara 6742:Jeitun 6674:Sarazm 6360:Sawran 6305:Begash 6259:Khotan 6254:Loulan 5865:Yuezhi 5692: 5673: 5654: 5620: 5594: 5579: 5565: 5528: 5509: 5485: 5410: 5400: 5392: 5349: 5339: 5331: 5287: 5277: 5269: 5226: 5216: 5177: 5167: 5159: 5131:Nature 4888: 4754: 4630:p. 31. 4551:p. 17: 4456: 4408: 4365: 4302:p. 20. 4167:p. 26: 4133:p. 151 4116:p. 26: 4061:p. 32. 4015: 3906:Jeitun 3874:Dashli 3842:Uzbeks 3826:Tajiks 3695:Bustan 3649:Horses 3575:, and 3521:kurgan 3395:Baodun 3382:Shimao 3290:MIDDLE 3276:VALLEY 3150:Okunev 3107:Vakhsh 2789:Geneva 2706:Louvre 2623:barley 2406:Sarazm 2382:Tedzen 2290:Gorgan 2266:Jeitun 2259:Jeitun 2255:Jeitun 2211:, and 2193:Marguš 2152:Soviet 2137:Dashli 1846:Slavic 1825:Baltic 1775:Breton 1755:Celtic 1739:Dacian 1695:Others 1475:Europe 1348:Europe 1342:Yuezhi 1196:Europe 1183:Steppe 1094:Europe 951:Maykop 905:Samara 861:Kurgan 678:Avesta 460:Ablaut 456:Accent 403:Mysian 375:Dacian 336:Italic 284:Celtic 276:Slavic 269:Baltic 237:Extant 147:Region 9775:Ohalo 9672:Riwat 9558:Index 9502:Music 9376:women 9294:Women 9215:Arabs 8815:Koban 8034:Peroz 7964:Boran 7946:Boran 7451:Cyrus 7290:Altai 7226:dates 6815:Hadda 6571:Khiva 6463:Suyab 6453:Özgön 6390:Urpek 6375:Sumbe 6340:Otrar 6229:Rawak 6219:Miran 6189:Kucha 5631:(PDF) 5610:(PDF) 5437:, in 5092:, in 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