Received Pronunciation

1041: 1451: 1052: 1064: 4108:ðəˈnɔːθˈw̥ɪndən̪n̪əˈsʌnwədɪˈspj̊u̟ːtɪŋˈwɪʔtʃwəzðəˈstɹ̥ɒŋɡə,wenəˈtɹ̥ævl̩əˌkʰeɪməˌlɒŋˈɹæptʰɪnəˈwɔːmˈkl̥əʊkˣ.ðeɪəˈɡɹ̥iːd̥ð̥əʔðəˈwʌnɦuˈfɜːssəkˈsiːdɪdɪmˈmeɪxɪŋðəˈtɹ̥ævləˌtʰeɪk̟x̟ɪsˈkl̥əʊkɒfʃʊbbikʰənˌsɪdəd̥ˈstɹɒŋɡəð̥ən̪n̪iˈʌðə.ˈðen̪n̪əˌnɔːθw̥ɪndˈbluːəz̥ˈhɑːd̥əsiˈkʊd,bət̬ð̥əˈmɔːhiˈblu̟ːðəˌmɔˈkl̥əʊsl̥id̥ɨdð̥əˈtɹ̥æv̥ləˈfəʊld̥hɪz̥ˌkl̥əʊkʰəˈɹaʊndhɪm,ændətˈl̥ɑːstð̥əˈnɔːθw̥ɪndˌɡ̊eɪv̥ˈʌpði̥əˈtʰemʔt.ˈðen̪n̪əˈsʌnˌʃɒnaʊtˈwɔːmli,ændəˈmiːdiətl̥ið̥əˈtɹ̥ævləˈtʰʊkɒfɪz̥ˈkl̥əʊkˣ.n̩ˌsəʊðəˈnɔːθˈw̥ɪnwəz̥əˈblaɪdʒ̊tʰɵkʰənˈfesð̥əʔð̥əˈsʌnwəz̥z̥əˈstɹ̥ɒŋɡɹ̩əv̥ð̥əˈtʰu̟ː. 1894: 1436: 1414: 1851: 1828: 1029: 1805: 1782: 1479: 1392: 4027: 1748: 291:"; he suggests that Gimson's categories of Conservative and Advanced RP referred to the U-RP of the old and young respectively. However, Wells stated, "It is difficult to separate stereotype from reality" with U-RP. Writing on his blog in February 2013, Wells wrote, "If only a very small percentage of English people speak RP, as Trudgill et al. claim, then the percentage speaking U-RP is vanishingly small" and "If I were redoing it today, I think I'd drop all mention of 'U-RP'". 337:

some as being associated with undeserved, or accidental, privilege and as a symbol of the southeast's political power in Britain. Based on a 1997 survey, Jane Stuart-Smith wrote, "RP has little status in Glasgow, and is regarded with hostility in some quarters". A 2007 survey found that residents of Scotland and Northern Ireland tend to dislike RP. It is shunned by some with left-wing political views, who may be proud of having accents more typical of the working classes.

87:. The accent tradition is in disagreement on questions such as: the definition of RP, how geographically neutral it is, how many speakers there are, the nature and classification of its sub-varieties, how appropriate a choice it is as a standard, and how the accent has changed over time. The name too is controversial. RP is an accent, so the study of RP is concerned only with matters of pronunciation, while other areas relevant to the study of language standards, such as 4098:ðəˈnɔːθˈwɪndənðəˈsʌnwədɪˈspjuːtɪŋˈwɪtʃwəzðəˈstrɒŋɡə,wenəˈtrævl̩əˌkeɪməˌlɒŋˈræptɪnəˈwɔːmˈkləʊk.ðeɪəˈɡriːdðətðəˈwʌnhuˈfɜːstsəkˈsiːdɪdɪnˈmeɪkɪŋðəˈtrævləˌteɪkhɪzˈkləʊkɒfʃʊdbikənˌsɪdədˈstrɒŋɡəðənðiˈʌðə.ˈðenðəˌnɔːθwɪndˈbluːəzˈhɑːdəziˈkʊd,bətðəˈmɔːhiˈbluːðəˌmɔːˈkləʊslidɪdðəˈtrævləˈfəʊldhɪzˌkləʊkəˈraʊndhɪm,ændətˈlɑːstðəˈnɔːθwɪndˌɡeɪvˈʌpðiəˈtempt.ˈðenðəˈsʌnˌʃɒnaʊtˈwɔːmli,ændəˈmiːdiətliðəˈtrævləˈtʊkɒfɪzˈkləʊk.n̩ˌsəʊðəˈnɔːθˈwɪnwəzəˈblaɪdʒdtʊkənˈfesðətðəˈsʌnwəzðəˈstrɒŋɡr̩əvðəˈtuː. 2821: 6356:, p. 45. "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6." 2367:, describing it as 'comical', 'snobbish', 'pompous' or even 'for morons'." On the subject, K. M. Petyt wrote that several respondents "positively said that they did not prefer the long-vowel form or that they really detested it or even that it was incorrect". Mark Newbrook has assigned this phenomenon the name "conscious rejection", and has cited the 387:) now give phonetically transcribed RP pronunciations for all words. Pronunciation dictionaries represent a special class of dictionary giving a wide range of possible pronunciations: British pronunciation dictionaries are all based on RP, though not necessarily using that name. Daniel Jones transcribed RP pronunciations of words and names in the 362:, encouraged the use of a 'BBC accent' because it was a "style or quality of English which would not be laughed at in any part of the country". He distinguished the BBC accent from the 'Oxford accent', to which he was "vehemently opposed". In 1926 the BBC established an Advisory Committee on Spoken English with distinguished experts, including 4129: 4142: 4128: 239:. Beverley Collins and Inger Mees use the term "Non-Regional Pronunciation" for what is often otherwise called RP, and reserve the term "Received Pronunciation" for the "upper-class speech of the twentieth century". Received Pronunciation has sometimes been called "Oxford English", as it used to be the accent of most members of the 4141: 4130: 4143: 4132: 4044: 4047: 4046: 1701:

often have no audible release utterance-finally, and voiced consonants are partly or completely devoiced (as in ); thus the perceptual distinction between pairs of words such as 'bad' and 'bat', or 'seed' and 'seat' rests mostly on vowel length (though the presence or absence of glottal reinforcement

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Since the Second World War, and increasingly since the 1960s, a wider acceptance of regional English varieties has taken hold in education and public life. Nonetheless, surveys from 1969 to 2022 consistently show that RP is perceived as the most prestigious accent of English in the United Kingdom. In

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as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the South of England", and alternative names such as "Standard Southern British" have been used. Despite RP's historic high social prestige in Britain, being seen as the accent of those with power, money, and influence, it may be perceived negatively by

313:

Traditionally, Received Pronunciation has been associated with high social class. It was the "everyday speech in the families of Southern English persons whose men-folk been educated at the great public boarding-schools" and which conveyed no information about that speaker's region of origin before

3143:

A change in the symbolisation of the GOAT diphthong reflects a change in the pronunciation of the starting point: older accounts of this diphthong describe it as starting with , moving towards . This was often symbolized as /ou/ or /oʊ/. In modern RP the starting point is unrounded and central, and

374:

during the Second World War; his accent allowing listeners to more clearly distinguish BBC broadcasts from German propaganda, though Pickles had modified his accent to be closer to RP. Since the Second World War RP has played a much smaller role in broadcast speech. RP remains the accent most often

4118:

but the more he blew the more closely did the traveller fold his cloak around him, and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shone out warmly, and immediately the traveller took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.

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The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveller came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveller take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could,

153:

used both terms interchangeably, but with a much broader definition than Jones's, saying, "There is no such thing as a uniform educated pron. of English, and rp. and rs. is a variable quantity differing from individual to individual, although all its varieties are 'received', understood and mainly

2088:. There are different possible realisations of these items: in slow, careful speech they may be pronounced as two syllables with three distinct vowel qualities in succession, or as a monosyllabic triphthong. In more casual speech the middle vowel may be considerably reduced, by a process known as 280:

proposed Conservative, General, and Advanced; "Conservative RP" referred to a traditional accent associated with older speakers with certain social backgrounds; General RP was considered neutral regarding age, occupation or lifestyle of the speaker; and Advanced RP referred to speech of a younger

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Many conventional descriptions of the RP vowel system group the non-diphthongal vowels into the categories "long" and "short". This should not be taken to mean that RP has minimal pairs in which the only difference is vowel length. "Long" and "short" are convenient cover terms for a number of

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Standard Southern British (where 'Standard' should not be taken as implying a value judgment of 'correctness') is the modern equivalent of what has been called 'Received Pronunciation' ('RP'). It is an accent of the south east of England which operates as a prestige norm there and (to varying

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I have a 'posh' accent. In fact, I sound much less fruity and plummy than I used to do. (So does The Queen, incidentally.) I sound very like my father, and English middle class professional people of his generation (he was born in 1910) sounded like he sounded and I sound

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frequently criticised the name "Received Pronunciation" in his blog: he has called it "invidious", a "ridiculously archaic, parochial and question-begging term" and noted that American scholars find the term "quite curious". He used the term "General British" (to parallel

264:

refers to this accent as "gentry". "What the Producer and I tried to do was to have each poem spoken in the dialect that was, so far as we could tell, ringing in Kipling's ears when he wrote it. Sometimes the dialect is most appropriately, Gentry. More often, it isn't."

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attending the school. An 1891 teacher's handbook stated, "It is the business of educated people to speak so that no-one may be able to tell in what county their childhood was passed". Nevertheless, in the 19th century some British prime ministers, such as

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As well as being a living accent, RP is also a theoretical linguistic concept. It is the accent on which phonemic transcriptions in dictionaries are based, and it is widely used (in competition with General American) for teaching English as a foreign

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words. She wrote, "There is no justification for the claims by Wells and Mugglestone that this is a sociolinguistic variable in the north, though it is a sociolinguistic variable on the areas on the border ". In a study of speech in West Yorkshire,

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was traditionally used before a sounded /h/ if immediately followed by an unstressed vowel, as in 'an hyaena.' This is now uncommon, especially in speech, and may be confined only to some of the more frequently used words, such as 'horrific' and

2813:". The BBC accent of the 1950s is distinctly different from today's: a news report from the 1950s is recognisable as such, and a mock-1950s BBC voice is used for comic effect in programmes wishing to satirise 1950s social attitudes such as the 3938:, based in London, still teaches these two sounds for international breadth as distinct phonemes. They are also distinct from one another in most of Scotland and Ireland, in the northeast of England, and in the southeastern United States. 1705:

Unstressed vowels are both shorter and more centralised than stressed ones. In unstressed syllables occurring before vowels and in final position, contrasts between long and short high vowels are neutralised and short and occur (e.g.

1452: 946:. The voicing distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds is reinforced by a number of other differences, with the result that the two of consonants can clearly be distinguished even in the presence of devoicing of voiced sounds: 4154: 4043: 281:

generation of speakers. Later editions (e.g., Gimson 2008) use the terms General, Refined and Regional RP. In the latest revision of Gimson's book, the terms preferred are General British (GB), Conspicuous GB and Regional GB.

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presenters no longer suggest high social class and privilege to their listeners. Other writers have also used the name "BBC Pronunciation". The term 'The Queen's English' has also been used by some writers.

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regularly publishes "Illustrations of the IPA" which present an outline of the phonetics of a particular language or accent. It is usual to base the description on a recording of the traditional story of

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would have had the vowel /ɪ/ whereas a more modern pronunciation has a vowel nearer to /iː/. In pronunciation handbooks and dictionaries it is now common to use the symbol /i/ to cover both possibilities.

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Vowels may be phonologically long or short (i.e. belong to the long or the short group of vowel phonemes) but their length is influenced by their context: in particular, they are shortened if a voiceless

370:. While the BBC did advise its speakers on pronunciation, there was never a formalised official BBC pronunciation standard. A notable departure from the use of RP came with the Yorkshire-born newsreader 4131: 165:

by the end of the 15th century, it did not begin to resemble RP until the late 19th century. RP has most in common with the dialects of what has been termed the South East Midlands, in particular the

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A few illustrative examples of changes in RP during the 20th century and early 21st are given below. A more comprehensive list (using the name "General British" in place of "RP") is given in

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Like all accents, RP has changed with time. For example, sound recordings and films from the first half of the 20th century demonstrate that it was usual for speakers of RP to pronounce the

1806: 1783: 1480: 1393: 297:

distinguishes between RP (which he equates with Wells's "mainstream RP"), Traditional RP (after Ramsaran 1990), and an even older version which he identifies with Cruttenden's "Refined RP".

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for many contemporary speakers. The effect of these two mergers (horse-hoarse and moor-more) is to bring about a number of three-way mergers of items which were hitherto distinct, such as

2014:

in this case begins with a more back, rounded and sometimes more open vowel quality; it may be transcribed as or . It is likely that the backness of the diphthong onset is the result of

2407:), as marginal members of the RP vowel system. He also argues against including other French vowels on the grounds that not many British speakers succeed in distinguishing the vowels in 137:

Pronunciation"; for the second edition in 1926 he wrote: "In what follows I call it Received Pronunciation, for want of a better term." However, the term had been used much earlier by

99:, are not considered. In linguistics the accent has changed so much in over a century that many of the symbols and concepts have become outdated and are therefore no longer considered 7379: 2604:

has argued that the system of transcription for RP has become outdated and has proposed a new system (which he calls Standard Southern British English, or SSB) as a replacement.

