1986:
360:, and much everyday professional slang (that may or may not be institutionally or geographically localized). While many of these colloquialisms may prove impenetrable to most lay people, few seem to be specifically designed to conceal meaning from patients (perhaps because standard medical terminology would usually suffice anyway).
1227:
use in the criminal underworld. A thief in 1839 claimed that the cant he had seen in print was nothing like the cant then used by gypsies, thieves, and beggars. He also said that each of these used distinct vocabularies, which overlapped, the gypsies having a cant word for everything, and the beggars
550:("Cantmen and Cantwomen, some from as far away as Dublin, would converge on Mohill on a Fair Day, ... set up their stalls ... and immediately start auctioning off their merchandise") and secondly means talk ("very entertaining conversation was often described as 'great cant'" or "crosstalk").
398:
and jargon in that they are used solely among ostracized social groups, including prisoners, criminals, homosexuals, and teenagers. Anti-languages use the same basic vocabulary and grammar as their native language in an unorthodox fashion. For example, anti-languages borrow words from other
172:. Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th and 15th centuries. Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon.
393:
These societies develop anti-languages as a means to prevent outsiders from understanding their communication and as a manner of establishing a subculture that meets the needs of their alternative social structure. Anti-languages differ from
73:
by saying that "'Cant', in the sense in which Samuel
Johnson exclaims, 'Clear your mind of cant,' means, in other words, something like that which 'people usually say without thinking, the standard thing to say, what one normally says'." In
386:. He defined an anti-language as a language created and used by an anti-society. An anti-society is a small, separate community intentionally created within a larger society as an alternative to or resistance of it. For example,
496:, and therefore cannot be studied in the same way a language spoken by an existing anti-society would. However, they are still used in the study of anti-languages. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages in Fiction" analyzes
2931:
274:
is a proper language with its own grammatical system. Such complete secret languages are rare because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based. Such argots are
1222:
was a feature of popular pamphlets and plays, particularly between 1590 and 1615, but continued to feature in literature through the 18th century. There are questions about how genuinely the literature reflected
418:, and Bhaktiprasad Mallik to explore anti-languages and the connection between verbal communication and the maintenance of a social structure. For this reason, the study of anti-languages is both a study of
1737:... a language that hides as much as it communicates. How did this "anti-language" emerge? The slave trade may explain why the Bangande were determined to keep their own language. ...what British linguist
2971:
2951:
319:, which retain French syntax and apply transformations only to individual words (and often only to a certain subset of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words). Such systems are examples of
3009:
2976:
596:
to coin names for modern-day jargons such as "medicant", a term used to refer to the type of language employed by members of the medical profession that is largely unintelligible to lay people.
2986:
2981:
2966:
2956:
2936:
2926:
2946:
2941:
2921:
2991:
2961:
526:. This language is often referred to as an argot, but it has been argued that it is an anti-language because of the social structure it maintains through the social class of the droogs.
3248:
2916:
2645:
492:
Anti-languages are sometimes created by authors and used by characters in novels. These anti-languages do not have complete lexicons, cannot be observed in use for
2873:
356:
have been said to have their own spoken argot, cant, or slang, which incorporates commonly understood abbreviations and acronyms, frequently used technical
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3241:
2882:
1424:
3274:
2018:
390:
studied one anti-society composed of Polish prisoners; Bhaktiprasad Mallik of
Sanskrit College studied another composed of criminals in Calcutta.
1809:
444:
The most important vehicle of reality-maintenance is conversation. All who employ this same form of communication are reality-maintaining others.
1848:
3492:
3386:
3269:
3281:
422:
and linguistics. Halliday's findings can be compiled as a list of nine criteria that a language must meet to be considered an anti-language:
3427:
3191:
2866:
1071:
a dialect of the gay subculture that uses
African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions
3394:
3014:
2735:
4143:
3754:
2835:
2597:
399:
languages, create unconventional compounds, or utilize new suffixes for existing words. Anti-languages may also change words using
441:
The anti-language is not just an optional extra; it is the fundamental element in the existence of the "second life" phenomenon.
4277:
2859:
1900:
Ribton-Turner, C. J. 1887 Vagrants and
Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging, London, 1887, p.245, quoting an examination taken at
231:
is also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, occupation, or hobby, in which
3759:
3722:
3400:
2840:
1877:
1352:
3152:
2011:
1626:
3485:
1609:
906:
135:. However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "
75:
1685:
1471:
1411:
1386:
1331:
983:
4297:
3594:
2044:
3980:
3967:
3521:
3310:
3106:
2830:
2004:
1990:
131:, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various
4178:
3546:
3253:
2810:
2675:
1949:
1928:
1722:
45:
or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group. It may also be called a
1520:
Hukill, Peter B.; H., A. L.; Jackson, James L. (1961). "The Spoken
Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant".
429:
Like the early records of the languages of exotic cultures, the information usually comes to us as word lists.
