1155:
observation, the answers given may not align with actual behaviors the subject engages in. Additionally, most of the studies on the AQ have been conducted in United States populations which does not make it generalizable to those outside of the US. It has also only been validated in volunteer studies of college students and adolescent students. In order to assess whether the scale can be used in measuring stigma in other populations, more research in wider and more diverse populations is needed. Another limitation is that there is only 9 subscales of stigmatizing behaviors and stereotypes. Because there are not many questions asked in the subscales, there may be key components of that behavior that are missed. There may also be other subscales that should be included upon further research into stigma.
661:
vignette was manipulated to describe Harry as being non-violent to one group and violent to another. 21 items were collected to measure stigmatizing behaviors towards Harry and were grouped into 6 subscales. The 6 original subscales were personal responsibility, pity, anger, fear, helping/avoiding behavior, and coercion/segregation. After the study was completed, Corrigan created a different version of the AQ containing 27 items instead of 21 which were then broken up into 9 subscales instead of 6. A new subscale categorized as dangerousness was included and coercion, segregation, avoidance, and helping were split into their own subscales. This version, called the AQ-27 is the most current version.
657:
to them. These attributions about the causes of mental illness can lead toward stigmatizing behaviors such as blame and refusal to help. They can also lead to negative emotions such as anger and fear towards an individual with mental illness. A study in 2003 by
Corrigan, Markowitz, Watson, Rowan, and Kubiak researched the validity of the AQ and analyzed the different aspects of public stigma toward mental illness. This study revealed the most common areas of stigma that need to be addressed.
36:
580:
751:
This scale is intended for ages 10–18 and is a simplified version of the Harry vignette and test items. It includes 8 items for each of the stigmas except for coercion. The vignette and test items are simplified for children and has been tested as reliable for this age group. This scale was created
1145:
The
Attribution Questionnaire is not widely used right now and there has yet to be a single best method established for measuring mental health stigma. As more research is done on this topic, the AQ may begin to be used widespread and potentially be applied to a clinical setting. More studies need
1154:
The AQ is a self-report measure which allows for the subject to give lower scores to the items they think would be seen as stigmatizing or discriminatory towards those with mental illness in order to make themselves look better. Because the scale is a self-report questionnaire and not a behavioral
1127:
The AQ-27 contains 27 Likert-scaled items ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much). Each of the 9 subscales has 3 questions that correspond to it. These 3 items are added up to form the score for that item with help and pity being reverse scored. The subscales with the highest scores are the
742:
The r-AQ was created by Watson and colleagues using the AQ-9 as a basis. It is the same length as the AQ-9 but was modified to be used with children. This was done by using simpler vocabulary and a new vignette of a younger individual with mental illness. The first eight items measure constructs
656:
holds that behaviors may be perceived by others as a trait of the person or that the behavior has been brought about by their own doing. In the case of mental illness many people believe that the individual with mental illness is in control of their behaviors and can therefore control what happens
660:
The researchers in this study created the
Attribution Questionnaire using their knowledge of attribution theory and the resulting responses such as stereotypes and negative emotions. They tested the AQ on a sample of students attending a community college in the United States. In this study, the
643:
ranging from 1 (not at all) to 9 (very much). There are 9 subscales within the AQ that breakdown the responses one could have towards a person with mental illness into different categories. The AQ was created in 2003 by Dr. Patrick
Corrigan and colleagues and has since been revised into smaller
733:
The AQ-9 is a shorter version of the AQ-27 in which there are 9 items rather than 27. It was created by
Corrigan and colleagues in 2003. Each of the 9 questions represents one of the 9 subscales from the AQ-27. The items were chosen based on which had the strongest factor loadings from the
1498:
Pingani, Luca; Forghieri, Matilde; Ferrari, Silvia; Ben-Zeev, Dror; Artoni, Paolo; Mazzi, Fausto; Palmieri, Gaspare; Rigatelli, Marco; Corrigan, Patrick W. (1 June 2012). "Stigma and discrimination toward mental illness: translation and validation of the
Italian version of the attribution
1077:
A factor analysis of the AQ-27 conducted by Brown in 2008 found strong factor loadings of 0.50 and higher. There were moderate correlations between several subscales and other reliable stigma measures (the Social
Distance Scale, the Dangerousness Scale, and the Affect Scale) of 0.40.
644:
tests because of the complexity and hypothetical that did not capture children and adolescent's stigmas well. The later scales are the
Attribution Questionnaire-9 (AQ-9), the revised Attribution Questionnaire (r-AQ), and the children's Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-8-C).
894:
tests whether or not the scores are reproducible in other studies. It tests whether the measure produces stable and consistent results across multiple studies. Since the AQ scale is still fairly new, there is still the need for more testing done on its reliability.
