660:
459:
1358:
1272:
1382:
1214:
1189:
1128:
132:
1009:
1234:
1296:
1250:
1315:
402:
183:
894:
1335:
1658:
751:
319:
27:
852:, which has the world's largest known exploitable deposits. According to a brochure published by the Aragon government, alabaster has elsewhere either been depleted, or its extraction is so difficult that it has almost been abandoned or is carried out at a very high cost. There are two separate sites in Aragon, both are located in
450:. The cathedral incorporates special cooling to prevent the panes from overheating and turning opaque. The ancients used the calcite type, while the modern Los Angeles cathedral employs gypsum alabaster. There are also multiple examples of alabaster windows in ordinary village churches and monasteries in northern Spain.
960:
In the 17th and 18th centuries production of artistic, high-quality
Renaissance-style artifacts stopped altogether, replaced by less sophisticated, cheaper items better suited for large-scale production and commerce. The new industry prospered, but the reduced need for skilled craftsmen left few of
884:
Palace, together with other interesting elements like capitals, reliefs and inscriptions, were made using alabaster, but it was during the artistic and economic blossoming of the
Renaissance that Aragonese alabaster reached its golden age. In the 16th century sculptors in Aragon chose alabaster for
388:
Alabaster is a porous stone and can be "dyed" into any colour or shade, a technique used for centuries. For this the stone needs to be fully immersed in various pigmentary solutions and heated to a specific temperature. The technique can be used to disguise alabaster. In this way a very misleading
876:
in the 3rd century AD with alabaster, the use of this material became common in building for centuries. Muslim
Saraqusta (Zaragoza) was also called "Medina Albaida", the White City, due to the appearance of its alabaster walls and palaces, which stood out among gardens, groves and orchards by the
1119:
it occurs largely in the New Red rocks, but at a lower geological horizon. The alabaster of
Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire is found in thick nodular beds or "floors" in spheroidal masses known as "balls" or "bowls" and in smaller lenticular masses termed "cakes". At Chellaston, where the local
871:
The abundance of
Aragonese alabaster was crucial for its use in architecture, sculpture and decoration. There is no record of use by pre-Roman cultures, so the first ones to use alabaster from Aragon may have been the Romans, who produced vessels from alabaster following the Greek and Egyptian
964:
In the 19th century new processing technology was also introduced, allowing for the production of custom-made, unique pieces, as well as the combination of alabaster with other materials. Apart from the newly developed craft, artistic work became again possible, chiefly by
Volterran sculptor
371:
of the alabaster and to produce an opacity suggestive of true marble, the statues are immersed in a bath of water and heated graduallyânearly to the boiling pointâan operation requiring great care, because if the temperature is not regulated carefully, the stone acquires a dead-white, chalky
1357:
488:, similarly deposited in springs of calcareous water. Its deposition in successive layers gives rise to the banded appearance that the marble often shows on cross-section, from which its name is derived: onyx-marble or alabaster-onyx, or sometimes simply (and wrongly) as
1398:
684:
of the 9th to 7th centuries BC; these are the largest type of alabaster sculptures to have been regularly made. The relief is very low and the carving detailed, but large rooms were lined with continuous compositions on slabs around 7 feet (2.1 m) high. The
710:. Fine detail could be obtained in a material with an attractive finish without iron or steel tools. Alabaster was used for vessels dedicated for use in the cult of the deity Bast in the culture of the ancient Egyptians, and thousands of gypsum alabaster
1271:
159:. Modern alabaster is most likely calcite but may be either. Both are easy to work and slightly soluble in water. They have been used for making a variety of indoor artwork and carving, as they will not survive long outdoors.
956:
the craft of alabaster was almost completely forgotten. A revival started in the mid-16th century, and until the beginning of the 17th century alabaster work was strictly artistic and did not expand to form a large industry.
297:
The softness of alabaster enables it to be carved readily into elaborate forms, but its solubility in water renders it unsuitable for outdoor work. If alabaster with a smooth, polished surface is washed with
933:, is sent to Florence for figure-sculpture, while the common kinds are carved locally, into vases, lights, and various ornamental objects. These items are objects of extensive trade, especially in Florence,
413:
Typically only one type is sculpted in any particular cultural environment, but sometimes both have been worked to make similar pieces in the same place and time. This was the case with small flasks of the
1172:, is home to a natural gypsum cave in which much of the gypsum is in the form of alabaster. There are several types of alabaster found at the site, including pink, white, and the rare black alabaster.
