852:, Syrian opponents propagated a rumour that the Third Cyrenaica had defected. That it would matter to an issue in Gallia that a single legion in a backwater province on the other side of the empire would rebel indicates the political sway that Arabia had amassed. Not a land of significant population, or resources or even strategic position, it had become a bedrock of Roman culture. That it was an Eastern Roman culture did not seem to dilute this importance in the west. It is precisely because Arabia had so little that it was able to define itself as Roman and that spurred its loyalty to Imperial Rome.
189:
510:
1516:
715:
771:, and the locals originally spoke their native language, not Greek. So with the introduction of Roman rule, along with many aspects of classic Roman socialization, such as public works and glorification of the military, came an introduction of some Greek cultural and social values. Arabia acclimated to the new culture so fully that it seems the original linguistic groups faded away. There were scattered Nabataean inscriptions during the period of imperial Roman rule.
50:
837:
this conquest. Arabia became the ideological power base for
Septemius Severus in the Roman Near East. The obvious need to mitigate and tame the power of the province of Syria, which had shown itself over and over to be a hotbed of rebellion, was then accomplished in three parts: The reorganization of Syria into two political units, the reduction of its territory in favor of Arabia, and the marriage of the emperor to the shrewd
616:
802:
711:. This road extended down the center of the province from Bostra to Aqaba. It was not until the project was finished that coins, featuring Trajan's bust on the obverse and a camel on the reverse, appeared commemorating the acquisition of Arabia. These coins were minted until 115, at which time the Roman imperial focus was turning farther eastward.
836:
Severus had enlarged a province that was already huge. He then proceeded to enlarge the empire through the conquest of
Mesopotamia. The transfer of the Leja’ and Jebel Drūz seemed to have been part of a shrewd series of political acts on the emperor's part to consolidate control of the area before
731:
The road linked not only Bostra and Aqaba, which other than being a port does not seem to have held much significance to the imperial government, but also Petra, which sat at the center of the province, between the road's two termini. Though Trajan declared Bostra to be the capital of the province,
698:
There is no evidence of any pretext for the annexation: Rabbel II had an heir by the name of Obodas and though there was little fighting (attested to by the fact that Trajan did not adopt the appellation "Arabicus"), there does seem to have been enough of a defeat to humiliate the
Nabataeans. The
751:
With Roman conquest came the imposition of Latin and Greek in official discourse. This was standard for a province in
Eastern Rome, but Arabia had far less of the history of Hellenization and Romanization than its neighbors, and the Greek language was little used before its introduction by the
816:
rose to power and stripped the Syrian city of
Antioch of its status as Metropolis for its part in the rebellion and meted out punishment to any others who were unlucky enough to choose the wrong side, the Third Cyrenaica received the honorific "Severiana". In addition, the governor of Arabia,
638:
was governor of Syria, the part of Arabia under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the Roman Empire as part of Arabia
Petraea, and Petra became its capital. Petra declined rapidly under Roman rule, in large part from the revision of sea-based trade routes. In 363,
703:
in preparation for the action. Apart from some units of the
Nabataean royal guard, this seems not to have been strongly resisted, as suggested by the fact that some Nabataean troops served as auxiliary Roman troops shortly after the conquest.
794:, he received no support from Arabia province, overlooked by some historians likely due to the fact that Arabia did not have the wealth or political might of Syria. Arabia responded similarly when the governor of Syria,
691:, a Syrian garrison unit, moved south to occupy Bostra. The conquest of Nabataea can be best described as casual, an act by Trajan to consolidate control of the area before acting on his designs for territory across the
501:, it had nothing like the constant incursions faced in other areas on the Roman frontier, such as Germany and North Africa, or the entrenched cultural presence that defined the other more Hellenized eastern provinces.
818:
2734:
1558:
752:
Romans. After the conquest, though, Greek was adopted popularly, as well as officially, practically supplanting
Nabataean and Aramaic, as evidenced by inscriptions at
352:
338:
313:
299:
2694:
2679:
947:
1934:
999:
941:
986:
916:
1929:
2689:
1551:
1515:
1255:
753:
883:
As part of the
Diocese of the East, Arabia became a frontline in the Byzantine-Sassanid Wars. In the 5th or 6th century it was transformed into
659:
were discovered, which contained mainly contracts dated from 530s to 590s, establishing that the city was still flourishing in the 6th century.
