185:
words. Some literature on slang even says that mainstream acceptance of a slang term removes its status as true slang because it is then accepted by the media and is thus no longer the special insider speech of a particular group. For example, Black
American music frequently uses slang, and many of its frequently used terms have therefore become part of vernacular English. Some say that a general test for whether a word is slang or not is whether or not it would be acceptable in an academic or legal setting, but that would consider slang to be the same as normal, everyday, informal language. Others say that a general test is whether the word has been entered in the Oxford English Dictionary, which some scholars claim changes its status as slang.
455:
into the same hippie slang of the 1960s. 'The word "groovy" has remained a part of subculture lexicon since its popularization. It is still in common use today by a significant population. The word "gig" to refer to a performance very likely originated well before the 1930s, and remained a common term throughout the 1940s and 1950s before becoming vaguely associated with the hippie slang of the 1960s. The word "gig" is now a widely accepted synonym for a concert, recital, or performance of any type.
181:. Colloquialisms are considered more acceptable and more expected in standard usage than slang is, and jargon is often created to talk about aspects of a particular field that are not accounted for in the general lexicon. However, this differentiation is not consistently applied by linguists; the terms "slang" and "jargon" are sometimes treated as synonymous, and the scope of "jargon" is at times extended to mean all forms of socially-restricted language.
732:
466:
in writing to indicate a person who was drunk in the book "Warbirds: Diary of an
Unknown Aviator". Since this time "lit" has gained popularity through Rap songs such as ASAP Rocky's "Get Lit" in 2011. As the popularity of the word has increased so too has the number of different meanings associated with the word. Now "lit" describes a person who is drunk and/or high, as well as an event that is especially awesome and "hype".
202:
438:, cited as the first to report on the phenomenon of slang in a systematic and linguistic way, postulated that a term would likely be in circulation for a decade before it would be written down. Nevertheless, it seems that slang generally forms via deviation from a standard form. This "spawning" of slang occurs in much the same way that any general
522:
virility or their age, to reinforce connection with their peer group and to exclude outsiders, to show off, etc." These two examples use both traditional and nontraditional methods of word formation to create words with more meaning and expressiveness than the more direct and traditional words "sexy" and "beautiful":
521:
As outlined in Elisa
Mattiello's book "An Introduction to English Slang", a slang term can assume several levels of meaning and can be used for many reasons connected with identity. For example, male adolescents use the terms "foxy" and "shagadelic" to "show their belonging to a band, to stress their
465:
Slang often forms from words with previously differing meanings, one example is the often used and popular slang word "lit", which was created by a generation labeled "Generation Z". The word itself used to be associated with something being on fire or being "lit" up until 1988 when it was first used
526:
The slang term "foxy" is arguably not even a case of word formation since this process, (denominal adjective with -y suffix from "fox") already occurred in the formation of this word with its standard
English meanings of "foxlike, crafty, cunning". Instead, the traditional word's meaning is extended
517:
can be employed to assign a slang term as a second-order index to that particular group. Using a slang term, however, can also give an individual the qualities associated with the term's group of origin, whether or not the individual is trying to identify as a member of the group. This allocation of
508:
Slang is usually associated with a particular social group and plays a role in constructing identity. While slang outlines social space, attitudes about slang partly construct group identity and identify individuals as members of groups. Therefore, using the slang of a particular group associates an
454:
slang. Nevertheless, for a slang term to become a slang term, people must use it, at some point in time, as a way to flout standard language. Additionally, slang terms may be borrowed between groups, such as the term "gig" which was originally coined by jazz musicians in the 1930s and then borrowed
172:
refers to language used by personnel in a particular field or to language used to represent specific terms within a field to those with a particular interest. Although jargon and slang can both be used to exclude non-group members from the conversation, slang tends to emphasize social and contextual
78:
referred to the vocabulary of "low" or "disreputable" people. By the early nineteenth century, it was no longer exclusively associated with disreputable people, but continued to be applied to usages below the level of standard educated speech. In Scots dialect it meant "talk, chat, gossip", as used
184:
It is often difficult to differentiate slang from colloquialisms and even high-register lexicon because slang generally becomes accepted into common vocabulary over time. Words such as "spurious" and "strenuous" were once perceived as slang, but they are now considered general, even high-register
116:
have no simple and clear definition of slang but agree that it is a constantly changing linguistic phenomenon present in every subculture worldwide. Some argue that slang exists because we must come up with ways to define new experiences that have surfaced with time and modernity. Attempting to
672:
Some critics believe that when slang becomes more commonplace it effectively eradicates the "proper" use of a certain language. However, academic (descriptive) linguists believe that language is not static but ever-changing and that slang terms are valid words within a language's lexicon. While
583:
In terms of higher order indexicality, anyone using these terms may desire to appear fresher, undoubtedly more playful, faddish, and colourful than someone who employs the standard
English term "beautiful". This appearance relies heavily on the hearer's third-order understanding of the term's
659:
of "friend" used to describe the process of adding a new person to one's group of friends on the website, despite the existence of an analogous term "befriend". This term is much older than
Facebook, but has only recently entered the popular lexicon. Other examples of slang in social media
660:
demonstrate a proclivity toward shortened words or acronyms. These are especially associated with services such as
Twitter, which (as of November 2017) has a 280-character limit for each message and therefore requires a relatively brief mode of expression. This includes the use of
86:
The origin of the word "slang" is unclear. It was first used in print around 1800 to refer to the language of the disreputable and criminal classes in London, though its usage likely dates back further. A Scandinavian origin has been proposed (compare, for example, Norwegian
445:
Coleman also suggests that slang is differentiated within more general semantic change in that it typically has to do with a certain degree of "playfulness". The development of slang is considered to be a largely "spontaneous, lively, and creative" speech process.