227:') is a language used by various groups to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term
4138:
4103:
3744:
3536:
3478:
3419:
2556:
2335:
2297:
2247:
1379:
522:
is a popular example of a novel where the main character is a teenage boy who speaks an anti-language called
3734:
3687:
3531:
2805:
2705:
1428:
1237:
1490:
Valdman, Albert (May 2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire".
432:
The simplest form taken by an anti-language is that of new words from old: it is a language relexicalised.
407:), or substituting their consonants. Therefore, anti-languages are distinct and unique and are not simply
3446:
2546:
2496:
1901:
1652:"Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange"
283:
of a particular language, with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words unknown to the larger public;
4116:
3662:
3617:
3551:
3526:
3315:
3236:
3169:
3162:
3157:
2685:
2425:
2305:
2036:
502:
120:
3835:
3764:
3622:
3607:
3305:
2770:
2370:
2277:
2117:
1257:
589:-based cant of the Indigenous Highland Traveller population. The cants are mutually unintelligible.
4148:
3840:
3774:
3739:
3325:
3320:
2695:
400:
331:
Specific words can go from argot into everyday speech or the other way. For example, modern French
4282:
3992:
3885:
3855:
3820:
3612:
3556:
3541:
3381:
3365:
3186:
2340:
2267:
2122:
1324:
261:
in this context was in a 1628 document. The word was probably derived from the contemporary name
3470:
4246:
4033:
3850:
3749:
3181:
2586:
2430:
2365:
2027:
493:
1267:
438:
Effective communication depends on exchanging meanings that are inaccessible to the layperson.
3867:
3860:
3769:
3682:
3677:
3286:
3213:
2561:
2541:
2476:
2360:
2142:
1939:
1673:
455:
280:
31:
17:
426:
An anti-society is a society set up within another society as a conscious alternative to it.
4292:
4236:
4098:
4008:
3987:
3897:
3890:
3634:
3357:
3218:
3208:
3203:
2725:
2635:
2434:
2395:
2127:
1823:
informal
Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing
1704:
769:
507:
1700:
8:
4226:
4133:
4111:
4068:
4053:
4018:
3962:
3907:
3902:
3781:
3667:
3644:
3589:
3198:
3147:
2775:
2765:
2615:
2571:
2405:
2182:
2097:
1146:
1035:
4123:
3932:
3877:
3872:
3827:
3786:
3579:
3505:
3451:
3094:
3089:
3064:
3001:
2886:
2625:
2521:
2516:
2440:
2415:
2217:
2202:
2167:
1762:
1537:
1499:
812:
4023:
415:
387:
254:
refers to that argot as both "the language of the dark" and "the language of misery".
4251:
4216:
4201:
4185:
4173:
4158:
4128:
4088:
4058:
4038:
4028:
3972:
3952:
3942:
3927:
3912:
3807:
3802:
3729:
3699:
3694:
3672:
3654:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3176:
3039:
2591:
2511:
2350:
2232:
1945:
1924:
1883:
1873:
1681:
1627:"Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates"
1605:
1579:
1467:
1407:
1382:
1348:
1327:
1026:
516:
to redefine the nature of the anti-language and to describe its ideological purpose.
714:
246:
4231:
4163:
4153:
4093:
4083:
4078:
4063:
4048:
4043:
3957:
3947:
3815:
3709:
3602:
3584:
3574:
3099:
3084:
3054:
3049:
2655:
2566:
2390:
2385:
2187:
1804:
1738:
1571:
1529:
1219:
1167:
1050:
960:
742:
645:
473:
373:
191:
1575:
623:
414:
In his essay "Anti-Language", Halliday synthesized the research of Thomas Harman,
4241:
4221:
4206:
4168:
4073:
4013:
3937:
3922:
3917:
3717:
3704:
3297:
3079:
3059:
2800:
2715:
2450:
2400:
2380:
2320:
2287:
2242:
2237:
2197:
2082:
1137:
1123:
1106:
1001:
699:
667:
586:
581:
572:
568:
497:
219:
212:
140:
132:
111:
2851:
1651:
4287:
4256:
4211:
3074:
3069:
3044:
2551:
2506:
2330:
2262:
2132:
1206:
1119:
901:
891:
818:
763:
728:
640:
564:
95:
2137:
822:
subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)
689:
4271:
2795:
2410:
2315:
2310:
2272:
2192:
2172:
2147:
2112:
1887:
1727:
1583:
1404:
1288:
1115:
897:
882:
720:
559:
378:
357:
164:
66:
789:
2536:
2531:
2486:
2445:
2355:
2257:
2212:
2207:
2177:
2162:
2157:
1273:
1247:
829:
383:
1923:(translated from Irish by Tim Enright ed.). Oxford University Press.