643:
destroyed many buildings and crippled the vital water management system. The old city of Petra was the capital of the
Eastern Roman province of
1544:
821:, was allowed to continue in his post in reward for his loyalty. Syria was later split into two and Arabia was expanded to include the
549:
1030:
778:, a year numbering system specific to the province, was introduced. Its year one began on the date corresponding to 22 March 106 AD.
1004:
2709:
743:
under Trajan in the Hijaz mountain area of northeastern Arabia, increasing the extension of the Arabia Petraea province south.
1154:
736:, as a sign that he agreed about its importance with his successor, Hadrian, who considered it to be dignified and historic.
114:
1622:
established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the
1248:
1227:
1221:
86:
2064:
1205:
1035:
757:
635:
93:
2213:
1183:
872:
133:
560:
Most of Arabia's territories were sparsely populated, as urban settlements was concentrated to the north toward the
2714:
1536:
2638:
1889:
1241:
67:
100:
1957:
1881:
1870:
71:
2024:
1658:
254:
17:
2461:
1567:
1460:
544:, which extends north of the Sinai, is practically such. Along with this are the coastal areas around the
467:
82:
1264:
2704:
1944:
1338:
756:. The occurrence of Latin in the province was rare and limited to such cases as the tomb inscription of
521:
of Arabia Petraea (SW Syria/Jordan/NW Saudi Arabia/Sinai). A single legion was deployed there in 125 AD.
1445:
1090:
2719:
2141:
2083:
1894:
1368:
640:
2729:
2481:
2466:
2290:
2019:
1966:
1962:
1924:
1856:
1677:
1505:
1495:
1378:
1343:
1323:
1303:
975:
829:, rough terrain south of Damascus, and also the birthplace of M. Julius Phillipus, better known as
740:
723:
652:
471:
540:
Inhospitability is the norm, though, and along with the desert proper that is the Sinai, the arid
2699:
2684:
2285:
2232:
2169:
2009:
1999:
1828:
1798:
1450:
1435:
1373:
1288:
1278:
1010:
60:
2491:
1818:
1423:
1283:
1233:
440:
436:
396:
1525:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
767:
in Arabia. It is an area, after all, that was not significantly hellenized during the rule of
666:, and the governor of the province would spend time in both cities, issuing edicts from both.
2506:
2275:
2088:
2014:
1607:
1318:
844:
Arabia became such a symbol of loyalty to Severus and the empire that during his war against
107:
2644:
2161:
1813:
1645:
1615:
1455:
1348:
884:
644:
525:
The geographic makeup of Arabia has some variation. It includes the comparatively fertile
331:
240:
8:
2650:
2605:
2423:
2413:
2075:
1904:
1851:
1846:
1619:
1353:
1328:
897:
868:
768:
684:
663:
623:
188:
529:
plateau, which received 200mm of annual rainfall, at the southernmost tip of which lies
462:, like many other eastern frontier provinces of the Roman Empire, but held onto, unlike
2501:
2476:
2383:
2358:
2247:
2131:
1981:
1793:
1590:
1440:
1398:
1393:
1129:
1095:
1050:
2724:
2628:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2224:
2194:
1991:
1841:
1732:
1722:
1697:
1692:
1485:
1480:
1408:
1403:
1201:
1179:
1150:
1045:
813:
518:
482:, who was born around 204. As a frontier province, it included a desert populated by
428:
416:
31:
2564:
2559:
2516:
2471:
2378:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2051:
1788:
1780:
1566:
1413:
1383:
795:
708:
688:
648:
304:
175:
2544:
2534:
2441:
2393:
2348:
2267:
2189:
2174:
2093:
1836:
1740:
1712:
1687:
1669:
1298:
845:
830:
791:
787:
509:
479:
424:
388:
699:
two cohorts that eventually found themselves in Arabia had sailed from Egypt to
2554:
2549:
2539:
2486:
2242:
2136:
2108:
2098:
1976:
1765:
1760:
1717:
1707:
1630:
and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.