874:
Currently the AQ is not a widely used measure and therefore does not have translations into many other languages. An
Italian version of the AQ exists. More research needs to be done on the scale before it becomes widely accepted across other cultures.
743:
of mental illness stigma developed by
Corrigan in 2002. The last item asks children whether they would seek mental health treatment if they were in need. This scale also has a revised Level of Contact Report to assess familiarity with mental illness.
931:
Norms for each of the 9 subscales in both the AQ-27 and r-AQ have been reported in various studies conducted with different age groups ranging from adolescents to college aged student. This has been consistent over the course of several year.
950:
The original study on the AQ-27 by Corrigan et al. yielded relatively high alpha values for the 6 original subscales: personal responsibility = .70; pity = .74; anger = .89; fear = .96; helping = .88; and coercion/segregation = .89.
1008:
assesses whether or not an assessment tool measures what it was intended to measure. Validity can be tested in various ways. For screening measures, discriminative validity is typically the most useful way to assess validity.
1136:
Since there are only 9 items and 9 subscales, only 1 item corresponds to each of the subscales. It is scored the same way as the AQ-27: the subscales with the highest scores are the ones being endorsed by the subject.
1074:
A study of the AQ-27 by Corrigan et al. in 2004 found strong correlations between the coercion and segregation subscales and a measure on mandating treatment designating services to individuals with mental illness.
1403:
Corrigan, Patrick W.; Lurie, Barbara Demming; Goldman, Howard H.; Slopen, Natalie; Medasani, Krishna; Phelan, Sean (1 May 2005). "How Adolescents Perceive the Stigma of Mental Illness and Alcohol Abuse".
1244:
Corrigan, Patrick W.; Watson, Amy C.; Warpinski, Amy C.; Gracia, Gabriela (1 August 2004). "Stigmatizing Attitudes About Mental Illness and Allocation of Resources to Mental Health Services".
1020:
Evaluation of validity and utility for the Attribution Questionnaire (table from Youngstrom et al., unpublished, extended from Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category)
639:
named Harry. There are several different versions of the vignette that test multiple forms of attribution. Responses assessing stigma towards Harry are in the form of 27 items rated on a
883:
The Attribution Questionnaire has been extensively used in research on various age ranges. However, there is not normative data to calibrate scores available to the general population.
1192:
Corrigan, Patrick; Markowitz, Fred E.; Watson, Amy; Rowan, David; Kubiak, Mary Ann (2003). "An Attribution Model of Public Discrimination Towards Persons with Mental Illness".
899:
1653:
907:
1704:
1044:
A wide range of stigmatizing behaviors and stereotypes are included in the AQ-27 suggesting that the scale does tap into what it is intending to measure.
953:
A later factor analysis of the AQ-27 that was conducted in 2008 yielded alphas that ranged from 0.60 to .93, supporting the original study's findings.
1351:
Watson, Amy C.; Otey, Emeline; Westbrook, Anne L.; Gardner, April L.; Lamb, Theodore A.; Corrigan, Patrick W.; Fenton, Wayne S. (1 January 2004).
652:
Surveys have suggested that people hold deeply embedded beliefs about people with mental illness through discrimination and stereotypes. The
610:
1611:
Brown, Seth A. (2008). "Factors and measurement of mental illness stigma: A psychometric examination of the Attribution Questionnaire".
1013:
320:
547:
635:. It assesses emotional reaction and discriminatory responses based on answers to a hypothetical vignette about a man with
1555:"Psychometric Evaluation of the Revised Attribution Questionnaire (r-AQ) to Measure Mental Illness Stigma in Adolescents"
982:
Intraclass correlations were tested over the course of a week and had test-retest reliability ranging from 0.74 to 0.90.
603:
527:
1687:
522:
350:
552:
119:
1455:
Corrigan, Patrick W.; Watson, Amy C. (27 July 2016). "How Children Stigmatize People With Mental Illness".
695:
the perception that individuals with mental illness are not safe and pose a threat to themselves or others.
562:
475:
1146:
to be conducted on the AQ's reliability and validity before determining how effective of a measure it is.
1090:
The AQ-27 has not had enough studies analyzing its validity nor the validity of the 4 different versions.
596:
1305:
Cooper, Amy E.; Corrigan, Patrick W.; Watson, Amy C. (2003). "Mental Illness Stigma and Care Seeking".
66:
671:
mental illness is controllable by the person and they are responsible for it and the related symptoms.
517:
508:
430:
250:
131:
1258:
980:
A study by Corrigan et al. found values of 0.50 and higher over the course of a week for the AQ-27.
902:
for evaluating the reliability of scores on a measure for the purpose of evidence based assessment.
1164:
891:
713:: the need to send people with mental illness away to institutions in isolation from the community.
141:
109:
719:: mandatory participation in treatment or in medication management for people with mental illness.
