683:
County, a second centre of
Highland Scots settlement on the mainland; Lunenburg, a town on the south shore settled largely by Germans; and an African-Canadian community, dispersed among several locations, made up of descendants of the servants who accompanied Loyalist immigrants and of refugees from American slavery. The town of Lunenberg, in particular, has been a huge influence in Nova Scotia English; Lunenburg pronunciations are regarded as substandard and "ignorant" and an accusation that he was "speaking like a Dutchman" was enough to bring a young Halifax boy of thirty years ago back into the circle of linguistic propriety. As indicated above, many features of vocabulary and of sentence structure are regarded with amusement; yet in the domestic circles from which 1 derive most of what might be called "the folklore of Lunenburg Dutch" have noticed that some Lunenburg sayings were regularly used, albeit self-consciously. They included the familiar "all" for "all gone", and a final "ain't" as a request for confirmation. The most distinctive characteristic of Lunenberg speech is the complete absence of /r/ postvocalically. The Lunenberg dialect today is very much like that of the surrounding region along the South Shore of Nova Scotia and bears far greater resemblance to the Yankee New England speech likely spoken by the early planters. Outside of the treatment of /r/, South Shore speech shares many similarities with other parts of the Maritimes owing to its (indirect) English ancestry throughout Atlantic Canada. Contrary to reports of velar /r/, the most distinctive characteristic of Lunenberg speech is the complete absence of /r/ postvocalically, making it much more similar to neighbouring South Shore dialects, so that it is often confused with the speech of New England by outsiders.
855:
laborers most of which were Irish. English was transmitted in the families in towns and outports, infused every summer with folk speech from
England and Ireland. The nineteenth century provided a model of educated and cultural English and Anglo-Irish speech due to the governor becoming the focus of a small elite circle in the capital city of St. John's that included naval officers, principal merchants, clergymen, doctors, officials, and a steady stream of educated visitors and scientists. Newfoundland English, especially its common and folk varieties, began before many English speakers had settled in the present area of Canada and at least 200 years before the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867. Researchers find it difficult to identify specific Canadian pronunciations, intonations, grammatical forms, idioms, or regional vocabulary brought from other provinces to Newfoundland before 1949. Newfoundland's linguistic development has also been influenced by the United States. During World War II many Newfoundland brides were brought home by American soldiers and consequently close familial ties in both countries. Other activities like the medical and missionary activities in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador of the Englishman Dr. Wilfred Grenfell drew American nurses, teachers, and volunteer college students to northern outports. Thus, the personal relations within families may have resulted in subtle American influences in some Newfoundland areas.
692:
2001 and 2006, PEI's urban population grew by only 0.8 per cent while its rural population declined by 12.8 per cent. Nevertheless, 45 per cent of PEI's population dwelled in urban areas as of 2016. Along with Canada's
Eastern Arctic, PEI is one of the most culturally homogeneous regions in Canada. The overwhelming majority of the Island's population (91.5 per cent) reported English as their mother tongue in the 2016 census, while only 3.8 per cent of the total population reported French. The most commonly reported ethnic origins were Canadian, Scottish and English. Visible minorities comprise 4.8 per cent of the population, with Chinese, South Asian and Black people making up the largest visible minority communities. Indigenous people (including First Nations, Métis and Inuit) make up 2 percent of the population.
701:
language as spoken in the eastern province. Furthermore, it offers a splendid general introduction to the historical and sociological life of the island. There are approximately 1000 entries of non-standard or dialect words, past and present. The notes by Pratt deal with usage, pronunciation, alternate forms and spellings, and stylistic and regional labels. Much of the increased public interest in
Canadian English seen during the past half century emerged from lexicographical work and landmark publications such as the Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English.
639:
was no assimilation of
English into the francophone population simply due to their solid establishment into the province. According to historians, the consensus is that approximately 15,000 New York Loyalists emigrated and settled into New Brunswick. However, it was not until a wave of 35,000 Loyalists arrived in New Brunswick in 1783 that cemented a substantive English-speaking community, combined with the francophones in creating a larger population, which enabled it to become its own province.
67:
56:
223:
they include Cape Breton Island (the northern part of Nova Scotia), settled mostly by
Scottish Highlanders; Pictou County, a second centre of Highland Scots settlement on the mainland; Lunenburg, a town on the south shore settled largely by Germans; and an African-Canadian community, dispersed among several locations, made up of descendants of the servants who accompanied Loyalist immigrants and of refugees from American slavery.