1388:
1171:
1117:
922:
700:
475:
448:
408:
380:
2673:
2436:
2388:
2353:
2343:
2252:
1952:
1755:
1750:
1702:
1682:
1611:
1595:
1333:
1313:
1293:
1193:
775:
764:
707:
The conquest of Arabia was not officially celebrated until completion of the
605:
552:
that develop to the north of that coast; and the ever-present rocky terrain.
463:
826:
739:
In the 1960s and 1970s, evidence was discovered that Roman legions occupied
714:
683:, last king of the Nabataeans, who had ruled since 70 AD. When he died, the
193:
The Roman Empire c. 125 AD, with the province of Arabia Petraea highlighted.
2634:
2451:
2446:
2398:
2184:
2151:
2146:
1971:
1745:
1623:
1358:
656:
561:
452:
412:
171:
1198:
The Roman near east, 31 BC - AD 337: based on Carl Newell Jackson lectures
2657:
2529:
2496:
2408:
2363:
2237:
2179:
1500:
1429:
1363:
994:
902:
838:
444:
38:
1133:
863:
in 284–305, Arabia province was enlarged to include parts of modern-day
2524:
2368:
1770:
1599:
1526:
856:
733:
345:
2310:
2199:
1808:
1803:
1418:
952:
895:
Ancient episcopal sees of the Roman province of Arabia listed in the
860:
680:
318:
537:(or Busra), together constitute the political foci of the province.
49:
2656: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by
2403:
2373:
2295:
2004:
1919:
1627:
760:, governor in 127, and, somewhat paradoxically, in personal names.
2600:
2456:
2315:
2257:
2020:
Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)
1914:
1909:
1899:
1475:
1200:(4. print ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1178:(4. print ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
936:
609:
581:
545:
514:
498:
494:
487:
474:, well after Trajan's rule, its desert frontier being called the
1263:
622:, one of the major cities of Arabian Petra, now designated as a
615:
2610:
1490:
1470:
1465:
1016:
980:
969:
929:
864:
805:
692:
627:
593:
589:
577:
565:
534:
483:
459:
420:
205:
801:
2305:
2300:
2280:
1055:
1040:
960:
910:
822:
619:
601:
597:
585:
573:
569:
541:
530:
432:
201:
154:
447:, and on the south and east by the rest of Arabia, known as
849:
679:
Before Roman control in 106 AD, the area had been ruled by
526:
1614:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of
1120:(1970), "The Annexation and Initial Garrison of Arabia",
493:
Though subject to eventual attack and deprivation by the
415:
beginning in the 2nd century. It consisted of the former
2735:
States and territories disestablished in the 7th century
651:
were excavated in and around Petra. In one of them, the
781:
2050:
722: Trajan control of Arabia until Hegra (actual
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1644:
517:(ruled AD 117–138), showing, in western Asia, the
790:rebelled against what he believed was a deceased
37:For the author of the work "Arabia Petraea", see
2671:
1164:
867:. Arabia after Diocletian became a part of the
2695:630s disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
2680:States and territories established in the 100s
1116:
2637:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate
1552:
1249:
687:moved north from Egypt into Petra, while the
600:(Philadelphia). The only major sea port was
160:
2660:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536
1559:
1545:
1256:
1242:
1122:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
187:
30:For the Achaemenid satrapy of Arabia, see
1594:. Provincial administration reformed and
1170:
1031:List of Roman governors of Arabia Petraea
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1568:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces
800:
713:
695:and eventually into Mesopotamia proper.
614:
508:
2690:100s establishments in the Roman Empire
1088:
763:Millar makes a case for a Graeco-Roman
14:
2672:
1192:
2590:
2589:
2049:
1643:
1579:
1540:
1237:
798:, proclaimed himself emperor in 193.
