Petra - Knowledge

2565: 2625: 82: 2167:(PETA) released a video in 2018 highlighting the abuse of working animals in Petra. PETA claimed that animals are forced to carry tourists or pull carriages every day. The video showed handlers beating and whipping working animals, with beatings intensifying when animals faltered. PETA also showed some wounded animals, including camels with fly-infested, open wounds. The Jordanian authority running the site responded by proposing a veterinary clinic, and by undertaking to spread awareness among animal handlers. In 2020, more video released by PETA indicated that conditions for the animals had not improved and, in 2021, the organization was running what appeared to be the only veterinary clinic in the area. 2092:) were forcibly resettled from their cave dwellings in Petra to Umm Sayhoun/Um Seihun by the Jordanian government in 1985, prior to the UNESCO designation process. They were provided with block-built housing with some infrastructure including in particular a sewage and drainage system. Among the six communities in the Petra Region, Umm Sayhoun is one of the smaller communities. The village of Wadi Musa is the largest in the area, inhabited largely by the Layathnah Bedouin, and is now the closest settlement to the visitor centre, the main entrance via the Siq and the archaeological site generally. Umm Sayhoun gives access to the 'back route' into the site, the Wadi Turkmaniyeh pedestrian route. 2613: 1330: 683: 2171: 1215: 2201:

world cultural heritage site Petra. Through the excavations in the Petra Archaeological Park an increasing number of Nabataean cultural heritage is being exposed to environmental impact. A central issue is the management of water impacting the built heritage and the rock hewn facades. The large number of discoveries and the exposure of structures and findings demand conservation measures respecting the interlinkage between the natural landscape and cultural heritage, as especially this connection is a central challenge at the UNECSO World Heritage Site.

482: 851: 2577: 1620: 2637: 1289: 2589: 920: 5272: 5225: 5164: 227: 1507: 1438:(0.8 km) south of the city centre, but is facing east, not towards the city, and has no visible relationship to it. The structure consists of a huge, 184 by 161 ft (56 by 49 m) platform, with a monumental staircase along its eastern side. The large platform enclosed a slightly smaller one, topped with a comparatively small building, 28 by 28 ft (8.5 by 8.5 m), which was facing east toward the staircase. The structure, second in size only to the 1044: 2601: 968: 2107: 1399: 64: 46: 1085:, once inhabitants of Petra, were relocated by the Jordanian government to the nearby settlement of Umm Sayhoun, a process spanning two decades. This move was part of broader initiatives aimed at settling Bedouin communities and promoting tourism in Petra. With a name meaning "the changing ones" and oral traditions recounting a conversion narrative, the Bedul Bedouins are believed to have adopted Islam later in their history, possibly with 7472: 3544: 2684: 2698: 2157:(PNT) was established in 1989. It has worked with numerous local and international organisations on projects that promote the protection, conservation, and preservation of the Petra site. Moreover, UNESCO and ICOMOS recently collaborated to publish their first book on human and natural threats to the sensitive World Heritage sites. They chose Petra as its first and the most important example of threatened landscapes. The presentation 53: 2670: 75: 2074: 675: 7465: 2656: 1384: 2063: 234: 1125: 944:. It is the castle that was seized by a band of Turks with the help of local Muslims and only recovered by the Crusaders after they began to destroy the olive trees of Wadi Musa. The potential loss of livelihood led the locals to negotiate a surrender. The second is on the summit of el-Habis, in the heart of Petra, and can be accessed from the West side of the Qasr al-Bint. 1451: 1268:, as well as another central tholos. The Monastery displays more of a Nabataen touch while at the same time incorporating elements from Greek architecture. Its only source of light is its entrance standing at 8 meters (26 ft) high. There is a large space outside of the Monastery, which is purposefully flattened for worship purposes. Formerly, in the 1304:("the Treasury"), hewn into the sandstone cliff. While remaining in remarkably preserved condition, the face of the structure is marked by hundreds of bullet holes made by the local Bedouin tribes that hoped to dislodge riches that were once rumoured to be hidden within it. A little farther from the Treasury, at the foot of the mountain called 1351:, which is now in ruins due to flash flooding, and used to hold Petra's only tree. This was intended to be a symbol for the peaceful atmosphere that the Nabataens were able to construct in Petra. Once the Romans took control of the city, Colonnaded street was narrowed to make room for a side walk, and 72 columns were added to each side. 1616:. However, others have challenged the notion of comparing modern readings of Qiblah directions to early mosques’ Qiblahs as they claim early Muslims could not accurately calculate the direction of the Qiblah to Mecca and so the apparent pinpointing of Petra by some early mosques may well be coincidental. 2200:

such as travellers, pilgrims, painters and savants. However, it was not until the late 19th century that the ruins were systematically approached by archaeological researchers. Since then regular archaeological excavations and ongoing research on the Nabataean culture have been part of today's UNESCO

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The site suffers from a host of threats, including collapse of ancient structures, erosion due to flooding and improper rainwater drainage, weathering from salt upwelling, improper restoration of ancient structures, and unsustainable tourism. The last has increased substantially, especially since the

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and Manutu (Manat) (Negev 11). Allat is also found in Sinai in South Arabian language. Allah occurs particularly as Garm-'allahi: "god decided" (Greek Garamelos) and Aush-allahi: "gods covenant" (Greek Ausallos). We find both Shalm-lahi "Allah is peace" and Shalm-allat, "the peace of the goddess". We