1670:
972:
959:
542:
440:
211:
176:
161:
156:
146:
95:
55:
1253:
557:
490:
380:
290:
245:
221:
196:
126:
114:
80:
1553:
Pinto, Melissa D.; Hickman, Ronald; Logsdon, M. Cynthia; Burant, Christopher (1 April 2012).
1065:
1005:
628:
537:
532:
450:
315:
280:
255:
151:
50:
45:
937:
689:
assistance to people with mental illness; willingness to support those with mental illness.
435:
360:
270:
105:
90:
1369:
1352:
8:
1267:
1061:
1057:
1053:
941:
365:
355:
340:
305:
300:
285:
265:
260:
136:
75:
1682:
1665:
1579:
1554:
1532:
1480:
1437:
1330:
1318:
1287:
1217:
1209:
1049:
653:
460:
405:
400:
335:
275:
236:
166:
1628:
1584:
1524:
1516:
1472:
1429:
1421:
1382:
1374:
1322:
1291:
1279:
1271:
584:
385:
310:
216:
201:
85:
1536:
1484:
1441:
1334:
1221:
1016:
for describing validity of test scores in the context of evidence-based assessment.
1620:
1574:
1566:
1508:
1464:
1413:
1364:
1314:
1263:
1201:
1036:
390:
345:
330:
325:
206:
181:
632:
186:
683:
sympathy towards the person with mental illness because they are overcome by it.
677:
irritation with the person with mental illness because they are to blame for it.
1570:
1512:
1698:
1520:
1468:
1425:
1417:
1378:
1353:"Changing Middle Schoolers' Attitudes About Mental Illness Through Education"
1275:
636:
495:
455:
375:
370:
1624:
1632:
1588:
1528:
1476:
1433:
1386:
1326:
1283:
752:
as a result of research on how children develop prejudice and stereotypes.
640:
480:
171:
701:
fright towards the person with mental illness because they are dangerous.
395:
100:
967:
The AQ is a self-report measure so there is no inter-rater reliability.
1213:
295:
191:
27:
631:
assessment tool designed to measure public stigma towards people with
906:
Evaluating scores from the Attribution Questionnaire against the EBA
445:
1205:
35:
707:: deliberate attempts to stay away from people with mental illness.
470:
465:
425:
746:
1497:
1243:
664:
AQ-27's 9 subscales and their descriptions are listed below:
1191:
1111:
The AQ has not yet been implemented in a clinical setting.
737:
485:
1402:
1350:
1552:
994:
No published studies formally checking repeatability
728:
1304:
1696:
1705:Mental disorders screening and assessment tools
1501:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
1454:
1128:ones that are being endorsed by the subject.
1028:Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*)
917:Rating (adequate, good, excellent, too good*)
747:Children's Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-8-C)
604:
755:
1457:International Journal of Social Psychiatry
878:
647:
611:
597:
1578:
1368:
1307:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1257:
1131:
738:Revised Attribution Questionnaire (r-AQ)
1697:
1610:
1370:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007100
1194:Journal of Health and Social Behavior
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1548:
1546:
1398:
1396:
1346:
1344:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1666:Stigma of mental disorders in youth
13:
1683:Understanding the impact of stigma
1613:Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
1319:10.1097/01.nmd.0000066157.47101.22
1268:10.1023/b:comh.0000035226.19939.76
729:Attribution Questionnaire-9 (AQ-9)
14:
1716:
1642:
1595:
1543:
1393:
1341:
1228:
1176:
1117:
1688:Impact of stigma on seeking help
1122:
908:rubric for norms and reliability
578:
34:
1671:Stigma as a barrier to recovery
1246:Community Mental Health Journal
1559:Journal of Nursing Measurement
1491:
1448:
1298:
1149:
886:
759:
625:Attribution Questionnaire (AQ)
1:
1676:
1499:questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I)".
1170:
1108:Not enough data to determine
321:Industrial and organizational
1659:
1087:Not enough data to determine
1031:Explanation with references
920:Explanation with references
476:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
1158:
1000:
723:
10:
1721:
1647:
1654:Attribution Questionnaire
1571:10.1891/1061-3749.20.1.47
1513:10.1007/s00127-011-0407-3
1140:
251:Applied behavior analysis
16:Psychological measurement
1469:10.1177/0020764007078359
1418:10.1176/appi.ps.56.5.544
1165:Stigma of mental illness
756:Use in other populations
1625:10.2975/32.2.2008.89.94
1084:Validity generalization
973:Test-retest reliability
960:Inter-rater reliability
879:Psychometric properties
648:Development and history
441:Behavioral neuroscience
96:Behavioral neuroscience
1357:Schizophrenia Bulletin
491:Psychology of religion
431:Behavioral engineering
115:Cognitive neuroscience
81:Affective neuroscience
1132:AQ-9 and r-AQ scoring
1095:Treatment sensitivity
1066:discriminant validity
585:Psychology portal
1406:Psychiatric Services
938:Internal consistency
1021:
944:, split half, etc.)