2029:
961:
them still working. The 19th century brought a boom to the industry, largely due to the "traveling artisans" who offered their wares to the palaces of Europe, as well as to
America and the East.
166:
1.5 to 2) is so soft that a fingernail scratches it, while calcite (Mohs hardness 3) cannot be scratched in this way but yields to a knife. Moreover, calcite alabaster, being a carbonate,
2161:
1213:
458:
978:
659:
1314:
2306:, brief guide explaining the confusing, different use of the same terms by geologists, archaeologists and the stone trade. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, 2012
1188:
1295:
335:
Alabaster is mined and then sold in blocks to alabaster workshops. There they are cut to the needed size ("squaring"), and then are processed in different techniques:
2178:
1381:
372:
appearance. The effect of heating appears to be a partial dehydration of the gypsum. If properly treated, it very closely resembles true marble and is known as "
1599:: Brief Guide explains the different definitions used by geologists, archaeologists, and the stone trade. Oxford University Museum of Natural History, 2012,
1397:
2036:
733:
In
Mesopotamia, gypsum alabaster was the material of choice for figures of deities and devotees in temples, as in a figure believed to represent the deity
434:
When cut into thin sheets, alabaster is translucent enough to be used for small windows. It was used for this purpose in
Byzantine churches and later in
966:
885:
their best works. They were adept at exploiting its lighting qualities and generally speaking the finished art pieces retained their natural color.
990:
2197:
2159:
95:
of calcium. As types of alabaster, gypsum and calcite have similar properties, such as light color, translucence, and soft stones that can be
1073:, as the typical recumbent position suited the material's lack of strength, and it was cheaper and easier to work than good marble. After the
302:, it will become rough, dull and whiter, losing most of its translucency and lustre. The finer kinds of alabaster are employed largely as an
1856:
1069:, as well as a major English export. These were usually painted, or partly painted. It was also used for the effigies, often life size, on
608:
1670:
1282:
266:. She was represented as a lioness and frequently depicted as such in figures placed atop these alabaster vessels. Ancient Roman authors
1679:
1120:
alabaster is known as "Patrick", it has been worked into ornaments under the name of "Derbyshire spar"âa term more properly applied to
1249:
290:, which produces brown clouding and veining in the stone. The coarser varieties of gypsum alabaster are converted by calcination into
1544: â Franciscan church on Mount Tabor in Israel â 1924, Mount Tabor, architect: Antonio Barluzzi. Alabaster roofing was attempted.
612:
447:
1727:
1233:
1334:
761:
2231:
929:. Several varieties are recognizedâveined, spotted, clouded, agatiform, and others. The finest kind, obtained principally from
651:
Gypsum alabaster is softer than calcite alabaster. It was used primarily in medieval Europe, and is also used in modern times.
539:, where the stone was quarried. The locality may owe its name to the mineral; though the origin of the mineral name is obscure
1990:
1150:
is a rare anhydrite form of the gypsum-based mineral. The black form is found in only three veins in the world, one each in
2176:
443:
819:
1570:
791:
546:; the vessel name has been suggested as a possible source of the mineral name. In Egypt, craftsmen used alabaster for
1873:
1798:
798:
286:
The purest alabaster is a snow-white material of fine uniform grain, but it often is associated with an oxide of
1947:
1930:
776:
469:
Calcite alabaster, harder than the gypsum variety, was used in ancient Egypt and the wider Middle East (except
163:
2310:
1429:); archaeologists and stone trade professionals, unlike mineralogists, call one variety of calcite "alabaster"
359:
figures or decoration; and then given an elaborate finish that reveals its transparency, colour, and texture.
99:; thus the historical use and application of alabaster for the production of carved, decorative artefacts and
2257:
1541:
1077:
the making of altarpiece sets was discontinued, but funerary monument work in reliefs and statues continued.
