709:
1447:, who in a letter to a friend (1340–1353) written during his stay at Avignon, described Avignon of that time as the "Babylon of the west", referring to the worldly practices of the church hierarchy. The nickname is polemical, in referring to the claim by critics that the prosperity of the church at that time was accompanied by a profound compromise of the papacy's spiritual integrity, especially in the alleged subordination of the powers of the Church to the ambitions of the French kings. As noted, the "captivity" of the popes at Avignon lasted about the same amount of time as the exile of the Jews in Babylon, making the analogy convenient and rhetorically potent. The Avignon papacy has been and is often today depicted as being totally dependent on the French kings, and sometimes as even being treacherous to its spiritual role and its heritage in Rome.
1323:
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1269:(1352–1362), born Etienne Aubert, was less partisan than Clement VI. He was keen on establishing peace between France and England, having worked to this end in papal delegations in 1345 and 1348. His gaunt appearance and austere manners commanded higher respect in the eyes of nobles at both sides of the conflict. However, he was also indecisive and impressionable, already an old man when being elected Pope. In this situation, the King of France managed to influence the papacy, although papal legates played key roles in various attempts to stop the conflict.
107:
340:
379:
1167:. Phillip exerted strong influence on the cardinals of the collegium, and compliance with his demand could mean a severe blow to the church's authority. Much of Clement's politics was designed to avoid such a blow, which he finally did (persuading Phillip to leave the trial to the Council of Vienne, where it lapsed). However, the price won concessions on various fronts; despite strong personal doubts, Clement supported Phillipe's proceedings against the Templars, and he personally ruled to suppress the order.
365:
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1117:, the strongest critic of the papacy in the French inner circle, led a delegation to Rome, with intentionally loose orders by the king to bring the pope, if necessary by force, before a council to rule on the charges brought against him. Nogaret coordinated with the cardinals of the Colonna family, long-standing rivals against whom the pope had even preached a crusade earlier in his papacy. In 1303 French and Italian troops attacked the pope in
1338:(1370–1378) was the return to Rome, beginning on 13 September 1376 and ending with his arrival on 17 January 1377. Although the Pope was French born and still under strong influence by the French King, the increasing conflict between factions friendly and hostile to the Pope posed a threat to the papal lands and to the allegiance of Rome itself. When the papacy established an embargo against grain exports during a food scarcity 1374 and 1375,
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5008:
805:. He absolved King Philip IV and his subjects of their actions against Pope Boniface VIII, though the culprits who assaulted Boniface were excommunicated and ordered to appear before a pontifical tribunal. Benedict XI died within eight months of being elected to the papacy. After eleven months, Bertrand de Got, a Frenchman and a personal friend of King Philip IV, was elected as pope and took the name Pope Clement V.
1056:, no one was allowed to speak at that occasion except when asked by the Pope. The Templars who appeared in Vienne to defend their order were not allowed to present their case—the cardinals of the collegium originally ruled that they should be allowed to raise a defense, but the arrival of the King of France in Vienne put pressure on the collegium, and that decision was revoked.
124:
1160:. In this situation of dependency on powerful neighbours in France, three principles characterized the politics of Clement V: the suppression of heretic movements (such as the Cathars in southern France); the reorganization of the internal administration of the church; and the preservation of an untainted image of the church as the sole instrument of God's will on earth.
946:
Overall the public life of leading church members began to resemble the lives of princes rather than members of the clergy. This splendor and corruption at the head of the Church found its way to the lower ranks: when a bishop had to pay up to a year's income for gaining a benefice, he sought ways of
1237:
and adviser to
Philippe IV before, so his links to the French court were much stronger than those of his predecessors. At some point he even financed French war efforts out of his own pockets. He reportedly loved luxurious wardrobe and under his rule the extravagant life style in Avignon reached new
1388:
in reference to the eight
Florentine councilors who were chosen to orchestrate the conflict. The entire city of Florence was excommunicated and as reply the forwarding of clerical taxes was stopped. Trade was seriously hampered and both sides had to find a solution. In his decision about returning
1291:
of the papacy became more direct. Urban V himself is described as the most austere of the
Avignon popes after Benedict XII and probably the most spiritual of all. However, he was not a strategist and made substantial concessions to the French crown especially in finances, a crucial issue during the
1036:
convened to make a ruling concerning the
Templars. The council, overall unconvinced about the guilt of the order as a whole, was unlikely to condemn the entire order based on the scarce evidence brought forward. Exerting massive pressure in order to gain part of the substantial funds of the Order,
800:
In 1303 AD, Pope
Boniface VIII followed up with a bull that would excommunicate the king of France and put an interdict over all France. Before this was finalized, Italian allies of the King of France broke into the papal residence and beat Pope Boniface VIII. He died shortly thereafter. Nicholas
1472:
and King Philip IV of France, it turned to cooperation from 1305 to 1342, and finally to a papacy under strong influence by the French throne up to 1378. Such partisanship of the papacy was one of the reasons for the dropping esteem for the institution, which in turn was one of the reasons for the
1000:
in
England). Furthermore, the display of wealth by the upper ranks of the church, which contrasted with the common expectation of poverty and strict adherence to principles, was used by enemies of the papacy to raise charges against the popes; King Philip of France employed this strategy, as did
1220:
in general, he was reported to be very careful about the souls of the examined, taking a lot of time in the proceedings. His interest in pacifying southern France was also motivation for mediating between the King of France and the King of
England, before the outbreak of the
796:
decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff." This was directed primarily to King Philip IV of France who responded by saying, "Your venerable conceitedness may know that we are nobody's vassal in temporal matters."
878:
was more reminiscent of princes than clerics; more and more French cardinals, often relatives of the ruling pope, took key positions; and the proximity of French troops was a constant reminder of where secular power lay, with the memory of Pope
Boniface VIII still fresh.
919:; special taxes for crusades that never took place; and many forms of dispensation, from the entering of benefices without basic qualifications like literacy for newly appointed priests to the request of a converted Jew to visit his unconverted parents. Popes such as
658:" or "the great controversy of the antipopes" by some Catholic scholars and "the second great schism" by many secular and Protestant historians. Parties within the Catholic Church were divided in their allegiance among the various claimants to the office of pope. The
887:
The temporal role of the
Catholic Church increased the pressure upon the papal court to emulate the governmental practices and procedures of secular courts. The Catholic Church successfully reorganised and centralized its administration under
1276:, Guy de Boulogne, tried to set up a conference. After initial successful talks the effort failed, largely due to the mistrust from the English side over Guy's strong ties with the French court. In a letter Innocent VI himself wrote to the
1280:: "Although we were born in France and although for that and other reasons we hold the realm of France in special affection, yet in working for peace we have put aside our private prejudices and tried to serve the interests of everyone."
1845:. (English: "Essay on the manners and spirit of nations and on the principal facts of history from Charlemagne to Louis XIII") Vol I, T XI, Chap LXV; edited by René Pomeau (1990) in 2 Volumes (Garnier frères, Paris)
1121:, his home town, and arrested him. He was freed three days later by the population of Anagni. Boniface VIII, then 68 years of age, was deeply shattered by this attack on his own person and died a few weeks later.