84:
854:
The distinctiveness of
Newfoundland English derives from a variety of factors: historical, economical and geographic. In the eighteenth century there was a clear divide between the small managerial class which consisted of English merchants and agents from Devon, Dorset, and neighboring counties and
700:
First published in 1988 by the
University of Toronto Press in conjunction with T.K. Pratt a professor of English at the University of Prince Edward Island. Pratt makes a major scholarly contribution to the growing list of regional dictionaries further enabling us to discover the rich heritage of the
691:
The total population of Prince Edward Island is approximately 130,000 – only slightly larger than that of Cape Breton. As with other provinces, PEI's urban population steadily increased throughout the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries, but at a much slower rate than seen in most other provinces. Between
682:
The distinct regional differences have led to the creation of less broadly recognised speech enclaves in Canada, which challenge the notion of a
Unified Canadian English. Nova Scotia; which includes Cape Breton Island (the northern part of Nova Scotia), settled mostly by Scottish Highlanders; Pictou
638:
Canada as a country has two official languages: English and French. This is due to the long withstanding history of its colonization and settlement by both France and
Britain, as well as the continuation of the French language which was sanctioned by the ruling British authorities at the time. There
642:
Most of the French settlers in New Brunswick were descendants of Acadians during the great emigration. The francophones in New Brunswick constitute more than 5% of the francophone population in Canada. Francophones are not outnumbered by the speakers of non-official languages and make up a third of
222:
Distinctive regional settlement histories have also created several smaller, less broadly recognized speech enclaves within Canada, which likewise challenge the notion of a unified Canadian English, if not as starkly as the case of Newfoundland. Today, these are found mostly in Nova Scotia, where
203:. English was first spoken in Canada in the 17th century in seasonal fishing communities along the Atlantic coast, including the island of Newfoundland, and at fur trade posts around Hudson Bay. Treated as a marker of upper-class prestige in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th,
85:
505:, is less common in the Maritimes than elsewhere in Canada and so "battery" is pronounced instead of with a glottal stop. The varied but similar Maritimer accents are influenced by an overwhelming majority of early Scottish and Irish immigration namely in the regions of
926:' was only little small people, they used to tell we.' 'He thought to hisself he'd killed the two of 'em 'twasn't they now.' 'Never mind they – let 'em bite.' (The unstressed forms, except for example 6 above, are the same as in standard colloquial English.)
967:
as well as the Dictionary of Newfoundland English. The definitions are taken from DCHP-2 with a link to the definitions from Dictionary of Newfoundland English (with the exception of 8 and 10, linked to the DCHP-2 definitions):
83:
643:
the population, thus making them the only official bilingual province. In comparison to its Maritime neighbours, New Brunswick is considered less anglophone due to its relatively big francophone population.
858:
The following list provides a list of the principal grammatical features of various folk speech types to be found in Newfoundland and Labrador as outlined in the Dictionary of Newfoundland English:
219:, when it became stigmatized as pretentious, and is now almost never heard in contemporary Canadian life outside of archival recordings used in film, television, or radio documentaries.
86:
76:
366:). The merger, typical of Standard Canadian English as well, is not typical of the rest of Atlantic Canadian English, however. Nova Scotia's Halifax English and New Brunswick's
662:, the combination of typical standardized toppings at Canadian pizzerias that includes pepperoni sausage, mushroom, green pepper, tomato sauce and cheese is referred to as
623:
Prince Edward Islanders use more British terms more often than any other Maritimers because of the overwhelming homogeneity of the province's Scottish and Irish ethnicity.
525:
Like most other Canadian English, Maritimer English usually contains Canadian raising though to a less extreme degree than the rest of the country. Also, both variants of
1651:
The dialect of Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia: A study of the English of the county, with reference to its sources, preservation of relics, and vestiges of bilingualism
1680:
1322:
869:)s for all person and numbers: 'I thinks this is unlawful, and as other informs me is onproper and impossible, and this the livi-ers here, all could tell ye.'
521:
In addition to the above, the English of the Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) has some unique phonological features:
964:
555:
to alveolar tap between vowels, as well as pronouncing it as a glottal stop , is less common in the Maritimes than in the rest of North America. Therefore,
3013:
872:
Only one form is employed for both the past tense and past participle of strongverbs: 'She was gangboarded, fore-cuddy an' after-cuddy on her, and freeze
2953:
47:
945:'But the first hour we hauled in the log, and he registered three miles. So the next hour we hauled 'im in again, and she's got another three miles.'