1087:
148:
language... it is often impossible to tell, even in context, which interests and motives it serves... slang is on the edge." Slang dictionaries, collecting thousands of slang entries, offer a broad, empirical window into the motivating forces behind slang.
611:
and online video gamers. During the 1990s, and into the early 21st century, however, Leet became increasingly commonplace on the internet, and it has spread outside internet-based communication and into spoken languages. Other types of slang include
168:. While viewed as inappropriate in formal usage, colloquial terms are typically considered acceptable in speech across a wide range of contexts, whereas slang tends to be perceived as inappropriate in many common communication situations.
1296:
449:
Still, while a great deal of slang takes off, even becoming accepted into the standard lexicon, much slang dies out, sometimes only referencing a group. An example of this is the term "groovy" which is a relic of 1960s and 70s
American
176:
While colloquialisms and jargon may seem like slang because they reference a particular group, they do not necessarily fit the same definition because they do not represent a particular effort to replace the general lexicon of a
1111:
A dictionary of slang and unconventional
English (Slang itself being slang for Short Language) : colloquialisms and catch phrases, fossilized jokes and puns, general nicknames, vulgarisms and such Americanisms as have been
574:
In terms of first and second order indexicality, the usage of speaker-oriented terms by male adolescents indicated their membership to their age group, to reinforce connection to their peer group, and to exclude outsiders.
1376:
Mattiello: "From the semantic point of view, it instead acquires a novel sense which departs from the standard
English meaning. It is frequently used among young men, who apply it to ‘attractive, desirable, pretty, sexy’
720:, portrays a less intelligent society in the year 2505 that has people who use all various sorts of aggressive slang. These slangs sound very foreign and alienating to the protagonist of the movie, a US Army librarian.
1321:
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who identify themselves as "young men" have "genuinely coined" these terms and choose to use them over "canonical" terms —like beautiful or sexy—because of the indexicalized social identifications the former convey.
117:
remedy the lack of a clear definition, however, Bethany K. Dumas and Jonathan Lighter argue that an expression should be considered "true slang" if it meets at least two of the following criteria:
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means having the quality of: (1) attracting interest, attention, affection, (2) causing desire, (3) excellent or admirable in appearance, and (4) sexually provocative, exciting, etc., whereas
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It replaces "a well-known conventional synonym." This is done primarily to avoid discomfort caused by the conventional synonym or discomfort or annoyance caused by having to elaborate further.
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428:
It is often difficult to collect etymologies for slang terms, largely because slang is a phenomenon of speech, rather than written language and etymologies which are typically traced via
63:, exclude outsiders, or both. The word itself came about in the 18th century and has been defined in multiple ways since its conception, with no single technical usage in linguistics.
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It lowers, if temporarily, "the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing"; in other words, it is likely to be considered in those contexts a "glaring misuse of
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As subcultures are often forms of counterculture, which is understood to oppose the norm, it follows that slang has come to be associated with counterculture.
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might occur. The difference here is that the slang term's new meaning takes on a specific social significance having to do with the group the term indexes.
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focus on studying language to further understand the subconscious rules of how individuals speak, which makes slang important in understanding such rules.
1515:
495:, was first used in England in around the year 1600 as a way of law-breakers to communicate without the authorities knowing of what they were saying.
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55:, common in everyday conversation but avoided in formal writing. It also often refers to the language exclusively used by the members of particular
655:. This has spawned new vocabularies associated with each new social media venue, such as the use of the term "friending" on Facebook, which is a
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Often, distinct subcultures will create slang that members will use in order to associate themselves with the group, or to delineate outsiders.
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study and promote the socially preferable or "correct" ways to speak, according to a language's normative grammar and syntactical words,
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685:, a founder of anthropological linguistic thought, challenged structural and prescriptive grammar and began to study sounds and
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understanding whereas the main purpose of jargon is to optimize communication using terms that imply technical understanding.