963:
and were despised. This sentiment strengthened movements calling for a return to absolute poverty, relinquishment of all personal and ecclesiastical belongings, and preaching as the Lord and his disciples had.
479:
as pope in 1305. Clement refused to move to Rome, and in 1309 he moved his court to the papal enclave at
Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the
1140:
In reaction to the intransigence of Popes like Boniface VIII, the French tightened their influence under the papacy, eventually reducing the Popes to puppets and stacking the Papal court with French clerics.
1144:
The death of Pope Boniface VIII deprived the papacy of its most able politician who could stand against the secular power of the king of France. After the conciliatory papacy of Benedict XI (1303–04),
1373:, pursued a particularly ruthless policy against the league to re-establish control over these cities. He convinced Pope Gregory to hire Breton mercenaries. To quell an uprising of the inhabitants of
1200:
justified secular supremacy in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. This conflict with the Emperor, often fought out in expensive wars, drove the papacy even more into the arms of the French king.
836:, which was ultimately declared heretical. The movement was fueled in no small part by the strong sense of independence in the South even though the region had been severely weakened during the
1878:
736:
in secular matters. In the early 14th century, the papacy was well past the prime of its secular rule – its importance had peaked in the 12th and 13th centuries. The success of the early
976:, an institution embedded in the secular structure and its focus on property, this was a dangerous development, and beginning in the early 14th century most of these movements were declared
1089:
with charges against the king, summoning him before a council to Rome. In a bold assertion of papal sovereignty, Boniface declared that "God has placed us over the Kings and Kingdoms."
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4757:
1156:, in southern France, but was not directly connected to the French court. He owed his election to the French clerics. He decided against moving to Rome and established his court in
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and had the majority of the people massacred (between 2,500 and 3,500 people were reported dead). Following such events opposition against the papacy strengthened.
1216:(1334–1342), born Jacques Fournier in Pamiers, was previously active in the inquisition against the Cathar movement. In contrast to the rather bloody picture of the
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1104:, sorcery, and heresy against the pope and summoned him before the council. The pope's response was the strongest affirmation to date of papal sovereignty. In
1408:, to succeed Gregory XI, thus beginning a second line of Avignon popes. Clement VII and his successors are not regarded as legitimate, and are referred to as
4801:
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840:
a hundred years before. By the time of the Avignon Papacy, the power of the French King in this region was uncontested, although still not legally binding.
708:
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is unique and strongly distinct from that of Royal circles in the north. Even in terms of religion, the South produced its own variety of Christianity,
123:
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abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome, arriving in January 1377. After Gregory's death in 1378, deteriorating relations between his successor
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In response, Philip wrote "Your venerable conceitedness may know, that we are nobody's vassal in temporal matters," and called for a meeting of the
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The latter was directly challenged by Philip IV when he demanded a posthumous trial of his former adversary, the late Boniface VIII, for alleged
812:, elected 1305, all popes during the Avignon papacy were French. However, this makes French influence seem greater than it was. Southern France (
1480:
In the period of the Schism, the power struggle in the papacy became a battlefield of the major powers, with France supporting the antipopes in
4465:
5359:
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1273:
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The relationship between the papacy and France changed drastically over the course of the 14th century. Starting with open conflict between
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1192:, who denied the sole authority of the Pope to crown the Emperor. Louis followed the example of Philippe IV, and summoned the nobles of
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1404:. Pope Urban alienated the French cardinals, who held a second conclave electing one of their own, Robert of Geneva, who took the name
816:) at that time had a culture quite independent from Northern France, where most of the advisers to the King of France were based. The
6343:
6323:
1456:
1308:'s sons to marry Margaret. This clearly showed the partisanship of the papacy; correspondingly, the respect for the church dropped.
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4637:
1277:
106:
1638:
Tomus 23 (Bar-le-Duc 1871), under year 1296, §17, pp. 188-189; under year 1300, §26, p. 272-273; under year 1303, §33, p. 325-326.
112:
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867:, the Catholic Church looked for a safer place and found it in Avignon, which was surrounded by the lands of the papal fief of
1113:
He was preparing a bull that would excommunicate the King of France and put the interdict over France when in September 1303,
1110:(18 November 1302), he decreed that "it is necessary to salvation that every human creature be subject to the Roman pontiff."
4303:
3722:
1801:
1431:, was elected in 1417; other claimants to succeed to Avignon line (though not resident at Avignon) continued until c. 1437.
5271:
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1840:
Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l'histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII
1488:. At the end of the century, still in the state of schism, the papacy had lost most of its direct political power, and the
1322:
98:
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1427:(1414–1418) settled the question of papal succession and declared the French conclave of 1378 to be invalid. A new Pope,
608:
Benedict XIII was succeeded by three antipopes, who had little or no public following, and were not resident at Avignon:
6171:
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1612:
The History of the Council of Constance, page 403, Stephen Whatley, Jacques Lenfant, published by A. Bettesworth, 1730.
1301:
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the King managed to get the ruling he wanted, and Pope Clement V ordered by decree the suppression of the order.
1032:
are representative of this time, reflecting the various powers and their relationships. In 1314 the collegium at
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for all kinds of sins. While pardoners were hated but popularly regarded as helpful to redeem one's soul, the
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The period from 1378 to 1417, when there were rival claimants to the title of pope, is referred to as the "
1233:
Under Pope Clement VI (1342–1352) the French interests started dominating the papacy. Clement VI had been
955:
who were commonly regarded as failing to follow the Church's moral commandments by ignoring their vows of
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5251:
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1096:, a council of the lords of France, who had supported his position. The King of France issued charges of
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During its time in Avignon, the papacy adopted many features of the Royal court: the life-style of its
540:
Among the popes who resided in Avignon, subsequent Catholic historiography grants legitimacy to these:
512:. This started a second line of Avignon popes, subsequently regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon
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A map of Rome, showing an allegorical figure of Rome as a widow in black mourning the Avignon Papacy
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1253:. Also during his reign, in 1348, the Avignon papacy bought the city of Avignon from the Angevins.
1093:
900:, abandoning the customary election process that traditionally allotted this considerable income.
745:
4700:
1443:" of the popes. When and where this term originated is uncertain although it may have sprung from
1249:
that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1350 and is believed to have killed about one-third of
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1706:
Raiding Saint Peter: Empty Sees, Violence, and the Initiation of the Great Western Schism (1378)
1522:
1385:
1317:
871:. Formally it was part of Arles, but in reality it was under the influence of the French king.
749:
460:
1085:, retracting all privileges granted to the French king by previous popes, and a few weeks later
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raising this money from his new office. This was taken to extremes by the pardoners who sold
764:
by the Pope during a Crusade. Frederick II ignored this and was moderately successful in the
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1460:(1520), but he claimed it had nothing to do with the Western Schism or papacy in Avignon.