925:
314:
3373:
3349:
3339:
2780:
2745:
2665:
2491:
2282:
2222:
2107:
2092:
1996:
1278:
1252:
1242:
864:
807:
685:
680:
609:
512:
251:
1766:
1088:
774:
654:
3411:
2785:
2576:
2420:
2375:
2252:
2227:
2152:
2087:
1293:
1224:
1182:
1161:
1110:
1077:, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by
966:
869:
798:
632:
288:
232:
1966:
1541:
1503:
975:
757:
65:. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent.
3501:
2817:
2526:
2466:
2345:
2325:
2077:
2072:
2052:
1867:
1097:
1045:
993:
989:
951:
846:
825:
708:
663:
649:
614:
419:
353:
1200:
1064:
1055:
931:
154:
Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from
2790:
2481:
2102:
2062:
1533:
1176:
1127:
1005:
970:
947:
887:
851:
833:
780:
703:
693:
676:
605:
535:
468:
459:
128:
1170:(or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom
3500:
2501:
2057:
1464:
Word and Figure: The
Language of Nineteenth-Century French Poetry
1188:
1155:
1141:
1101:
1092:
1082:
997:
955:
937:
860:
842:
793:
618:
543:
481:
408:
292:
276:
124:
1425:"Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century"
1345:
Redemption from
Egotism: James and Proust as Spiritual Exercises
86:
There are two main schools of thought on the origin of the word
2646:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
2581:
1985:
1283:
1262:
1194:
1133:
1085:, gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes).
1078:
1074:
1068:
1059:
1017:
1011:
941:
855:
838:
784:
752:
724:
658:
636:
593:
523:
477:
463:
306:
237:
136:
94:
In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the
42:
702:, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in
2067:
1849:"The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran"
1732:
1150:
1039:
1030:
1021:
910:
878:
873:
802:
748:
737:
733:
671:
627:
395:
224:
155:
1498:(6). American Association of Teachers of French: 1179–1192.
435:
The principle is that of same grammar, different vocabulary.
197:
1731:. Vol. 222, no. 2971. pp. 42–45 – via
915:
547:
203:
1941:
A Dictionary of
Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English
1753:
Fowler, Roger (Summer 1979). "Anti-Language in Fiction".
979:
200:
3249:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
2917:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
1785:
553:
In Scotland, two unrelated creole languages are termed
450:
There is continuity between language and anti-language.
337:'crazy', 'goofy', now common usage, originated in the
1461:
114:
1773:
1562:Halliday, M. a. K. (1976-09-01). "Anti-Languages".
194:
1869:Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers
1645:
1643:
447:The anti-language is a vehicle of resocialisation.
147:, while the linguistic community identifies it as
2881:
1671:
4269:
403:, reversal of sounds or letters (e.g., apple to
1810:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation
1640:
1519:
1422:
1401:Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition
1164:(or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines
1836:Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English
1709:Department of Linguistics and English Language
1515:
1513:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
575:influences) is spoken by lowland Roma groups.
372:was first defined and studied by the linguist
3486:
3401:Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa
2867:
2012:
996:or a secret language traditionally spoken by
3428:International Organization of Turkic Culture
1918:
1791:
1347:. The Estate of Richard Rorty. p. 390.
1321:The Oxford Companion to the English Language
344:
338:
332:
323:
312:
304:
267:, given to a group of thieves at that time.
262:
167:
1944:(revised ed.). Terence Patrick Dolan.
1865:
1510:
1466:. Ohio State University Press. p. 10.
1361:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
158:
105:
99:
3493:
3479:
3395:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
3010:Countries and capitals in native languages
2874:
2860:
2736:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
2026:
2019:
2005:
1485:
1483:
1396:
1394:
303:in this sense is used for systems such as
1674:"Language and subcultures: Anti-language"
529:
119:. It is seen to have derived amongst the
1561:
1427:. Mt. Holyoke University. Archived from
1306:
1872:. Cambridge Scholars Publ. p. 34.
1720:
1678:An introduction to language and society
1489:
1480:
1391:
1270:, a Romanian who studied such languages
986:subcultures of young netizens in Brazil
14:
4270:
1752:
1595:
1593:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1228:using a lower style than the thieves.
257:The earliest known record of the term
3474:
3127:
2898:
2855:
2000:
1937:
1921:Island Cross-Talk: Pages from a Diary
1779:
1599:
1342:
1126:used by the Lowland Romani people in
487:
218:
27:Linguistic term for jargon of a group
1911:
1846:
1701:Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men
1624:
376:, who used the term to describe the
1721:Bradley, Matthew T. (31 May 2014).
1602:Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men
1590:
1548:
454:Examples of anti-languages include
270:Under the strictest definition, an
24:
3015:Country names in various languages
1959:
1672:Martin Montgomery (January 1986),
25:
4309:
1978:
592:The word has also been used as a
1984:
1649:
1213:
766:, from South African gay culture
363:
190:
3311:List of Indo-European languages
3107:Languages of the European Union
1938:Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006).