458:The territory was annexed by Emperor
1265:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
732:he also awarded Petra the status of
443:(merged with Syria from AD 135) and
72:adding citations to reliable sources
43:
782:Arabia during the late Roman Empire
392:
161:
24:
1036:Arabian Peninsula in the Roman era
758:Lucius Aninius Sextius Florentinus
636:Aulus Cornelius Palma Frontonianus
435:. It was bordered on the north by
25:
2746:
1230:, Virtual Karak Resources Project
1224:, Virtual Karak Resources Project
1215:
1149:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
890:
878:
819:Publius Aelius Severianus Maximus
674:
2000:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)
1626:in c. 640–660, although in
1514:
1157:), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819-1013
991:Neila (ruins of Khirbet-En-Nila)
957:Erra (Es-Sanamein?, Aere?, Ire?)
932:, the Metropolitan Archbishopric
513:The Roman Empire in the time of
350:
336:
311:
297:
48:
1610:established after the death of
746:
555:
59:needs additional citations for
1958:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium
1882:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy
1140:
1110:
1082:
1068:
808:, an important centre of trade
13:
1:
2710:History of Palestine (region)
2025:Tripolitania (Roman province)
1603:
919:(ruins of Khirbet-El-Bascha?)
662:Petra served as the base for
1165:General and cited references
1061:
504:
7:
2633: Re-established after
1945:Diocese of Annonarian Italy
1580:
1024:
861:restructuring of the empire
647:and many churches from the
10:
2751:
669:
486:tribes, and bordering the
478:. It produced the Emperor
400:
155:
36:
29:
2623:
2606:Quaestura exercitus (536)
2596:
2585:
2515:
2422:
2334:
2266:
2223:
2212:
2160:
2122:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2045:
1990:
1943:
1880:
1869:
1827:
1779:
1731:
1668:
1657:
1653:
1639:
1586:
1575:
1523:
1512:
1274:
1076:Dio Cassius, LXVII. 14, 5
604:, at the tip of the wide
276:
272:
268:
264:
251:
237:
227:
223:
215:
211:
197:
186:
181:
169:
162:العَرَبِيَّة الصَخْرِيِّة
148:
27:Roman province (106–630s)
2482:Palaestina III Salutaris
1678:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae
1304:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
1147:Annuario Pontificio 2013
976:Maximianopolis in Arabia
871:, which was part of the
572:, major cities included
548:; the badlands known as
401:Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας
156:Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας
150:Provincia Arabia Petraea
2715:Jordan in the Roman era
2649: Placed under the
2010:Mauretania Caesariensis
1829:Diocese of the Britains
1451:Mauretania Caesariensis
1222:On the Via Nova Traiana
1089:Kesting, Piney (2001).
1011:Philippopolis in Arabia
427:, and the northwestern
375:, also known as Rome's
2492:Phoenice II Libanensis
2195:Macedonia II Salutaris
1608:praetorian prefectures
1570:(4th–7th centuries AD)
1424:Hispania Tarraconensis
1172:Bowersock, Glen Warren
1091:"Well of Good Fortune"
809:
728:
685:Third Cyrenaica legion
631:
522:
384:
229:• Roman conquest
2214:Praetorian prefecture
2089:Noricum mediterraneum
2065:Praetorian prefecture
2015:Mauretania Sitifensis
1910:Picenum Suburbicarium
1871:Praetorian prefecture
1659:Praetorian prefecture
1606: 293. Permanent
1228:On the Limes Arabicus
948:Chrysopolis in Arabia
804:
717:
618:
512:
2645:Diocese of Illyricum
2639:Prefecture of Africa
2394:Galatia II Salutaris
2162:Diocese of Macedonia
2052:Eastern Roman Empire
1814:Mauretania Tingitana
1646:Western Roman Empire
1456:Mauretania Tingitana
1349:Corsica and Sardinia
1289:Africa proconsularis
1000:Parembolae in Arabia
942:Constantia in Arabia
885:Palaestina Salutaris
873:Prefecture of Oriens
689:Sixth Ferrata legion
332:Palaestina Salutaris
241:Palaestina Salutaris
68:improve this article
2651:Quaestura exercitus
2424:Diocese of the East
2414:Pontus Polemoniacus
2076:Diocese of Pannonia
1905:Lucania et Bruttium
1852:Maxima Caesariensis
1847:Flavia Caesariensis
1354:Crete and Cyrenaica
1329:Bithynia and Pontus
898:Annuario Pontificio
869:Diocese of the East
664:Legio III Cyrenaica
624:World Heritage Site
2705:Historical regions