855:
in France in 1305, and then to Avignon in 1309. Following the impasse during the previous
8:
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1017:, who were outspoken critics of the papacy, and who had found refuge with Louis IV in
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This state of affairs culminated in the unbridled declaration of papal supremacy,
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1021:. In response, William charged the pope with seventy errors and seven heresies.
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1827:
Vale, M., "The Civilization of Courts and Cities in the North, 1200–1500". In:
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1396:
This resolution was short-lived when, having returned the papal court to Rome,
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wanted to use the finances of the Church to pay for his war with the English.
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Map of the Papal states with the ecclesiastical enclave of Avignon in France.
1492:
of France and England were established as two of the main powers in Europe.
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297:
259:
27:
Period during which the Pope lived in Avignon, France in the 14th century
5823:
5408:
4963:
4161:
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3372:
2891:
2876:
2690:
2665:
2500:
2404:
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2216:
1327:
1260:
981:
948:
825:
789:
501:
1732:"Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch: Letter Criticizing the Avignon Papacy"
1623:
Reform and Revolution in France: The Politics of Transition, 1774–1791
1552:, Vol. VI, Ed. Michael Jones, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 653.
4869:
4684:
4332:
4231:
2434:
1174:
1133:
1041:
833:
829:
813:
765:
525:
476:
197:
1052:, were sitting next to him when he issued the decree. Under pain of
459:). The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the
6282:
5637:
5391:
5379:
5007:
4115:
3905:
2236:
1719:
The English in Rome, 1362–1420: Portrait of an Expatriate Community
1516:
1444:
1409:
1246:
989:
956:
904:
897:
852:
737:
588:
513:
505:
1129:
915:, the income of the first year after filling a position such as a
5894:
5508:
5130:
1481:
1351:
1347:
1292:
war with England. In 1369 Pope Urban V supported the marriage of
1193:
1157:
1153:
1149:
993:
960:
940:
916:
912:
753:
740:
added greatly to the prestige of the Popes as secular leaders of
732:
was fundamentally a dispute over which of them was the leader of
644:
583:: 1370–1378 (left Avignon to return to Rome on 13 September 1376)
436:
431:) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive
158:
140:
1859:, pp. 653–673, 2000, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1761:
Montaillou, Catholics and Cathars in a French Village, 1294–1324
1384:
Florence came in open conflict with the Pope, a conflict called
1203:
820:
was not yet part of France at that time, formally a part of the
6060:
Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary
5503:
5413:
5318:
4320:
1374:
1369:
The papal legate, Robert of Geneva, a relative of the House of
1185:
1164:
1118:
1101:
1097:
1018:
977:
932:
648:
521:
448:
400:
1855:
Zutschi, P. N. R., "The Avignon Papacy". In: Jones, M. (ed.),
1188:, and previously archbishop in Avignon) was his conflict with
662:
finally resolved the controversy in 1417 when the election of
1370:
1256:
952:
908:
456:
168:
4713:
Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
756:
for the popes and leading "their" armies. One exception was
724:
in addition to its spiritual role. The conflict between the
500:, and all under the influence of the French Crown. In 1376,
4595:
4123:
3923:
3874:
2184:
1857:
The New Cambridge Medieval History. Volume VI c.1300–c.1415
1485:
1342:
organized several cities into a league against the papacy:
936:
848:
725:
452:
432:
1663:
Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes
882:
475:, Philip forced a deadlocked conclave to elect the French
5949:
Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution
1588:
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History
1170:
896:. The papacy now directly controlled the appointments of
801:
Boccasini was elected as his successor and took the name
577:: 1362–1370 (in Rome 1367–1370; returned to Avignon 1370)
51:
4830:
House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
1450:
Almost a century and a half later, Protestant reformer
1393:, later canonized, who preached for a return to Rome.
1330:
returned to Rome in 1376 and ended the Avignon Papacy.
931:
reportedly spent fortunes on expensive wardrobes, and
687:, they were absorbed by the short-lived revolutionary
524:. After five years besieged by the French, he fled to
520:, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of
5980:
Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary
4723:
Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
1506:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
703:
4898:
4780:
1774:, Phoenix Press. Chapter 17, "The Temple Destroyed"
1561:Adrian Hastings, Alistair Mason and Hugh S. Pyper,
1550:
The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1300-c. 1415
752:, and even the Holy Roman Emperor merely acting as
5053:
1400:died. A conclave met and elected an Italian pope,
1389:to Rome, the Pope was also under the influence of
903:Many other forms of payment brought riches to the
547:: 1305–1314 (curia moved to Avignon, 9 March 1309)
1649:History of France from the Earliest Times to 1848
6300:
6050:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII
2183:
691:, which, in turn, was abolished in favor of the
1048:in Vienne, the King of France and his son, the
496:A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all
281:• Return to Rome of the last Avignon pope
1334:The most influential decision in the reign of
843:A stronger impact was made by the move of the
6369:States and territories disestablished in 1437
6364:States and territories disestablished in 1378
6314:1300s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
5039:
4881:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
3890:
2169:
1879:
1059:
488:
1784:
1692:, ed. William Kibler, (Routledge, 1995), 89.
1601:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes
1304:, rather than giving dispensation to one of
508:and a faction of cardinals gave rise to the
65:
4309:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
1893:
604:: 1394–1423 (expelled from Avignon in 1403)
37:
6359:States and territories established in 1309
6065:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary
6015:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart
5046:
5032:
3897:
3883:
2176:
2162:
1886:
1872:
1763:, trans. B. Bray, 1978. Also published as
122:
1647:François Guizot and Mme. Guizot de Witt,
1625:, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), 13.
1563:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought
1519: – Radical Christian reform movement
1457:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
1180:One important issue during the papacy of
1009:excommunicated two leading philosophers,
528:in 1403. The schism ended in 1417 at the
4638:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
1721:, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 3.
1660:
1463:
1321:
1255:
1202:
1169:
1128:
911:, a ten-percent tax on church property;
707:
634:
1565:, (Oxford University Press, 2000), 227.
883:Centralization of Church administration
14:
6301:
1765:Montaillou: The Promised Land of Error
1636:Caesaris Baronii Annales Ecclesiastici
5027:
4375:
3878:
2157:
1867:
1833:The Oxford History of Medieval Europe
1603:, (Yale University Press, 1997), 165.
967:
683:until 1791 when, under pressure from
467:after his arrest and maltreatment by
1484:and England supporting the popes in
1241:Clement VI was also pope during the
471:. Following the subsequent death of
5919:Suppression of the Society of Jesus
4913:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
1513: – Rejection of ultramontanism
1504: – commune in Vaucluse, France
1005:. In his conflict with the latter,
24:
5474:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
4918:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
4628:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1929:election begins the Western Schism
1752:
1302:Margaret III, Countess of Flanders
113:Coat of arms of the Avignon Papacy
99:Banner of the Papal States (1300s)
25:
6380:
4696:Pontifical North American College
4258:Section for Relations with States
1790:Avignon and its Papacy, 1309–1417
1651:Volume I (New York 1885), p. 474.