973:
sculptures. It was further enhanced in the 1920s by a new branch that created ceiling and wall lamps in the
2371:
1165:
805:
1474:â translucent sheets of marble or alabaster used during the Early Middle Ages for windows instead of glass
2351:
1493:
1089:
563:
542:
The "Oriental" alabaster was highly esteemed for making small perfume bottles or ointment vases called
69:
includes objects and artefacts made from two different minerals: (i) the fine-grained, massive type of
26:
20:
2323:
1620:
787:
2366:
2356:
2346:
2201:
1256:
687:
665:
38:, a cosmetics jar made of Egyptian alabaster, which features a lid surmounted by a lioness (goddess
2302:
1600:
1081:
81:
61:
powder. Archaeologists, geologists, and the stone industry have different definitions for the word
2101:
Amir, Ayala; Frumkin, Amos; Zissu, Boaz; Maeir, Aren M.; Goobes, Gil; Albeck, Amnon (7 May 2022).
1841:
620:
1521:
681:
470:
1780:
1709:
1499:
1132:
1012:
711:
1934:
1092:), trade in mineral alabaster (other than the antiques trade) is ongoing as far afield as the
2255:
1784:
1531:
969:. After a short slump, the industry was revived again by the sale of mass-produced mannerist
551:
1663:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
187:
2317:
2114:
1525:
1278:
1066:
1016:
930:
377:
131:
1127:
8:
1074:
1008:
925:
age. The mineral is worked largely by means of underground galleries, in the district of
2118:
1518: â Cathedral church in Umbria, Italy â 14th-century, Orvieto, Umbria, central Italy
356:
2341:
2137:
2102:
1790:
1505:
997:
812:
299:
162:
The two types are readily distinguished by their different hardness: gypsum alabaster (
1508: â Cathedral in Valencia, Spain â mainly 13thâ14th century, Valencia, Spain; the
1435: â Soft calcium sulfate mineral â mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate (
2361:
2235:
2142:
1986:
1926:
1794:
1515:
1341:
1195:
1169:
994:
897:
Uplighter lamp, white and brown
Italian alabaster, base diameter 13 cm (20th century)
715:
252:
171:
136:
2290:
Mackintosh-Smith T. (1999), "Moonglow from Underground". Aramco World MayâJune 1999.
2103:"Sourcing Herod the Great's calcite-alabaster bathtubs by a multi-analytic approach"
1093:
2132:
2122:
1978:
1616:
1535:
1477:
1388:
1031:
1019:
panel from an altarpiece set, 1450â1490, showing remnants of its painted decoration
772:
570:; it is carved in a single block of translucent calcite alabaster from Alabastron.
390:
291:
263:
39:
1789:(reprint of 4th edition (1962), revised from first (1926) ed.). Mineola, NY:
2376:
2182:
2165:
1908:
1456:
1372:
1302:
1051:
1047:
906:
692:
592:
267:
2087:
1889:
1534: â Church constructed 1919â1924 in Jerusalem â 1924, Jerusalem, architect:
1453: â Mineral, anhydrous calcium sulfate â a mineral closely related to gypsum
868:-Teruel Basin, which divides the Iberian Range in two main sectors (NW and SE).
401:
2291:
2127:
1321:
1112:
1085:
913:
alabaster occurs in nodular masses embedded in limestone, interstratified with
696:
670:
616:
555:
528:
307:
214:
101:
54:
1822:
948:
used the alabaster of Tuscany from the area of modern-day Volterra to produce
737:
dating to the first half of the 3rd millennium BC, which is kept in New York.
2335:
1909:"Italian Alabaster Works of G. Bruci & Co., Volterra: Working techniques"
1674:
1664:
1422: â Calcium carbonate mineral â mineral consisting of calcium carbonate (
1306:
1151:
1070:
1043:
970:
559:
512:
344:
303:
167:
1683:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 466â467.