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in 1832: "The slang gaed on aboot their war'ly care." In northern English dialect it meant "impertinence, abusive language".
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has become prevalent since the early 2000s along with the rise in popularity of social networking services, including
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105:, which means "to throw", and noting that slang is thrown language – a quick and honest way to make your point.
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1139:(in Polish). Wałbrzych: Wydawnictwo Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Angelusa Silesiusa. p. 24.
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136:"It's a taboo term in ordinary discourse with people of a higher social status or greater responsibility."
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to "attractive, desirable, pretty, sexy" with the following added implications according to Mattiello:
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Its use implies that the user is familiar with whatever is referred to, or with a group of people who
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101:, however, agrees with the possibility of a Scandinavian origin, suggesting the same root as that of
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228:
624:, "rolling on the floor laughing"), which are widely used in instant messaging on the internet.
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Slang is often adopted from social media as a sign of social awareness and shared knowledge of
607:("Leetspeak" or "1337") was originally popular only among certain internet subcultures such as
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56:
20:
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which explicitly state the main content of a message or image, such as #food or #photography.
1201:
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1588:, Albert Barrère and Charles Godfrey Leland (1889 edition, full text, at Wikimedia Commons).
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1354:
An Introduction to English Slang - A Description of its Morphology, Semantics and Sociology
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93:, which means "nickname"), but based on "date and early associations" is discounted by the
8:
1235:(in Polish). Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. pp. 140–141.
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qualities based on abstract group association is known as third-order indexicality.
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Dumas, Bethany K.; Lighter, Jonathan (1978). "Is Slang a Word for Linguists?".
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1297:"'As if': 40 comedies from the past 40 years that changed the way we talk"
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1475:"Our Updated Guide To Twitter Slang, Lingo, Abbreviations And Acronyms"
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1601:– American and English terms, features other statistical information.
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A New Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew
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who is researching and writing an encyclopedia article about slang.
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620:", an acronym meaning "laughing out loud" or "laugh out loud" or
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Język w grupie społecznej: wprowadzenie do analizy socjolektu
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and therefore is considered an "extra-grammatical" creation.
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in terms of information provided. That is, for young people
1627:– Popular slang words with their meaning, origin and spread
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604:
553:"shagadelic" is a combination of a slang term with a slang
617:
1102:
191:
1259:(1. publ. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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953:"Slang | Origins, Uses & Examples in Linguistics"
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associated social nuances and presupposed use-cases.
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Generally, slang terms undergo the same processes of
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548:only refers to the quality indicated in point (4).
1620:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 207–210.
1035:
1632:
616:used on mobile phones, and "chatspeak", (e.g., "
26:"Slanguage" redirects here. For other uses, see
156:or "sub-standard", slang remains distinct from
88:
152:While many forms of lexicon may be considered
74:In its earliest attested use (1756), the word
66:
1177:Slang: The Topical Dictionary of Americanisms
1508:"The Hashtag: A History Deeper than Twitter"
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1345:
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1536:Rowe, Bruce M., and Diane P. Levine. 2012.
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595:Slang terms are often known only within a
587:
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1585:A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant
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532:From the semantic point of view, slangy
227:by adding descriptive text and removing
1604:
1442:"'Friend,' as a Verb, Is 800 Years Old"
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1199:
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1518:from the original on December 17, 2014
1487:from the original on December 28, 2014
1454:from the original on December 21, 2016
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1387:Mitchell, Anthony (December 6, 2005).
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1090:from the original on December 14, 2023
993:from the original on December 14, 2023
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462:that words in the regular lexicon do.
1538:A Concise Introduction to Linguistics
1294:
1282:Warbirds: Diary of an Unknown Aviator
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815:
813:
696:
423:
164:terms because of its specific social
1540:3rd edition. Boston: Prentice Hall.
1473:Moss, Caroline (September 9, 2013).
1472:
847:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language"
195:
192:Examples of slang (cross-linguistic)
1295:Merry, Stephanie (March 29, 2018).
1284:. Texas A & M University Press.
1114:(8th ed.). London: Routledge.
1023:from the original on March 19, 2011
893:from the original on April 17, 2023
570:First and second order indexicality
13:
1212:from the original on April 7, 2022
933:from the original on April 6, 2023
853:from the original on March 7, 2022
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787:from the original on March 8, 2022
133:familiar with it and use the term.
16:Vocabulary of an informal register
14:
1677:
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1421:from the original on May 15, 2013
963:from the original on July 9, 2023
707:, portrays a professor played by
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1251:Coleman, Julie (March 8, 2012).