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is necessary for learners to aim at, and to act as a basis for description in textbooks and classroom materials. RP has been the traditional choice for teachers and learners of

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usage is too low to correlate meaningfully with the usual factors", having found only two speakers (both having attended boarding schools in the south) who consistently used

3566:), as can still be heard in the 21st century in the speech of many speakers in Ireland, Scotland and parts of the US. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the 7867:

de Jong, Gea; McDougall, Kirsty; Hudson, Toby; Nolan, Francis (2007), "The speaker discriminating power of sounds undergoing historical change: A formant-based study",

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was frequently pronounced . The same sound, however, is sometimes pronounced as an allophone of /t/ when it occurs intervocalically after a stressed syllable – the

8489: 8477: 8465: 8453: 4604: 4574: 9512: 8356: 5431: 4954: 375:

heard in the speech of announcers and newsreaders on BBC Radio 3 and Radio 4, and in some TV channels, but non-RP accents are now more widely encountered.

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lists them with a § marker of non-RP status. John Wells wrote in a blog entry on 16 March 2012 that when growing up in the north of England he used

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John Wells has argued that, as educated British speakers often attempt to pronounce French names in a French way, there is a case for including

366:, to advise on the correct pronunciation and other aspects of broadcast language. The Committee proved unsuccessful and was dissolved after the 194:(1965), "the correct term is 'the Received Pronunciation'. The word 'received' conveys its original meaning of 'accepted' or 'approved', as in ' 9660: 8310: 8112: 5007: 4156: 3571: 329:. Upton notes higher estimates of 5% (Romaine, 2000) and 10% (Wells, 1982) but refers to these as "guesstimates" not based on robust research. 1714:). The neutralisation is common throughout many English dialects, though the phonetic realisation of e.g. rather than (a phenomenon called 873: 1648:) consonant follows in the syllable, so that, for example, the vowel in 'bat' is shorter than the vowel in 'bad' . The process is known as 837:

is aspirated in "impasse", with primary stress on "-passe", but not "compass", where "-pass" has no stress.) Aspiration does not occur when

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The claim that RP is non-regional is disputed, since it is most commonly found in London and the southeast of England. It is defined in the

7370: 2092:, and in an extreme form of this process the triphthong may even be reduced to a single long vowel. In such a case the difference between 6507: 5296: 3766: 3621:

A number of cases can be identified where changes in the pronunciation of individual words, or small groups of words, have taken place.

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that is familiar in American English. Phonetically, this sounds more like /d/, and this pronunciation is sometimes known as /t/-voicing.

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Lindsey's system is as follows—differences between it and standard transcription are depicted with the usual transcription in brackets.

9547: 8520: 7465: 10311: 9922: 7070: 6945: 7446: 7177: 7052: 6974: 7411: 7017: 5297:"Schwyter, J.R. 'Dictating to the Mob: The History of the BBC Advisory Committee on Spoken English', 2016, Oxford University Press" 4196: 354:

In the early days of British broadcasting speakers of English origin almost universally used RP. The first director-general of the

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has largely disappeared from RP, though it can be heard in films and broadcasts from the first half of the 20th century. The word

3629:(referring to the religious ritual) was often pronounced /mɑːs/ in older versions of RP, but the word is now almost always /mæs/. 273:

Faced with the difficulty of defining a single standard of RP, some researchers have tried to distinguish between sub-varieties:

7608:(1818), "English phonology; or, An essay towards an analysis and description of the component sounds of the English language.", 3132:) was realized as a centring diphthong in the past, whereas many present-day speakers of RP pronounce it as a long monophthong 3912:(as in much of the West Country, Ulster, most North American varieties including General American, Australian English, and the 3893:) are heard in RP. There are, however, several words where a yod has been lost with the passage of time: for example, the word 9927: 9890: 9597: 9382: 8097: 8052: 7897: 7528: 7475: 6706: 6576: 6490: 6465: 5312: 4452: 1125: 8426: 10445: 9617: 8690: 8575: 8438: 8414: 9098: 2336:

Jack Windsor Lewis has noted that the Oxford Dictionary's position has changed several times on whether to include short

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Klaus J. Kohler (2017) "Communicative Functions and Linguistic Forms in Speech Interaction", published by CUP (page 268)

9653: 9203: 7810: 7546: 6313: 5099: 4930: 1734: 1729: 5327:

Sangster, Catherine, 'The BBC, its Pronunciation Unit and 'BBC English' in Roach, P., Setter, J. and Esling, J. (eds)

2348:, but its author, Graham Pointon, has stated on his blog that he finds both variants to be acceptable in place names. 8474: 8249: 8231: 8070: 7652: 7587: 7566: 6886: 6532: 5470: 5415: 4789: 3585:. This has been noted by writers on RP since quite early in the 20th century. Ward notes pronunciations such as for 2467: 1686:

for short vowels before voiced consonants but a mean value of 165 ms for long vowels preceding voiceless consonants.

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Some linguists have used the term "RP" while expressing reservations about its suitability. The Cambridge-published

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Newbrook, Mark (1999), "West Wirral: norms, self-reports and usage", in Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerald J. (eds.),

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2022, 25% of British adults reported being mocked for their regional accent at work, and 46% in social situations.

190: 10148: 10135: 9689: 9250: 9046: 8363: – Listen to examples of received pronunciation on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website 7393: 4608: 4582: 3705: 3556: 2026:

is realized as a back rounded vowel, which again is likely to cause backing and rounding in a preceding vowel as

1132: 800: 637: 38: 8353: 5435: 10346: 9714: 9567: 9007: 8513: 7661:

Fishman, Joshua (1977), ""Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context",

7508: 5202: 4958: 3135: 1430: 1150: 431:. However, the choice of pronunciation model is difficult, and the adoption of RP is in many ways problematic. 388: 166: 134: 129: 3198:, have undergone fronting and reduction in the amount of lip-rounding (phonetically, these can be transcribed 10306: 10271: 9912: 9704: 9646: 9607: 9300: 9262: 7803:

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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For speakers of Received Pronunciation in the late 19th century, it was common for the consonant combination

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Robinson, Jonnie (24 April 2019). "Received Pronunciation". The British Library. Retrieved 16 December 2019.

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is not present except among those who have acquired this distinction as the result of speech training). The

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Stuart-Smith, Jane (1999). "Glasgow: accent and voice quality". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).

3174: 1408: 665: 644: 8121: 5772: 4107: 4097: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3931: 3909: 3905: 3890: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3674: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3222: 3195: 3191: 3160: 3156: 3117: 3086: 3082: 3048: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2947: 2939: 2919: 2878: 2874: 2829: 2782: 2762: 2754: 2746: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2592: 2587: 2571: 2566: 2551: 2546: 2530: 2525: 2509: 2504: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2364: 2356: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2326: 2309: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2275: 2267: 2256: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2081: 2073: 2065: 2057: 2049: 2039: 2035: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1961: 1957: 1945: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1912: 1902: 1889: 1874: 1869: 1859: 1846: 1836: 1823: 1813: 1800: 1790: 1777: 1698: 1694: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1633: 1629: 1605: 1601: 1578: 1550: 1530: 1519: 1507: 1495: 1332: 1313: 1293: 1273: 1253: 1233: 1205: 1072: 1013: 998: 990: 982: 939: 935: 931: 927: 904: 892: 888: 884: 880: 869: 857: 853: 849: 845: 838: 834: 826: 822: 818: 814: 804: 792: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 52: 48: 10455: 8978: 8968: 8566: 8533: 8529: 4365: 3968: 3942: 3870: 3209: 3166: 1401: 1386: 1171: 730: 697: 359: 235:

and in subsequent publications. The name "General British" is adopted in the latest revision of Gimson's

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Tory MP Jacob Rees-Mogg struggled with his "posh RP accent" when he was trying to get elected in Fife.

4078: 3593:. Glottalization of /tʃ/ is widespread in present-day RP when at the end of a stressed syllable, as in 3228: 3054: 2951: 1185: 739: 651: 559: 543: 363: 124: 8498: 5930: 2300:

in these words must be considered within RP and has called the opposing view "south-centric". Upton's

10450: 10003: 9932: 9790: 9775: 9542: 9068: 9026: 8997: 8929: 8897: 8506: 8348: 6869:... the speech of the hosts tends to show features of the Received Pronunciation (RP) English accent, 6792: 6548: 3582: 3226: 3207: 3199: 3172: 3164: 3133: 3052: 3040: 3032: 2471:(1993), changing five symbols from the traditional Gimson system, and this is now used in many other 2292:

in "bath" and "glass", and considers this the only acceptable phoneme in RP. Others have argued that

1732: 1473: 900: 672: 392: 384: 72: 5090:

Upton, Clive (21 January 2019). "Chapter 14: British English". In Reed, Marnie; Levis, John (eds.).

4088:. To accompany the recording there are three transcriptions: orthographic, phonemic and allophonic. 2805:

shifted her pronunciation over the course of her reign, ceasing to use an -like vowel in words like

169:

of universities, namely London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the public schools that fed them, such as

10316: 10008: 9942: 9907: 9267: 9221: 9120: 9093: 9058: 8953: 8824: 8318: 6758: 4326: 3742: 3719: 2904:). The Queen continued to use the older pronunciations, but it is now rare to hear this on the BBC. 796: 185:

selected RP as its broadcasting standard, citing its being widely understood globally as a reason.

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phonetic features. The long-short pairings shown above include also differences in vowel quality.

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is increasingly pronounced as a monophthong , although without merging with any existing vowels.

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http://raleighlittletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf

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http://raleighlittletheatre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Lion-Witch-Wardrobe-dialect-guide.pdf

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phoneme has ceased to be a feature of RP, except in an exaggeratedly precise style of speaking (

833:

at the beginning of a syllable, unless a completely unstressed vowel follows. (For example, the

10414: 10201: 10018: 9394: 9372: 9176: 8873: 8842: 7075:

Examples of speakers of the more "conservative" type of RP are Stephen Fry and Dame Judi Dench.

6920: 5865: 5843: 3972: 830: 467: 141:

in 1818 and the Oxford English Dictionary cites quotations back to about 1710. A similar term,

34: 20: 9290: 5770: 5344:, pp. 277–8), but even then Pickles modified his speech towards RP when reading the news. 10035: 10028: 9937: 9850: 9845: 9592: 9377: 9272: 8985: 8919: 8673: 8663: 8658: 7251: 3920: 3866: 3752: 2089: 1969: 708: 512: 501: 457: 9585: 195: 10404: 10266: 10176: 10155: 10065: 10058: 9802: 9014: 8907: 8847: 8725: 8698: 8615: 7617: 4345: 4238: 4173: 3960:. In hurried phrases such as "as hard as he could" h-dropping commonly applies to the word 3862: 3670: 3648: 1649: 1040: 943: 584: 240: 150: 6235: 5152: 1051: 214:

Pronunciation", on the basis that the name "Received Pronunciation" is "archaic" and that

8: 10394: 10301: 10279: 10236: 10221: 10186: 10130: 10075: 10070: 9949: 9835: 9812: 9757: 9612: 9442: 9434: 9332: 9295: 9181: 9166: 9041: 9031: 8958: 8797: 7999:

Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A commemorative volume in honour of A. C. Gimson

7122: 6197: 4370: 4355: 4214: 2894: 2247: 1658:

than phonologically long vowels in another context. For example, the vowel called "long"

1063: 788: 630: 595: 288: 5022: 10291: 10100: 10045: 10040: 9995: 9954: 9747: 9673: 9502: 9469: 9404: 9387: 9242: 9063: 8610: 8600: 8284: 8211: 8141: 8032: 7941: 7790: 7762: 7742: 7678: 7324: 5584: 5001: 4178: 2802: 784: 525: 462: 326: 223: 108: 10191: 8372: 8267:

Wikström, Jussi (2013), "An acoustic study of the RP English LOT and THOUGHT vowels",

6333: 5042: 2958:), myself among them, do not use the diphthong at all, but replace it always by /ɔː/". 2954:

gives an account of the /ɔə/ diphthong, but notes "many speakers of Received English (

1998:

is pronounced by some RP speakers in a noticeably different way when it occurs before

10419: 10384: 10369: 10353: 10341: 10326: 10296: 10256: 10226: 10206: 10196: 10140: 10120: 10110: 10095: 10080: 9975: 9970: 9897: 9867: 9862: 9840: 9822: 9817: 9807: 9797: 9507: 9492: 9464: 9424: 9216: 9153: 8902: 8678: 8642: 8304: 8288: 8245: 8227: 8215: 8145: 8106: 8093: 8066: 8048: 8036: 7893: 7806: 7794: 7734: 7711: 7648: 7629: 7583: 7562: 7542: 7524: 7504: 7471: 7419: 7259: 7224: 7186: 7130: 7095: 7025: 7003: 6777: 6702: 6528: 6486: 6461: 6309: 5588: 5466: 5411: 5308: 5198: 5095: 4926: 4785: 4448: 4304: 4085: 3976: 3060: 2296:

is too categorical in the north of England to be excluded. Clive Upton believes that