1894:
1859:
1840:
1828:
1797:
1746:
1714:
1693:
1665:
1618:
1173:Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang)
963:, to replace Chinese characters
907:Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant
810:, from South Asia, used by the
2676:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1805:"bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online"
1462:Carol De Dobay Rifelj (1987).
1455:
1442:
1416:
1336:
13:
1:
4278:Language varieties and styles
3420:Organization of Turkic States
3128:
2899:
2557:Principle of compositionality
1866:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga (2013).
1604:. Routledge. pp. 13–14.
1576:10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050
1376:Travellers and their Language
1299:
1083:circus and fairground showmen
563:(a mixed language, primarily
3270:By number of native speakers
2706:Philosophical Investigations
1374:Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D.
1238:Code word (figure of speech)
717:, from the US/Mexican border
168:
81:
7:
3723:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
3282:By number of total speakers
2547:Modality (natural language)
1231:
599:
78:it is what "das Man" says.
10:
4314:
3316:List of Mongolic languages
2686:Language, Truth, and Logic
2426:Theological noncognitivism
2311:Contrast theory of meaning
2306:Causal theory of reference
2037:Index of language articles
1965:Halliday, M. A. K. (1976)
1452:, Paris: PUF, 1958, p. 700
1380:Queen's University Belfast
352:In the field of medicine,
29:
4194:
4001:
3795:
3567:
3512:
3439:
3336:
3295:
3262:
3229:
3138:
3134:
3123:
3000:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2826:
2771:Philosophy of information
2758:
2607:
2459:
2371:Mediated reference theory
2296:
2043:
2034:
1258:Gibberish (language game)
944:, used by LGBT community.
894:, used by LGBT community.
577:Highland Traveller's Cant
139:". Its speakers from the
3326:List of Uralic languages
3321:List of Turkic languages
3242:by country and territory
2696:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1919:O'Crohan, Tomás (1987).
1847:Baghbidi, Hassan Rezai.
1191:, from the United States
922:), from internet culture
176:
4298:Linguistics terminology
3755:Regional North American
3382:Three Linguistic Spaces
3366:Commonwealth of Nations
2497:Use–mention distinction
2341:Direct reference theory
1973:78 (3) pp. 570–584
1971:American Anthropologist
1834:Partridge, Eric (1937)
1741:calls an anti-language.
1564:American Anthropologist
1343:Rorty, Richard (2001).
1325:Oxford University Press
845:, used by adherents of
411:of existing languages.
4179:Dialects and varieties
3750:Received Pronunciation
3595:American Sign Language
2431:Theory of descriptions
2366:Linguistic determinism
2028:Philosophy of language
1203:, from Asturias, Spain
530:Regional usage of term
494:linguistic description
345:
343:transformation of Fr.
339:
333:
324:
313:
305:
263:
159:
115:
110:), "speech, talk", or
106:
100:
3287:Languages in censuses
2910:By official languages
2542:Mental representation
2477:Linguistic relativity
2361:Inquisitive semantics
1450:L'Argot. Que sais-je?
745:, from Galicia, Spain
721:Cockney Rhyming Slang
456:Cockney rhyming slang
328:, or "coded argots".
143:community know it as
32:Cant (disambiguation)
3358:Dutch Language Union
3002:Endonyms and exonyms
2726:Naming and Necessity
2636:De Arte Combinatoria
2435:Definite description
2396:Semantic externalism
1993:at Wikimedia Commons
1705:Lancaster University
1600:Baker, Paul (2002).
1423:Schwartz, Robert M.
770:Gender transposition
542:mainly refers to an
508:William S. Burroughs
123:groups of people in
30:For other uses, see
4104:Proto-Indo-European
3760:White South African
3377:(Romance languages)
3254:Number of languages
2776:Philosophical logic
2766:Analytic philosophy
2572:Sense and reference
2451:Verification theory
2406:Situation semantics
1319:McArthur, T. (ed.)
1185:, from South Africa
1038:(or Olbanian) from
1036:Padonkaffsky jargon
1014:, a fictional argot
472:of Polish prisons,
368:The concept of the
3452:Category:Languages
3447:Lists of languages
3431:(Turkic languages)
3423:(Turkic languages)
3237:Official languages
2626:Port-Royal Grammar
2522:Family resemblance
2441:Theory of language
2416:Supposition theory
1625:Zarzycki, Łukasz.