2502:Syria II Salutaris
2359:Armenian Satrapies
2132:Dacia Mediterranea
2054:(395–c. 640)
1982:Venetia et Histria
1890:Apulia et Calabria
1591:Notitia Dignitatum
1441:Lycia et Pamphylia
1419:Hispania Lusitania
1399:Gallia Narbonensis
1394:Gallia Lugdunensis
1096:Saudi Aramco World
1051:Pre-Islamic Arabia
987:Neapolis in Arabia
810:
729:
632:
564:and the region of
533:which, along with
523:
431:. Its capital was
2667:
2666:
2629:Septem Provinciae
2619:
2618:
2591:Other territories
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2364:Armenia III (536)
2336:Diocese of Pontus
2326:Phrygia Salutaris
2321:Phrygia Pacatiana
2225:Diocese of Thrace
2208:
2207:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
1992:Diocese of Africa
1865:
1864:
1733:Diocese of Vienne
1723:Maxima Sequanorum
1635:
1634:
1534:
1533:
1486:Pannonia Superior
1481:Pannonia Inferior
1409:Germania Superior
1404:Germania Inferior
1268:
1155:978-88-209-9070-1
1046:Arabian Peninsula
917:Bacatha in Arabia
814:Septimius Severus
568:. In addition to
519:imperial province
439:, on the west by
429:Arabian Peninsula
417:Nabataean Kingdom
407:, was a frontier
366:
365:
362:
361:
358:
357:
324:
323:
144:
143:
136:
118:
32:Achaemenid Arabia
16:(Redirected from
2742:
2720:Late Roman Syria
2643: Later the
2627: Later the
2587:
2586:
2565:Thebais Inferior
2560:Thebais Superior
2517:Diocese of Egypt
2507:Theodorias (528)
2369:Armenia IV (536)
2221:
2220:
2124:Diocese of Dacia
2114:Valeria ripensis
2072:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2047:
2046:
1930:Tuscia et Umbria
1878:
1877:
1781:Diocese of Spain
1666:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1605:
1588:As found in the
1577:
1576:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1518:
1414:Hispania Baetica
1384:Gallia Aquitania
1266:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1211:
1189:
1158:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1072:
796:Pescennius Niger
721:
709:Via Nova Traiana
653:Byzantine Church
649:Byzantine period
634:In AD 106, when
419:in the southern
402:
394:
385:Provincia Arabia
377:Arabian Province
354:
353:
340:
339:
328:
327:
315:
314:
305:Nabatean kingdom
301:
300:
294:
293:
278:
277:
191:
176:Byzantine Empire
165:
164:
163:
158:
157:
151:
146:
145:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
83:"Arabia Petraea"
76:
52:
44:
21:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2730:Sinai Peninsula
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2615:
2592:
2569:
2545:Augustamnica II
2511:
2418:
2330:
2268:Diocese of Asia
2262:
2215:
2204:
2190:Macedonia Prima
2156:
2118:
2094:Noricum ripense
2066:
2055:
2029:
1986:
1939:
1872:
1861:
1823:
1775:
1741:Alpes Maritimae
1727:
1713:Lugdunensis III
1670:Diocese of Gaul
1660:
1649:
1648:(395–476)
1631:
1598:established by
1582:
1571:
1565:
1535:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1471:Moesia Superior
1466:Moesia Inferior
1299:Alpes Maritimae
1270:
1262:
1218:
1208:
1186:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1145:
1141:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1027:
1022:
893:
881:
846:Clodius Albinus
831:Philip the Arab
792:Marcus Aurelius
788:Avidius Cassius
784:
749:
727:
719:
677:
672:
558:
507:
425:Sinai Peninsula
393:العربية الصخرية
351:
337:
312:
298:
257:
255:Muslim conquest
244:
230:
192:
159:
153:
152:
149:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2748:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2700:Ancient Levant
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Arabia Petraea
2682:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Libya Inferior
2552:
2550:Libya Superior
2547:
2542:
2540:Augustamnica I
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:Lycaonia (370)
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Dacia Ripensis
2134:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2057:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:Carthaginensis
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:Novempopulania
1763:
1761:Narbonensis II
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1718:Lugdunensis IV
1715:
1710:
1708:Lugdunensis II