1157: 1017: 810: 484: 474: 76: 9198: 7746: 5821: 3647:

Like most other varieties of English outside Northern England, RP has undergone the

10399: 10331: 10321: 10261: 10251: 10246: 10231: 10216: 10211: 10125: 10115: 9983: 9877: 9770: 9752: 9742: 9627: 9580: 9532: 9459: 9367: 9357: 9352: 9342: 9188: 9161: 9019: 8939: 8884: 8782: 8764: 8751: 8588: 8583: 8276: 8203: 8133: 8022: 7933: 7782: 7726: 7689: 7670: 6823: 6011: 5579: 5574: 5562: 5300: 3878: 3874: 2372: 2352: 1645: 961: 760: 452: 391:. Cambridge University Press continues to publish this title, as of 1997 edited by 367: 261: 228: 158: 6567: 2371:

vowel as "the main instance of conscious rejection of RP" in his research in West

10409: 10389: 10374: 10336: 10241: 10181: 10105: 10090: 10085: 9885: 9872: 9497: 9399: 9337: 9307: 9115: 8990: 8811: 8787: 8759: 8730: 8703: 8668: 8555: 8493: 8481: 8469: 8457: 8445: 8433: 8421: 8360: 7605: 7556: 7518: 5028: 4406:"Bias against working-class and regional accents has not gone away, report finds" 4286: 4184: 3081:

In a number of words where contemporary RP has an unstressed syllable with schwa

3047:

is increasingly used in modern RP to avoid the clash with the lowered variety of

1640:, and are often narrowly transcribed in phonetic literature as diphthongs and . 807:

is nonetheless traditionally used for RP in most of the literature on the topic.

492: 479: 428: 371: 301: 111:

the symbols and concepts still remain highly relevant, commonly taught and used.

84: 7217:

https://resource.download.wjec.co.uk/vtc/2017-18/17-18_1-9/pdf/teacher-notes.pdf

6084: 5274:

1967: John REITH explains the "BBC ACCENT" | Lord Reith Looks Back | BBC Archive

1028: 423:

Pronunciation forms an essential component of language learning and teaching; a

10424: 10379: 9572: 9487: 9447: 9347: 9171: 8924: 8829: 8819: 8735: 8537: 8161: 7753:

Halle, Morris; Mohanan, K. P. (1985), "Segmental Phonology of Modern English",

4851: 4332: 4274: 4208: 3704:

Unlike a number of North American accents of English, RP has not undergone the

3578: 3028: 2027: 2003: 1690: 986: 908: 536: 322: 162: 8280: 8207: 8137: 8027: 7786: 7730: 6410: 6150: 5272: 5120: 5065: 3066:

There has been a change in the pronunciation of the unstressed final vowel of

2363:

words. A. F. Gupta wrote, "Many of the northerners were noticeably hostile to

2120:

with all three units realised as or . This type of smoothing is known as the

1747: 10439: 9622: 9537: 9193: 9110: 9051: 8963: 8914: 8792: 8774: 8376: 8191: 7885: 7738: 7575: 7190: 6865:

Gyles Brandreth and Susie Dent are the hosts of Something Rhymes with Purple,

4704:"Review of the Daniel Jones English Pronouncing Dictionary 15th edition 1997" 4310: 4280: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4190: 3913: 2814: 2601: 2031: 1715: 1368: 1095: 1009: 400: 174: 4084:

The female speaker is described as having been born in 1953 and educated at

4081:. There is an IPA illustration of British English (Received Pronunciation). 2042:

diphthong in "fold" is slightly more back and rounded than that in "cloak".

9125: 8973: 8852: 6121: 4322: 4292: 4268: 2117: 1002: 994: 942:) are partly or even fully devoiced at utterance boundaries or adjacent to 916: 896: 178: 170: 7157: 5023:

The Best English. A claim for the superiority of Received Standard English

4806: 1964:

is still found in conservative speakers, and in less common words such as

7346: 7295: 4730:"Ovvissly not one of us – Review of the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary" 4316: 4298: 4262: 4226: 4220: 2462: 2263: 1725: 1683: 1609: 1380: 1363: 1353: 1201: 1119: 1090: 1080: 404: 294: 210:(aimed at those learning English as a foreign language) uses the phrase " 6827: 4755: 4492: 1928:

The centring diphthongs are gradually being eliminated in RP. The vowel

9036: 8528: 8329: 7858:

Jones, Daniel (2011), Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.),

7766: 4232: 4202: 4062: 3946: 2308:

words. A. F. Gupta's survey of mostly middle-class students found that

2151: 2046: 1625: 1491: 1463: 1373: 1179: 1100: 146: 88: 8389: 7945: 7682: 6811: 5989: 4729: 4703: 1654:. Thus phonologically short vowels in one context can be phonetically 9669: 8593: 8369:, and compare it with other accents from the UK and around the World. 5990:"The General Central Northern Non-Dialectal Pronunciation of England" 3991: 3677:

does not occur unless followed immediately by a vowel. Pairs such as

2890: 2015: 1762: 1637: 1424: 1144: 1005: 861: 325:

estimated 3% in 1974, but that rough estimate has been questioned by

100: 7773:

Hudson, Richard (1981), "Some Issues on Which Linguists Can Agree",

5911: 2820: 8620: 7937: 7674: 5387: 3901: 3609: 2322: 2313: 865: 842: 215: 44: 19:"The Queen's English" redirects here. For the LGBT dictionary, see 7800: 7482:

Emma speaks her lines with crystal-clear received pronunciation...

5126: 4857: 4383: 2934:. The symbols used by Wright are slightly different: the sound in 2018:

variation caused by the raising of the back of the tongue for the

1682:), published durations of English vowels with a mean value of 172 978:. However, the latter are traditional and in more frequent usage. 9668: 9557: 9552: 9362: 8708: 8635: 8630: 8394: 6145: 2825: 92: 6249: 4782:

A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of British and American English

2461:

Not all reference sources use the same system of transcription.

2030:

effects. This phenomenon has been discussed in several blogs by

1615: 233:

A Concise Pronouncing Dictionary of American and British English

8625: 8605: 7645:

Talking for Britain: A journey through the voices of our nation

7520:

Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students

6386: 6215: 5357:, Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 2012, pp. 4–19. 4994:

Recitation: a Handbook for Teachers in Public Elementary School

4922:

Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology; Morphology, Syntax

8182:

Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William A.; Konopka, Rafal (2001),

3998:(it is used intervocalically after a stressed syllable, after 2312:

was used by almost everyone who was from clearly north of the

2038:

diphthong in the two different contexts. The onset of the pre-

1728:, the typical pronunciation of the short is a weakly rounded 1604:

is elsewhere transcribed with the traditional symbols ⟨

841:

precedes in the same syllable, as in "spot" or "stop". When a

395:. Two other pronunciation dictionaries are in common use: the 383:

Most English dictionaries published in Britain (including the

8399: 7088:

https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/accents_comments.shtml

5408:

The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

4829: 4827: 3741:

Unlike many North American accents, RP has not undergone the

3641: 2832:

for older (black) and younger (light blue) RP speakers. From

413:

The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

321:

Opinions differ over the proportion of Britons who speak RP.

7071:"RP: A popular British accent with very few native speakers" 5479: 2475:

dictionaries; the differences are shown in the table below.

1608:⟩. The predominant realisation in contemporary RP is 8349:

BBC page on Upper RP as spoken by the English upper-classes

7866: 6632: 6630: 6416: 6398: 6179: 4623: 2833: 8120:

Schmitt, Holger (2007), "The case for the epsilon symbol (

7252:

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00754242211046316

6678: 6261: 5789: 5631: 5331:, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, pp. xxviii-xxix 4839: 4824: 4424: 3897:

originally had a yod in RP but this is now extremely rare.

1032:

Monophthongs of a fairly conservative variety of RP. From

799:, which would normally be expressed with the sign in the 7296:"Labour MP Angela Rayner : 'I'm proud of my accent'" 6172: 6170: 6168: 5801: 5751: 5727: 5691: 5655: 5355:

The Pickles Experiment – a Yorkshire man reading the news

5176: 5174: 4168:

The following people have been described as RP speakers:

4053:

The audio recording on which the transcriptions are based

355: 247:

uses the name "Standard Southern British". Page 4 reads:

211: 182: 8065:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6975:"A popular British accent with very few native speakers" 6654: 6642: 6627: 6591: 6051: 6049: 5253: 4547: 907:, fully replaced by a glottal stop, especially before a 252:

degrees) in other parts of the British Isles and beyond.

8181: 6812:"Vowel changes in the speech of Sir David Attenborough" 6422: 6347: 6285: 6034: 5607: 5529: 5527: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5393: 5108: 4635: 4535: 4473: 953:

Glottal reinforcement of /p, t, k, tʃ/ syllable-finally

304:

refers to Conservative, Mainstream and Contemporary RP.

8403:, blog by Graham Pointon of the BBC Pronunciation Unit 8184:

Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

7924:

McDavid, Raven I. (1965), "American Social Dialects",

7890:

English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today

7178:"Joanna Lumley: I'm not posh - and I eat like a horse" 7123:

https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/estuary/parsons_ma.pdf

6816:

SNU Working Papers in English Language and Linguistics

6273: 6165: 5968: 5958: 5956: 5941: 5891: 5739: 5595: 5491: 5241: 5229: 5171: 5025:, together with notes on Mr. Gladstone's pronunciation 4876: 4445:

English after RP: standard British pronunciation today

3738:

mergers: all these words are distinct from each other.

2793:

would sound similar to a present-day pronunciation of

2302:

Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

1678:(which ends with a voiced consonant). Wiik, cited in ( 409:

Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English

7954:'Talking Proper': The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol 7821:

The Phonology of English as an International Language

6724:... It was used for /r/ after a stressed vowel, e.g. 6615: 6374: 6046: 5879: 5544: 5542: 5132: 4973: 4671: 1044:

Monophthongs of a modern variety of RP. Adapted from

950:

Aspiration of voiceless consonants syllable-initially

7972:

The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies

6666: 6603: 6203: 6066: 6064: 6022: 5643: 5619: 5524: 5503: 4683: 4647: 3020:

diphthong has become lowered from mid to open-mid .

2351:

Some research has concluded that many people in the

43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 8226:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 5953: 5703: 5219:"Scottish and Irish accents top list of favourites" 4659: 4289:, former leader of the House of Commons (2019–2022) 2809:. The change in RP may be observed in the home of " 926:

As in other varieties of English, voiced plosives (

8262:, B, vol. 94, Annales Universitatis Turkensis 7610:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 7580:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language 7369: 7176: 6997: 6995: 6944: 6733: 6566: 5909: 5539: 4753: 4461: 3089:, for instance, the final vowel in the following: 2006:and not followed by a vowel (the context in which 960:As a result, some authors prefer to use the terms 245:Handbook of the International Phonetic Association 8269:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8126:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8015:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 6061: 5375: 5367:Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (2011). 5366: 4888: 4523: 4511: 4497:Oxford English Dictionary (subscription required) 4073:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 2010:is pronounced as a "dark l"). The realization of 919:; thus, an alternative phonetic transcription of 860:follows, this aspiration is indicated by partial 10437: 7997:Ramsaran, Susan (1990), "RP: fact and fiction", 7447:"In British politics, posh pronunciation reigns" 7053:"In British politics, posh pronunciation reigns" 5715: 5434:. British Library. 13 March 2007. Archived from 5405: 5034: 3916:dialect of South Africa) is not used very often. 1960:as well among most speakers, although the sound 956:Shortening of vowels before voiceless consonants 57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 8173:Upton, Clive (2004), "Received Pronunciation", 7990:Dialect and Accent in Industrial West Yorkshire 7694:An Introduction to the pronunciation of English 6992: 6547:Simpson, J. A., & Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). 6308:(9th ed.). Heffer. p. 101, para 394. 1666:(which ends with a voiceless consonant) may be 403:(using the name "Received Pronunciation"), and 123:is usually credited to the British phonetician 8194:(1970), "Local accents in England and Wales", 7464:Nolan, Dave; Nolan, David (24 November 2011). 6752: 6750: 6748: 6720:... from old-fashioned traditional RP speakers 6334:"Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation?" 5987: 4909:, John Wells's phonetic blog, 28 February 2013 4804: 4727: 4701: 2266:can be considered RP. The pronunciations with 1071::92, 95, 101). The red ones occur before dark 9654: 8514: 8090:British Accents: Cockney, RP, Estuary English 5020:Gladstone's speech was the subject of a book 4779: 4335:, former Archbishop of Canterbury (2002–2012) 4307:, former Prime Minister of the UK (1979–1990) 4265:, former Prime Minister of the UK (2016–2019) 4247:, former Prime Minister of the UK (2019–2022) 4193:, former Prime Minister of the UK (2010–2016) 3163:, have shifted upwards, and are now close to 1742: 1055:Ranges of the weak vowels in RP and GA. From 308: 8872: 8373:Whatever happened to Received Pronunciation? 8047:(4th ed.), Cambridge University Press, 7752: 7582:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, 6120: 5912:"Review of Longman Pronunciation Dictionary" 5637: 5369:Daniel Jones' English Pronouncing Dictionary 5329:Daniel Jones' English Pronouncing Dictionary 5192: 4442: 2448: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2388: 8078: 7951: 7862:(18th ed.), Cambridge University Press 7801:International Phonetic Association (1999), 7516: 7499:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) , 7498: 7371:"A 'posh' RP voice can break down barriers" 6745: 6696: 6480: 6455: 6404: 6255: 5795: 5685: 5673: 5406:Upton, Clive; Kretzschmar, William (2017). 5341: 4952: 4845: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4187:, broadcaster, writer and former politician 2817:and its "Mr. Cholmondley-Warner" sketches. 2342:BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names 2255:There are differing opinions as to whether 1068: 318:, still spoke with some regional features. 9661: 9647: 9548:Comparison of American and British English 8521: 8507: 8309:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8087: 7554: 7536: 7503:(5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, 7463: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6684: 6564: 6392: 6267: 6185: 5807: 5745: 5733: 5697: 5661: 5485: 5259: 5006:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4833: 4629: 4605:"Regional Voices – Received Pronunciation" 4430: 3642:Comparison with other varieties of English 3023:Before the Second World War, the vowel of 2022:. If the speaker has "l-vocalization" the 1679: 1045: 8026: 8008:"British English: Received Pronunciation" 7875: 7604: 6946:"When I didn't know owt about posh speak" 6938: 6936: 6934: 6884: 6849:"7 Best English Podcasts (Free and Paid)" 6699:Practical English Phonetics and Phonology 6483:Practical English Phonetics and Phonology 6458:Practical English Phonetics and Phonology 6445:(3rd ed.). pp. 135–6, para 250. 6327: 6325: 5578: 5561:Stahlke, Herbert F. W. (1 January 2003). 5305:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198736738.001.0001 5127:International Phonetic Association (1999) 5063: 4858:International Phonetic Association (1999) 4677: 4479: 4447:. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 2340:within its prescribed pronunciation. The 1067:Allophones of some RP monophthongs, from 9241: 8266: 8160: 8063:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 7996: 7978: 7960: 7914: 7860:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 7517:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2013) , 6887:"Am I posh? Is David Dimbleby? Are you?" 6541: 6368:"Morgen – a suitable case for treatment" 6353: 6291: 6040: 5563:"Fortis and lenis obstruents in English" 5294: 5235: 5180: 5114: 5040: 4918: 4689: 4559: 4197:Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire 4151: 4139: 4126: 3889:, both pronunciations (with and without 3616: 2847: 2819: 2433:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 1746: 1075:, and the blue one occurs before velars. 1062: 1050: 1039: 1027: 8151: 8119: 7956:(2nd ed.), Oxford University Press 7923: 7884: 7818: 7660: 7595: 7574: 7174: 6961: 6701:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 52. 6697:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2019). 6485:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 69. 6481:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2019). 6460:(4th ed.). Routledge. p. 67. 6456:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger (2019). 6365: 6279: 6233: 6198:The Queen's speech to President Sarkozy 6141:"Mr Cholmondley-Warner on Life in 1990" 6138: 6082: 6009: 5613: 5560: 5432:"Case Studies – Received Pronunciation" 5394:Upton, Kretzschmar & Konopka (2001) 5247: 5150: 4991: 4925:. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 217–230. 4882: 4754:Jack Windsor Lewis (19 February 1972). 4641: 4553: 4541: 4443:Lindsey, Geoff; Wells, John C. (2019). 4376: 3225:has become more open, near to cardinal 2776: 2456: 1944:by the Second World War, and the vowel 915:). The glottal stop may be realised as 10438: 8317: 7969: 7772: 7700: 7688: 7367: 7001: 6972: 6931: 6505: 6322: 6209: 5548: 5138: 3577:There has been considerable growth in 2611:Lindsey's monophthongs and diphthongs 277: 9642: 8502: 8239: 8224:Accents of English I: An Introduction 8221: 8190: 8177:, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 217–230 8172: 8060: 8042: 8005: 7987: 7981:The Concise Oxford English Dictionary 7905: 7857: 7848: 7839: 7827: 7709: 7642: 7616: 7382:from the original on 11 January 2022. 6957:from the original on 11 January 2022. 6942: 6918: 6885:Brandreth, Gyles (23 December 2018). 6790: 6775: 6756: 6739: 6660: 6648: 6636: 6621: 6609: 6597: 6579:from the original on 17 February 2022 6428: 6380: 6331: 6303: 6221: 6101: 6070: 6055: 6028: 5974: 5962: 5947: 5928: 5897: 5885: 5757: 5709: 5649: 5625: 5601: 5533: 5518: 5497: 5460: 5381: 5094:. John Wiley & Son. p. 251. 5092:The Handbook of English Pronunciation 5089: 4979: 4894: 4665: 4653: 4529: 4467: 4389: 3410: 3288: 3264: 1752: 1056: 1033: 284: 9618:Non-native pronunciations of English 8328: 8294: 8257: 7908:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics 7869:the Proceedings of ICPhS Saarbrücken 7197:from the original on 11 January 2022 6672: 6440: 5721: 4572: 4517: 4400: 4398: 3581:in RP, most commonly in the form of 3016:vowel and the starting point of the 418: 201: 47:. For the distinction between , 7624:, New York, (1968): Greenwood Press 7394:"Has Beckham started talking posh?" 6973:Lawson, Lindsey (14 October 2013). 6809: 5041:Trudgill, Peter (8 December 2000). 4747: 4122: 2270:are invariably accepted as RP. The 16:Standard accent for British English 13: 8175:A Handbook of Varieties of English 7501:The Phonetics of English and Dutch 6085:"The British English vowel system" 4037:Specimen of Received Pronunciation 4025: 4018: 3975:accents, RP has not undergone the 3070:as a result of a process known as 2789:, with a vowel close to , so that 2465:devised a modified system for the 2453:for a total of four nasal vowels. 1730:near-close near-back rounded vowel 14: 10467: 8342: 8186:, Oxford: Oxford University Press 8079:Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), 7917:The Oxford Guide to World English 7558:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 7539:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 7368:Cooper, Glenda (4 October 2014). 7175:Stadlen, Matthew (10 July 2015). 6509:A critical pronouncing dictionary 6010:Pointon, Graham (20 April 2010). 5863: 5841: 5819: 4607:. British Library. Archived from 4395: 2842:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 2468:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 1472: 1444: 1429: 1407: 1400: 1385: 1184: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1131: 1124: 747: 738: 729: 720: 696: 685: 678: 671: 664: 657: 650: 643: 636: 614: 607: 583: 576: 565: 558: 549: 542: 524: 511: 500: 334:Concise Oxford English Dictionary 300:An article on the website of the 8395:Jack Windsor Lewis's PhonetiBlog 8384:Sources of regular comment on RP 8375:– An article by the phonetician 8242:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 8154:Sound Patterns of Spoken English 7541:(7th ed.), London: Hodder, 7457: 7439: 7404: 7386: 7361: 7335: 7317: 7288: 7279: 7244: 7209: 7168: 7150: 7115: 7080: 7063: 7045: 7010: 6912: 6878: 6841: 6803: 6784: 6769: 6690: 6565:Wordsworth, Dot (8 April 2017). 6558: 6527:(9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. 6516: 6499: 6474: 6449: 6434: 6359: 6297: 6227: 6191: 6132: 6114: 6095: 6076: 4873:. London: BBC; pp. 7, 12 &c. 4351:English language spelling reform 4061:Problems playing this file? See 4041: 2801:, but recordings show that even 2477: 2285:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 1956:) has more recently merged with 397:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 268: 8045:English Phonetics and Phonology 7851:An Outline of English Phonetics 7612:, vol. 1, pp. 259–264 7491: 6810:Cho, Juhyung (1 January 2022). 6791:Wells, John (8 November 2010). 6366:Lindsey, Geoff (15 July 2012). 6332:Wells, John (27 January 1994). 6306:An outline of English phonetics 6139:Enfield, Harry (30 July 2007). 6126:"Happy-tensing and coal in sex" 6083:Lindsey, Geoff (8 March 2012). 6003: 5980: 5922: 5903: 5857: 5835: 5813: 5763: 5679: 5667: 5554: 5454: 5424: 5399: 5360: 5347: 5334: 5321: 5288: 5265: 5211: 5186: 5144: 5083: 5057: 5043:"Sociolinguistics of Modern RP" 5014: 4985: 4946: 4912: 4900: 4863: 4798: 4773: 4756:"British non-dialectal accents" 4721: 4695: 4597: 3941:Unlike some other varieties of 3789:, but most speakers of RP have 3557:voiceless labio-velar fricative 3533: 3190:, traditionally transcribed as 3155:, traditionally transcribed as 2378: 801:International Phonetic Alphabet 378: 287:refers to "mainstream RP" and " 231:") in his 1970s publication of 149:in 1927. The early phonetician 39:International Phonetic Alphabet 9568:English-based creole languages 8336:(3rd ed.), London: Murray 7842:English Pronouncing Dictionary 7833:English Pronouncing Dictionary 7805:, Cambridge University Press, 7622:On early English pronunciation 6943:Woods, Vicki (5 August 2011). 6234:Lindsey, Geoff (3 June 2012). 5580:10.1080/00437956.2003.12068832 5465:. Singapore University Press. 4485: 4436: 4283:, broadcaster and TV presenter 2272:English Pronouncing Dictionary 1670:than the vowel called "short" 993:is often realised as (a long 389:English Pronouncing Dictionary 208:English Pronouncing Dictionary 130:English Pronouncing Dictionary 127:. In the first edition of the 75:traditionally regarded as the 1: 9608:List of English-based pidgins 8401:Linguism – Language in a word 8001:, Routledge, pp. 178–190 7710:Gupta, Anthea Fraser (2005), 7002:Wells, John (12 June 2008a). 6200:, "often" pronounced at 4:40. 6102:Wells, John (12 March 2012). 5929:Wells, John (16 March 2012). 5151:Crystal, David (March 2007). 4392:, p. xix, paragraph 2.1. 3979:, meaning that pairs such as 3936:Royal Academy of Dramatic Art 3031:. It then shifted forward to 2241: 1983:has become a pure long vowel 1702:provides an additional cue). 981:The voiced dental fricative ( 439: 191:Fowler's Modern English Usage 133:(1917), he named the accent " 9603:Linguistic purism in English 8415:Blagdon Hall, Northumberland 8379:about received pronunciation 8295:Wise, Claude Merton (1957), 7979:Pearsall, Judy, ed. (1999), 7835:(1st ed.), London: Dent 7761:(1), The MIT Press: 57–116, 6919:Wells, John (8 April 2010). 6776:Wells, John (11 July 2007). 6016:Linguism: Language in a word 4780:Windsor Lewis, Jack (1972). 