1109:, from the former
520:A Clockwork Orange
503:A Clockwork Orange
488:In popular culture
244:In his 1862 novel
76:Heideggerian terms
4265:
4264:
3765:Standard Canadian
3506:world's languages
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3306:Language families
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
2849:
2848:
2351:Dynamic semantics
1989:Media related to
1912:Secondary sources
1879:978-1-4438-4970-8
1723:"The secret ones"
1492:The French Review
1448:Guiraud, Pierre,
1354:978-1-4051-9831-8
235:it overlaps with
163:, 'to sing', via
16:(Redirected from
4305:
4117:Kerkrade dialect
3740:General American
3495:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3432:
3424:
3416:
3406:
3391:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3124:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2811:Formal semantics
2759:Related articles
2751:
2741:
2731:
2721:
2711:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2671:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2631:
2621:
2391:Relevance theory
2386:Phallogocentrism
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1967:"Anti-Languages"
1955:
1934:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:researchgate.net
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1739:Michael Halliday
1718:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1546:
1545:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1398:
1389:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1340:
1334:
1317:
1138:Irish Travellers
1130:, United Kingdom
961:Martian language
743:Fala dos arxinas
374:Michael Halliday
348:
342:
336:
327:
318:
310:
266:
222:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
189:
171:
162:
133:creole languages
118:
109:
104:(older spelling
103:
21:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4190:
4144:Scottish Gaelic
3997:
3851:Standard Modern
3791:
3603:Modern Standard
3563:
3508:
3499:
3469:
3456:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3404:
3389:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3298:language family
3291:
3258:
3225:
3140:
3130:
3111:
2996:
2932:Dutch/Afrikaans
2901:
2890:
2880:
2850:
2845:
2822:
2801:School of Names
2754:
2749:
2739:
2729:
2719:
2716:Of Grammatology
2709:
2699:
2689:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2603:
2455:
2401:Semantic holism
2381:Non-cognitivism
2321:Conventionalism
2292:
2039:
2030:
2025:
1981:
1976:
1962:
1960:Further reading
1952:
1931:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1816:
1814:
1813:(in Indonesian)
1803:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1751:
1747:
1719:
1715:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1650:Kohn, Liberty.
1648:
1641:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1591:
1560:
1549:
1522:American Speech
1518:
1511:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1421:
1417:
1399:
1392:
1373:
1362:
1355:
1341:
1337:
1318:
1307:
1302:
1234:
1216:
1118:, a variant of
1000:and traders in
711:from California
700:Beurla Reagaird
602:
582:Beurla Reagaird
573:Scottish Gaelic
546:, typically on
532:
498:Anthony Burgess
490:
416:Adam Podgórecki
388:Adam Podgórecki
366:
299:. For example,
193:
187:
186:
179:
141:Irish Traveller
112:Scottish Gaelic
84:
63:secret language
55:pseudo-language
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4283:Cant languages
4280:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Serbo-Croatian
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3337:Language-based
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3192:Southeast Asia
3189:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3012:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2903:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2722:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2662:
2652:
2642:
2632:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2552:Presupposition
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Deconstruction
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1991:Cant languages
1980:
1979:External links
1977:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1893:
1878:
1858:
1839:
1827:
1796:
1784:
1782:, pp. 43.
1772:
1761:(3): 259–278.
1745:
1713:
1692:
1686:
1664:
1639:
1617:
1611:978-0415261807
1610:
1589:
1570:(3): 570–584.
1547:
1534:10.2307/453853
1528:(2): 145–151.
1509:
1479:
1472:
1454:
1441:
1415:
1390:
1360:
1353:
1335:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1268:Lazăr Șăineanu
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1230:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1179:, from Romania
1174:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1131:
1113:
1104:
1095:
1086:
1072:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1009:
987:
973:
964:
958:
945:
935:
929:
923:
913:
904:
902:Eastern Europe
895:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
836:
823:
805:
796:
787:
778:
772:
767:
764:Gayle language
761:
755:
746:
740:
731:
729:United Kingdom
718:
715:Caló (Chicano)
712:
706:
697:
683:
674:
661:
652:
643:
641:United Kingdom
630:
621:
612:
601:
598:
538:, in Ireland,
531:
528:
489:
486:
452:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
365:
362:
358:colloquialisms
247:Les Misérables
220:[aʁɡo]
178:
175:
174:
173:
152:
83:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4310:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3993:Luxembourgish
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:Maastrichtian
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:Orthographies
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:organizations
3341:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:By population
3261:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3170:South America
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:North America
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:and subregion
3137:
3133:
3126:
3122:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Scholasticism
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Structuralism
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Descriptivism
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:Contrastivism
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1792:O'Crohan 1987
1788:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:New Scientist
1724:
1717:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1689:
1687:9780416346305
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:(in French).