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1651:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:Gallia Belgica
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1309:Arabia Petraea
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1217:
1216:External links
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:978-0674778856
1206:
1194:Millar, Fergus
1190:
1184:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1139:
1118:Glen Bowersock
1109:
1081:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
997:
992:
989:
984:
978:
973:
967:
964:
958:
955:
950:
945:
939:
934:
926:
923:Bosana (Syria)
920:
914:
907:
892:
891:Episcopal sees
889:
880:
879:Byzantine rule
877:
783:
780:
754:Umm al Quttain
748:
745:
718:
676:
675:Roman conquest
673:
671:
668:
645:Palaestina III
590:Maximianopolis
557:
554:
506:
503:
476:Limes Arabicus
449:Arabia Deserta
369:Arabia Petraea
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
348:
342:
341:
334:
325:
322:
321:
316:
308:
307:
302:
290:
289:
284:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
208:
199:
195:
194:
184:
183:
179:
178:
167:
166:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2747:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Palaestina II
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Cappadocia II
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Armenia Maior
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Alpes Cottiae
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1819:Tarraconensis
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Narbonensis I
1754:
1752:
1751:Aquitanica II
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Lugdunensis I
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Constantine I
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Alpes Cottiae
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1185:9780674777552
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1007:(Al-Masmiyah)
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
990:
988:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
931:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
908:
906:
904:
900:
899:
888:
886:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:With Emperor
853:
851:
847:
842:
840:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
807:
803:
799:
797:
793:
789:
779:
777:
776:Era of Bostra
772:
770:
766:
765:Hellenization
761:
759:
755:
744:
742:
741:Mada'in Salih
737:
735:
725:
724:Mada'in Salih
716:
712:
710:
705:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:an earthquake
637:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
611:
607:
606:Gulf of Aqaba
603:
599:
595:
594:Philippopolis
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
520:
516:
511:
502:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
397:Ancient Greek
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
349:
347:
344:
343:
335:
333:
330:
329:
326:
320:
317:
310:
309:
306:
303:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
250:
246:
242:
236:
232:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
200:
196:
190:
185:
180:
177:
173:
168:
147:
138:
135:
127:
116:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
18:Arabia Petrea
2611:Spania (552)
2472:Palaestina I
2452:Euphratensis
2431:
2399:Helenopontus
2379:Cappadocia I
2286:Hellespontus
2185:Epirus Vetus
2152:Praevalitana
2067:of Illyricum
1857:Valentia (?)
1842:Britannia II
1746:Aquitanica I
1624:theme system
1589:
1428:
1308:
1197:
1176:Roman Arabia
1175:
1146:
1142:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1094:
1084:
1075:
1070:
983:(now Madaba)
972:(now Jerash)
928:
903:titular sees
896:
894:
882:
854:
843:
835:
811:
785:
773:
762:
750:
747:Romanization
738:
730:
706:
697:
678:
661:
633:
562:Jordan river
559:
556:Major cities
539:
524:
492:
490:hinterland.
457:
453:Arabia Felix
413:Roman Empire
404:
403:) or simply
376:
372:
368:
367:
287:Succeeded by
286:
281:
243:established
172:Roman Empire
170:Province of
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
2658:Justinian I
2530:Aegyptus II
2462:Mesopotamia
2409:Paphlagonia
2238:Haemimontus
2216:of the East
2180:Epirus Nova
2104:Pannonia II
1837:Britannia I
1698:Germania II
1529:'s reforms.