1722:
620:
speech exists; "yeah" and "no" are spoken by people while they inhale (colloquial pronunciation). That is often referred to as a "Gaelic gasp."
1448:
1379:
Boberg, Charles (2011). "Regional variation in the allophones of CANADIAN ENGLISH". Canadian Acoustics, , v. 39, n. 3, p. 170-171, sep. 2011.
894:
for all persons, indicates continuous or repeated activity: 'There's a sunken rock. You know when the water's high, that it be's under water.'
614:, as in "It was right foggy today!" That sense may be influenced by Yorkshire dialect "reight" , which means "very, rather, or considerably".
1926:
422:
Certain Atlantic Canadian English dialects have been recognized by both popular and scholarly publications for distinctly sounding like
3048:
2021:
840:
n. — Prince Edward Island, A Prince Edward Islander who has picked up affected 'foreign' manners, especially in the 'Boston States.'
1959:
1133:
the practice of visiting houses in elaborate costumes and disguises, participating in various group activities over Christmas.
704:
Below is a list of words that are distinctive of Newfoundland English found in the Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English:
3098:
2883:
1969:
1561:
1505:
1424:
211:
known in the United States. Students in school were not permitted to use Gaelic, upon threat of punishment for not using the
3118:
2191:
2076:
3169:
3159:
2599:
1948:. With the assistance of Baillie Ford, Alexandra Gaylie and Gabrielle Lim (2nd ed.). University of British Columbia.
1267:
232:
1579:"Linguistic and Economic Characteristics of Francophone Minorities in Canada: A Comparison of Ontario and New Brunswick"
2704:
3164:
1991:
1898:
1850:
1809:
1747:
1698:
1633:
1319:
2503:
2751:
2547:
479:
29:
160:. Atlantic Canada is the easternmost region of Canada, comprising four provinces located on the Atlantic coast:
3068:
2508:
2014:
955:
For many speakers the plural demonstrative determiners are those with objects and events that are current, and
828:, Of the sea, covered with a dense, slushy, mass of ice fragments, snow and freezing water.
207:
was marked by the use of some features of British English pronunciation, resulting in an accent similar to the
3108:
2801:
2763:
236:(2006) revealed many of the sound changes active within Atlantic Canadian English, including the fronting of
1157:
an informal bonding ceremony in Newfoundland, involving drinking rum and kissing a (dead) fish, usually cod
3103:
2756:
2576:
2393:
2214:
959:
with objects and events that are past: 'Years ago, not so much, those days, you'd always have a gun line.'
627:
598:
567:
563:
552:
548:
541:
526:
494:
490:
467:
463:
372:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
271:
43:
39:
2479:
2469:
2067:
2034:
2030:
1718:
3063:
2778:
2636:
2047:
1999:
862:
Nouns after numerals above one have no plural -s. 'Now a cod-trap is about sixty fathom on the round.'
324:. That is strongly true in Nova Scotia's Sydney English specifically, which also features a merger of
3149:
3043:
2569:
2527:
2498:
2430:
2007:
506:
367:
161:
129:
1138:
3154:
2768:
2722:
2621:
2594:
2559:
2454:
2325:
1440:
1918:
2980:
2813:
2631:
2606:
1957:
1771:
Dollinger, Stefan; Clarke, Sandra (2012). "On the autonomy and homogeneity of Canadian English".
670:
is used to describe lined paper that is bound together, in the Maritimes, the type 1 Canadianism
426:
dialects. Irish immigration patterns have caused a strong influence of Irish English features in
200:
1388:
1384:
720:, A fisherman who is too lazy to fish. Critical term. Someone who didn't want to fish (II 083).
2895:
2873:
2677:
2374:
2343:
2221:
471:
270:
that exists in the rest of English-speaking Canada. Canadian raising means that the diphthongs
212:
25:
2791:
3093:
2878:
2773:
2486:
2420:
2174:
2164:
2159:
1487:
1190:
3086:
2515:
2408:
2348:
2226:
2199:
2116:
1228:
849:
475:
427:
402:
177:
137:
8:
3113:
2943:
2935:
2833:
2796:
2682:
2667:
2542:
2532:
2459:
2298:
1223:
279:
215:, and thus Gaelic fell into disuse. The Canadian dainty accent faded in prominence after
208:
188:
have a wide variety of phrases and words not spoken outside of their respective regions.