4301:, broadcaster and journalist 4241:, late author and journalist 4181:, broadcaster and naturalist 3600:The realization of /r/ as a 3074:: an older pronunciation of 2619:Long (triggering r-liaison) 2435:draws a distinction between 895:may be either preceded by a 434: 161:had been established in the 7: 10446:English language in England 9891:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect 8704:London & Thames Estuary 7992:, John Benjamins Publishing 7952:Mugglestone, Lynda (2003), 7663:The Modern Language Journal 7561:(8th ed.), Routledge, 7523:(3rd ed.), Routledge, 6713:A tap was also to be heard 5910:Jack Windsor Lewis (1990). 5299:. Oxford University Press. 5045:. University College London 4493:"Oxford English Dictionary" 4366:Prestige (sociolinguistics) 4339: 3969:Southern Hemisphere English 3943:English language in England 3871:English language in England 3861:. This contrasts with many 3666:are pronounced differently. 3179:, respectively, in quality. 3085:, older pronunciations had 2977:, but this has merged with 2961:The vowel in words such as 2797:. RP is sometimes known as 107:to use by phoneticians. In 10: 10472: 9563:English as a lingua franca 8390:John Wells's phonetic blog 8334:A short history of English 8260:Finnish and English Vowels 8088:Rogaliński, Paweł (2011), 7819:Jenkins, Jennifer (2000), 7701:Gimson, Alfred C. (1980), 7467:Emma Watson: The Biography 6925:John Wells's phonetic blog 6797:John Wells's phonetic blog 6778:"Any young U-RP speakers?" 6763:John Wells's phonetic blog 6759:"the evidence of the vows" 6757:Wells, John (3 May 2011). 6108:John Wells's phonetic blog 5935:John Wells's phonetic blog 5771:"A World of Englishes: Is 5638:Halle & Mohanan (1985) 5295:Schwyter, Jürg R. (2016). 4136:David Attenborough's voice 4079:the North Wind and the Sun 3027:was a back vowel close to 2325:wrote that "the amount of 2245: 1940:) had largely merged with 1743:Diphthongs and triphthongs 1016:becomes voiced () between 309:Prevalence and perceptions 114: 18: 10362: 10169: 9963: 9735: 9680: 9543:Broad and general accents 9525: 9478: 9453:regional and occupational 9433: 9420: 9413: 9325: 9286: 9234: 9212: 9152: 9084: 8949: 8938: 8883: 8865: 8838: 8810: 8773: 8750: 8689: 8651: 8574: 8565: 8554: 8545: 8297:Introduction to phonetics 8281:10.1017/S0025100312000345 8244:(3rd ed.), Longman, 8208:10.1017/S0022226700002632 8138:10.1017/S0025100307003131 8028:10.1017/S0025100304001768 7919:, Oxford University Press 7876:Ladefoged, Peter (2004), 7787:10.1017/S0022226700007052 7731:10.1017/S0266078405001069 7555:Cruttenden, Alan (2014), 7537:Cruttenden, Alan (2008), 7470:. Kings Road Publishing. 6549:Oxford English Dictionary 6405:Collins & Mees (2013) 6256:Roca & Johnson (1999) 5796:Roca & Johnson (1999) 5371:. Cambridge. p. xii. 4871:Kipling's English History 4846:Collins & Mees (2003) 4499:. Oxford University Press 4006:and sometimes even after 3990:In traditional RP is an 3526: 3470: 3459: 3451: 3440: 3421: 3399: 3388: 3363: 3328: 3320: 3317: 3309: 3306: 3277: 1883: 1771: 1766: 1624:The vowels called "long" 1616:"Long" and "short" vowels 1600:The long mid front vowel 1099: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1023: 753: 715: 713: 706: 693: 691: 624: 622: 620: 604: 602: 600: 589: 573: 571: 555: 530: 519: 517: 506: 483: 478: 473: 466: 461: 456: 451: 385:Oxford English Dictionary 258:Kipling's English History 7970:Pearce, Michael (2007), 7703:Pronunciation of English 7634:: CS1 maint: location ( 6551:(Second ed.). New York: 6443:The Phonetics of English 6224:, p. 115, para 458. 5686:Collins & Mees (2003 5674:Collins & Mees (2003 4919:Kortmann, Bernd (2004). 4869:Laski, M., comp. (1974) 4575:"Received Pronunciation" 4327:Archbishop of Canterbury 2922:appearing in words like 2918:with an extra diphthong 2304:gives both variants for 1069:Collins & Mees (2003 797:postalveolar approximant 737: 735: 702: 695: 656: 649: 642: 635: 613: 606: 523: 521: 510: 508: 499: 497: 349: 237:Pronunciation of English 9923:Regional North American 8427:Burnham Thorpe, Norfolk 8367:'Hover & Hear' R.P. 8323:English Dialect Grammar 8240:Wells, John C. (2008), 8222:Wells, John C. (1982), 8166:The Dialects of England 8152:Shockey, Linda (2003), 7696:, London: Edward Arnold 7596:Crystal, David (2005), 6553:Oxford University Press 6525:The Chambers Dictionary 5197:. Arnold. p. 204. 4807:"Review of CPD in ELTJ" 4361:Linguistic prescription 4199:, aristocrat and writer 4148:Gyles Brandreth's voice 3873:and with many forms of 3632:The indefinite article 2473:Oxford University Press 2002:, if that consonant is 1751:Diphthongs of RP. From 1721:) is not as universal. 985:) is more often a weak 316:William Ewart Gladstone 35:phonetic transcriptions 10347:Dialects and varieties 9918:Received Pronunciation 9763:American Sign Language 8721:Received Pronunciation 8475:Newport, Pembrokeshire 8451:Hexham, Northumberland 8196:Journal of Linguistics 8083:, Blackwell Publishing 7915:McArthur, Tom (2002), 7892:, Palgrave Macmillan, 7853:(9th ed.), Heffer 7849:Jones, Daniel (1967), 7840:Jones, Daniel (1926), 7775:Journal of Linguistics 7598:The Stories of English 6304:Jones, Daniel (1957). 5066:"A Notorious Estimate" 4217:, author and historian 4165: 4149: 4137: 4120: 4030: 3973:North American English 3801:. Hence, for example, 3555:) to be realised as a 2837: 2490:Upton's reform symbol 2449: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2389: 2355:have a dislike of the 2167:Further simplified as 2045:RP also possesses the 1987:, as explained above. 1756: 1076: 1060: 1048: 1037: 411:, (now republished as 344: 254: 121:Received Pronunciation 65:Received Pronunciation 32:This article contains 8915:Multicultural Toronto 8081:A Course in Phonology 8061:Roach, Peter (2011), 8043:Roach, Peter (2009), 8006:Roach, Peter (2004), 7988:Petyt, K. M. (1985), 7878:Vowels and Consonants 7643:Elmes, Simon (2005), 7325:"Voices - Your Voice" 7004:"RP back in fashion?" 6506:Walker, John (1824). 6417:de Jong et al. (2007) 5064:Windsor Lewis, Jack. 4163: 4147: 4135: 4090: 4029: 3919:RP has undergone the 3617:Word-specific changes 3583:glottal reinforcement 3572:the wine-whine merger 2873:were pronounced with 2848:Vowels and diphthongs 2823: 1750: 1066: 1054: 1043: 1031: 903:) or, in the case of 901:glottal reinforcement 795:in RP is generally a 249: 9076:Western Pennsylvania 8492:12 July 2019 at the 8480:22 July 2019 at the 8468:20 July 2019 at the 8456:16 July 2019 at the 8420:18 July 2019 at the 8359:22 July 2019 at the 7871:, pp. 1813–1816 6793:"David Attenborough" 6395:, pp. 126, 133. 6258:, pp. 135, 186. 6104:"the Lindsey system" 5988:Jack Windsor Lewis. 5760:, pp. 241, 243. 5463:Pronunciation Models 5461:Brown, Adam (1991). 4992:Burrell, A. (1891). 4805:Jack Windsor Lewis. 4728:Jack Windsor Lewis. 4702:Jack Windsor Lewis. 4377:Notes and references 4346:Accents (psychology) 4239:Christopher Hitchens 4174:British Royal Family 3217:As noted above, the 2909:distinction between 2834:de Jong et al. (2007 2824:A comparison of the 2777:Historical variation 2457:Alternative notation 2443:) and the unrounded 2164:Loss of mid-element 1674:in the word 'ridge' 944:voiceless consonants 789:unstressed syllables 241:University of Oxford 151:Alexander John Ellis 10272:Proto-Indo-European 9928:White South African 9613:Mid-Atlantic accent 9204:Trinidad and Tobago 8444:6 July 2019 at the 8432:19 May 2019 at the 7906:Lodge, Ken (2009), 7618:Ellis, Alexander J. 7606:DuPonceau, Peter S. 7376:The Daily Telegraph 7073:. 13 October 2014. 6951:The Daily Telegraph 6124:(5 December 2006). 5277:, 28 September 2022 5153:"Language and Time" 4371:U and non-U English 4356:Mid-Atlantic accent 4215:Lady Antonia Fraser 4164:Stephen Fry's voice 3881:. In words such as 3238: 3153:THOUGHT-NORTH-FORCE 3144:is symbolized /əʊ/. 2907:There used to be a 2799:the Queen's English 2612: 2487:Traditional symbol 2480: 2439:(there rendered as 2154: 1651:pre-fortis clipping 1357: 1084: 446: 445:Consonant phonemes 157:Although a form of 22:The Queens' English 10456:Standard languages 9136:Pennsylvania Dutch 8299:, Englewood Cliffs 7755:Linguistic Inquiry 7349:on 5 December 2022 7164:. 25 January 2011. 6726:carry, very, Paris 6663:, pp. 167 ff. 6651:, pp. 253 ff. 6639:, pp. 228 ff. 6600:, pp. 196 ff. 6441:Ward, Ida (1939). 6419:, pp. 1814–5. 6236:"Funny old vowels" 6153:on 30 October 2021 5488:, pp. 325–52. 4573:Robinson, Jonnie. 4229:, actor and writer 4179:David Attenborough 4166: 4150: 4138: 4031: 3562:(also transcribed 3541:⟨wh⟩ 3237: 2938:is transcribed as 2838: 2815:Harry Enfield Show 2803:Queen Elizabeth II 2610: 2478: 2150: 1757: 1352: 1079: 1077: 1061: 1049: 1038: 811:Voiceless plosives 444: 224:Jack Windsor Lewis 143:received standard, 10433: 10432: 9933:Standard Canadian 9674:world's languages 9636: 9635: 9521: 9520: 9321: 9320: 9230: 9229: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9069:Pacific Northwest 8930:Standard Canadian 8861: 8860: 8806: 8805: 8746: 8745: 8330:Wyld, Henry C. K. 8258:Wiik, K. (1965), 8099:978-83-272-3282-3 8054:978-0-521-40718-2 7965:, pp. 90–106 7899:978-3-030-04356-8 7712:"Baths and becks" 7690:Gimson, Alfred C. 7530:978-0-415-50650-2 7477:978-1-84358-871-9 7427:Missing or empty 7267:Missing or empty 7232:Missing or empty 7158:"British Accents" 7138:Missing or empty 7103:Missing or empty 7033:Missing or empty 6708:978-1-138-59150-9 6685:Cruttenden (2008) 6492:978-1-138-59150-9 6467:978-1-138-59150-9 6431:, pp. 228–9. 6393:Cruttenden (2014) 6268:Cruttenden (2014) 6186:Cruttenden (2014) 5977:, pp. 166–7. 5950:, pp. 222–3. 5900:, pp. 203ff. 5808:Cruttenden (2014) 5746:Cruttenden (2014) 5734:Cruttenden (2014) 5698:Cruttenden (2014) 5662:Cruttenden (2008) 5604:, pp. 148–9. 5500:, pp. 240–1. 5486:Cruttenden (2014) 5342:Mugglestone (2003 5314:978-0-19-873673-8 5260:Cruttenden (2014) 4955:"Sounds Familiar" 4953:British Library. 4834:Cruttenden (2014) 4632:, pp. 77–80. 4630:Cruttenden (2008) 4585:on 29 August 2019 4556:, pp. 243–4. 4454:978-3-030-04356-8 4433:, pp. 74–81. 4431:Cruttenden (2014) 4412:. 3 November 2022 4305:Margaret Thatcher 4161: 4145: 4133: 4086:Oxford University 4048: 3977:weak vowel merger 3930:(so the sequence 3765:RP does not have 3671:non-rhotic accent 3531: 3530: 3061:trap-strut merger 2774: 2773: 2598: 2597: 2362: 2319: 2307: 2281: 2262: 2239: 2238: 2158:As two syllables 1926: 1925: 1488: 1487: 1198: 1197: 1046:Cruttenden (2014) 757: 756: 711: 633: 598: 539: 495: 419:Language teaching 202:Alternative names 119:The tradition of 109:language teaching 10463: 10451:Standard English 10285:Kerkrade dialect 9908:General American 9663: 9656: 9649: 9640: 9639: 9533:English language 9418: 9417: 9239: 9238: 9222:Falkland Islands 9121:General American 9094:African-American 8947: 8946: 8881: 8880: 8870: 8869: 8572: 8571: 8563: 8562: 8552: 8551: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8500: 8499: 8354:Sounds Familiar? 8337: 8325: 8314: 8308: 8300: 8291: 8263: 8254: 8236: 8218: 8187: 8178: 8169: 8157: 8148: 8124:) in RP DRESS", 8123: 8116: 8110: 8102: 8084: 8075: 8057: 8039: 8030: 8012: 8002: 7993: 7984: 7975: 7966: 7957: 7948: 7920: 7911: 7902: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7845: 7836: 7824: 7815: 7797: 7769: 7749: 7716: 7706: 7697: 7685: 7657: 7639: 7633: 7625: 7613: 7601: 7592: 7571: 7551: 7533: 7513: 7485: 7484: 7461: 7455: 7454: 7443: 7437: 7436: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7373: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7345:. Archived from 7339: 7333: 7332: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7307: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7255: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7235: 7230: 7228: 7220: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7180: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7141: 7136: 7134: 7126: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7091: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7036: 7031: 7029: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6999: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6970: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6940: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6897: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6872: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6834: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6754: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6723: 6719: 6715:intervocalically 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6670: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6497: 6496: 6478: 6472: 6471: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6363: 6357: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6231: 6225: 6219: 6213: 6212:, p. 5, §12 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6188:, pp. 83–5. 6183: 6177: 6174: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6149:. Archived from 6136: 6130: 6129: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6059: 6053: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6012:"Olivia O'Leary" 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5931:"English places" 5926: 5920: 5919: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5888:, pp. 18–9. 5883: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5844:"Blog July 2009" 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5822:"Blog July 2006" 5817: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5774: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5616:, pp. 43–4. 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5364: 5358: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5038: 5032: 5027:, H.C. Kennedy, 5018: 5012: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4961:on 10 April 2017 4957:. Archived from 4950: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4836:, pp. 80–2. 