1562:
2146:
1972:
1509:
986:
723:
588:
1982:
1761:
1744:
1459: â Laboratory and industrial chemical â the main inorganic compound (
1057:
In the 14th and 15th centuries the carving into small statues and sets of
881:
676:"Mosul marble" is a kind of gypsum alabaster found in the north of modern
182:
1524: â Church in Vatican City â 17th century, Rome; alabaster window by
1403:
Objet d'art with gypsum alabaster base, showing typical mottling (modern)
1200:
1136:
953:
949:
893:
841:
707:
547:
442:. Large sheets of Aragonese gypsum alabaster are used extensively in the
406:
368:
152:
144:
122:
31:
16:
Lightly colored, translucent, and soft calcium minerals, typically gypsum
2276:
1286:
1224:
1062:
1039:
1035:
624:
543:
485:
474:
423:
415:
118:
1619:, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 13 March 2013,
1890:"Italian Alabaster Works of G. Bruci & Co., Volterra: Extraction"
1450:
1368:
1204:
1121:
1023:
Gypsum alabaster is a common mineral, which occurs in England in the
945:
865:
734:
719:
706:
for indoor use in the ancient world, especially in ancient Egypt and
703:
478:
463:
348:
125:
96:
92:
2063:
1695:
A. T. Metcalfe, "The Gypsum Deposits of Nottingham and Derbyshire,"
1054:. Deposits at all of these localities have been worked extensively.
872:
models. It seems that since the reconstruction of the Roman Wall in
750:
1104:
974:
926:
922:
873:
853:
640:
636:
524:
435:
323:
2316:
2232:"Italian Alabaster Works of G. Bruci & Co., Volterra: History"
1862:
from the original on 2022-10-09 – via National Park Service.
840:
Much of the world's alabaster is extracted from the centre of the
1779:
1471:
1419:
1220:
1116:
1108:
1100:
993:, the "first alabaster designer", and later on the architect and
979:
International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts
938:
918:
910:
628:
573:
336:
278:
came from a region of Egypt known as Alabastron or Alabastrites.
271:
88:
84:
74:
58:
50:
318:
196:
1502: â Minor basilica in Ravenna, Italy â 6th century, Ravenna
1432:
1080:
In addition to the carvings still in Britain (particularly the
1058:
1024:
902:
857:
845:
604:
584:
567:
505:
481:
419:
373:
352:
156:
70:
1692:, Foreign Office, Miscellaneous Series, No. 352 (London, 1895)
1325:
1240:
1159:
1155:
982:
849:
727:
536:
516:
439:
340:
242:
234:
226:
218:
203:
148:
1615:"Grove": R. W. Sanderson and Francis Cheetham. "Alabaster",
1371:(late 19th century CE, in the style of 5thâ4th century BC).
768:
1364:
1027:
934:
914:
861:
677:
632:
607:, there are famous deposits of a delicate green variety at
577:
501:
489:
287:
186:
Alabaster windows in the Church of Santa Maria la Mayor of
985:. Important names in the evolution of alabaster use after
194:
The English word "alabaster" was borrowed from Old French
576:
onyx-marble has been quarried largely in the province of
2275:
Harrell J.A. (1990), "Misuse of the term 'alabaster' in
117:, which terms usually describe either a compact, banded
1923:
The Cesnola Collection of Cypriot Art: Stone Sculpture
310:
decoration and for the rails of staircases and halls.
256:
143:
In general, ancient alabaster is calcite in the wider
2100:
1320:
Alabaster windows and rosette in the central apse of
550:
and various other sacred and sepulchral objects. The
535:
is said to be derived from the town of Alabastron in
473:), and also in modern times. It is found as either a
1180:
500:
Egyptian alabaster has been worked extensively near
462:
Calcite dish from the Ancient Egyptian tomb of "U",
174:, while gypsum alabaster remains almost unaffected.
135:
Alabaster artefact: A composite bust of the Emperor
1974:
Hagia Sophia and the Byzantine Aesthetic Experience
1363:Archaizing Relief of a Seated King and Attendants,
274:wrote that the stone used for ointment jars called
1702:J. G. Goodchild, "The Natural History of Gypsum,"
654:
262:, which refers to vessels of the Egyptian goddess
1099:Alabaster is also found, in smaller quantity, at
405:A calcite alabaster perfume jar from the tomb of
2333:
1480: â List of minerals with Knowledge articles
977:style, culminating in participation at the 1925
248:). The Greek words denoted a vase of alabaster.
128:colored with swirling bands of cream and brown.