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In 2011, following an 11-month project planning phase, the Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority in association with DesignWorkshop and JCP s.r.l published a Strategic Master Plan that guides planned development of the Petra Region. This is intended to guide planned development of the Petra

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Petra : Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung "PETRA — Wunder in der Wüste : Auf den Spuren von J.L. Burckhardt alias Scheich Ibrahim" : Eine Ausstellung des Antikenmuseums Basel und Sammlung Ludwig in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities/Department of Antiquities of

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In recent years different conservation campaigns and projects were established at the cultural heritage site of Petra. The main works first focussed on the entrance situation of the Siq to protect tourists and to facilitate access. Also, different projects for conservation and conservation research

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within view. At the point where the valley opens out into the plain, the site of the city is revealed with striking effect. The theatre was cut into the hillside and into several of the tombs during its construction. Rectangular gaps in the seating are still visible. Almost enclosing it on three

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sent against the Nabataeans in 312 BC, was understood by some researchers to throw some light upon the history of Petra, but the "petra" (Greek for rock) referred to as a natural fortress and place of refuge cannot be a proper name, and the description implies that there was no town in existence

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discovered a very large, previously unknown monumental structure whose beginnings were tentatively dated to about 150 BC, the time when the Nabataeans initiated their public building programme. It is located outside the main area of the city, at the foot of Jabal an-Nmayr and about 0.5 mi

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UNESCO has described Petra as "one of the most precious cultural properties of man's cultural heritage". Petra is a symbol of Jordan, as well as Jordan's most-visited tourist attraction. Tourist numbers peaked at 1.1 million in 2019, marking the first time that the figure rose above the

1010:, and became fascinated with finding the city. He then dressed himself up as a local, and only spoke in Arabic, bringing a goat with him with the intent of sacrificing it in honor of Aaron's Tomb. After one day of exploring, he was convinced that he had found the lost city of Petra. 1317:

sides are rose-coloured mountain walls, divided into groups by deep fissures and lined with knobs cut from the rock in the form of towers. The theatre was said to hold around 8,500 people. The performances that audiences were able to attend here were poetry readings and dramas.

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is a series of structures within the city center. Originally said to be a market area, excavations at the site have allowed scholars to identify it as an elaborate Nabataean garden, which included a large swimming pool, an island-pavilion, and an intricate hydraulic system.

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fights were also said to be held here and attracted the most audience, although no gladiator was able to gain any momentum or fame due to the heavy mortality rate that came with it. The theatre was one of many structures in Petra that took significant damage due to the

1194:. Another approach was possibly from the high plateau to the north. Today, most modern visitors approach the site from the east. The impressive eastern entrance leads steeply down through a dark, narrow gorge, in places only 3–4 m (10–13 ft) wide, called the 1359:

The High Place of Sacrifice is perched atop Jebel Madbah Mountain. The beginning of the hike is near Petra's theatre. From there, the site of The High Place of Sacrifice is around an 800-step hike. One commonly believed sacrifice that took place there was

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by establishing it as a major regional trading hub, which gained them considerable revenue. Unlike their enemies, the Nabataeans were accustomed to living in the barren deserts and thus were able to defend their kingdom. They were particularly skillful in

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Paradise, T. R. (2011). "Architecture and Deterioration in Petra: Issues, trends and warnings" in Archaeological Heritage at Petra: Drive to Development or Destruction?" (Doug Comer, editor), ICOMOS-ICAHM Publications through Springer-Verlag NYC:

1421:. The two other Royal Tombs are the Silk Tomb and the Urn Tomb; the Silk Tomb does not stand out as much as the Urn Tomb. The Urn Tomb features a large yard in its front, and was turned into a church in 446 AD after the expansion of Christianity. 1633:, Petra's largest monument, dates from the 1st century BC. It was dedicated to Obodas I and is believed to be the symposium of Obodas the god. This information is inscribed on the ruins of the Monastery (the name is the translation of the Arabic 5126: 548:

who eventually left, but the Edomites stayed and made their mark on Petra before the emergence of the Nabataens. It is said that 10,000 men were thrown off of the mountain Umm el-Biyara, but this story has been debated by scholars.

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were discovered, which contained mainly contracts dated from 530s to 590s, establishing that the city was still flourishing in the 6th century. The Byzantine Church is a prime example of monumental architecture in Byzantine Petra.

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found its way to Petra in the 4th century AD, nearly 500 years after the establishment of Petra as a trade centre. The start of Christianity in Petra started primarily in 330 AD when the first Christian Emperor of Rome took over,

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Region in an efficient, balanced and sustainable way over the next 20 years for the benefit of the local population and of Jordan in general. As part of this, a Strategic Plan was developed for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas.

456:, several Christian churches were built, but the city continued to decline and, by the early Islamic era, it was abandoned except for a handful of nomads. It remained unknown to the western world until 1812, when Swiss traveller 1264:, which stands at 45 meters (148 ft) tall and 50 meters (160 ft) wide; this is Petra's largest monument and is similarly carved into the rock face. The facade of this again features a broken pediment, similar to the 4867:

Heinrichs, K.; Azzam, R. (June 2012). "Investigation of salt weathering on stone monuments by use of a modern wireless sensor network exemplified for the rock-cut monuments in Petra / Jordan – a research project".