1493:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1473:9780814204221
1469:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1431:on 2021-07-03
1430:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1412:0-00-472529-8
1409:
1406:
1405:HarperCollins
1402:
1397:
1395:
1388:
1387:0-85389-832-4
1384:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1332:0-19-214183-X
1329:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Rhyming slang
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1220:thieves' cant
1214:Thieves' cant
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1197:, from France
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:Thieves' cant
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:community in
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:Scottish Cant
1114:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
988:
985:
981:
977:
974:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
957:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
928:, from France
927:
924:
921:
917:
914:
912:
908:
905:
903:
899:
898:Klezmer-loshn
896:
893:
889:
886:
884:
883:Quebec French
880:
877:
875:
871:
868:
866:
862:
859:
857:
853:
850:
848:
844:
840:
837:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
806:
804:
800:
797:
795:
791:
788:
786:
782:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
744:
741:
739:
735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
705:
701:
698:
695:
691:
687:
684:
682:
678:
675:
673:
669:
665:
662:
660:
656:
653:
651:
647:
644:
642:
638:
634:
631:
629:
625:
622:
620:
616:
613:
611:
607:
604:
603:
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
560:Scottish Cant
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
527:
525:
521:
517:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
485:
483:
479:
475:
474:thieves' cant
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
423:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:
379:lingua franca
375:
371:
370:anti-language
364:Anti-language
361:
359:
355:
350:
347:
341:
335:
329:
326:
322:
317:
316:
309:
308:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:used in this
286:
282:
278:
273:
268:
265:
264:les argotiers
260:
255:
253:
250:
248:
242:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
221:
217:
214:
208:
184:
170:
166:
165:Norman French
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
113:
108:
102:
97:
93:
92:
91:
89:
79:
77:
72:
68:
67:Richard Rorty
64:
60:
59:anti-language
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4247:West Frisian
4034:Massachusett
3547:Prepositions
3516:
3405:(Portuguese)
3399:
3387:Francophonie
3340:geopolitical
3139:By continent
2744:
2734:
2724:
2714:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2674:
2654:
2644:
2634:
2624:
2614:
2596:
2537:Metalanguage
2532:Logical form
2487:Truth-bearer
2471:
2446:Unilalianism
2356:Expressivism
2183:Wittgenstein
2128:von Humboldt
2045:Philosophers
1970:
1940:
1920:
1896:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1822:
1815:. Retrieved
1808:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1708:
1695:
1677:
1667:
1658:
1633:
1620:
1601:
1567:
1563:
1525:
1521:
1495:
1491:
1463:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1418:
1400:
1375:
1344:
1338:
1320:
1274:Microculture
1248:Costermonger
1217:
1209:, from Iran
1158:, from Italy
1027:Nyōbō kotoba
919:
830:South Africa
817:
811:
777:, from Spain
760:, from Spain
591:
580:
576:
558:
554:
552:
539:
534:In parts of
533:
519:
518:
511:
501:
491:
467:
453:
413:
404:
392:
384:anti-society
377:
369:
367:
351:
330:
320:
300:
296:
284:
271:
269:
258:
256:
245:
243:
236:
228:
215:
182:
180:
148:
144:
87:
85:
70:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
38:
36:
4293:Shibboleths
3977:Limburgish
3868:Greenlandic
3745:New Zealand
3678:Northern Wu
3537:Determiners
3517:Phonologies
3502:Phonologies
3374:Latin Union
3350:Arab League
2781:Linguistics
2746:Limited Inc
2666:On Denoting
2492:Proposition
2143:de Saussure
2108:Ibn Khaldun
1680:, Methuen,
1279:Obfuscation
1253:Doublespeak
1243:Code talker
1136:, from the
978:, from the
934:, from Peru
865:Philippines
863:, from the
808:Hijra Farsi
681:Netherlands
679:, from the
610:Afghanistan
513:Naked Lunch
252:Victor Hugo
4272:Categories
4237:Vietnamese
4108:Ripuarian
4099:Portuguese
4009:Macedonian
3988:Lithuanian
3898:Hindustani
3735:Australian
3688:Historical
3635:Belarusian
3532:Adjectives
3412:Hispanidad
3230:By country
3214:Micronesia
3187:South Asia
2972:Portuguese
2952:Hindustani
2841:Discussion
2836:Task Force
2786:Pragmatics
2577:Speech act
2507:Categories
2421:Symbiosism
2376:Nominalism
2288:Watzlawick
2168:Bloomfield
2088:Chrysippus
1951:0717140393
1930:0192122525
1780:Dolan 2006
1634:Crossroads
1435:2019-04-26
1300:References
1294:Shibboleth
1225:vernacular
1183:Tsotsitaal
1162:Swardspeak
1111:Yugoslavia
1107:Šatrovački
1051:Pitkernese
967:Meshterski
920:1337 speak
870:Jeringonza
799:Gyaru-moji
790:Gumuțeasca
633:Back slang
401:metathesis
354:physicians
293:synonymous
279:divergent
188:English:
47:cryptolect
4227:Ukrainian
4134:Sardinian
4112:Colognian
4069:Old Saxon
4054:Norwegian
4019:Maldivian
3963:Latgalian
3908:Icelandic
3903:Hungarian
3782:Esperanto
3668:Cantonese
3645:Bulgarian
3618:Levantine
3590:Afrikaans
3415:(Spanish)
3369:(English)
3219:Polynesia
3209:Melanesia
3182:East Asia
3163:Caribbean
3129:Languages
3095:Sri Lanka
3090:Singapore
3065:Indonesia
2900:Countries
2887:languages
2883:Countries
2818:Semiotics
2806:Semantics
2656:Alciphron
2592:Statement
2527:Intension
2467:Ambiguity
2346:Dramatism
2326:Cratylism
2078:Eubulides
2073:Aristotle
2053:Confucius
1888:864565715
1817:16 August
1584:1548-1433
1098:Rotwelsch
1046:Pig Latin
994:sociolect
990:Minderico
952:Argentina
926:Louchébem
847:Rastafari
826:IsiNgqumo
709:Boontling
664:Barallete
650:Indonesia
615:Agbirigba
420:sociology
349:'crazy'.