824:. The literature produced by the
704:Temporal role of the Roman Church
6344:History of Catholicism in France
6324:1378 disestablishments in Europe
6281:
6269:
5600:Fourth Council of Constantinople
5555:Second Council of Constantinople
5006:
4994:
4390:Extraordinary general assemblies
3856:
3845:
3844:
1835:, Oxford University Press, 1988.
1738:from the original on 4 June 2011
1690:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
1590:, (Liturgical Press, 2009), 104.
1439:The period has been called the "
1420:, persisted from 1378 until the
758:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
535:
493:, i.e. "Avignonese captivity").
377:
363:
338:
324:
105:
91:
5570:Third Council of Constantinople
5494:First Council of Constantinople
4858:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
4758:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
4738:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
4537:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
1724:
1711:
1695:
1679:
1654:
1416:. This situation, known as the
615:: 1423–1429 (recognized in the
5809:Dissolution of the monasteries
5075:History of the Catholic Church
4547:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1641:
1628:
1615:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1568:
1555:
1539:
1124:
779:protested, leading to a feud.
744:, with monarchs like those of
623:Benedict XIV (Bernard Garnier)
463:, culminating in the death of
271:• Curia moved to Avignon
13:
1:
6319:1305 establishments in Europe
5683:Fourth Council of the Lateran
5658:Second Council of the Lateran
5267:Apostles in the New Testament
4810:Pontifical Oriental Institute
1821:, Papermac, 1978. Chapter 16
1665:. McFarland. pp. 41–43.
1533:
1386:"the war of the eight saints"
1228:
788:, in November 1302. In that
698:
5797:Catholic Counter-Reformation
5663:Third Council of the Lateran
5653:First Council of the Lateran
5109:Catholic ecumenical councils
4633:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
3904:
1661:Williams, George L. (2004).
1575:Catholic Encyclopaedia entry
1287:(1362–1370), the control by
1190:Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
1148:(1305–1314) became the next
1024:The proceedings against the
1003:Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
4815:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
4691:Pontifical Urban University
4385:Ordinary general assemblies
4132:Cardinal Secretary of State
1528:Palais des papes of Sorgues
1495:
988:movements in Italy and the
689:Kingdom of France (1791–92)
629:Benedict XIV (Jean Carrier)
10:
6385:
5143:History of the Roman Curia
4908:Basilica of the Holy House
4532:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
3940:Sovereignty and government
1315:
1060:Papacy in the 14th century
6264:
6164:
6030:
5957:
5892:
5879:European wars of religion
5776:
5711:
5613:
5535:
5426:
5349:
5209:
5198:
5190:Eastern Catholic Churches
5065:
4989:
4934:
4865:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
4848:
4718:Palace of the Holy Office
4708:Palazzo della Cancelleria
4680:Palace of Saint Callixtus
4650:
4613:
4603:
4592:
4573:
4502:
4479:
4431:
4403:
4347:
4242:
4190:
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4087:
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3949:Sovereign judicial entity
3912:
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3767:
3707:
3646:
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3451:
3165:
2764:
2468:
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2195:
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1899:
1792:. Lanham, Maryland, USA:
1434:
1311:
1272:Most notably in 1353 the
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182:
164:
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121:
87:
82:
32:
6334:14th-century Catholicism
6010:Mary of the Divine Heart
5633:Clash against the empire
5585:Second Council of Nicaea
5479:Old St. Peter's Basilica
4806:Archaeological Institute
3991:Old St. Peter's Basilica
3986:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3981:History of papal primacy
1814:, Faber and Faber, 1999.
1794:Rowman & Littlefield
1069:After the arrest of the
1064:
439:(at the time within the
6276:Vatican City portal
5628:Investiture Controversy
5484:First Council of Nicaea
5001:Vatican City portal
4733:Palace of the Vicariate
4527:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
4051:Prisoner in the Vatican
4040:Investiture Controversy
3658:During the Roman Empire
1956:ends the Western Schism
1894:Western Schism timeline
1523:Medieval Restorationism
1318:War of the Eight Saints
1184:(born Jacques Duèze in
679:) remained part of the
6329:14th century in France
6288:Catholicism portal
6099:Second Vatican Council
5985:Our Lady of La Salette
5792:Protestant Reformation
5779:Protestant Reformation
5698:Second Council of Lyon
5087:Ecclesiastical history
5013:Catholicism portal
4969:Apostolic Penitentiary
4943:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4890:Santa Maria di Galeria
4215:For Vatican City State
3863:Catholic Church Portal
3723:Conflicts with the HRE
1331:
1263:
1210:
1196:to back his position.
1177:
1137:
713:
685:French Revolutionaries
669:Avignon and the small
651:
587:The two Avignon-based
489:
428:
420:
66:
52:
38:
5995:First Vatican Council
5693:First Council of Lyon
5457:Constantine the Great
5153:Christian monasticism
4797:San Carlo ai Catinari
4768:Paul VI Audience Hall
4754:Benedictine monastery
4701:Bambino Gesù Hospital
4471:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
3639:History of the papacy
1708:, (Brill, 2008), 182.
1688:, Thomas M. Izbicki,
1477:from 1378 to 1417.
1464:Effects on the papacy
1325:
1306:Edward III of England
1259:
1206:
1173:
1132:
980:. These included the
711:
693:French First Republic
666:was accepted by all.
638:
484:" of the Papacy (cf.
165:Common languages
39:Status Ecclesiasticus
6172:Sexual abuse scandal
6081:Mit brennender Sorge
5924:Age of Enlightenment
5703:Bernard of Clairvaux
5580:Byzantine Iconoclasm
5519:Council of Chalcedon
5299:Council of Jerusalem
5168:Role in civilization
5148:Religious institutes
5080:By country or region
4623:St. Peter's Basilica
4316:Apostolic nunciature
4175:College of Cardinals
4170:Secretariat of State
3801:Revolutionary Papacy
3795:Age of Enlightenment
1954:Council of Constance
1786:Rollo-Koster, Joëlle
1759:Ladurie, E. le Roi.
1441:Babylonian captivity
1425:Council of Constance
1136:in a later engraving
939:plates were used at
695:the following year.