4686: 1569:: king) is found at Petra (Glueck 516). Qos is identifiable with Kaush (Qaush) the God of the older Edomites. The stele is horned and the seal from the Edomite Tawilan near Petra identified with Kaush displays a 716:, and Petra became its capital. The native dynasty came to an end but the city continued to flourish under Roman rule. It was around this time that the Petra Roman Road was built. A century later, in the time of 3426: 720:, when the city was at the height of its splendor, the issue of coinage came to an end. There was no more building of sumptuous tombs, owing apparently to some sudden catastrophe, such as an invasion by the neo- 739:

130–270) grew in importance and attracted the Arabian trade away from Petra, the latter declined. It appears, however, to have lingered on as a religious center. Another Roman road was constructed at the site.

5389: 1249:, who protect travellers on their journeys. Near the top of the Treasury, two victories are seen standing on each side of a female figure on the tholos. This female figure is believed to be the Isis-Tyche, 2196:

aka Sheikh Ibrahim had re-discovered the ruin city in Petra, Jordan, in 1812, the cultural heritage site has attracted different people who shared an interest in the ancient history and culture of the

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simply means "rock" in Hebrew, and thence might not be identified with a city where it occurs in the biblical text in the book of Obadiah. It is possible that the city was part of the nation of Edom.

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Zbigniew T. Fiema, Ahmad Al-Jallad, Michael C. A. Macdonald, and Laïla Nehmé, "Provincia Arabia: Nabataea, the Emergence of Arabic as a Written Language, and Graeco-Arabica, in Greg Fisher (ed.),

7903: 4560: 1750:, known today as Jabal Haroun or Mount Aaron. The Wadi Musa or "Wadi of Moses" is the Arab name for the narrow valley at the head of which Petra is sited. A mountaintop shrine of Moses' sister 5125:"PETA veterinary clinic in Petra is the only facility in the area providing free emergency medical care to injured and neglected donkeys, horses, and other animals used to give tourist rides, 1675:. At least one of the tombs (the "tomb with the urn"?) was used as a church. An inscription in red paint records its consecration "in the time of the most holy bishop Jason" (447). After the 4479:

Parcak, Sarah; Tuttle, Christopher A. (May 2016). "Hiding in Plain Sight: The Discovery of a New Monumental Structure at Petra, Jordan, Using WorldView-1 and WorldView-2 Satellite Imagery".

5910: 1237:, which is 24 meters (79 ft) wide and 37 meters (121 ft) tall and references the architecture of Alexandria. The facade of the Treasury features a broken pediment with a central 599:, and that they were ruled by five kings, one of whom was Rekem. Josephus mentions that the city, called Petra by the Greeks, "ranks highest in the land of the Arabs" and was still called 1051:

Because the structures weakened with age, many of the tombs became vulnerable to thieves, and many treasures were stolen. In 1929, a four-person team consisting of British archaeologists

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Ahead of the Petra Pool and Garden Complex lies Colonnaded street, which is among few artifacts of Petra that was constructed rather than natural. This street used to hold a semi-circle

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Zayadine, F., 1981, Recent Excavation & Restoration of the department of Antiquties (1979- 1980), ADAJ (Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman- Jordan), Vol. 24. pp: 341-355

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In 1979 Marguerite van Geldermalsen from New Zealand married Mohammed Abdullah, a Bedouin in Petra. They lived in a cave in Petra until the death of her husband. She authored the book

1558:, and Nabataean theology had strong links to Earth-Sun relationships, often manifested in the orientation of prominent Petra structures to equinox and solstice sunrises and sunsets. 6132:

Paradise, T. R. (2005). "Weathering of sandstone architecture in Petra, Jordan: influences and rates" in GSA Special Paper 390: Stone Decay in the Architectural Environment: 39–49.

3194: 5776: 1078:. Hammond believed the carved channels deep within the walls and ground were made from ceramic pipes that once fed water for the city, from rock-cut systems on the canyon rim. 2268:

2006–2010 Preservation and consolidation of the Wall Paintings in Siq al Barid by the Petra National Trust in cooperation with the Department of Antiquities of Jordan and the

1648:(9 BC–40 AD). The temple is located in Petra's so-called Sacred Quarter, an area situated at the end of Petra's main Colonnaded Street consisting of two majestic temples, the 5322: 1584:

Nabataean inscriptions in Sinai and other places display widespread references to names including Allah, El and Allat (god and goddess), with regional references to al-Uzza,

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In ancient times, Petra might have been approached from the south on a track leading across the plain of Petra, around Jabal Haroun ("Aaron's Mountain"), the location of the

6689: 5541: 5109: 2490:, where six ancient structures were laser scanned, with the results built into 3D models. Examining the model of Petra revealed insights into how the structure was built. 1417:, is speculated to be the tomb for the kings of Petra. The Corinthian Tomb, which is right next to the Palace Tomb, has the same Hellenistic architecture featured on the 5939: 1368:

is located in Petra, which is a sacred site for Muslims. In honor of this, a goat was sacrificed annually. Other rituals also took place there, including the burning of

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and moved with their herds to wherever they could find pasture and water. Although the Nabataeans were initially embedded in Aramaic culture, theories about them having

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The interest that Roman emperors showed in the city in the 3rd century suggests that Petra and its environs remained highly esteemed for a long time. An inscription to

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could be a Nabataean word referring to the famous carved rock façades. In 1964, workmen clearing rubble away from the cliff at the entrance to the gorge found several

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2016–2019 Characterisation and Conservation of Paintings on Walls and Sculpture from Nabataean Petra "The Petra Painting Conservation Project (PPCP)", funded by the

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Excavations have demonstrated that it was the ability of the Nabataeans to control the water supply that led to the rise of the desert city, creating an artificial

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Two further Crusader-period castles are known in and around Petra: the first is al-Wu'ayra, situated just north of Wadi Musa. It can be viewed from the road to

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is among his most important and well-documented. Missionary Archibald Forder published photographs of Petra in the December 1909 issue of National Geographic.