340:louchébem
315:louchébem
277:lexically
121:itinerant
82:Etymology
4124:Romanian
3933:Japanese
3891:Biblical
3878:Hawaiian
3873:Gujarati
3836:Standard
3828:Galician
3816:Parisian
3787:Estonian
3718:Standard
3663:Mandarin
3659:Chinese
3623:Tunisian
3608:Egyptian
3580:Acehnese
3552:Pronouns
3527:Grammars
3440:See also
3390:(French)
3353:(Arabic)
3153:Americas
3040:Cambodia
2977:Romanian
2831:Category
2791:Rhetoric
2616:Cratylus
2587:Sentence
2562:Property
2482:Language
2460:Concepts
2298:Theories
2263:Strawson
2248:Davidson
2238:Hintikka
2233:Anscombe
2178:Vygotsky
2133:Mauthner
2103:Averroes
2093:Zhuangzi
2083:Diodorus
2063:Cratylus
1767:42945250
1232:See also
1177:Totoiana
1128:Scotland
1089:Rotvælsk
1042:, Russia
1006:Portugal
971:Bulgaria
948:Lunfardo
888:Kaliarda
852:Javanais
834:Zimbabwe
781:Grypsera
775:Germanía
704:Scotland
694:Asturias
677:Bargoens
655:Banjački
646:Bahasa G
606:Adurgari
600:Examples
548:fair day
536:Connacht
469:grypsera
460:CB slang
409:dialects
334:loufoque
137:the cant
129:Scotland
69:defines
4252:Yiddish
4217:Turkish
4202:Tagalog
4186:Swedish
4174:Spanish
4159:Slovene
4129:Russian
4089:Persian
4059:Occitan
4039:Medumba
4029:Marathi
3973:Latvian
3953:Kurdish
3943:Konkani
3928:Italian
3913:Ingrian
3882:Hebrew
3856:Ancient
3841:Bernese
3832:German
3812:French
3808:Finnish
3803:Faroese
3730:English
3700:Cornish
3695:Chukchi
3673:Hokkien
3655:Catalan
3650:Burmese
3640:Bengali
3630:Avestan
3599:Arabic
3504:of the
3361:(Dutch)
3204:Oceania
3100:Vietnam
3085:Myanmar
3055:Iceland
3050:Germany
2987:Spanish
2982:Russian
2967:Persian
2957:Italian
2937:English
2927:Chinese
2598:more...
2502:Concept
2243:Dummett
2218:Gadamer
2213:Chomsky
2198:Derrida
2188:Russell
2173:Bergson
2158:Tillich
2118:Leibniz
2058:Gorgias
1902:Salford
1661:: 1–27.
1403:(2001)
1378:(2002)
1323:(1992)
1207:Zargari
1189:Tutnese
1156:Spasell
1142:Ireland
1102:Germany
1100:, from
1093:Denmark
1091:, from
1067:, from
1058:, from
1029:, from
1020:, from
998:tailors
984:hipster
976:Miguxês
969:, from
956:Uruguay
950:, from
940:, from
938:Lubunca
909:, from
900:, from
890:, from
881:, from
872:, from
861:Jejemon
854:, from
843:Jamaica
841:, from
828:, from
801:, from
794:Romania
792:, from
783:, from
758:Gacería
736:, from
723:, from
696:, Spain
668:Galicia
666:, from
657:, from
648:, from
635:, from
626:, from
619:Nigeria
617:, from
608:, from
585:) is a
544:auction
482:Bangime
211:; from
160:cantāre
125:Ireland
41:is the
4232:Uyghur
4164:Somali
4154:Slovak
4094:Polish
4084:Pashto
4079:Ottawa
4064:Ojibwe
4049:Nepali
4044:Navajo
3958:Kyrgyz
3948:Korean
3886:Modern
3847:Greek
3821:Quebec
3775:Middle
3714:Dutch
3710:Danish
3613:Hejazi
3585:Adyghe
3575:Abkhaz
3275:Europe
3199:Europe
3148:Africa
3080:Kosovo
2947:German
2942:French
2922:Arabic
2750:(1988)
2740:(1982)
2730:(1980)
2720:(1967)
2710:(1953)
2700:(1951)
2690:(1936)
2680:(1921)
2670:(1905)
2660:(1732)
2650:(1668)
2640:(1666)
2630:(1660)
2620:(n.d.)