1233:Język w zachowaniach społecznych
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480:
200:
144:Michael Adams remarks that " is
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1440:Garber, Megan (July 25, 2013).
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1200:Grzenia, Jan (April 25, 2005).
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689:functionally, as well as their
631:Social media and internet slang
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469:Words and phrases from popular
1017:Online Etymological Dictionary
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945:
915:The English Dialect Dictionary
905:
865:
839:
799:
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1:
1646:Language varieties and styles
1179:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
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693:within a language over time.
561:Matiello stresses that those
1506:Fortunato, Joe (July 2013).
879:. Edmond & Spark. 1887.
536:is more loaded than neutral
509:individual with that group.
7:
1592:The Online Slang Dictionary
1231:Grabias, Stanisław (1997).
723:
491:One early slang-like code,
10:
1682:
1322:"A brief history of slang"
1083:Slang: The People's Poetry
983:"A Brief History of slang"
484:
28:Slanguage (disambiguation)
25:
18:
1352:Mattiello, Elisa (2008).
1208:(in Polish). sjp.pwn.pl.
827:. Oxford University Press
825:Oxford English Dictionary
579:Higher-order indexicality
477:frequently become slang.
95:Oxford English Dictionary
1109:Partridge, Eric (2002).
303:Cantonese internet slang
1651:Linguistics terminology
1617:Encyclopædia Britannica
1356:. Milano: Polimetrica.
1135:Piekot, Tomasz (2008).
1080:Adams, Michael (2009).
919:. Рипол Классик. 1961.
875:The Bards of Bon Accord
588:Subculture associations
229:less pertinent examples
1597:April 8, 2011, at the
1175:Dickson, Paul (2010).
550:
89:
67:Etymology of the word
59:in order to establish
21:Slang (disambiguation)
1280:Girder, John (1988).
1206:Poradnia językowa PWN
989:. Films Media Group.
639:. This type known as
530:
337:Glossary of jive talk
308:Cockney rhyming slang
258:(disambiguation page)
366:Lavender linguistics
19:For other uses, see
668:Debates about slang
511:Michael Silverstein
499:Social implications
225:improve the article
1415:"Slang Dictionary"
697:In popular culture
424:Formation of slang
332:Generation Z slang
1395:on April 17, 2019
1326:The Gymglish Blog
1121:978-0-415-29189-7
959:. July 21, 2023.
609:software crackers
475:television series
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79:by Aberdeen poet
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49:linguistic usages
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1393:the original
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806:GMFU Meaning
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683:Noam Chomsky
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1491:December 2,
1458:December 2,
1399:November 5,
1332:February 3,
1112:naturalized
1094:November 5,
997:January 23,
709:Gary Cooper
1635:Categories
967:August 22,
957:Britannica
766:References
251:1337 speak
217:irrelevant
158:colloquial
90:slengenavn
41:vocabulary
1666:Diglossia
1625:SlangLang
1569:Idiocracy
1216:April 26,
1155:297524942
717:Idiocracy
687:morphemes
653:Instagram
397:Rotwelsch
386:Pig Latin
348:IsiNgqumo
213:excessive
114:Linguists
57:in-groups
1608:(1911).
1595:Archived
1516:Archived
1485:Archived
1452:Archived
1425:April 9,
1419:Archived
1306:April 9,
1210:Archived
1088:Archived
1027:March 4,
1021:Archived
991:Archived
961:Archived
937:March 7,
931:Archived
897:March 7,
891:Archived
857:March 7,
851:Archived
831:March 4,
785:Archived
724:See also
662:hashtags
645:Facebook
371:Lunfardo
283:Bargoens
237:May 2014
219:examples
166:contexts
124:register
51:) of an
43:(words,
1377:women."
1013:"Slang"
821:"Slang"
691:changes
649:Twitter
601:ingroup
146:liminal
45:phrases
1571:(2006)
1559:(1941)
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597:clique
563:agents
555:suffix
452:hippie
430:corpus
416:Verlan
404:Shelta
391:Polari
381:Nadsat
170:Jargon
162:jargon
47:, and
1641:Slang
1063:JSTOR
355:Joual
321:Fenya
272:Argot
103:sling
76:slang
69:slang
39:is a
37:slang
1542:ISBN
1524:2014
1493:2014
1460:2014
1427:2013
1401:2007
1358:ISBN
1334:2024
1308:2018
1261:ISBN
1218:2019
1181:ISBN
1151:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1116:ISBN
1096:2013
1029:2010
999:2015
969:2023
939:2022
921:ISBN
899:2022
881:ISBN
859:2022
833:2010
793:2021
622:ROFL
605:Leet
546:sexy
542:foxy
538:sexy
534:foxy
473:and
376:Meme
297:Cant
290:Caló
160:and
1055:doi
618:LOL
599:or
215:or
131:are
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