4831: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4699: 4693: 4687: 4681: 4678:Ladefoged (2004) 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4644:, pp. 13–6. 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4611:on 22 March 2019 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4581:. Archived from 4570: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4544:, pp. 54–5. 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4480:DuPonceau (1818) 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4162: 4146: 4134: 4123:Notable speakers 4109: 4099: 4050: 4049: 4028: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3933: 3911: 3907: 3892: 3879:General American 3875:American English 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3800: 3796: 3793:-dropping after 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3676: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3542: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3214:, respectively). 3213: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3139: 3119: 3088: 3084: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2980: 2976: 2949: 2941: 2929: 2921: 2880: 2876: 2856: 2831: 2784: 2764: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2689: 2683: 2678: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2613: 2609: 2594: 2589: 2573: 2568: 2553: 2548: 2532: 2527: 2511: 2506: 2481: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2358: 2353:North of England 2347: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2279: 2277: 2269: 2260: 2258: 2155: 2149: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2083: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2051: 2041: 2037: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979:. More recently 1976: 1972: 1963: 1959: 1947: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1876: 1871: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1779: 1759: 1758: 1738: 1700: 1696: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1635: 1631: 1607: 1603: 1580: 1552: 1532: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1476: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1404: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1358: 1351: 1334: 1315: 1295: 1275: 1255: 1235: 1207: 1188: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1135: 1128: 1114: 1109: 1085: 1078: 1074: 1015: 1000: 992: 984: 941: 937: 933: 929: 906: 894: 890: 886: 882: 871: 859: 855: 851: 847: 840: 836: 828: 824: 820: 816: 806: 794: 791:. The consonant 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 751: 742: 733: 724: 707: 700: 689: 682: 675: 668: 661: 654: 647: 640: 629: 618: 611: 594: 587: 580: 569: 562: 553: 546: 535: 528: 515: 504: 491: 447: 443: 368:Second World War 327:J. Windsor Lewis 262:Marghanita Laski 229:General American 222:The phonetician 159:Standard English 147:Henry C. K. Wyld 139:P. S. Du Ponceau 54: 50: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10429: 10358: 10312:Scottish Gaelic 10165: 10019:Standard Modern 9959: 9771:Modern Standard 9731: 9676: 9667: 9637: 9632: 9517: 9474: 9429: 9409: 9317: 9313:Solomon Islands 9282: 9226: 9208: 9140: 9131:New York Latino 9106:American Indian 9086: 9080: 8941: 8934: 8875: 8857: 8843:Channel Islands 8834: 8802: 8769: 8742: 8685: 8647: 8557: 8541: 8527: 8494:Wayback Machine 8482:Wayback Machine 8470:Wayback Machine 8458:Wayback Machine 8446:Wayback Machine 8434:Wayback Machine 8422:Wayback Machine 8361:Wayback Machine 8345: 8340: 8302: 8301: 8252: 8234: 8162:Trudgill, Peter 8104: 8103: 8100: 8073: 8055: 8010: 7983:(10th ed.) 7926:College English 7900: 7813: 7714: 7655: 7627: 7626: 7590: 7569: 7549: 7531: 7511: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7462: 7458: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7428: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7305: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7284: 7280: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7233: 7231: 7222: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7200: 7198: 7183:Daily Telegraph 7173: 7169: 7162:dialectblog.com 7156: 7155: 7151: 7139: 7137: 7128: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7116: 7104: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7086: 7085: 7081: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7034: 7032: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7000: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6971: 6962: 6941: 6932: 6921:"EE, yet again" 6917: 6913: 6903: 6895: 6893: 6891:GYLES BRANDRETH 6883: 6879: 6870: 6866: 6858: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6808: 6804: 6789: 6785: 6774: 6770: 6755: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6721: 6717: 6709: 6695: 6691: 6683: 6679: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6580: 6563: 6559: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6522: 6521: 6517: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6454: 6450: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6364: 6360: 6354:Wikström (2013) 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6302: 6298: 6292:Trudgill (1999) 6290: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6208: 6204: 6196: 6192: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6137: 6133: 6119: 6115: 6100: 6096: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6062: 6058:, p. xxix. 6054: 6047: 6041:Newbrook (1999) 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5927: 5923: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5866:"Blog Nov 2009" 5862: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5806: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5459: 5455: 5441: 5439: 5438:on 22 July 2019 5430: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5365: 5361: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5335: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5293: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5236:McArthur (2002) 5234: 5230: 5223:The Independent 5217: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5191: 5187: 5181:McArthur (2002) 5179: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5115:Pearsall (1999) 5113: 5109: 5102: 5088: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5039: 5035: 5031:, Oxford, 1934. 5029:Clarendon Press 5019: 5015: 4999: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4982:, p. viii. 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4951: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848:, pp. 3–4. 4844: 4840: 4832: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4726: 4722: 4712: 4710: 4700: 4696: 4690:Trudgill (1999) 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4614: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4579:British Library 4571: 4560: 4552: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4342: 4287:Jacob Rees-Mogg 4185:Gyles Brandreth 4152: 4140: 4127: 4125: 4068: 4067: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4042: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4019:Spoken specimen 3821:are pronounced 3701:are homophones. 3644: 3619: 3540: 3536: 3218: 3187: 3183: 3152: 3148: 3120:phoneme (as in 3017: 3013: 3005:) all becoming 2927: 2854: 2850: 2836:, p. 1814) 2779: 2479:Upton's reform 2459: 2431:. However, the 2381: 2368: 2274:does not admit 2253: 2244: 1974: 1970: 1893: 1892: 1850: 1849: 1827: 1826: 1804: 1803: 1781: 1780: 1745: 1693:, the plosives 1680:Cruttenden 2014 1618: 1478: 1477: 1450: 1449: 1435: 1434: 1413: 1412: 1391: 1390: 1112: 1107: 1026: 989:; the sequence 879:Syllable final 876:when devoiced. 803:, but the sign 469: 442: 437: 429:British English 421: 381: 372:Wilfred Pickles 352: 347: 311: 302:British Library 271: 204: 181:. In 1922, the 167:Golden Triangle 117: 85:British English 83:form of spoken 62: 61: 60: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10469: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10350: 10349: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10317:Serbo-Croatian 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10282: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10056: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10013: 10012: 10011: 10006: 9998: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9978: 9973: 9967: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9888: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9692: 9687: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9666: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9643: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9575: 9573:Englishisation 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9529: 9527: 9523: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9516: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9484: 9482: 9480:Southeast Asia 9476: 9475: 9473: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9445: 9439: 9437: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9395:South Atlantic 9392: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9293: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9259: 9258: 9247: 9245: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9177:Cayman Islands 9174: 9169: 9164: 9158: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9090: 9088: 9087:ethno-cultural 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9005: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8911: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8889: 8887: 8878: 8867: 8863: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8748: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8738: 8733: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8711: 8701: 8695: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8679:Stoke-on-Trent 8676: 8671: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8586: 8580: 8578: 8569: 8560: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8538:Modern English 8526: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8484: 8472: 8460: 8448: 8436: 8424: 8406: 8405: 8397: 8392: 8381: 8380: 8370: 8364: 8351: 8344: 8343:External links 8341: 8339: 8338: 8326: 8319:Wright, Joseph 8315: 8292: 8264: 8255: 8250: 8237: 8232: 8219: 8202:(2): 231–252, 8192:Wells, John C. 8188: 8179: 8170: 8158: 8149: 8132:(3): 321–328, 8117: 8098: 8085: 8076: 8071: 8058: 8053: 8040: 8021:(2): 239–245, 8003: 7994: 7985: 7976: 7967: 7958: 7949: 7938:10.2307/373636 7932:(4): 254–260, 7921: 7912: 7903: 7898: 7886:Lindsey, Geoff 7882: 7873: 7864: 7855: 7846: 7844:(2nd ed.) 7837: 7825: 7816: 7812:978-0521637510 7811: 7798: 7781:(2): 333–343, 7770: 7750: 7707: 7705:(3rd ed.) 7698: 7686: 7675:10.2307/324550 7669:(7): 315–325, 7658: 7653: 7640: 7614: 7602: 7593: 7588: 7576:Crystal, David 7572: 7567: 7552: 7548:978-0340958773 7547: 7534: 7529: 7514: 7509: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7476: 7456: 7438: 7403: 7385: 7360: 7343:"Brian Sewell" 7334: 7316: 7302:. 10 July 2017 7287: 7278: 7243: 7208: 7167: 7149: 7114: 7079: 7062: 7044: 7009: 6991: 6979:The Voice Cafe 6960: 6930: 6911: 6877: 6840: 6802: 6783: 6768: 6744: 6732: 6707: 6689: 6687:, p. 221. 6677: 6675:, p. 242. 6665: 6653: 6641: 6626: 6624:, p. 245. 6614: 6602: 6590: 6557: 6540: 6533: 6515: 6498: 6491: 6473: 6466: 6448: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6407:, p. 207. 6397: 6385: 6383:, p. 242. 6373: 6358: 6346: 6321: 6315:978-0521210980 6314: 6296: 6284: 6280:Lindsey (2019) 6272: 6270:, p. 122. 6260: 6248: 6226: 6214: 6202: 6190: 6178: 6164: 6131: 6113: 6094: 6075: 6060: 6045: 6043:, p. 101. 6033: 6031:, p. 286. 6021: 6002: 5979: 5967: 5952: 5940: 5921: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5856: 5834: 5812: 5810:, p. 154. 5800: 5798:, p. 200. 5788: 5777:. 19 June 2013 5762: 5750: 5738: 5736:, p. 101. 5726: 5714: 5702: 5700:, p. 118. 5690: 5678: 5666: 5664:, p. 204. 5654: 5652:, p. 201. 5642: 5630: 5628:, p. 112. 5618: 5614:Shockey (2003) 5606: 5594: 5573:(2): 191–216. 5553: 5538: 5536:, p. 240. 5523: 5521:, p. 241. 5502: 5490: 5478: 5471: 5453: 5423: 5416: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5359: 5353:Zoe Thornton, 5346: 5333: 5320: 5313: 5287: 5264: 5252: 5250:, p. 319. 5248:Fishman (1977) 5240: 5228: 5225:. 13 May 2007. 5210: 5203: 5185: 5170: 5143: 5141:, p. 337. 5131: 5119: 5117:, p. xiv. 5107: 5101:978-1119055266 5100: 5082: 5056: 5033: 5013: 4984: 4972: 4945: 4932:978-3110175325 4931: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4885:, p. 323. 4883:Schmitt (2007) 4875: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4823: 4797: 4790: 4772: 4746: 4720: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4656:, p. 117. 4646: 4642:Jenkins (2000) 4634: 4622: 4596: 4558: 4554:Crystal (2005) 4546: 4542:Crystal (2003) 4534: 4522: 4510: 4484: 4482:, p. 259. 