2582:Symbol
2283:Searle
2273:Putnam
2223:Kripke
2208:Austin
2193:Carnap
2138:Ricœur
2123:Herder
2113:Hobbes
1948:
1927:
1886:
1876:
1765:
1684:
1659:ESharp
1608:
1582:
1542:453853
1540:
1504:399371
1502:
1470:
1410:
1385:
1351:
1330:
1284:Patois
1263:Jargon
1201:Xíriga
1195:Verlan
1134:Shelta
1124:Romani
1079:actors
1075:Polari
1069:Brazil
1065:Pajubá
1060:Greece
1056:Podaná
1018:Nihali
1012:Nadsat
942:Turkey
932:Lóxoro
856:France
839:Iyaric
785:Poland
753:Russia
725:London
659:Serbia
637:London
594:suffix
587:Gaelic
569:Romani
524:Nadsat
480:, and
478:Polari
466:, the
464:verlan
382:of an
325:à clef
321:argots
307:verlan
238:jargon
213:French
169:canter
149:shelta
145:Gammon
116:cainnt
107:cainnt
43:jargon
4288:Slang
4242:Welsh
4222:Ubykh
4207:Tamil
4169:Sotho
4139:Scots
4074:Oromo
4024:Māori
4014:Malay
3968:Latin
3938:Kiowa
3923:Irish
3918:Inuit
3861:Koine
3705:Czech
3557:Verbs
3542:Nouns
3075:Korea
3070:Japan
3060:India
3045:China
2992:Tamil
2962:Malay
2889:lists
2608:Works
2517:Class
2278:Lewis
2268:Quine
2253:Grice
2203:Whorf
2163:Sapir
2148:Frege
2098:Xunzi
2068:Plato
1763:JSTOR
1755:Style
1733:Yumpu
1655:(PDF)
1630:(PDF)
1538:JSTOR
1500:JSTOR
1151:Kenya
1149:from
1147:Sheng
1120:Scots
1040:Runet
1031:Japan
1022:India
1002:Minde
911:Korea
892:Greek
879:Joual
874:Spain
819:kothi
813:hijra
803:Japan
751:from
749:Fenya
738:Kenya
734:Engsh
688:from
672:Spain
628:China
571:with
565:Scots
405:elppa
396:slang
301:argot
295:with
289:sense
285:argot
281:forms
272:argot
259:argot
233:sense
229:argot
225:slang
216:argot
183:argot
177:Argot
156:Latin
101:caint
98:word
96:Irish
51:argot
18:Argot
4257:Zuni
4212:Taos
3177:Asia
2885:and
2567:Sign
2472:Cant
2258:Ryle
2228:Ayer
2153:Boas
1946:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1904:Gaol
1884:OCLC
1874:ISBN
1819:2024
1682:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1580:ISSN
1468:ISBN
1408:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1218:The
1122:and
992:, a
954:and
918:(or
916:Leet
832:and
816:and
692:and
690:León
686:Bron
624:Äynu
579:(or
567:and
555:cant
540:cant
506:and
311:and
297:cant
127:and
88:cant
71:cant
39:cant
4195:T–Z
4002:M–S
3796:F–L
3770:Old
3683:Old
3568:A–E
3296:By
3035:Q–Z
3030:J–P
3025:D–I
3020:A–C
2512:Set
1703:",
1572:doi
1530:doi
980:emo
500:'s
346:fou
291:is
198:ɑːr
181:An
61:or
4274::
2668:"
1969:.
1882:.
1851:.
1821:.
1807:.
1759:13
1757:.
1735:.
1725:.
1707:.
1676:,
1657:.
1642:^
1632:.
1592:^
1578:.
1568:78
1566:.
1550:^
1536:.
1526:36
1524:.
1512:^
1496:73
1482:^
1393:^
1363:^
1308:^
1081:,
1004:,
982:,
727:,
670:,
639:,
557:.
510:'
484:.
476:,
462:,
458:,
241:.
204:oʊ
90::
57:,
53:,
49:,
37:A
3494:e
3487:t
3480:v
2875:e
2868:t
2861:v
2664:"
2437:)
2433:(
2020:e
2013:t
2006:v
1954:.
1933:.
1890:.
1855:.
1794:.
1769:.
1711:.
1699:"
1636:.
1614:.
1586:.
1574::
1544:.
1532::
1506:.
1476:.
1438:.
1357:.
1008:.
249:,
223:'
207:/
201:ɡ
195:ˈ
192:/
185:(
151:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.