910:
436:Behavioral genetics
351:Occupational health
91:Behavioral genetics
22:Part of a series on
1050:Construct validity
1019:
905:
734:original version.
654:attribution theory
553:Schools of thought
391:Sport and exercise
237:Applied psychology
1115:
1114:
998:
997:
872:
871:
621:
620:
518:Counseling topics
461:Consumer behavior
202:Psycholinguistics
86:Affective science
1712:
1637:
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1608:
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1339:
1338:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1261:
1241:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1105:Clinical utility
1037:Content validity
1022:
1018:
942:Cronbach's alpha
911:
904:
760:
633:mental illnesses
613:
606:
599:
583:
582:
581:
548:Research methods
207:Psychophysiology
67:Basic psychology
38:
19:
18:
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1259:10.1.1.413.4486
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1206:10.2307/1519806
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1177:
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1134:
1125:
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1003:
889:
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774:Responsibility
758:
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617:
579:
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567:
543:Psychotherapies
511:
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421:
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239:
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187:Neuropsychology
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1718:
1708:
1707:
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1644:
1643:External links
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1594:
1542:
1507:(6): 993–999.
1490:
1463:(6): 526–546.
1447:
1412:(5): 544–550.
1392:
1363:(3): 563–572.
1340:
1313:(5): 339–341.
1297:
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1227:
1200:(2): 162–179.
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1118:Interpretation
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807:Dangerousness
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693:Dangerousness:
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1123:AQ-27 scoring
1110:
1107:
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1038:
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1024:
1023:
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1007:
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991:Not published
990:
988:Repeatability
987:
986:
983:
979:
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641:Likert scale
624:
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481:Intelligence
212:Quantitative
177:Mathematical
172:Intelligence
162:Experimental
157:Evolutionary
147:Differential
1150:Limitations
975:(stability)
892:Reliability
887:Reliability
711:Segregation
629:self-report
523:Disciplines
396:Suicidology
291:Educational
246:Anomalistic
222:Theoretical
197:Personality
127:Comparative
110:Cognitivism
101:Behaviorism
1677:For adults
1171:References
1062:convergent
1058:concurrent
1054:predictive
1012:Here is a
862:Avoidance
451:Competence
316:Humanistic
296:Ergonomics
281:Counseling
256:Assessment
192:Perception
152:Ecological
28:Psychology
1660:For youth
1521:0933-7954
1426:1075-2730
1379:0586-7614
1292:207723990
1276:0010-3853
1254:CiteSeerX
1041:Excellent
1025:Criterion
914:Criterion
840:Coercion
705:Avoidance
446:Cognition
361:Political
271:Community
106:Cognitive
56:Subfields
1699:Category
1633:18840562
1589:22679709
1537:24085486
1529:21688158
1485:29323482
1477:18181355
1442:24093097
1434:15872162
1387:15631245
1335:31834216
1327:12819554
1284:15453083
1222:10249779
1159:See also
1006:Validity
1001:Validity
947:Adequate
928:Adequate
724:Versions
717:Coercion
558:Timeline
471:Feelings
466:Emotions
426:Behavior
420:Concepts
381:Religion
366:Positive
356:Pastoral
341:Military
306:Forensic
301:Feminist
286:Critical
276:Consumer
266:Coaching
261:Clinical
137:Cultural
76:Abnormal
1648:AQ form
1580:3506425
1214:1519806
1052:(e.g.,
533:Outline
406:Traffic
401:Systems
336:Medical
167:Gestalt
51:History
46:Outline
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1141:Impact
1064:, and
1014:rubric
900:rubric
868:2.229
857:2.165
846:1.233
835:1.551
824:2.242
813:1.924
802:1.876
796:Anger
791:1.769
780:1.128
766:Means
763:Items
675:Anger:
669:Blame:
563:Topics
386:School
311:Health
217:Social
120:Social
1533:S2CID
1481:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1331:S2CID
1288:S2CID
1218:S2CID
1210:JSTOR
925:Norms
865:3.31
854:4.03
843:6.87
832:7.32
829:Help
821:2.68
818:Fear
810:3.11
799:3.22
788:6.89
785:Pity
777:2.83
699:Fear:
687:Help:
681:Pity:
509:Lists
346:Music
331:Media
326:Legal
182:Moral
1629:PMID
1585:PMID
1525:PMID
1517:ISSN
1473:PMID
1430:PMID
1422:ISSN
1383:PMID
1375:ISSN
1323:PMID
1280:PMID
1272:ISSN
1071:Good
623:The
486:Mind
1621:doi
1575:PMC
1567:doi
1509:doi
1465:doi
1414:doi
1365:doi
1315:doi
1311:191
1264:doi
1202:doi
1098:N/A
769:SD
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