1026: 7045: 7009: 5747: 4002: 7019: 444:, was constructed, and its population peaked at an estimated 20,000 inhabitants. Nabataea fell to the Romans in 106 AD, who annexed and renamed it as 6240: 2279:

by The Temple of the Winged Lions Cultural Management (TWLCRM) Initiative, the Petra Archaeological Park (PAP) and the Department of Antiquities of Jordan

752:. Dushara and al-Uzza were two of the main deities of the city, which otherwise included many idols from other Nabataean deities such as Allat and Manat. 6216: 4817: 5881: 4838: 7910: 7228: 7014: 4568: 4207: 2214: 6195: 4098: 1581:: bow) who has been identified both with a hunting bow (hunting god) and a rainbow (weather god) although the crescent above the stele is also a bow. 5965: 5850: 2976: 2913: 5490: 5370:. Fischer, Helge., Germany. Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung. München: Bayerischen Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. 3780: 7004: 6221: 5018: 4378: 4345: 4297: 3095: 5902: 2624: 1774:

is BSk. The average annual temperature in Petra is 15.5 °C (59.9 °F). About 193 mm (7.60 in) of precipitation falls annually.

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for his son near the end of the al-Hubta (King's Wall) tombs, which had been generally reserved during the Nabataean period for the royal family.

6999: 5806: 6553: 5996: 5145:. Meijden, Ella van der., Schmid, Stephan G., Voegelin, Andreas F., Antikenmuseum Basel., Museum Ludwig. Basel: Schwabe. 2012. pp. 15–17. 4018: 2723: 2564: 552:

The Edomite site excavated at the top of the Umm el-Biyara mountain at Petra was established no earlier than the seventh century BC (Iron II).

4931: 8026: 3916: 2761: 2735: 763:, running from the Syrian border to the Red Sea through Petra. This road followed the old routes of Nabataean caravans. In the shadow of the 3162: 2513:

in the ancient city of Petra. They must try and stop the demons from destroying the world. The show is shot in Jordan and has five episodes.

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destroyed many buildings and crippled the vital water management system. The old city of Petra was the capital of the Byzantine province of

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Open Context, "Petra Great Temple Excavations (Archaeological Data)", Open Context publication of archaeological data from the 1993–2006

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roots are rejected by many modern scholars. Instead, archaeological, religious and linguistic evidence confirm that they are a northern

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traded, all of which were in turn influenced by Greek culture. Most of these tombs contain small burials niches carved into the stone.

1017: 4153: 8046: 6967: 5418: 5297: 5253:. Meijden, Ella van der., Schmid, Stephan G., Voegelin, Andreas F., Antikenmuseum Basel., Museum Ludwig. Basel: Schwabe. p. 41. 4258: 2115: 5726: 1226:. The facades of the tombs in Petra are commonly rendered in Hellenistic style, reflecting the number of diverse cultures which the 5311: 3873:

Conway, A.; Horsfield, G. (1930). "Historical and Topographical Notes on Edom: with an account of the first excavations at Petra".

3645: 984: 537:. The configuration of mountains in Petra allowed for a reservoir of water for the Edomites. This made Petra a stopping ground for 5533: 3977: 3556: 8066: 7131: 6783: 6288: 5106: 4792: 2949: 5053: 1771: 7221: 7154: 6805: 6711: 6105:

The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE

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The Bedoul belong to one of the Bedouin tribes whose cultural heritage and traditional skills were proclaimed by UNESCO on the

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or Nabatean origins. Today, alongside their traditional activities, they engage in local tourism, alongside the more prominent

5932: 1479:, Petra not only possessed the advantages of a fortress, but controlled the main commercial routes which passed through it to 1364:. Another common form of sacrifice that took place there was animal sacrifice; this is due to the belief that the tomb of the 6643: 6164: 6060: 5604: 5258: 5211: 5150: 3216: 3125: 2487: 6248: 6136: 4906: 3355: 6608: 2612: 2977:"Petra. The "Lost City" still has secrets to reveal: Thousands of years ago, the now-abandoned city of Petra was thriving" 2161:(2012) was the first in a series to address the very nature of these deteriorating buildings, cities, sites, and regions. 1442:, probably had a ceremonial function of which not even a speculative explanation has yet been offered by the researchers. 1383: 6560: 5697: 5250:

Jordan und dem Jordan Museum, Amman, Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, 23. Oktober 2012 bis 17. März 2013 = Batrāʼ

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Jordan und dem Jordan Museum, Amman, Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, 23. Oktober 2012 bis 17. März 2013 = Batrāʼ

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Jordan und dem Jordan Museum, Amman, Antikenmuseum Basel und Sammlung Ludwig, 23. Oktober 2012 bis 17. März 2013 = Batrāʼ

4077: 2729: 2463: 2103:. The Petra Archaeological Park (PAP) became an autonomous legal entity over the management of this site in August 2007. 1024:

visited Petra in 1839 and returned to Britain with sketches and stories of the encounter with local tribes, published in

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Introvigne, Massimo; Kotkowska, Karolina Maria (2024-05-10). "The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light: An Introduction".