660:Council of Constance
530:Council of Constance
490:cattività avignonese
482:Babylonian captivity
455:(now the capital of
6000:Papal infallibility
5990:Our Lady of Lourdes
5939:Shimabara Rebellion
5783:Counter-Reformation
4974:Apostolic Signatura
4802:Collegio Bellarmino
4674:Adjoining buildings
4249:Multilateral policy
3648:Antiquity and Early
3452:17th–21st centuries
3166:13th–16th centuries
1702:Joëlle Rollo-Koster
1502:Châteauneuf-du-Pape
1454:wrote his treatise
1289:Charles V of France
1251:Europe's population
1235:Archbishop of Rouen
1075:Philip IV of France
907:and its cardinals:
838:Albigensian Crusade
773:Philip IV of France
625:: 1424–1429 or 1430
469:Philip IV of France
6339:History of Avignon
6045:Our Lady of Fátima
5834:Ignatius of Loyola
5758:Catherine of Siena
5726:Pope Boniface VIII
5545:Benedict of Nursia
5514:Council of Ephesus
5351:Ante-Nicene period
5304:Split with Judaism
5138:Crusading movement
4743:Collegio Teutonico
4660:Lateran University
4504:Suffragan dioceses
4481:Territorial abbeys
4451:Porto-Santa Rufina
4433:Suburbicarian sees
4395:Special assemblies
4290:Permanent Observer
3783:Reformation Papacy
3777:Renaissance Papacy
3719:(1012–1044 / 1048)
3672:Ostrogothic Papacy
2765:9th–12th centuries
1634:A. Theiner (ed.),
1546:The Avignon Papacy
1470:Pope Boniface VIII
1391:Catherine of Siena
1332:
1264:
1223:Hundred Years' War
1211:
1198:Marsilius of Padua
1178:
1138:
1079:Pope Boniface VIII
1011:Marsilius of Padua
968:A political Church
794:Pope Boniface VIII
777:Pope Boniface VIII
730:Holy Roman Emperor
716:The papacy in the
714:
652:
465:Pope Boniface VIII
6296:
6295:
6256:COVID-19 pandemic
6234:Pope Benedict XVI
6139:Pope John Paul II
5914:Pope Benedict XIV
5900:French Revolution
5884:Thirty Years' War
5874:Robert Bellarmine
5859:John of the Cross
5763:Pope Alexander VI
5748:Council of Vienne
5678:Francis of Assisi
5668:Pope Innocent III
5537:Early Middle Ages
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5469:Arian controversy
5422:
5421:
5370:Apostolic Fathers
5021:
5020:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4888:antennae area of
4879:Summer estate of
4844:
4843:
4776:
4775:
4748:Teutonic Cemetery
4646:
4645:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4586:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4522:Civita Castellana
4425:
4369:
4343:
4342:
4108:
4045:Age of Revolution
4018:Donation of Pepin
4013:Donation of Sutri
3953:international law
3872:
3871:
3836:
3835:
3728:Wandering Papacy
3691:Saeculum obscurum
3664:Under Constantine
2469:5th–8th centuries
2263:1st–4th centuries
2247:papal resignation
2151:
2150:
1914:move back to Rome
1803:978-1-4422-1532-0
1717:Margaret Harvey,
1586:Joseph F. Kelly,
1548:, P.N.R. Zutshi,
1298:Duchy of Burgundy
1278:Duke of Lancaster
1214:Pope Benedict XII
1152:. He was born in
1071:Bishop of Pamiers
1030:Council of Vienne
1015:William of Ockham
822:Holy Roman Empire
557:Pope Benedict XII
451:) rather than in
445:Holy Roman Empire
429:Papauté d'Avignon
409:
408:
389:
388:
385:
384:
373:Kingdom of France
351:
350:
346:Kingdom of France
240:• 1370–1378
227:• 1305–1314
205:elective monarchy
187:Roman Catholicism
67:Papauté d'Avignon
16:(Redirected from
6376:
6286:
6285:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6251:Patriarch Kirill
6124:Pope John Paul I
5929:Anti-clericalism
5909:Pope Innocent XI
5829:Society of Jesus
5814:Council of Trent
5768:Age of Discovery
5713:Late Middle Ages
5615:High Middle Ages
5605:East–West Schism
5489:Pope Sylvester I
5435:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5334:General epistles
5329:Pauline epistles
5262:John the Baptist
5245:Great Commission
5207:
5206:
5158:Catholic culture
5048:
5041:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5011:
5010:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4901:extraterritorial
4896:
4895:
4874:Adjacent gardens
4834:Nympheum of Nero
4783:extraterritorial
4778:
4777:
4670:Sancta Sanctorum
4648:
4647:
4611:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4578:
4429:
4428:
4410:
4407:province of Rome
4373:
4372:
4354:
4205:Apostolic Camera
4112:
4111:
4094:
3976:Primacy of Peter
3899:
3892:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3860:
3848:
3847:
3768:Early Modern and
3678:Byzantine Papacy
3644:
3643:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2127:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1844:
1838:Voltaire, F-M, "
1823:The Papal Schism
1819:A Distant Mirror
1807:
1777:Renouard, Yves.
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1507:
1267:Pope Innocent VI
1081:issued the bull
869:Comtat Venaissin
818:Kingdom of Arles
803:Pope Benedict XI
760:, who was twice
718:Late Middle Ages
676:Comtat Venaissin
569:Pope Innocent VI
492:
473:Pope Benedict XI
441:Kingdom of Arles
381:
380:
367:
366:
359:Comtat Venaissin
355:
354:
342:
341:
332:Comtat Venaissin
328:
327:
321:
320:
305:
304:
207:
145:Comtat Venaissin
143:and part of the
126:
109:
95:
77:
69:
63:
55:
49:
41:
30:
29:
21:
6384:
6383:
6379:
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6377:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6280:
6270:
6268:
6260:
6182:World Youth Day
6160:
6149:World Youth Day
6093:Pacem in terris
6087:Pope John XXIII
6026:
5953:
5944:Edict of Nantes
5902:
5898:
5888:
5854:Teresa of Ávila
5849:Tridentine Mass
5785:
5781:
5772:
5753:Knights Templar
5707:
5609:
5565:Gregorian chant
5523:
5449:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5430:
5418:
5345:
5214:
5202:
5194:
5061:
5059:Catholic Church
5052:
5022:
5017:
5005:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4954:Papal household
4922:
4900:
4894:
4850:
4840:
4826:Sant'Apollinare
4824:Two Palaces of
4820:Russian College
4782:
4772:
4642:
4615:Major basilicas
4594:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4561:
4498:
4475:
4420:
4409:
4406:
4399:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4339:
4268:Of the Holy See
4263:To the Holy See
4246:
4244:Foreign affairs
4238:
4186:
4156:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4091:judicial entity
4090:
4083:
3957:
3935:Diocese of Rome
3908:
3903:
3873:
3868:
3832:
3815:(1929–present)
3769:
3763:
3717:Tusculan Papacy
3709:
3703:
3684:Frankish Papacy
3649:
3633:
3447:
3161:
2760:
2464:
2258:
2191:
2189:Catholic Church
2182:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:Council of Pisa
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1895:
1892:
1862:
1842:
1804:
1755:
1753:Further reading
1750:
1741:
1739:
1734:. Fordham.edu.