1882:
952:, possibly taught by Greek artists. During the
856:basins. The most important site is the Fuentes-
139:; the head is marble and the bust is alabaster.
1496: â Roman mausoleum â 5th century, Ravenna
623:and at several localities in the US including
595:used this alabaster for baths in his palaces.
393:that is called "alabaster coral" is produced.
294:, and are sometimes known as "plaster stone".
2088:"Buffalo Architecture and History: Alabaster"
2024:
2022:
619:. Onyx-marble occurs also in the district of
511:This stone variety is the "alabaster" of the
396:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1714:Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1893
1538:. Windows fitted with dyed alabaster panels.
1207:, made of gypsum alabaster (25th century BC)
777:introducing citations to additional sources
495:
73:, and (ii) the fine-grained, banded type of
2192:
2190:
1592:
1590:
1588:
702:Gypsum alabaster was widely used for small
281:
207:
2058:
2056:
1704:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
583:Calcite alabaster was quarried in ancient
2215:
2136:
2126:
1999:
1970:
1896:
1786:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries
1697:Transactions of the Federated Institution
1690:Report on the Volterra Alabaster Industry
1651:
1649:
1484:
587:in the cave known as the Twins Cave near
523:, since the early examples came from the
2187:
1945:
1925:, 2014, The Metropolitan Museum of Art,
1839:
1775:
1773:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1585:
1528:(1598â1680) used to create a "spotlight"
1283:St Mary and St Barlock's Church, Norbury
1126:
1007:
892:
767:Relevant discussion may be found on the
658:
457:
400:
317:
181:
130:
25:
2053:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1263:
905:, the centre of the alabaster trade is
2334:
1730:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott,
1668:
105:. Calcite alabaster also is known as:
1770:
1626:
1447:); alabaster is one of its varieties
888:
330:
251:The name may be derived further from
57:used for carvings and as a source of
1921:Hermary, Antoine, Mertens, Joan R.,
1820:
1604:
1003:
744:
477:deposit from the floor and walls of
453:
448:Los Angeles, California, Archdiocese
313:
2304:More about alabaster and travertine
2068:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels
1669:Rudler, Frederick William (1911). "
1597:More About Alabaster and Travertine
1573:from the original on 8 January 2017
646:
444:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels
362:
190:, Spain (built 13th-16th centuries)
34:(d. 1323 BC) contained a practical
13:
2311:Alabaster Craftmanship in Volterra
2269:
1301:Alabaster windows in the choir of
1142:
14:
2388:
2296:
1840:Griswold, John (September 2000).
1766:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
1277:Alabaster sepulchral monument of
155:, while it is gypsum in medieval
1971:Schibille, Nadine (2016-04-22).
1823:"Egyptian Loan-Words in English"
1656:
1489:Chronological list of examples:
1396:
1380:
1356:
1333:
1313:
1294:
1270:
1248:
1232:
1212:
1187:
760:relies largely or entirely on a
749:
740:
598:
429:
2249:
2170:
2153:
2094:
2080:
1964:
1948:"Alabaster Gleams in Cathedral"
1939:
1915:
1866:
1833:
1827:Egyptologists' Electronic Forum
1512:of the octagonal crossing tower
1257:King Ashurbanipal spears a lion
1181:Ancient and Classical Near East
655:Ancient and Classical Near East
30:Calcite alabaster: The tomb of
2198:"Official website of Volterra"
1814:
1783:, John Richard Harris (2011).
1755:
1737:
1721:
1555:
1391:, Germany (early 20th century)
699:, are some of the best known.
695:, both 7th century and in the
663:Wounded lion, detail from the
1:
2030:"Alabaster in Aragon (Spain)"
1548:
1542:Church of the Transfiguration
1413:
2261:, Volterra; official website
1878:. Leipzig. 1733. p. 42.
1166:Alabaster Caverns State Park
1067:local industry in Nottingham
243:
227:
177:
7:
1494:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
1408:
1227:and rubies. Musée du Louvre
1219:Necropolis of Hillah, near
446:, dedicated in 2002 by the
426:into the Classical period.
65:. In archaeology, the term
10:
2393:
2258:it:Ecomuseo dell'alabastro
2181:September 1, 2005, at the
2164:November 29, 2005, at the
2128:10.1038/s41598-022-11651-5
1699:, vol. xii. (1896), p. 107
1175:
1096:, Spain, and Scandinavia.