732:, One of the strips of wood on the bottom of a lobster trap that secures the ballast.
3003:
2970:
2905:
2888:
2743:
2564:
2111:
2101:
1815:
1753:
1162:
1114:
1090:
1066:
1042:
1018:
813:, A big meal, often of seafood or other seasonal food and in connection with a party.
165:
997:
973:
3008:
2993:
2965:
2925:
2717:
2654:
2403:
2179:
2143:
1987:
1965:
1894:
1846:
1805:
1784:
1743:
1694:
1629:
1598:
1557:
1501:
1420:
1380:
1209:
a dinner of corned beef and cabbage, with potatoes and other vegetables on the side.
398:
2699:
3128:
3081:
3033:
2960:
2868:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2689:
2662:
2520:
2440:
2385:
2283:
2265:
2252:
2089:
2084:
1886:
1838:
1819:
1780:
1757:
1686:
1621:
1590:
1549:
1493:
1218:
963:
Below is a list of words that are distinctive of Newfoundland English found in the
630:
to the end of "somewhere" and "anywhere" and produce "somewheres" and "anywheres".
617:
447:
433:
408:
344:
327:
305:
259:
247:
196:
121:
1890:
1799:
1737:
1679:
Kiefte, Michael; Kay-Raining Bird, Elizabeth (2010). "Canadian Maritime English".
2998:
2900:
2838:
2808:
2616:
2491:
2312:
2288:
2260:
2231:
2204:
2169:
2056:
1690:
1625:
1497:
1452:
1414:
1326:
1320:"Some Canadians used to speak with a quasi-British accent called Canadian Dainty"
423:
378:
321:
204:
153:
145:
141:
125:
1958:
Schreier, etc. all; Daniel Schreier; Peter Trudgill; Edgar W. Schneider (2010).
774:, A machine with two rotating discs used to hill or pile soil around potatoes.
3073:
2988:
2948:
2848:
2672:
2425:
2330:
2320:
2236:
2038:
1616:
Boberg, Charles (2012). "Standard Canadian English". In Hickey, Raymond (ed.).
1343:
1295:
1238:
650:
indicate that lower values for the F2 of /awT/ tend to occur in New Brunswick.
647:
459:
394:
263:
157:
149:
1594:
1543:
3143:
3123:
3038:
2694:
2611:
2552:
2464:
2415:
2293:
2275:
1979:
1602:
1553:
1342:
Boberg, C. (2012). Standard Canadian English. Standards of English, 159–178.
1262:
1233:
918:
The stressed forms for the personal pronouns after verbs (including forms of
659:
173:
93:
1578:
2626:
2474:
2353:
502:
498:
216:
1842:
890:
are employed for an assertion about an event at the present moment, while
1940:
Dollinger, Stefan; Fee, Margery, eds. (2017). Written at Vancouver, BC.
1881:
Kirwin, William J. (2008). "Newfoundland English". In Algeo, John (ed.).
510:
430:, Cape Breton English, and some Halifax English, including a fronting of
267:
185:
169:
97:
55:
2537:
2029:
1685:. Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 62.
405:
behaviour, and Nova Scotia English generally has a conservatively-back
199:
owes its very existence to important historical events, especially the
109:
2094:
181:
2121:
1330:
1243:
486:
35:
3058:
3053:
2863:
2209:
2136:
2131:
1942:"DCHP-2: The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles"
1441:
This Canadian woman's Irish accent sounds straight out of Ireland
610:
The interrogative "right?" is raised to and is also used as an
2126:
2106:
1419:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 407–408.
611:
747:, A hired hand on a fishing boat, especially a lobster boat.
397:
suspects that to be an older recessive feature. Nova Scotia's
1941:
1389:
https://jcaa.caa-aca.ca/index.php/jcaa/article/view/2465/2214
695:
436:
411:
1885:(6 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 442–445.
250:
646:
In a reported merger of couch and coach, observations from
347:
1946:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP)
915:'We'd see the sun steady for three months, never lose un.'
450:
371:
350:
333:
330:
308:
1961:
The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction
1682:
The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction
1678:
1489:
The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction
1917:
Kirwin, W. J.; Story, G.M.; Widdowson, J.D.A (1990).