4472: 4460: 4453: 4435: 4423: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4333:Rowan Williams 4330: 4329:(2013–present) 4320: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4275:Carey Mulligan 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4209:Rupert Everett 4206: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4124: 4121: 4058: 4052: 4040: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4015: 3988: 3965: 3952:in words like 3945:, there is no 3939: 3917: 3898: 3839:/ɪnˈθjuːziæzm/ 3763: 3739: 3702: 3667: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3598: 3579:glottalization 3575: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3243: 3235: 3234: 3215: 3182:The vowels in 3180: 3147:The vowels in 3145: 3141: 3114: 3079: 3064: 3021: 3010: 2959: 2936:fall, law, saw 2905: 2853:Words such as 2849: 2846: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2659: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2634: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2458: 2455: 2380: 2377: 2282:words and the 2243: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2028:coarticulation 2004:syllable-final 1994:The diphthong 1924: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1755:, p. 242) 1744: 1741: 1691:natural speech 1617: 1614: 1486: 1485: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1442: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1405: 1398: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1138: 1136: 1129: 1122: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1059:, p. XXV) 1036:, p. 242) 1025: 1022: 1010:syllable rhyme 987:dental plosive 958: 957: 954: 951: 909:syllabic nasal 755: 754: 752: 745: 743: 736: 734: 727: 725: 718: 716: 714: 712: 704: 703: 701: 694: 692: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 626: 625: 623: 621: 619: 612: 605: 603: 601: 599: 591: 590: 588: 581: 574: 572: 570: 563: 556: 554: 547: 540: 532: 531: 529: 522: 520: 518: 516: 509: 507: 505: 498: 496: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 465: 460: 455: 450: 441: 438: 436: 433: 420: 417: 399:, compiled by 380: 377: 351: 348: 346: 343: 310: 307: 306: 305: 298: 292: 282: 270: 267: 203: 200: 163:City of London 145:was coined by 116: 113: 105:evidence-based 55:⟩, see 31: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10468: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10168: 10162: 10161:Luxembourgish 10159: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10149:Maastrichtian 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9690:Orthographies 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9644: 9641: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:International 9591: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9528: 9524: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9419: 9416: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9273:Torres Strait 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9151: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9057: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9009: 9008:North-Central 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8986:New York City 8984: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8920:Ottawa Valley 8918: 8916: 8913: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8890: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8837: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8753: 8749: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8715: 8714:Multicultural 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8674:Black Country 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8664:West Midlands 8662: 8660: 8659:East Midlands 8657: 8656: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8524: 8519: 8517: 8512: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8404: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8335: 8331: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8298: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8265: 8261: 8256: 8253: 8251:9781405881180 8247: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8233:0-521-29719-2 8229: 8225: 8220: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8101: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8077: 8074: 8072:9780521152532 8068: 8064: 8059: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7991: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7973: 7968: 7964: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7909: 7904: 7901: 7895: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7829:Jones, Daniel 7826: 7822: 7817: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7771: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7751: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719:English Today 7713: 7708: 7704: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7656: 7654:0-14-051562-3 7650: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7594: 7591: 7589:0-521-53033-4 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7570: 7568:9781444183092 7564: 7560: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7460: 7452: 7451:The Economist 7448: 7442: 7434: 7421: 7413: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7364: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7313: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7282: 7274: 7261: 7253: 7247: 7239: 7226: 7218: 7212: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7153: 7145: 7132: 7124: 7118: 7110: 7097: 7089: 7083: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7058: 7057:The Economist 7054: 7048: 7040: 7027: 7019: 7013: 7005: 6998: 6996: 6980: 6976: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6855:. 23 May 2022 6854: 6850: 6844: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6787: 6779: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6727: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6669: 6662: 6657: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6618: 6612:, p. 76. 6611: 6606: 6599: 6594: 6578: 6574: 6573:The Spectator 6569: 6568:"An historic" 6561: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6536: 6534:0-550-10105-5 6530: 6526: 6519: 6512:. p. 25. 6511: 6510: 6502: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6369: 6362: 6355: 6350: 6335: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6294:, p. 62. 6293: 6288: 6282:, p. 22. 6281: 6276: 6269: 6264: 6257: 6252: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6210:Wright (1905) 6206: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6182: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6067: 6065: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5991: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5965:, p. 25. 5964: 5959: 5957: 5949: 5944: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5899: 5894: 5887: 5882: 5867: 5864:Wells, John. 5860: 5845: 5842:Wells, John. 5838: 5823: 5820:Wells, John. 5816: 5809: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5776: 5766: 5759: 5754: 5747: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5712:, p. 24. 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5658: 5651: 5646: 5640:, p. 65. 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5549:Gimson (1970) 5545: 5543: 5535: 5530: 5528: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5474: 5472:9971-69-157-4 5468: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5419: 5417:9781138125667 5413: 5410:. Routledge. 5409: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5343: 5340:Discussed in 5337: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5276: 5275: 5268: 5262:, p. 78. 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5238:, p. 49. 5237: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5183:, p. 43. 5182: 5177: 5175: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5139:Hudson (1981) 5135: 5128: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5026: 5024: 5017: 5009: 5003: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4976: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4915: 4908: 4907:exotic spices 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4866: 4859: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4791:0-19-431123-6 4787: 4783: 4776: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4709: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4674: 4668:, p. vi. 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4531: 4526: 4520:, p. 23. 4519: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4470:, p. ix. 4469: 4464: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4311:Emma Thompson 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4281:Jeremy Paxman 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4257:Joanna Lumley 4255: 4252: 4251:Vanessa Kirby 4249: 4246: 4245:Boris Johnson 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4191:David Cameron 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4064: 4038: 3993: 3989: 3987:are distinct. 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3914:Cape Coloured 3903: 3899: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3869:varieties of 3868: 3864: 3859:/ɪnˈθuːziæzm/ 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3792: 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3658:: pairs like 3657: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3645: 3637:'historical.' 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3611: 3610:"flapped /t/" 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3538: 3537: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3261: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3216: 3211: 3203: 3181: 3176: 3168: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3072:happY-tensing 3069: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3044: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3011: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785:sound, as in 2770: 2768: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2625:+w diphthong 2624: 2622:+j diphthong 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602:Geoff Lindsey 2591: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2484:Example word 2483: 2482: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2454: 2451: 2434: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2391: 2376: 2374: 2354: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2324: 2315: 2303: 2287: 2286: 2273: 2265: 2252: 2250: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2071: 2063: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2033: 2032:John C. Wells 2029: 2017: 2005: 1992: 1978: 1967: 1955: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1724:According to 1722: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1669: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1638:diphthongized 1636:are slightly 1627: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1610:monophthongal 1598: 1596: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1528: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1493: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1388: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1291: 1289: 1283: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1243: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1203: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1082: 1070: 1065: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1021: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1004: 996: 988: 979: 977: 973: 969: 968: 964: 955: 952: 949: 948: 947: 945: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 902: 898: 877: 875: 867: 863: 844: 832: 812: 808: 802: 798: 790: 786: 762: 750: 746: 744: 741: 732: 728: 726: 723: 719: 717: 710: 705: 699: 688: 684: 681: 677: 674: 670: 667: 663: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 628: 627: 617: 610: 597: 593: 592: 586: 582: 579: 575: 568: 564: 561: 557: 552: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 533: 527: 514: 503: 494: 490: 489: 486: 481: 476: 471: 464: 459: 454: 449: 448: 432: 430: 426: 416: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:John C. Wells 398: 394: 390: 386: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 342: 338: 335: 330: 328: 324: 319: 317: 303: 299: 296: 293: 290: 286: 283: 279: 278:Gimson (1980) 276: 275: 274: 269:Sub-varieties 266: 263: 259: 253: 248: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 220: 217: 213: 209: 199: 197: 193: 192: 188:According to 186: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 155: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135:Public School 132: 131: 126: 122: 112: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 58: 46: 42: 40: 36: 28: 24: 23: 10415:West Frisian 10202:Massachusett 9917: 9715:Prepositions 9684: 9378:South Africa 9373:Sierra Leone 9126:Miami Latino 9015:Philadelphia 9003:Inland North 8908:Newfoundland 8726:West Country 8720: 8540:by continent 8408: 8407: 8400: 8383: 8382: 8333: 8322: 8296: 8275:(1): 37–47, 8272: 8268: 8259: 8241: 8223: 8199: 8195: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8153: 8129: 8125: 8089: 8080: 8062: 8044: 8018: 8014: 7998: 7989: 7980: 7971: 7963:Urban Voices 7962: 7953: 7929: 7925: 7916: 7907: 7889: 7877: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7841: 7832: 7820: 7802: 7778: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7725:(1): 21–27, 7722: 7718: 7702: 7693: 7666: 7662: 7644: 7621: 7609: 7597: 7579: 7557: 7538: 7519: 7500: 7492:Bibliography 7481: 7466: 7459: 7450: 7441: 7429:|title= 7406: 7397: 7388: 7375: 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7347:the original 7337: 7328: 7319: 7311: 7304:. Retrieved 7299: 7290: 7281: 7269:|title= 7246: 7234:|title= 7211: 7199:. Retrieved 7182: 7170: 7161: 7152: 7140:|title= 7117: 7105:|title= 7082: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7035:|title= 7012: 6982:. Retrieved 6978: 6950: 6924: 6914: 6901: 6894:. Retrieved 6890: 6880: 6864: 6857:. Retrieved 6852: 6843: 6831:. Retrieved 6828:10371/176946 6819: 6815: 6805: 6796: 6786: 6771: 6762: 6740:Roach (2004) 6735: 6725: 6714: 6712: 6698: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6661:Wells (1982) 6656: 6649:Wells (1982) 6644: 6637:Wells (1982) 6622:Wells (1982) 6617: 6610:Wells (1982) 6605: 6598:Wells (1982) 6593: 6581:. Retrieved 6572: 6560: 6543: 6524: 6518: 6508: 6501: 6482: 6476: 6457: 6451: 6442: 6436: 6429:Wells (1982) 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6381:Roach (2004) 6376: 6361: 6349: 6337:. Retrieved 6305: 6299: 6287: 6275: 6263: 6251: 6239:. Retrieved 6229: 6222:Jones (1967) 6217: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6155:. Retrieved 6151:the original 6144: 6134: 6122:Language Log 6116: 6107: 6097: 6088: 6078: 6071:Roach (2011) 6056:Wells (2008) 6036: 6029:Petyt (1985) 6024: 6015: 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5986:Point 18 in 5982: 5975:Petyt (1985) 5970: 5963:Gupta (2005) 5948:Upton (2004) 5943: 5934: 5924: 5915: 5905: 5898:Wells (1982) 5893: 5886:Roach (2009) 5881: 5869:. Retrieved 5859: 5847:. Retrieved 5837: 5825:. Retrieved 5815: 5803: 5791: 5779:. Retrieved 5765: 5758:Roach (2004) 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5710:Roach (2009) 5705: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5657: 5650:Jones (1967) 5645: 5633: 5626:Roach (2009) 5621: 5609: 5602:Lodge (2009) 5597: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5534:Roach (2004) 5519:Roach (2004) 5498:Roach (2004) 5493: 5481: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5440:. Retrieved 5436:the original 5426: 5407: 5401: 5389: 5382:Wells (2008) 5377: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5349: 5336: 5328: 5323: 5290: 5279:, retrieved 5273: 5267: 5255: 5243: 5231: 5222: 5213: 5195:Urban Voices 5194: 5188: 5161:. Retrieved 5156: 5146: 5134: 5122: 5110: 5091: 5085: 5073:. Retrieved 5069: 5059: 5047:. Retrieved 5036: 5021: 5016: 4993: 4987: 4980:Jones (1917) 4975: 4963:. Retrieved 4959:the original 4948: 4936:. Retrieved 4921: 4914: 4902: 4895:Wells (1982) 4890: 4878: 4870: 4865: 4860:, p. 4. 