1090:Victoria and Albert Museum
944:In the 3rd century BC the
880:The oldest remains in the
397:Types, occurrence, history
235:
219:
21:Alabaster (disambiguation)
18:
1349:
1305:church (12th century) in
688:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
680:, which was used for the
666:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
496:Egypt and the Middle East
383:
367:In order to diminish the
1745:"alabaster - definition"
1706:, vol. x. (1888), p. 425
1082:Nottingham Castle Museum
877:Ebro and Huerva Rivers.
864:Basin. The other is the
718:also have been found in
282:Properties and usability
80:Chemically, gypsum is a
2324:The American CyclopĂŠdia
1946:Reynolds (2002-08-06).
1732:A Greek-English Lexicon
1680:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
682:Assyrian palace reliefs
564:Sir John Soane's Museum
471:Assyrian palace reliefs
347:into three-dimensional
257:
202:, in turn derived from
197:
91:, whereas calcite is a
1712:, "The Onyx Marbles,"
1500:Basilica of San Vitale
1485:Window and roof panels
1324:church (1203â1217) in
1139:
1133:Willem van den Broecke
1020:
1013:Resurrection of Christ
898:
860:area, in the Tertiary
673:
466:
410:
327:
322:Alabaster workshop in
208:
191:
140:
43:
1983:10.4324/9781315586069
1532:Church of All Nations
1344:(14th century), Italy
1130:
1011:
896:
662:
611:, in the district of
552:sarcophagus of Seti I
461:
404:
321:
185:
134:
29:
1821:Eyma, A. K. (2007).
1522:St. Peter's Basilica
1340:Alabaster window in
1279:Nicholas Fitzherbert
1264:European Middle Ages
1115:, and elsewhere. In
1017:Nottingham alabaster
773:improve this article
519:and is often termed
438:ones, especially in
19:For other uses, see
2372:Sculpture materials
2281:Göttinger Miszellen
2119:2022NatSR..12.7524A
1842:"Care of Alabaster"
1223:. Alabaster, gold,
1075:English Reformation
995:industrial designer
714:dating to the late
562:, is on display in
97:carved and sculpted
2352:Carbonate minerals
2107:Scientific Reports
1791:Dover Publications
1506:Valencia Cathedral
1239:Alabaster statue,
1140:
1021:
998:Angelo Mangiarotti
899:
889:Volterra (Tuscany)
674:
669:, 7th century BC,
521:Oriental alabaster
484:, or as a kind of
467:
411:
343:for round shapes,
331:Working techniques
328:
300:dishwashing liquid
192:
170:when treated with
141:
115:Oriental alabaster
111:Egyptian alabaster
44:
2318:"Alabaster"
2287:, pp. 37â42.
1992:978-1-317-12415-3
1952:Los Angeles Times
1933:, 9781588395504,
1710:George P. Merrill
1516:Orvieto Cathedral
1342:Orvieto Cathedral
1281:, d. AD 1473, in
1255:Assyrian relief;
1196:Statue of Ebih-Il
1170:Freedom, Oklahoma
1004:England and Wales
838:
837:
823:
716:4th millennium BC
513:ancient Egyptians
454:Calcite alabaster
314:Modern processing
306:, especially for
172:hydrochloric acid
137:Septimius Severus
2384:
2367:Stone (material)
2357:Sulfate minerals
2347:Calcium minerals
2328:
2320:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2234:. Archived from
2228:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2200:. Archived from
2194:
2185:
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2157:
2151:
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2130:
2098:
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2091:
2084:
2078:
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2074:
2060:
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2048:
2047:
2041:
2035:. Archived from
2034:
2026:
1997:
1996:
1968:
1962:
1961:
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1958:
1943:
1937:
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1624:
1617:Grove Art Online
1613:
1602:
1594:
1583:
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1580:
1578:
1559:
1536:Antonio Barluzzi
1478:List of minerals
1465:
1446:
1428:
1400:
1389:Aachen Cathedral
1387:Alabaster lamp,
1384:
1360:
1337:
1317:
1298:
1274:
1252:
1243:(1st century BC)
1236:
1216:
1191:
1034:, especially at
833:
830:
824:
822:
781:
753:
745:
647:Gypsum alabaster
363:Marble imitation
304:ornamental stone
292:plaster of Paris
260:
253:ancient Egyptian
246:
238:
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213:, and that from
211:
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2272:
2270:Further reading
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2250:
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2216:
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2183:Wayback Machine
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2166:Wayback Machine
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1875:Acta Eruditorum
1872:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1849:Conserve O Gram
1844:
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1815:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1778:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1743:
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1726:
1722:
1688:M. Carmichael,
1657:
1655:
1654:
1627:
1621:subscriber link
1614:
1605:
1595:
1586:
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1574:
1561:
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1556:
1551:
1487:
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1457:Calcium sulfate
1444:
1440:
1436:
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1392:
1385:
1376:
1373:Brooklyn Museum
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1318:
1309:
1303:Fossanova Abbey
1299:
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1244:
1237:
1228:
1217:
1208:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1148:Black alabaster
1145:
1143:Black alabaster
1065:was a valuable
1052:Nottinghamshire
1006:
967:Albino Funaioli
907:Florence, Italy
891:
834:
828:
825:
782:
780:
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693:Lachish reliefs
657:
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268:Pliny the Elder
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2298:
2297:External links
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1998:
1991:
1963:
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1914:
1895:
1881:
1865:
1832:
1813:
1799:
1793:. p. 60.
1769:
1754:
1749:YourDictionary
1736:
1720:
1718:
1717:
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1693:
1675:Chisholm, Hugh
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1131:Attributed to
1113:Glamorganshire
1094:Musée de Cluny
1086:British Museum
1071:tomb monuments
1042:, at Fauld in
1005:
1002:
991:Umberto Borgna
989:are Volterran
890:
887:
836:
835:
771:. Please help
757:
755:
748:
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697:British Museum
671:British Museum
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308:ecclesiastical
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2256:
2252:
2238:on 2018-11-09
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2204:on 2017-11-08
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2042:on 2018-04-03
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2019:
2017:
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2011:
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2007:
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1994:
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1984:
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1977:. Routledge.
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1800:9780486404462
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1665:public domain
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1307:Latina, Italy
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1152:United States
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1044:Staffordshire
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1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
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972:
971:Expressionist
968:
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797:
793:
790: â
789:
785:
784:Find sources:
778:
774:
770:
764:
763:
762:single source
758:This section
756:
752:
747:
746:
741:Aragon, Spain
738:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
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705:
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698:
694:
691:and military
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430:Window panels
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418:type made in
417:
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389:imitation of
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164:Mohs hardness
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41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
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2284:
2280:
2251:
2240:. Retrieved
2236:the original
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2172:
2155:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2082:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2044:. Retrieved
2037:the original
1973:
1966:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:
1941:
1922:
1917:
1884:
1874:
1868:
1852:
1848:
1835:
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1785:
1781:Alfred Lucas
1765:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1734:, at Perseus
1731:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1678:
1596:
1575:. Retrieved
1566:
1557:
1488:
1369:Qajar period
1194:
1164:
1147:
1146:
1098:
1079:
1056:
1022:
987:World War II
963:
959:
950:funeral urns
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732:
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686:
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664:
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602:
589:Beit Shemesh
582:
572:
548:canopic jars
541:
533:alabastrites
532:
520:
510:
499:
468:
433:
412:
409:, d. 1323 BC
387:
369:translucency
366:
334:
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285:
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241:
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217:
206:
195:
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161:
147:, including
142:
114:
110:
106:
102:objets dâart
100:
79:
66:
62:
46:
45:
35:
2113:(1): 7524.