1583:
Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development
900:
is not a normal usage, the notion being expressed by
1916:
1719:"Prince Edward Island. In The Canadian Encyclopedia"
34:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1653:. Canadian Journal of Linguistics. pp. 97–105.
948:
Adjectives derived from names of materials end in -
937:are often used as substitutes for count nouns, but
377:before a few consonants, somewhat reminiscent of a
1664:Keifte M, Main & K Raining Bird. Ltf] (2017).
801:, Any roundish, white-fleshed variety of potato.
789:, Usually of a woman, well dressed or attractive.
1919:"Dictionary of Newfoundland English Introduction"
482:, which is the merger of /e/ and /æ/ before /r/.
3141:
1129:also attributively, Newfoundland, Social customs
570:are not merged; that is, the beginning sound of
48:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1986:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208,
1770:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1073:< Gaelic 'flaitheamhlach' (DCHP-2 May 2016)
501:between vowels, as well as pronouncing it as a
419:compared with other Canadian English dialects.
1978:
1712:
1710:
1520:
1492:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–69.
1464:
1400:
1367:
1355:
2015:
1883:The Cambridge History of the English Language
540:is possible because of the raised variant of
2373:
1939:
1416:Irish English: History and Present-Day Forms
1344:https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139023832.009
1274:
1707:
653:
3049:Comparison of American and British English
2022:
2008:
1964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
1801:Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English
1742:. University of Toronto Press. p. 1.
1739:Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English
1716:
1620:. Standards of English. pp. 159–178.
1485:
1271:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148.
1195:Jigg's dinner, Jiggs dinner, Jigg's Dinner
696:Dictionary of Prince Edward Island English
278:are raised to, respectively, and before
1837:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 3.
865:Finite verbs in the present tense take -(
470:. Newfoundland English further shows the
2742:
1668:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 1.
1663:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1293:
904:'How many times am I after tellin' you?'
54:
1982:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006),
1929:from the original on February 20, 2016.
1576:
686:
562:Especially among the older generation,
3142:
1880:
1832:
1648:
1615:
1541:
1412:
529:can have notably rounded realizations.
2003:
1912:
1910:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1797:
1735:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1470:
1313:
1265:; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006).
1185:a sly, mischievous person; a rascal.
1109:a person believed to bring bad luck.
3119:Non-native pronunciations of English
1923:Heritage Newfoundland & Labrador
1061:a boiled pudding made with raisins.
302:. In all Atlantic Canadian English,
92:An example of a woman from northern
38:. For the distinction between ,
1984:The Atlas of North American English
1725:from the original on June 24, 2021.
1717:Holman, H.t.; Robb, Andrew (2021).
1542:Boberg, Charles (August 26, 2010).
1268:The Atlas of North American English
1085:generous, extravagant or wasteful.
233:The Atlas of North American English
13:
1907:
1859:
1642:
1526:
898:To have (already) done (something)
65:
14:
3181:
1835:Newfoundland and Labrador English
941:for mass and abstract nouns like
385:has a different vowel sound than
1785:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2012.01773.x
1577:Grenier, Gilles (July 1, 1997).
633:
446:
432:
407:
343:
326:
304:
246:
108:Problems playing this file? See
81:
1933:
1826:
1804:. University of Toronto Press.
1791:
1764:
1729:
1672:
1657:
1609:
1570:
1514:
1458:
1433:
1301:. Kingston, Ontario. p. 14
907:The unstressed object form for
843:
666:. Additionally, where the term
466:, and a rounded realization of
381:, but nowhere near as defined (
30:International Phonetic Alphabet
3069:English-based creole languages
1548:. Cambridge University Press.
1545:The English Language in Canada
1406:
1394:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1336:
1256:
1173:'trickster' (DCHP-2 May 2016)
902:to be after doing (something):
677:
140:. It was mostly influenced by
128:that is notably distinct from
1:
3109:List of English-based pidgins
1891:10.1017/CHOL9780521264792.014
1666:Canadian and Maritime English
1521:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1465:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1401:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1368:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1356:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
1249:
1181:Newfoundland, slang, informal
1013:someone who teases; a bully.
992:a pudding, cake, or pancake.
547:The flapping of intervocalic
478:, and a distinct lack of the
3104:Linguistic purism in English
1691:10.1017/CBO9780511676529.005
1626:10.1017/cbo9781139023832.009
1498:10.1017/CBO9780511676529.004
1486:Mari Jones (March 4, 2010).