1461:Mesopotamia
839:Julia Domna
468:Mesopotamia
282:Preceded by
39:Alois Musil
2674:Categories
2635:reconquest
2525:Aegyptus I
2487:Phoenice I
2442:Cilicia II
2349:Armenia II
2099:Pannonia I
1771:Viennensis
1693:Germania I
1688:Belgica II
1628:Asia Minor
1600:Diocletian
1527:Diocletian
1339:Cappadocia
857:Diocletian
827:Jebel Drūz
734:metropolis
657:140 papyri
580:(Gerasa),
499:Palmyrenes
346:Ghassanids
124:March 2016
94:newspapers
2437:Cilicia I
2389:Galatia I
2344:Armenia I
2311:Pamphylia
2243:Moesia II
2200:Thessalia
1977:Raetia II
1809:Lusitania
1804:Gallaecia
1794:Balearica
1683:Belgica I
1446:Macedonia
1334:Britannia
1128:: 37–47,
1102:March 31,
1062:Citations
953:Dionysias
769:Alexander
681:Rabbel II
505:Geography
495:Parthians
480:Philippus
319:Decapolis
2725:Nabataea
2404:Honorias
2374:Bithynia
2147:Moesia I
2142:Dardania
2084:Dalmatia
2005:Byzacena
1972:Raetia I
1920:Sardinia
1895:Campania
1873:of Italy
1596:dioceses
1369:Dalmatia
1284:Aegyptus
1267:(117 AD)
1196:(2001).
1174:(1996).
1134:20180208
1025:See also
1013:(Shahba)
963:(Hesbân)
905: :
488:Parthian
409:province
182:106–630s
2601:Taurica
2535:Arcadia
2497:Syria I
2467:Osroene
2457:Isauria
2316:Pisidia
2291:Islands
2258:Thracia
2253:Scythia
2248:Rhodope
1967:Aemilia
1963:Liguria
1935:Valeria
1925:Sicilia
1915:Samnium
1900:Corsica
1789:Baetica
1661:of Gaul
1616:Ravenna
1581:History
1506:Thracia
1496:Sicilia
1476:Noricum
1379:Galatia
1344:Cilicia
1324:Assyria
1314:Armenia
1019:(Ezra')
944:(Buraq)
937:Canatha
925:(Busan)
913:(Daraa)
670:History
610:Red Sea
608:at the
582:Canatha
546:Red Sea
515:Hadrian
472:Assyria
464:Armenia
411:of the
253:•
239:•
216:History
198:Capital
108:scholar
2653:in 536
2447:Cyprus
2432:Arabia
2233:Europa
2170:Achaea
1620:Africa
1491:Raetia
1436:Iudaea
1430:Italia
1374:Epirus
1359:Cyprus
1279:Achaia
1204:
1182:
1153:
1132:
1017:Zorava
1005:Phaena
981:Medaba
970:Gerasa
966:Eutyme
930:Bostra
865:Israel
806:Bostra
720:
693:Tigris
628:UNESCO
578:Jerash
566:Hauran
535:Bostra
484:Arabic
460:Trajan
441:Judaea
423:, the
421:Levant
405:Arabia
389:Arabic
373:Petrea
219:
206:Bostra
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
2306:Lydia
2301:Lycia
2281:Caria
2175:Creta
2109:Savia
1501:Syria
1364:Dacia
1130:JSTOR
1056:Petra
1041:Arabs
961:Esbus
911:Adraa
848:, in
823:Lajat
812:When
786:When
701:Syria
620:Petra
602:Aqaba
598:Amman
586:Adraa
574:Bosra
570:Petra
550:Hismā
542:Negev
531:Petra
445:Egypt
437:Syria
433:Petra
381:Latin
202:Petra
115:JSTOR
101:books
2276:Asia
1618:and
1319:Asia
1202:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1104:2016
995:Neve
850:Gaul
825:and
774:The
596:and
527:Moab
497:and
470:and
451:and
260:630s
87:news
1965:et
901:as
859:'s
626:by
612:.
371:or
247:390
233:106
70:by
2676::
1604:c.
1602:,
1124:,
1093:.
887:.
875:.
841:.
833:.
655:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
576:,
466:,
455:.
399::
395:;
391::
387:;
383::
204:,
174:,
1560:e
1553:t
1546:v
1257:e
1250:t
1243:v
1210:.
1188:.
1137:.
1126:5
1106:.
1078:.
726:)
630:.
379:(
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)