1730:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1505:
1498:
1466:
1437:
1414:Catholic Church
1398:Pope Gregory XI
1336:Pope Gregory XI
1320:
1314:
1294:Philip the Bold
1274:Bishop of Porto
1231:
1127:
1115:William Nogaret
1094:Estates General
1067:
1062:
1054:excommunication
1050:King of Navarre
1026:Knights Templar
974:Catholic Church
970:
885:
865:Orsini families
808:Beginning with
720:played a major
706:
701:
617:Crown of Aragon
581:Pope Gregory XI
563:Pope Clement VI
538:
421:Papat d'Avinhon
405:
378:
364:
339:
325:
282:
272:
241:
228:
203:
196:
129:
117:
116:
115:
110:
102:
101:
96:
78:
71:
64:
57:
53:Papat d'Avinhon
50:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6382:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6354:Western Schism
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6309:Avignon Papacy
6294:
6293:
6291:
6290:
6278:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6174:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6070:Lateran Treaty
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5895:Baroque period
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Peter Canisius
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5839:Francis Xavier
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5803:Exsurge Domine
5799:
5794:
5788:
5786:
5777:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:Pope Clement V
5740:
5739:
5738:
5736:Avignon Papacy
5731:Western Schism
5728:
5723:
5721:Thomas Aquinas
5717:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5575:Saint Boniface
5572:
5567:
5562:
5560:Pope Gregory I
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5499:Biblical canon
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5453:
5451:
5432:
5428:Late antiquity
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5375:Pope Clement I
5365:Church Fathers
5362:
5356:
5354:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5221:
5219:
5204:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5126:Biblical canon
5121:Catholic Bible
5118:
5117:
5116:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5051:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5028:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5003:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4893:
4892:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4828:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4789:Palace of the
4786:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4655:Lateran Palace
4651:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4587:
4584:territoriality
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:Velletri-Segni
4443:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4405:Ecclesiastical
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4370:
4361:full communion
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4304:European Union
4301:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4285:United Nations
4282:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4260:
4254:
4252:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:Papal conclave
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4135:Pietro Parolin
4129:
4120:
4118:
4109:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4067:Lateran Treaty
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4033:Temporal power
4025:
4023:Avignon Papacy
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4003:
3996:Lateran Palace
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3946:
3937:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3879:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3854:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3822:
3810:
3807:Roman Question
3804:
3798:
3797:(c. 1640–1740)
3792:
3789:Baroque Papacy
3786:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3758:Western Schism
3755:
3752:Avignon Papacy
3749:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3735:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3698:Crescentii era
3695:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3654:
3652:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Alexander VIII
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Anastasius III
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2122:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1920:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1836:
1825:
1815:
1810:Sumption, J.,
1808:
1802:
1782:
1779:Avignon Papacy
1775:
1768:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1723:
1710:
1694:
1686:Avignon Papacy
1678:
1671:
1653:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1567:
1554:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1465:
1462:
1436:
1433:
1418:Western Schism
1316:Main article:
1313:
1310:
1230:
1227:
1182:Pope John XXII
1146:Pope Clement V
1126:
1123:
1083:Salvator Mundi
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1007:Pope John XXII
969:
966:
884:
881:
762:excommunicated
705:
702:
700:
697:
656:Western Schism
633:
632:
626:
620:
606:
605:
599:
585:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
551:Pope John XXII
548:
545:Pope Clement V
537:
534:
510:Western Schism
447:; now part of
443:, part of the
413:Avignon Papacy
407:
406:
404:
403:
397:
395:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
369:
368:
361:
352:
349:
348:
343:
335:
334:
329:
317:
316:
311:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
257:
256:Historical era
253:
252:
249:
248:
242:
239:
236:
235:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
135:
131:
130:
127:
119:
118:
111:
104:
103:
97:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
80:
79:
36:
33:
26:
18:Avignon papacy
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6381:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:Mother Teresa
6127:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6055:Pope Pius XII
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6021:Rerum novarum
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6005:Pope Leo XIII
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5975:United States
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:Pope Pius VII
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Scholasticism
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Pope Urban II
5621:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5399:Justin Martyr
5397:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:New Testament
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:Commissioning
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:Apostolic Age
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5102:Papal primacy
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5044:
5042:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5002:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Peter's Pence
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4887:
4886:Vatican Radio
4884:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:Holy Apostles
4788:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4576:
4572:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Anagni-Alatri
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4366:Papal primacy
4362:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Congregations
4225:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4098:international
4092:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Duchy of Rome
4006:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Apostolic see
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3920:episcopal see
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:High and Late
3706:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3524:Benedict XIII
3522:
3520:
3519:Innocent XIII
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:Alexander VII
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Innocent VIII
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Callixtus III
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Boniface VIII
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Celestine III
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3127:Alexander III
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Anastasius IV
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3017:Sylvester III
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Benedict VIII
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Anastasius II
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:Pope emeritus
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2200:List of popes
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2057:
2041:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1979:
1978:Benedict XIII
1970:
1955:
1942:
1928:
1927:Clement VII's
1913:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1817:Tuchman, B.,
1816:
1813:
1812:Trial by Fire