4530: 3073: 1573:(Browning 28), both consistent with a moon deity. It is conceivable that the latter could have resulted from trade with 7371: 5667: 5631: 5076: 4628: 4590: 3857: 2421: 2262:

2003 Development of a conservation and maintenance plan of the ancient drainage systems to protect the rock-cut facades

2227: 1613: 697: 6073: 937:, but were forced to abandon Petra after a while. As a result, the location of Petra was lost until the 19th century. 7896: 7214: 6898: 6570: 5563:"DFG – GEPRIS – Characterisation and Conservation of Paintings on Walls and Sculpture from Nabataean Petra" 5375: 4181: 3713: 3667: 3388: 3349: 3260: 3017: 2818: 2795: 2248:

and rehabilitation of the Siq floor by the Petra National Trust foundet by the Jordanian-Swiss counterpart Fund, the

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Internet and cellphone campaign.Tourism has steadily grown, with Petra receiving 1.2 million total visitors in 2019.

810:, and Nabataean tombs contained silver coins with the emperor's portrait, as well as pottery from his reign. Emperor 781:, imprinted on his coins. His visit, however, did not lead to any boom in development and new buildings as it did in 6231: 81: 8056: 6920: 6426: 6389: 6301: 4359:

Bedal L-A, Schryver J. G., Gleason K. L. (2011). "The Petra Garden and Pool Complex, 2007 and 2009 field seasons".

3584: 4431: 8021: 6148: 6115: 6044: 2895: 2445: 2283: 691: 1034:, the leading American landscape painter of the 19th century, visited Petra in 1868, and the resulting painting 8036: 6684: 6379: 6257: 5342:

Wedekind, Wanja (2005). "Preventive Conservation for the Protection of the sandstone Facades in Petra/Jordan".

3750: 3498: 576:. Current evidence suggests that the Nabataean name for Petra was Raqēmō, variously spelled in inscriptions as 5871: 5105:"PETA says 'donkeys need to be banned' after new video reveals animals being abused at Petra site in Jordan," 4953: 4813: 2636: 2393:

documenting her experiences while living in Umm Sayhoun with the Petra Bedouin, covering the period 2004–2013.

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in Nabatean script. One of them was to a certain Petraios who was born in Raqmu (Rekem) and buried in Garshu (

6960: 6738: 4127: 1340: 1333: 908: 541:, making it an outstanding area for trade. Things that were traded here included wines, olive oil, and wood. 4392: 2241:

1993–2000 Excavation, conservation and restoration of the Great Temple, funded by the Brown University, USA.

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Petra declined rapidly under Roman rule, in large part from the revision of sea-based trade routes. In 363,

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visited Petra for nearly 40 years. He explained that the local folklore says it was created by the wand of

490: 5957: 5846: 2984: 2921: 7870: 7317: 6706: 6701: 6511: 6347: 6281: 6261: 5494: 3772: 2588: 226: 5832: 5748:"Broadwayworld, Off-Off-Broadway, article: 'Playwright John Yarbrough Wins Strawberry One Act Festival'" 5246:

Meijden, Ella van der (2012). "Reisende und Gelehrte. Die frühe Petra-Forschung nach J. L. Burckhardt".

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Meijden, Ella van der (2012). "Reisende und Gelehrte. Die frühe Petra-Forschung nach J. L. Burckhardt".

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1990–1998 Excavation and Conservation of the Byzantine Church by the American Centre of Research (ACOR)

2221: 2100: 1663:, otherwise known as Constantine The Great. He began the initial spread of Christianity throughout the 1641: 1554:. Many statues carved in the rock depict these gods and goddesses. New evidence indicates that broader 1101: 769:, this route revived trade between Arabia, Syria, and Mediterranean harbors. In 125 AD, one of Emperor 387: 258: 2576: 6883: 6718: 6538: 6450: 6357: 6352: 6337: 5798: 4455: 2498: 2174: 862: 682: 662: 449: 5773:"Broadwayworld, Off-Off-Broadway, article: 'The Best American Short Plays 2014-15 Hits the Shelves'" 4985: 4284:

Petra, vol 3. Wissenschaftliche Vero¨ffentlichungen des Deutsch-Turkischen Denkmalschutz-Kommandos 3

3978:"After the world heritage classification: Bedouins have been forcibly relocated from Petra - FUF.se" 3051: 8001: 6953: 6888: 6565: 6416: 4939: 3821: 2711: 2600: 2339: 2193: 2147: 2125:

The process of developing the Strategic Plan considered the area's needs from five points of view:

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Mouton, Michael and Schmid, Stephen G. (2013) "Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra"

3422: 3155: 2765: 818:, when he reorganized the Roman Empire towards the end of the 3rd century. The area from Petra to 8041: 7666: 7546: 6893: 6878: 6857: 6533: 6232:

Parker, S., R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies, S. Gillies, J. Becker. "Places: 697725 (Petra)",

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Bedal L-A, Gleason K. L., Schryver J. G. (2007). "The Petra Garden and Pool Complex, 2003–2005".