1167:sleveen, slieveen, sleiveen,
1153:Newfoundland, Social customs
787:verb. — Prince Edward Island
516:
262:, but notably a lack of the
226:
16:Dialects of Canadian English
7:
2205:London & Thames Estuary
1212:
1033:Newfoundland, somewhat rare
952:'tinnen cup, glassen pole.'
826:adj. — Prince Edward Island
559:is pronounced instead of .
136:(or Maritimer English) and
10:
3186:
3170:English language in Canada
3160:Culture of Atlantic Canada
3064:English as a lingua franca
1294:Chambers, Jack K. (2010).
943:crookedness, fog, weather:
922:) and prepositions are /,
847:
605:
582:is different from that of
191:
3044:Broad and general accents
3026:
2979:
2954:regional and occupational
2934:
2921:
2914:
2826:
2787:
2735:
2713:
2653:
2585:
2450:
2439:
2384:
2366:
2339:
2311:
2274:
2251:
2190:
2152:
2075:
2066:
2055:
2046:
1595:10.1080/01434639708666321
811:n. — Prince Edward Island
799:n. — Prince Edward Island
772:n. — Prince Edward Island
757:n. — Prince Edward Island
745:n. — Prince Edward Island
730:n. — Prince Edward Island
718:n. — Prince Edward Island
597:A devoiced and retracted
320:sound") is raised before
162:Newfoundland and Labrador
130:Standard Canadian English
118:Atlantic Canadian English
3165:Culture of the Maritimes
1554:10.1017/cbo9780511781056
1413:Hickey, Raymond (2007).
832:10. Whitewashed Islander
654:Variations in vocabulary
601:is traditionally common.
1833:Clarke, Sandra (2010).
1451:April 14, 2023, at the
820:Lolly, Slob Ice, Slurry
759:, A large ocean wave.
626:Some Maritimers add an
201:Treaty of Paris of 1763
26:phonetic transcriptions
2222:Received Pronunciation
1439:Hertz, Kayla (2020). "
1197:(DCHP-2 October 2016)
1145:(DCHP-2 October 2016)
1143:Screech-in, Screech-In
1121:(DCHP-2 October 2016)
1071:flahoolagh, flooholic,
1049:(DCHP-2 October 2016)
980:(DCHP-2 October 2016)
781:Kipper, Dilsey, Trappy
513:and parts of Halifax.
70:
60:
23:This article contains
2416:Multicultural Toronto
1843:10.1515/9780748631414
209:Trans-Atlantic accent
69:
58:
2577:Western Pennsylvania
1798:Pratt, T.K. (1988).
1736:Pratt, T.K. (1988).
1618:Standards of English
1447:. Irish Studio LLC.
1387:. Available at: <
1229:Newfoundland English
1097:(DCHP-2 April 2016)
1001:(DCHP-2 April 2016)
850:Newfoundland English
835:Whitewashed American
687:Prince Edward Island
428:Newfoundland English
280:voiceless consonants
178:Prince Edward Island
138:Newfoundland English
132:. It is composed of
3114:Mid-Atlantic accent
2705:Trinidad and Tobago
1820:10.3138/j.ctt2ttx17
1758:10.3138/j.ctt2ttx17
1649:Wilson, HR (2017).
1325:5 July 2017 at the
1296:"English in Canada"
1224:Languages of Canada
1095:joner, jonah, jader
1025:(DCHP-2 July 2016)
124:dialects spoken in
2637:Pennsylvania Dutch
1205:Food, Newfoundland
1169:< Irish Gaelic
1057:Newfoundland, Food
1037:dusk or twilight.
988:Newfoundland, Food
924:he, she, we, they:
480:marry–merry merger
472:cheer–chair merger
180:. Regions such as
166:Maritime provinces
71:
61:
59:Atlantic Provinces
3137:
3136:
3022:
3021:
2822:
2821:
2731:
2730:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2570:Pacific Northwest
2431:Standard Canadian
2362:
2361:
2307:
2306:
2247:
2246:
1971:978-0-521-71016-9
1563:978-0-521-87432-8
1507:978-1-139-48741-2
1426:978-0-521-85299-9
837:(DPEIE Page 166)
822:(DPEIE Page 138)
807:(DPEIE Page 126)
795:(DPEIE Page 123)
399:Lunenburg English
164:, plus the three
87:
3177:
3150:Canadian English
3034:English language
2919:
2918:
2740:
2739:
2723:Falkland Islands
2622:General American
2595:African-American
2448:
2447:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1975:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:(2nd ed.).