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:Read, P. P.,
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1621:P. M. Jones,
1618:
1609:
1602:
1599:Eamon Duffy,
1596:
1589:
1583:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1490:nation states
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1452:Martin Luther
1448:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1429:Pope Martin V
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:John Hawkwood
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1324:
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1307:
1303:
1299:
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1215:
1209:
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1201:
1199:
1195:
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1187:
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1168:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:Ausculta fili
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Saint Maurice
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
999:
998:John Wycliffe
996:(inspired by
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
965:
962:
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
880:
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866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
798:
795:
791:
787:
786:
780:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:temporal role
719:
710:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
673:to the east (
672:
667:
665:
664:Pope Martin V
661:
657:
650:
646:
642:
637:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
614:
611:
610:
609:
603:
602:Benedict XIII
600:
597:
594:
593:
592:
590:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
542:
541:
536:Avignon popes
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:Benedict XIII
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
402:
399:
398:
396:
394:Today part of
392:
376:
374:
371:
370:
362:
360:
357:
356:
353:
347:
344:
337:
336:
333:
330:
323:
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315:
312:
310:
307:
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302:
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288:
284:
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264:
261:
258:
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237:
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210:
206:
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199:
195:
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188:
185:
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174:
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167:
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157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
125:
120:
114:
108:
100:
94:
86:
81:
75:
68:
61:
54:
47:
40:
31:
19:
6349:Papal States
6243:
6239:Pope Francis
6165:21st century
6114:Pope Paul VI
6091:
6079:
6032:20th century
6019:
5970:Pope Pius IX
5958:19th century
5934:Pope Pius VI
5801:
5735:
5673:Latin Empire
5643:Universities
5595:Pope Leo III
5462:Christianity
5447:state church
5439:Great Church
5240:Resurrection
5203:(30–325/476)
5200:Early Church
5185:Latin Church
5180:Papal States
5175:Vatican City
4941:
4763:Beda College
4665:Scala Sancta
4489:Montecassino
4422:Vatican City
4105:Legal status
4074:World War II
4062:Vatican City
4057:Savoyard era
4028:Papal States
4022:
3944:Vatican City
3861:
3849:
3819:World War II
3813:Vatican City
3751:
3689:
3660:(until 493)
3624:Benedict XVI
3619:John Paul II
3539:Clement XIII
3534:Benedict XIV
3509:Innocent XII
3443:Clement VIII
3418:Gregory XIII
3398:Marcellus II
3358:Alexander VI
3308:Innocent VII
3273:Benedict XII
3228:Nicholas III
3193:Alexander IV
3183:Celestine IV
3173:Honorius III
3157:Innocent III
3142:Gregory VIII
3102:Celestine II
3087:Callixtus II
3057:Alexander II
2982:Sylvester II
2962:Benedict VII
2922:Stephen VIII
2807:Benedict III
2661:Adeodatus II
2606:Boniface III
2460:Anastasius I
2129:
2011:Innocent VII
1856:
1839:
1832:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1789:
1778:
1772:The Templars
1771:
1764:
1760:
1740:. Retrieved
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1662:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1449:
1438:
1395:
1383:
1368:
1333:
1285:Pope Urban V
1282:
1271:
1265:
1240:
1232:
1212:
1208:Benedict XII
1179:
1162:
1143:
1139:
1112:
1107:Unam sanctam
1105:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1068:
1039:
1023:
971:
945:
925:Benedict XII
902:
886:
873:
842:
807:
799:
785:Unam sanctam
783:
781:
770:
715:
681:Papal States
674:
668:
653:
641:Papal palace
631:: 1430?–1437
619:; abdicated)
613:Clement VIII
607:
586:
575:Pope Urban V
539:
495:
461:French crown
412:
410:
314:Succeeded by
313:
308:
34:Papal States
6245:Laudato si'
6040:Pope Pius X
5869:Philip Neri
5844:Pope Pius V
5819:Thomas More
5688:Inquisition
5590:Charlemagne
5550:Monasticism
5360:Persecution
5252:Holy Spirit
5235:Crucifixion
5114:First seven
4981:Swiss Guard
4728:Palazzo Pio
4232:Dicasteries
4210:Commissions
4200:Roman Curia
4079:Warsaw Pact
3827:(1945–1991)
3821:(1939–1945)
3809:(1870–1929)
3803:(1775–1848)
3791:(1585–1689)
3785:(1534–1585)
3779:(1417–1534)
3760:(1378–1417)
3754:(1309–1378)
3746:, 1228–1304
3740:, 1262–1297
3734:, 1257–1281
3725:(1048–1257)
3710:Middle Ages
3650:Middle Ages
3614:John Paul I
3589:Benedict XV
3569:Gregory XVI
3544:Clement XIV
3529:Clement XII
3499:Innocent XI
3438:Innocent IX
3433:Gregory XIV
3383:Clement VII
3313:Gregory XII
3303:Boniface IX
3283:Innocent VI
3258:Benedict XI
3248:Celestine V
3243:Nicholas IV
3238:Honorius IV
3188:Innocent IV
3147:Clement III
3097:Innocent II
3092:Honorius II
3082:Gelasius II
3062:Gregory VII
3052:Nicholas II
3012:Benedict IX
2957:Benedict VI
2932:Agapetus II
2907:Stephen VII
2882:Sergius III
2872:Benedict IV
2862:Theodore II
2847:Boniface VI
2746:Stephen III
2726:Gregory III
2716:Constantine
2681:Benedict II
2616:Adeodatus I
2611:Boniface IV
2591:Pelagius II
2551:Boniface II
2491:Celestine I
2430:Sylvester I
2415:Marcellus I
2410:Marcellinus
2345:Callixtus I
2330:Eleutherius
2305:Telesphorus
2295:Alexander I
2217:Papal names
2040:Alexander V
2020:Gregory XII
2002:Boniface IX
1969:Clement VII
1511:Gallicanism
1406:Clement VII
1243:Black Death
1218:Inquisition
1125:Cooperation
949:absolutions
845:Roman Curia
826:troubadours
742:Christendom
734:Christendom
598:: 1378–1394
596:Clement VII
571:: 1352–1362
565:: 1342–1352
559:: 1334–1342
553:: 1316–1334
435:resided in
309:Preceded by
298:Roman scudo
260:Middle Ages
6303:Categories
6118:coronation
5824:Pope Leo X
5409:Tertullian
5339:Revelation
5314:Background
4964:Roman Rota
4862:Papal farm
4795:Palace of
4687:Hill area
4575:Properties
4461:Palestrina
4333:Concordats
4192:Government
4162:Governance
3770:Modern Era
3700:(974–1012)
3604:John XXIII
3514:Clement XI
3489:Clement IX
3479:Innocent X
3474:Urban VIII
3469:Gregory XV
3393:Julius III
3328:Nicholas V
3293:Gregory XI
3278:Clement VI
3213:Innocent V
3203:Clement IV
3178:Gregory IX
3132:Lucius III
3112:Eugene III
3077:Paschal II
3067:Victor III
3047:Stephen IX
3032:Damasus II
3027:Clement II
3022:Gregory VI
2997:Sergius IV
2992:John XVIII
2942:Benedict V
2927:Marinus II
2852:Stephen VI
2832:Adrian III
2812:Nicholas I
2797:Sergius II
2792:Gregory IV
2772:Stephen IV
2736:Stephen II
2721:Gregory II
2641:Theodore I
2626:Honorius I
2621:Boniface V
2586:Benedict I
2576:Pelagius I
2561:Agapetus I
2521:Gelasius I
2511:Simplicius
2496:Sixtus III
2486:Boniface I
2476:Innocent I
2340:Zephyrinus
2254:Pope-elect
2230:non-extant
2056:John XXIII
1912:Gregory XI
1829:Holmes, G.
1742:2011-06-10
1672:0786420715
1534:References
1422:ecumenical
1328:Gregory XI
1261:Clement VI
1229:Submission
986:Waldensian
982:Fraticelli
929:Clement VI
790:papal bull
699:Background
502:Gregory XI
245:Gregory XI
198:Theocratic
193:Government
6134:Communism
6104:Ecumenism
5450:(380–451)
5442:(180–451)
5431:(313–476)
5353:(100–325)
4870:Barberini
4685:Gianicolo
4579:including
4413:Vicariate
4357:universal
4295:in Geneva
4140:Cardinals
4116:Officials
4089:Sovereign
3917:Apostolic
3694:(904–964)
3686:(756–857)
3680:(537–752)
3674:(493–537)
3666:(312–337)
3564:Pius VIII
3494:Clement X
3428:Urban VII
3378:Adrian VI
3368:Julius II
3348:Sixtus IV
3323:Eugene IV
3268:John XXII
3263:Clement V
3233:Martin IV
3208:Gregory X
3137:Urban III
3122:Adrian IV
3107:Lucius II
3042:Victor II
2987:John XVII
2977:Gregory V
2952:John XIII
2837:Stephen V
2827:Marinus I
2822:John VIII
2817:Adrian II
2787:Valentine
2782:Eugene II
2777:Paschal I
2711:Sisinnius
2696:Sergius I
2631:Severinus
2596:Gregory I
2566:Silverius
2536:Hormisdas
2531:Symmachus
2516:Felix III
2450:Damasus I
2425:Miltiades
2400:Eutychian
2390:Dionysius
2385:Sixtus II
2380:Stephen I
2370:Cornelius
2290:Evaristus
2285:Clement I
2280:Anacletus
2210:canonised
2205:graphical
1410:antipopes
1377:he hired
1238:heights.