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appear to form into the rock at the top. Near the bottom of the Treasury are the twin Greek gods

1021: 999:) and it was the opinion among the clergy of Jerusalem that Kerak was the ancient city of Petra. 744:(c.315–403) writes that in his time a feast was held there on December 25 in honor of the virgin 6103: 5008:"Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver to Development or Destruction?" 4730: 1679:

conquest of 629–632, Christianity in Petra, as of most of Arabia, gave way to Islam. During the

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The area around Petra has been inhabited from as early as 7000 BC, and was settled by the

334: 20: 3252: 2159:

Tourism and Archaeological Heritage Management at Petra: Driver to Development or Destruction?

1167:, but archaeological evidence shows that the Nabataeans controlled these floods by the use of 629: 7972: 7072: 6852: 6847: 6598: 6521: 6486: 6246:

Special Issue on Petra and Nabatean Culture, Jordan Journal for History and Archaeology, 2020

6171:

Reid explores the nature of the small temple at Petra and concludes it is from the Roman era.

5562: 5521:

SWBSS 2017 4th International Conference on Salt Weathering of Buildings and Stone Sculptures,

5367:

Petra : die Restaurierung der Grabfassaden = The restoration of the rockcut tomb facades

4715: 4372: 4339: 4058:. Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society. Vol. IX. Beyt-Ul-Makdes Press. p. 216. 3283: 3007: 2808: 2433: 2170: 1735: 1727: 1660: 1645: 1238: 1214: 1031: 741: 494: 441: 382:

and water conduit systems, Petra is also called the "Rose City" because of the colour of the

379: 3549:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

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special, "Petra: Lost City of Stone", which premiered in the US and Europe in February 2015.

2232:

1985 Restoration works at the Qasr El Bint Temple by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan

6832: 6543: 6501: 5293: 4149: 3882: 2540: 2253: 2154: 1688: 1609: 1511: 1141: 930: 896: 866: 831: 426: 113: 3248:

Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations

2304:

for his poem "Petra", containing the description "...a rose-red city half as old as time".

895:, written in the first decades of the 7th century. He gives an anecdote about its bishop, 8: 7930: 6679: 6638: 6623: 6506: 6399: 5718: 5471:

Joukowsky, M. (1999). "The Brown University 1998 Excavations at The Petra Great Temple".

3850:

Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonne of Works at Olana State Historic Site, Volume I

2703: 2675: 2469: 2355: 2350: 2315: 2096: 1309: 900: 413: 394: 268: 6088: 3886: 3307:

Bienkowski, P. (1992). "The beginning of the Iron Age in Edom: A reply to Finkelstein".

603:

by all the Arabs of his time, after its royal founder (Antiquities iv. 7, 1; 4, 7). The

7345: 7327: 7291: 7263: 6824: 6723: 6474: 6460: 5411: 5179: 4935: 4621:

Early Islamic Qiblas: A survey of mosques built between 1AH/622 C.E. and 263 AH/876 C.E

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Arabs in the Shadow of Israel: The Unfolding of God's Prophetic Plan for Ishmael's Line

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Draft annotated English translation where Petra is referred to as the Kingdom of Sifu.

5719:"Manhattan Repertory Theatre fall one act competition 2014 including John Yarbrough's 5043: 4784: 4492: 3805: 2953: 1013: 8016: 7686: 7642: 7526: 7500: 7363: 6913: 6842: 6768: 6750: 6633: 6586: 6491: 6309: 6160: 6056: 5663: 5627: 5600: 5534:"CICS – Petra Painting Conservation Project – Workshop 2019 – TH Köln" 5452:

Zayadine, F. (1986). "Recent Excavation & Restoration at Qasr El Bint of Petra".

5381: 5371: 5264: 5254: 5217: 5207: 5156: 5146: 4661: 4624: 4516: 4496: 3952: 3853: 3709: 3705: 3384: 3345: 3256: 3013: 2870: 2814: 2791: 2451: 2185: 1767: 1672: 1592:

Recently, Petra has been put forward as the original direction of Muslim prayer, the

1589:

also find Amat-allahi "she-servant of god" and Halaf-llahi "the successor of Allah".

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name of the city, if not Sela, would remain unknown. It nevertheless cautioned that

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Nabataean Architecture and the Sun: A landmark discovery using GIS in Petra, Jordan

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Salt weathering and the evaluation of desalination and restoration in Petra/Jordan.

4877: 4653: 4488: 3890: 3701: 3580: 3418: 3316: 2862: 2181: 1476: 1269: 1137: 1056: 887: 870: 760: 658: 573: 481: 453: 3953:"The Bedul Bedouin of Petra, Jordan: Traditions, tourism, and an uncertain future" 2238:

1992–2002 Conservation and Restoration Center in Petra CARCIP, German GTZ Project.

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and, opposite, the Temple of the Winged Lions on the northern bank of Wadi Musa.

1605: 1464: 934: 850: 827: 815: 777:. In 130 AD, Hadrian visited the former Nabataean capital, giving it the name of 725: 609: 533:

lasted between 1200 and 600 BC; in that time, the Petra area was occupied by the

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people, in the 4th century BC. Petra would later become the capital city of the

7991: 7764: 7276: 7103: 6976: 6772: 6372: 6327: 3320: 2661: 2546:

A fictionalized version of Petra appears as a playable arena in the video game

1734:) struck a rock with his staff and water came forth, and where Moses' brother, 1519: 1288: 713: 565: 506: 445: 345: 19:

This article is about the ancient Jordanian city of Petra. For other uses, see

5683: 4881: 4531:"Archaeologists discover massive Petra monument that could be 2,150 years old" 3922: 3187:"Rose-red city of Petra wraps up 2019 with record-breaking 1,135,300 visitors" 1175:, and water conduits. These innovations stored water for prolonged periods of 468:, but soon after started to pick up again, reaching 905,000 visitors in 2022. 412:

in the second century BC. The Nabataeans invested in Petra's proximity to the

7985: 7888: 7770: 7571: 7353: 6934: 6758: 6618: 6156: 6052: 5268: 5221: 5160: 4665: 4657: 4500: 3569:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–310. 3560: 3550: 3242: 2874: 2689: 2521: 2370: 1971: 1743: 1704: 1696: 1680: 1183: 1153: 1060: 773:'s administrators left marks in Petra, pointed out by documents found at the 422: 144: 131: 5385: 1413:, but their facades have worn due to natural decay. One of these tombs, the 1002:

Burckhardt already spoke Arabic fluently, and was on his way to explore the

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Petra History and Photo Gallery, history with maps. Retrieved 27 March 2017

2740: 2405: 2327: 1664: 1655: 1649: 1506: 1500: 1369: 1260:

Another prime example of Hellenistic architecture featured in Petra is its

1052: 941: 892: 878: 807: 709: 639: 97: 5247: 5200: 5139: 4177: 7404: 7309: 7271: 6788: 6362: 6332: 6083:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy/London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson 6041:

The Petra Pool-Complex: A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital

5365: 4313:

The Petra Pool-Complex: a Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital

2866: 2397: 2297: 1716: 1472: 1414: 1403: 1164: 1003: 948: 793: 701: 418: 7848: 6188:"The Zamani Project, Petra, Jordan (مشروع زماني، البترا) - MaDiH (مديح)" 5417:. Queen Rania's Institute of Tourism and Heritage Hashemite University. 4358: 4325: 3483: 3467: 2265:

2003–2017 Evaluation of desalination and restoration at the tomb facades

2259:

2001 Restoration of the altar in front of the Casr Bint Firaun by UNESCO

1198:("shaft"), a natural geological feature formed from a deep split in the 1020:

made the first accurate drawings of Petra in 1828. The Scottish painter

967: 464:

1 million mark. Tourism in the historical city was hit hard by the

448:. Petra's importance declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after an 7450: 7427: 7165: 6322: 6317: 6152: 6048: 5591:

Balliett, Blue (2004). "Afterwords by Leslie Budnick: Author Q&A".

4281: 3902: 3341: 2732: – Large sculptures carved into a material that remain at location 2517: 2210: 2197: 2077: 2067: 1531: 1418: 1301: 1273: 1265: 1257:

being the Egyptian and Greek goddesses, respectively, of good fortune.

1234: 1227: 1075: 835: 819: 811: 765: 686:

Roman bronze coin of Geta showing the Petra temple with statue of Tyche

592: 561: 433: 401: 93: 63: 7108: 5410:

Bala‟awi, Fadi; Waheeb, Mohammed; Alshawabkeh, Yahya; Alawneh, Firas.

634:

An old theory held that Petra might be identified with a place called

7955: 7940: 7674: 7617: 7281: 6180: 4099:"Tourists evacuated after floods lash Jordan's ancient city of Petra" 2548: 2106: 1747: 1597: 1480: 1398: 1348: 1318: 1203: 1199: 1097: 1090: 1043: 839: 786: 785:. The province's governor, Sextius Florentinus, erected a monumental 437: 383: 289: 45: 7471: 5312:"Culture in Crisis: Flows of Peoples, Artifacts and Ideas, ICHAJ 14" 4680: 3894: 3742: 1758:

in the 4th century, but its location has not been identified since.

1577:(Bartlett 194). There is continuing debate about the nature of Qos ( 1565:

dedicated to Qos-Allah 'Qos is Allah' or 'Qos the god', by Qosmilk (

1063:

and Ditlef Nielsen, a Danish scholar, excavated and surveyed Petra.

52: 7795: 7721: 7556: 7432: 7422: 7412: 7386: 7335: 7299: 7195: 6421: 5412:"Conservation work at Petra: What had been done and what is needed" 5048: 2806: 2475: 2457: 1700: 1535: 1488: 1361: 1149: 988: 774: 588: 538: 534: 530: 6945: 6266: 4123: 2205:

were conducted. Following is a list of projects, to be continued.

1551: 1542:

was the primary male god accompanied by his three female deities:

7842: 7811: 7758: 7738: 7622: 7551: 7531: 7495: 7170: 6455: 5692: 5319:

CAMNES- Center for Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Studies

4932:"Heritage Conservation Grips Jordan's Petra Amid Booming Tourism" 2697: 2089: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1543: 1539: 1523: 1496: 1439: 1277: 1261: 1242: 1233:

Perhaps the best example of the Hellenistic style is seen in the

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By 7000 BC, some of the earliest recorded farmers had settled in

101: 74: 7464: 5903:"Netflix's first Arabic original series sparks uproar in Jordan" 5621: 3468:"Nouvelle épitaphe Nabatéenne donnant le nom Sémitique de Pétra" 2073: 674: 7834: 7823: 7817: 7752: 7727: 7708: 7697: 7661: 7632: 7627: 7596: 7581: 7480: 7442: 6669: 6297: 5986:

Stone, Christopher. Popular Culture and Nationalism in Lebanon.

5523:

20–22 September 2017 – Potsdam, Potsdam 2017, pp: 190–299.