1935:pp. 384-398
1762:"alabaster"
1466:) of gypsum
1137:Rijksmuseum
1063:altarpieces
1061:panels for
1046:, and near
954:Middle Ages
842:Ebro Valley
788:"Alabaster"
708:Mesopotamia
554:, found in
475:stalagmitic
407:Tutankhamun
355:to produce
168:effervesces
153:Mesopotamia
145:Middle East
123:stalagmitic
121:stone or a
107:onyx-marble
53:and a soft
36:objet dâart
32:Tutankhamun
2336:Categories
2277:Egyptology
2242:2016-07-25
2208:2016-07-25
2073:2022-06-17
2046:2015-12-06
1957:2020-10-17
1931:1588395502
1685:Endnotes:
1567:Britannica
1549:References
1414:Mineralogy
1287:Derbyshire
1225:terracotta
1040:Derbyshire
1036:Chellaston
1015:, typical
931:Castellina
901:In modern
799:newspapers
625:California
609:La Pedrara
486:travertine
424:Bronze Age
416:alabastron
378:Castellina
357:low relief
349:sculptures
228:alĂĄbastros
220:áŒÎ»ÎŹÎČαÏÏÏÎżÏ
119:travertine
2342:Alabaster
2064:"Windows"
1728:Alabastos
1716:, p. 539.
1671:Alabaster
1577:8 January
1451:Anhydrite
1289:, England
1205:Euphrates
1122:fluorspar
946:Etruscans
882:AljaferĂa
866:Calatayud
769:talk page
720:Tell Brak
712:artifacts
704:sculpture
544:alabastra
479:limestone
464:Semerkhet
422:from the
353:chiselled
276:alabastra
258:a-labaste
244:alĂĄbastos
236:áŒÎ»ÎŹÎČαÏÏÎżÏ
209:alabaster
198:alabastre
178:Etymology
126:limestone
93:carbonate
67:alabaster
63:alabaster
47:Alabaster
2362:Minerals
2179:Archived
2162:Archived
2147:35525885
1857:Archived
1571:Archived
1563:"Gypsum"
1441:·2H
1409:See also
1105:Somerset
1032:Midlands
975:Art Deco
927:Volterra
923:Pliocene
874:Zaragoza
854:Tertiary
829:May 2021
722:(modern
641:Virginia
637:Colorado
621:TehuacĂĄn
574:Algerian
556:his tomb
525:Far East
436:medieval
324:Volterra
2327:. 1879.
2138:9079073
2115:Bibcode
1806:26 July
1677:(ed.).
1667::
1526:Bernini
1510:lantern
1472:Fengite
1420:Calcite
1328:, Italy
1221:Babylon
1203:on the
1176:Gallery
1168:, near
1117:Cumbria
1109:Penarth
1107:, near
1101:Watchet
1030:of the
939:Livorno
919:Miocene
813:scholar
629:Arizona
615:, near
482:caverns
326:, Italy
272:Ptolemy
188:Morella
89:calcium
85:sulfate
82:hydrous
75:calcite
59:plaster
51:mineral
2377:Bastet
2145:
2135:
1989:
1929:
1797:
1673:". In
1661:
1433:Gypsum
1350:Modern
1158:, and
1088:, and
1059:relief
1048:Newark
1025:Keuper
937:, and
911:Tuscan
903:Europe
858:Azaila
846:Aragon
815:
808:
801:
794:
786:
726:), in
617:Puebla
613:Tecali
605:Mexico
585:Israel
568:London
560:Thebes
527:. The
506:Assiut
420:Cyprus
384:Dyeing
345:carved
337:turned
157:Europe
113:, and
71:gypsum
2040:(PDF)
2033:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1855:: 4.
1845:(PDF)
1326:Lazio
1241:Yemen
1160:China
1156:Italy
1028:marls
983:Paris
915:marls
850:Spain
820:JSTOR
806:books
728:Syria
724:Nagar
593:Herod
558:near
537:Egypt
531:name
529:Greek
517:Bible
440:Italy
391:coral
374:marmo
341:lathe
339:on a
232:) or
215:Greek
204:Latin
149:Egypt
49:is a
2143:PMID
1987:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1808:2016
1795:ISBN
1579:2017
1461:CaSO
1437:CaSO
1424:CaCO
1365:Iran
1201:Mari
935:Pisa
921:and
862:Ebro
792:news
678:Iraq
639:and
633:Utah
578:Oran
515:and
504:and
502:Suez
490:onyx
288:iron
270:and
264:Bast
151:and
55:rock
40:Bast
2285:119
2279:",
2133:PMC
2123:doi
1979:doi
1111:in
1103:in
1050:in
1038:in
981:in
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