1175:John XXII
1134:Clement V
1077:in 1301,
1042:cathedral
978:heretical
921:John XXII
917:bishopric
898:benefices
894:John XXII
890:Clement V
876:cardinals
834:Catharism
830:Languedoc
814:Occitania
810:Clement V
766:Holy Land
589:antipopes
526:Perpignan
477:Clement V
232:Clement V
183:Religion
83:1309–1376
6144:HIV/AIDS
5638:Crusades
5392:Irenaeus
5385:Ignatius
5380:Polycarp
5230:Ministry
5218:(30–100)
5092:Timeline
4935:See also
4456:Frascati
4328:Treaties
4222:Councils
4150:Advisers
3906:Holy See
3851:Category
3825:Cold War
3599:Pius XII
3579:Leo XIII
3554:Pius VII
3423:Sixtus V
3388:Paul III
3363:Pius III
3318:Martin V
3298:Urban VI
3223:John XXI
3218:Adrian V
3198:Urban IV
3072:Urban II
3007:John XIX
2967:John XIV
2947:Leo VIII
2937:John XII
2842:Formosus
2751:Adrian I
2706:John VII
2656:Vitalian
2651:Eugene I
2646:Martin I
2601:Sabinian
2581:John III
2571:Vigilius
2546:Felix IV
2506:Hilarius
2455:Siricius
2445:Liberius
2440:Julius I
2420:Eusebius
2375:Lucius I
2335:Victor I
2320:Anicetus
2300:Sixtus I
2237:Antipope
2029:Martin V
1993:Urban VI
1851:70306666
1788:(2015).
1736:Archived
1517:Lollardy
1496:See also
1445:Petrarch
1402:Urban VI
1340:Florence
1247:epidemic
990:Hussites
972:For the
957:chastity
941:banquets
905:Holy See
857:conclave
853:Poitiers
754:marshals
738:Crusades
728:and the
514:antipope
506:Urban VI
294:Currency
201:absolute
6109:Judaism
5509:Vulgate
5319:Gospels
5294:Stephen
5211:Origins
5131:Vulgate
5067:General
5057:of the
5055:History
4849:Outside
4557:Viterbo
4494:Subiaco
4351:of Rome
4349:Diocese
4127:Francis
3963:History
3933:of the
3927:Francis
3744:Perugia
3738:Orvieto
3732:Viterbo
3629:Francis
3609:Paul VI
3594:Pius XI
3574:Pius IX
3559:Leo XII
3549:Pius VI
3408:Pius IV
3403:Paul IV
3343:Paul II
3338:Pius II
3288:Urban V
2972:John XV
2917:Leo VII
2912:John XI
2867:John IX
2857:Romanus
2756:Leo III
2731:Zachary
2701:John VI
2636:John IV
2556:John II
2481:Zosimus
2395:Felix I
2360:Anterus
2355:Pontian
2350:Urban I
2310:Hyginus
2187:of the
2130:Avignon
1482:Avignon
1412:by the
1352:Perugia
1348:Bologna
1296:of the
1194:Germany
1158:Avignon
1154:Gascony
1150:pontiff
1040:In the
1028:in the
994:Bohemia
961:poverty
913:annates
861:Colonna
828:in the
746:England
671:enclave
645:Avignon
486:Italian
437:Avignon
417:Occitan
234:(First)
173:Occitan
159:Avignon
155:Capital
147:within
141:enclave
60:Occitan
6075:Nazism
5897:to the
5504:Jerome
5414:Origen
5097:Papacy
4949:Awards
4868:Villa
4593:Inside
4582:extra-
4552:Tivoli
4466:Albano
4377:Synods
4355:with
4321:Nuncio
4001:Museum
3951:under
3931:bishop
3584:Pius X
3464:Paul V
3459:Leo XI
3413:Pius V
3037:Leo IX
2902:Leo VI
2897:John X
2802:Leo IV
2741:Paul I
2686:John V
2676:Leo II
2671:Agatho
2541:John I
2365:Fabian
2315:Pius I
2225:extant
2221:Tombs
2143:= Pisa
2141:
2137:= Rome
2135:
2126:
1849:
1831:(ed.)
1800:
1669:
1577:para 7
1475:schism
1435:Legacy
1375:Cesena
1312:Schism
1245:, the
1186:Cahors
1165:heresy
1119:Anagni
1102:simony
1098:sodomy
1034:Vienne
1019:Munich
953:friars
933:silver
927:, and
909:tithes
750:France
649:France
591:were:
522:France
498:French
449:France
425:French
401:France
247:(Last)
217:
177:French
149:France
134:Status
74:French
70:
56:
42:
6177:Islam
5445:Roman
5404:Canon
5277:Peter
5225:Jesus
4542:Rieti
4512:Gaeta
4441:Ostia
4280:Italy
4273:Heads
4095:under
3373:Leo X
2892:Lando
2877:Leo V
2691:Conon
2666:Donus
2501:Leo I
2405:Caius
2325:Soter
2275:Linus
2270:Peter
2185:Popes
1371:Savoy
1364:Genoa
1360:Lucca
1344:Milan
1326:Pope
1283:With
1065:Curia
847:from
771:King
457:Italy
433:popes
169:Latin
138:Papal
46:Latin
6227:2023
6222:2019
6217:2016
6212:2013
6207:2011
6202:2008
6197:2005
6192:2002
6187:2000
6154:1995
5324:Acts
5287:Paul
5282:John
5257:Mary
4899:Non-
4851:Rome
4781:Non-
4596:Rome
4417:Rome
4145:List
4124:Pope
3924:Pope
2435:Mark
2116:1416
2110:1411
2104:1406
2098:1401
2092:1396
2086:1391
2080:1386
2074:1381
2068:1376
1847:OCLC
1798:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1486:Rome
1362:and
1356:Pisa
1300:and
1013:and
984:and
959:and
937:gold
935:and
892:and
863:and
849:Rome
726:Pope
639:The
453:Rome
411:The
285:1377
275:1309
213:Pope
5213:and
5163:Art
4100:law
3942:of
3929:as
3922:of
1366:.
1073:by
1044:of
992:in
851:to
643:in
6305::
4415::
2128:=
1796:.
1704:,
1358:,
1354:,
1350:,
1346:,
1225:.
1100:,
943:.
923:,
792:,
768:.
748:,
647:,
532:.
516:,
427::
423:;
419::
175:,
171:,
6120:)
6116:(
5047:e
5040:t
5033:v
4424:)
4419:,
4411:(
4368:)
4364:(
4251:)
4247:(
4107:)
4103:(
4053:"
4049:"
3898:e
3891:t
3884:v
2177:e
2170:t
2163:v
2114:│
2108:│
2102:│
2096:│
2090:│
2084:│
2078:│
2072:│
2066:│
2044:→
1949:↓
1937:↓
1922:↱
1907:↓
1887:e
1880:t
1873:v
1843:"
1806:.
1781:.
1767:.
1745:.
1675:.
480:"
415:(
76:)
72:(
62:)
58:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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