4853: 4841: 4814:. Retrieved 4810: 4800: 4781: 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4759: 4749: 4737:. Retrieved 4733: 4723: 4711:. Retrieved 4707: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4666:Jones (2011) 4661: 4654:Wells (1982) 4649: 4637: 4625: 4613:. Retrieved 4609:the original 4599: 4587:. Retrieved 4583:the original 4578: 4549: 4537: 4532:, p. 3. 4530:Ellis (1869) 4525: 4513: 4501:. Retrieved 4496: 4487: 4475: 4468:Jones (1926) 4463: 4444: 4438: 4426: 4414:. Retrieved 4410:The Guardian 4409: 4390:Wells (2008) 4385: 4323:Justin Welby 4295:, art critic 4293:Brian Sewell 4269:Helen Mirren 4167: 4116: 4113:Orthographic 4112: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4071: 4069: 4060: 3984: 3980: 3967:Unlike most 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3925: 3921: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3877:, including 3867:East Midland 3863:East Anglian 3841:rather than 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3790: 3767:yod-dropping 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3605: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3255: 3249: 3248:Traditional 3129: 3125: 3121: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3075: 3067: 3059:region (the 3024: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2955: 2952:Daniel Jones 2943: 2942:and that in 2935: 2931: 2923: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2841: 2839: 2830:/iːæɑːɔːʊuː/ 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2606: 2599: 2580: 2578: 2560: 2558: 2539: 2537: 2518: 2516: 2497: 2495: 2466: 2460: 2432: 2382: 2379:French words 2350: 2341: 2335: 2301: 2283: 2271: 2254: 2248: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2085: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2053: 2044: 1993: 1965: 1953: 1949: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1688: 1667: 1655: 1650: 1642: 1623: 1619: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1564: 1562: 1556: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1525: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1490:Examples of 1489: 1354:Monophthongs 1345: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1279: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1239: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1202:short vowels 1200:Examples of 1199: 1081:Monophthongs 995:dental nasal 980: 975: 971: 970:in place of 966: 962: 959: 925: 920: 917:creaky voice 912: 897:glottal stop 878: 809: 758: 425:model accent 424: 422: 412: 408: 396: 382: 379:Dictionaries 364:Daniel Jones 353: 339: 331: 320: 312: 285:Wells (1982) 272: 257: 256:In her book 255: 250: 244: 236: 232: 221: 207: 205: 189: 187: 156: 154:unnoticed". 142: 128: 125:Daniel Jones 120: 118: 68: 64: 63: 51:and ⟨ 33: 27: 21: 10145:Limburgish 10036:Greenlandic 9913:New Zealand 9846:Northern Wu 9705:Determiners 9685:Phonologies 9670:Phonologies 9503:Philippines 9296:New Zealand 9182:Bay Islands 9162:The Bahamas 9085:Social and 9042:New Orleans 8959:New England 8853:Isle of Man 8798:Port Talbot 8699:East Anglia 8616:Northumbria 8409:Audio files 8377:J. C. Wells 8168:, Blackwell 8156:, Blackwell 7974:, Routledge 7910:, Continuum 7647:, Penguin, 6984:12 December 6673:Wise (1957) 6583:17 February 6089:speech talk 5722:Wiik (1965) 5070:JWL's Blogs 4589:22 November 4518:Wyld (1927) 4317:Emma Watson 4299:Ed Stourton 4263:Theresa May 4227:Stephen Fry 4221:Colin Firth 3904:variant of 3602:tap or flap 2973:used to be 2944:more, soar, 2877:instead of 2811:BBC English 2463:Clive Upton 2404:vingt-et-un 2323:K. M. Petyt 2264:lexical set 2161:Triphthong 2152:Triphthongs 2118:neutralised 2047:triphthongs 1753:Roach (2004 1726:Jane Setter 1662:in 'reach' 1626:high vowels 1492:long vowels 1057:Wells (2008 1034:Roach (2004 923:could be . 759:Nasals and 709:Approximant 405:Clive Upton 393:Peter Roach 81:prestigious 10440:Categories 10405:Vietnamese 10276:Ripuarian 10267:Portuguese 10177:Macedonian 10156:Lithuanian 10066:Hindustani 9903:Australian 9856:Historical 9803:Belarusian 9700:Adjectives 9443:Bangladesh 9435:South Asia 9388:Cape Flats 9338:The Gambia 9263:Aboriginal 9099:vernacular 9064:California 9037:High Tider 9032:Appalachia 8893:Aboriginal 8825:South-West 8669:Birmingham 8626:Sunderland 8611:Manchester 8601:Lancashire 8487:Teddington 7510:9004103406 7353:5 December 7306:9 February 6853:TruFluency 5442:27 January 5204:0340706082 5157:BBC voices 5075:17 January 4784:. Oxford. 4416:3 November 4233:Hugh Grant 4203:Judi Dench 4103:Allophonic 4063:media help 3835:/rɪˈzjuːm/ 3819:enthusiasm 3534:Consonants 2891:homophones 2881:, so that 2828:values of 2344:uses only 2246:See also: 2242:BATH vowel 2016:allophonic 1712:throughout 1083:("Short") 1008:() in the 440:Consonants 360:Lord Reith 198:wisdom'." 89:vocabulary 10395:Ukrainian 10302:Sardinian 10280:Colognian 10237:Old Saxon 10222:Norwegian 10187:Maldivian 10131:Latgalian 10076:Icelandic 10071:Hungarian 9950:Esperanto 9836:Cantonese 9813:Bulgarian 9786:Levantine 9758:Afrikaans 9508:Singapore 9470:Sri Lanka 9425:Hong Kong 9251:variation 9243:Australia 9154:Caribbean 9020:Baltimore 8903:Lunenburg 8848:Gibraltar 8765:Highlands 8643:Yorkshire 8606:Liverpool 8289:146863401 8216:143523909 8146:143444452 8037:144338519 7880:, Thomson 7795:144125788 7739:0266-0784 7600:, Penguin 7191:0307-1235 6339:24 August 6241:2 October 5916:The Times 5676::95, 101) 5589:141381109 5449:language. 5281:7 October 5049:3 October 5002:cite book 4996:. London. 4816:24 August 4811:Yek.me.uk 4765:24 August 4760:Yek.me.uk 4739:24 August 4734:Yek.me.uk 4713:24 August 4708:Yek.me.uk 4503:31 August 4319:, actress 4313:, actress 4277:, actress 4271:, actress 4259:, actress 4253:, actress 4205:, actress 3992:allophone 3950:-dropping 3855:/rɪˈzuːm/ 3625:The word 3589:and for 3245:Older RP 3111:fortunate 3095:doubtless 2600:Linguist 2359:vowel in 2249:Trap–bath 2090:smoothing 1884:Centring 1763:Diphthong 1356:("Long") 1108:unrounded 1006:allophone 1003:velarised 972:voiceless 874:fricative 862:devoicing 831:aspirated 783:) may be 631:Fricative 596:Affricate 435:Phonology 79:and most 71:) is the 10292:Romanian 10101:Japanese 10059:Biblical 10046:Hawaiian 10041:Gujarati 10004:Standard 9996:Galician 9984:Parisian 9955:Estonian 9886:Standard 9831:Mandarin 9827:Chinese 9791:Tunisian 9776:Egyptian 9748:Acehnese 9720:Pronouns 9695:Grammars 9628:Standard 9598:Learning 9586:Nerrière 9577:Globish 9493:Malaysia 9465:Pakistan 9405:Zimbabwe 9333:Cameroon 9167:Barbados 8898:Atlantic 8866:Americas 8783:Abercraf 8752:Scotland 8731:Cornwall 8652:Midlands 8636:Teesside 8631:Tyneside 8621:Pitmatic 8584:Cheshire 8530:Dialects 8490:Archived 8478:Archived 8466:Archived 8454:Archived 8442:Archived 8430:Archived 8418:Archived 8357:Archived 8332:(1927), 8321:(1905), 8305:citation 8164:(1999), 8107:citation 8092:, Łódź, 7888:(2019), 7831:(1917), 7823:, Oxford 7747:54620954 7692:(1970), 7630:citation 7620:(1869), 7578:(2003), 7420:cite web 7398:BBC News 7380:Archived 7300:BBC News 7260:cite web 7225:cite web 7201:9 August 7195:Archived 7131:cite web 7096:cite web 7026:cite web 6955:Archived 6833:18 March 6577:Archived 5871:24 March 5849:24 March 5827:24 March 5775:"real"?" 5163:18 April 4965:29 March 4938:29 March 4340:See also 4093:Phonemic 3699:formerly 3695:formally 3669:RP is a 3591:reckless 3381:ʊ̈ʉ~ɪ̈ɨ 3356:ɐ~ʌ̈~ɑ̈ 3342:(ɔə~)ɔː 3326:THOUGHT 3242:Keyword 3091:kindness 3029:cardinal 2946:etc. as 2419:, or in 2314:isogloss 2170:Example 1772:Closing 1767:Example 1719:-tensing 1020:sounds. 866:sonorant 843:sonorant 785:syllabic 470:alveolar 463:Alveolar 323:Trudgill 216:BBC News 196:received 101:phonetic 77:standard 49:/ / 45:Help:IPA 10420:Yiddish 10385:Turkish 10370:Tagalog 10354:Swedish 10342:Spanish 10327:Slovene 10297:Russian 10257:Persian 10227:Occitan 10207:Medumba 10197:Marathi 10141:Latvian 10121:Kurdish 10111:Konkani 10096:Italian 10081:Ingrian 10050:Hebrew 10024:Ancient 10009:Bernese 10000:German 9980:French 9976:Finnish 9971:Faroese 9898:English 9868:Cornish 9863:Chukchi 9841:Hokkien 9823:Catalan 9818:Burmese 9808:Bengali 9798:Avestan 9767:Arabic 9672:of the 9558:Engrish 9553:E-Prime 9526:Related 9513:Vietnam 9498:Myanmar 9368:Nigeria 9363:Namibia 9353:Liberia 9235:Oceania 9217:Bermuda 9189:Jamaica 9116:Chicano 8954:Midland 8940:United 8876:America 8812:Ireland 8788:Cardiff 8760:Glasgow 8709:Cockney 8589:Cumbria 8567:England 8558:Britain 8534:accents 7767:4178420 6146:YouTube 5781:5 March 4615:12 June 4235:, actor 4223:, actor 4211:, actor 3902:flapped 3883:pursuit 3831:/djuːn/ 3827:/tjuːn/ 3760:mergers 3683:farther 3595:butcher 3587:neutral 3553:whether 3549:whistle 3543:(as in 3521:CHOICE 3468:SQUARE 3427:FLEECE 3270:lettER 3254:Modern 3103:witless 3099:witness 3051:in the 2826:formant 2401:(as in 2393:), and 2387:(as in 2365:/ɡrɑːs/ 2259:in the 2145:mergers 2116:may be 1948:(as in 1932:(as in 1668:shorter 1664:/riːtʃ/ 1369:Central 1113:rounded 1096:Central 921:attempt 864:of the 761:liquids 485:Glottal 475:Palatal 260:(1974) 115:History 93:grammar 37:in the 10400:Uyghur 10332:Somali 10322:Slovak 10262:Polish 10252:Pashto 10247:Ottawa 10232:Ojibwe 10217:Nepali 10212:Navajo 10126:Kyrgyz 10116:Korean 10054:Modern 10015:Greek 9989:Quebec 9943:Middle 9882:Dutch 9878:Danish 9781:Hejazi 9753:Adyghe 9743:Abkhaz 9581:Gogate 9488:Brunei 9400:Uganda 9383:accent 9358:Malawi 9326:Africa 9301:accent 9256:accent 9199:Samaná 9172:Bequia 8991:accent 8964:Boston 8942:States 8925:Quebec 8885:Canada 8874:North 8830:Ulster 8820:Dublin 8736:Dorset 8594:Barrow 8556:Great 8547:Europe 8463:London 8439:Harrow 8287: 8248: 8230: 8214: 8144: 8096: 8069: 8051: 8035: 7946:373636 7944: 7896: 7809: 7793: 7765: 7745: 7737: 7683:324550 7681: 7651: 7586: 7565: 7545: 7527: 7507: 7474: 7189: 6904: 6896:3 July 6871: 6867: 6859:3 July 6722: 6718: 6705: 6531: 6523:"an". 6489: 6464: 6312: 6157:14 May 5995:4 July 5587: 5469: 5414: 5311: 5201: 5098: 4929: 4788: 4451: 3985:Lennon 3928:merger 3887:allure 3851:/duːn/ 3847:/tuːn/ 3823:/njuː/ 3815:resume 3769:after 3758:caught 3748:bother 3744:father 3725:mirror 3721:nearer 3687:caught 3679:father 3507:MOUTH 3493:PRICE 3474:ɛə~ɛː 3452:əː~ɜː 3449:NURSE 3444:ɪə~ɪː 3419:happY 3397:DRESS 3372:GOOSE 3347:STRUT 3339:FORCE 3334:NORTH 3315:CLOTH 3299:START 3262:commA 3221:vowel 3107:toilet 3039:, but 2930:, and 2924:hoarse 2915:hoarse 2887:orphan 2616:Short 2373:Wirral 2235:loyal 2222:layer 2209:lower 2196:tower 2112:, and 2100:, and 2084:as in 2076:as in 2068:as in 2060:as in 2052:as in 1977:merger 1968:. See 1879:bough 1676:/rɪdʒ/ 1656:longer 1646:fortis 1628:in RP 1606:ɛə, eə 1024:Vowels 1018:voiced 976:voiced 963:fortis 913:bitten 891:, and 829:) are 458:Dental 453:Labial 243:. The 175:Harrow 95:, and 73:accent 53: 10410:Welsh 10390:Ubykh 10375:Tamil 10337:Sotho 10307:Scots 10242:Oromo 10192:Māori 10182:Malay 10136:Latin 10106:Kiowa 10091:Irish 10086:Inuit 10029:Koine 9873:Czech 9725:Verbs 9710:Nouns 9623:Plain 9538:Basic 9460:Nepal 9448:India 9348:Kenya 9343:Ghana 9308:Palau 9268:South 9111:Cajun 9052:Texas 9047:Older 9027:South 8998:North 8974:Maine 8793:Gower 8775:Wales 8691:South 8576:North 8285:S2CID 8212:S2CID 8142:S2CID 8033:S2CID 8011:(PDF) 7942:JSTOR 7791:S2CID 7763:JSTOR 7743:S2CID 7715:(PDF) 7679:JSTOR 5585:S2CID 5159:. BBC 3981:Lenin 3958:horse 3926:whine 3843:/nuː/ 3735:furry 3731:hurry 3728:, or 3715:merry 3711:marry 3691:court 3673:, so 3656:split 3654:strut 3545:which 3479:GOAT 3457:FACE 3438:NEAR 3386:CURE 3361:FOOT 3294:PALM 3286:BATH 3275:TRAP 3231:] 3227:[ 3212:] 3208:[ 3204:] 3200:[ 3188:GOOSE 3177:] 3173:[ 3171:and 3169:] 3165:[ 3138:] 3134:[ 3130:there 3076:happy 3068:happy 3057:] 3053:[ 3045:] 3041:[ 3037:] 3033:[ 3014:DRESS 3007:/pɔː/ 3003:/pɔə/ 2999:/pɔː/ 2995:/pʊə/ 2928:FORCE 2911:horse 2902:split 2900:cloth 2893:(see 2889:were 2883:often 2871:cross 2867:often 2855:CLOTH 2757:(əʊ) 2749:(ɜː) 2736:(uː) 2728:(ʊə) 2712:(ɔɪ) 2706:(ɔː) 2690:(iː) 2684:(ɪə) 2669:(eɪ) 2650:(aʊ) 2644:(aɪ) 2445:/ɑ̃ː/ 2441:/ɔ̃ː/ 2399:/ɜ̃ː/ 2251:split 2183:tire 2131:tower 2123:tower 2106:tower 2098:/aɪə/ 2094:/aʊə/ 2086:loyal 2082:/ɔɪə/ 2078:layer 2074:/eɪə/ 2070:lower 2066:/əʊə/ 2062:tower 2058:/aʊə/ 2050:/aɪə/ 1975:FORCE 1922:boor 1918:/bʊə/ 1907:beer 1903:/bɪə/ 1875:/baʊ/ 1864:beau 1860:/bəʊ/ 1837:/bɔɪ/ 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