1914:
1905:
1904:
1878:
1857:
1856:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1272:
1260:
1219:Canadian English
1023:duckies, duckest
783:(DPEIE Page 86)
768:(DPEIE Page 73)
753:(DPEIE Page 68)
741:(DPEIE Page 38)
714:(DPEIE Page 5)
629:
600:
569:
565:
554:
550:
543:
528:
496:
492:
489:of intervocalic
476:line–loin merger
469:
465:
457:
456:
453:
452:
443:
442:
439:
438:
418:
417:
414:
413:
374:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
322:nasal consonants
315:
314:
311:
310:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
273:
260:Canadian raising
257:
256:
253:
252:
243:
239:
197:Canadian English
134:Maritime English
122:Canadian English
89:
88:
68:
45:
41:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3155:Acadian culture
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3018:
2975:
2930:
2910:
2818:
2814:Solomon Islands
2783:
2727:
2709:
2641:
2632:New York Latino
2607:American Indian
2587:
2581:
2442:
2435:
2376:
2358:
2344:Channel Islands
2335:
2303:
2270:
2243:
2186:
2148:
2058:
2042:
2028:
1994:
1972:
1954:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1879:
1860:
1853:
1831:
1827:
1812:
1796:
1792:
1773:World Englishes
1769:
1765:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1677:
1673:
1662:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1614:
1610:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1540:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1484:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1453:Wayback Machine
1438:
1434:
1427:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1337:
1327:Wayback Machine
1318:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1215:
852:
846:
726:(DPEIE Page 9)
724:2. Ballast Lath
707:
698:
689:
680:
656:
636:
608:
519:
462:realization of
449:
445:
435:
431:
410:
406:
379:New York accent
346:
342:
329:
325:
307:
303:
249:
245:
241:
237:
229:
205:Canadian dainty
194:
154:Scottish Gaelic
126:Atlantic Canada
115:
114:
106:
104:
103:
102:
101:
90:
82:
79:
72:
66:
53:
52:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3074:Englishisation
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2981:Southeast Asia
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:South Atlantic
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2746:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2678:Cayman Islands
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2591:
2589:
2588:ethno-cultural
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2180:Stoke-on-Trent
2177:
2172:
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2039:Modern English
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1980:Labov, William
1976:
1970:
1952:
1951:
1932:
1906:
1899:
1858:
1851:
1825:
1810:
1790:
1763:
1748:
1728:
1706:
1699:
1671:
1656:
1641:
1634:
1608:
1589:(4): 285–301.
1569:
1562:
1525:
1513:
1506:
1469:
1457:
1432:
1425:
1405:
1393:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1335:
1333:, 1 July 2017.
1312:
1273:
1263:Labov, William
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1239:Acadian French
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1211:
961:
960:
953:
946:
927:
916:
905:
895:
881:
870:
863:
848:Main article:
845:
842:
793:7. Round White
697:
694:
688:
685:
679:
676:
655:
652:
648:Charles Boberg
635:
632:
607:
604:
603:
602:
595:
560:
545:
544:being rounded.
530:
518:
515:
460:slit fricative
395:Charles Boberg
264:Canadian Shift
228:
225:
213:King's English
193:
190:
158:Acadian French
120:is a class of
105:
91:
80:
77:Speech example
75:
74:
73:
64:
63:
62:
46:⟩, see
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3182:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:International
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Torres Strait
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:North-Central
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2487:New York City
2485:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Ottawa Valley
2419:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
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2342:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:Multicultural
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Black Country
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2165:West Midlands
2163:
2161:
2160:East Midlands
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1995:
1993:3-11-016746-8
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1900:9781139053822
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1852:9780748631414
1848:
1844:
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1829:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:9780802079046
1807:
1803:
1802:
1794:
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1778:
1774:
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1759:
1755:
1751:
1749:9780802079046
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1732:
1724:
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1713:
1711:
1702:
1700:9780521883962
1696:
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1635:9781139023832
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1278:
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1269:
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1259:
1255:
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1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:The Maritimes
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:Jiggs' dinner
1186:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1172:
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1082:
1078:
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1072:
1069:
1068:
1062:
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817:9. Slobby
763:5. Hiller
672:scribbler
664:the works
517:Maritimes
401:may show
227:Phonology
182:Miramichi
3129:Standard
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192:History
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