4037:שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת 2209:

1958 Restoration of the third pillar of the Treasury building (

1755: 1751: 1712: 1574: 1145: 903:

sometime before 687 when that function had been transferred to

782: 756: 622: 618: 391: 375: 117: 2669: 2275:

2009 onwards, renewed effort to preserve and rehabilitate the

1450: 564:

were one among several nomadic Bedouin tribes that roamed the

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University of Arkansas Petra Project. Retrieved 27 March 2017

5473:

ADAJ (Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman- Jordan)

5454:

ADAJ (Annual of the Department of Antiquities, Amman- Jordan)

3009:

The Nabatean Synthesis of Avraham Negev: A Critical Appraisal

2717: 2510: 2085: 2062: 1739: 1731: 1676: 1601: 1593: 1562: 1547: 1492: 1484: 1254: 1191: 1187: 1160: 1082: 1071: 904: 823: 596: 545: 349: 205: 5409: 4708: 591:(ca. 37–100 AD) writes that the region was inhabited by the 7805: 7746: 7561: 5933:"Melody of a Myth: The Legacy of Haim Hefers Red Rock Song" 3852:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 386–396. 2535: 2505:

Petra is central to Netflix's first Arabic original series

2416: 2146:

site received widespread media coverage in 2007 during the

1692: 1585: 1555: 1313: 1250: 1124: 1086: 979:

The first European to describe them was the Swiss traveler

721: 405: 5077:"Stakeholders take steps to address animal abuse in Petra" 2099:. In a popular poll in 2007, it was also named one of the 947:

The ruins of Petra were an object of curiosity during the

5876: 2527:

In 1977, the Lebanese Rahbani brothers wrote the musical

2494: 2245: 2220:

1974–1990 Conservation work in the excavated area of the

1300:, stands Petra's most elaborate ruin, popularly known as 1297: 1195: 1168: 1144:

surrounded by mountains forming the eastern flank of the

1129: 972: 92:

From top, left to right: the Urn Tombs, en-Nejr theatre,

2851:"Studia Onomastica Coranica: AL-Raqīm, Caput Nabataeae*" 2516:

Six months after a deadly hike by two Israelis in 1958,

1409:

The Royal Tombs of Petra are in the Nabatean version of

873:

were excavated in and around Petra. In one of them, the

5044:"Jordan urged to end animal mistreatment at Petra site" 1467:

and other writers identify Petra as the capital of the

1100:

period were discovered in an excavated church near the

1074:, when he struck the rock to bring forth water for the 4839:"Strategic Plan for Umm Sayhoun and surrounding areas" 4814:"The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum" 2914:""The Lost City" of Petra Still Has Secrets to Reveal" 2379:, the character Petra Andalee is named after the site. 1027:

The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia

975:

in 1947 (left) compared with the same location in 2013

505:

Petra is listed in Egyptian campaign accounts and the

4481:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

1726:

According to Arab tradition, Petra is the spot where

1644:

is a large temple complex dated to the reign of King

1596:, by some that the earliest mosques faced Petra, not 885:

The last reference to Byzantine Petra comes from the

374:), is a historic and archaeological city in southern 6089:"The Bedouin Tribes of Petra Photographs: 1986–2003" 5660:

Living With Arabs: Nine Years with the Petra Bedouin

5363: 4870:

International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era

2651: 2509:

which is a young adult supernatural drama about the

2391:

Living with Arabs: Nine Years with the Petra Bedouin

339: 4643: 4591:

Nabatean Architecture and the Sun, ArcUser (Winter)

4043:] (in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. pp. 374–378. 3005: 2726: – UNESCO World Heritage Site in Negev, Israel 1475:trade. Enclosed by towering rocks and watered by a 1312:, positioned so as to bring the greatest number of 911:, nor does it appear in any early Islamic records. 661:(xix. 94–97) which describes the expeditions which 7153: 6012:"Here is Overwatch's upcoming Petra map in action" 5592: 2810:Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra 2215:United States Agency for International Development 907:. Petra is not mentioned in the narratives of the 354:, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as 3799: 3797: 3506:Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 2714: – Historical site in northwest Saudi Arabia 432:Petra flourished in the 1st century AD, when its 7983: 5872:"Petra-Lost City in building-wonders at pbs.org" 4282:Bachmann, W., Watzinger, C. Wiegand, T. (1921). 3668:"ART REVIEW; Rose-Red City Carved From the Rock" 3126:"ART REVIEW; Rose-Red City Carved From the Rock" 3006:Jack D. Elliott Jr. (1996). Joe D. Seger (ed.). 1393:The Royal Tombs in the southern part of the city 386:from which it is carved. The city is one of the 5344:Bulletin -- Journal of Conservation-Restoration 4056:Studies in the Topography and Folklore of Petra 3872: 1671:mentions a bishop of Petra (Anhioch. 10) named 1218:The Hadrian Gate also known as the Temenos Gate 1179:and enabled the city to prosper from its sale. 1006:when he heard stories of a dead city that held 7918: 5930: 4866: 3794: 983:during his travels in 1812. At that time, the 708:under the rule of Petra was absorbed into the 7904: 7222: 7139: 6961: 6282: 6241:Jordanian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities 4178:"Robert Fulford's column about Petra, Jordan" 3423:10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930 3241: 2736:List of modern names for biblical place names 2408:in New York in 2015. It was selected for the 1202:rocks and serving as a waterway flowing into 7236: 6081:Rivers in the Desert: A History of the Negev 5799:"Can Jordan's 'Indiana Jones' city survive?" 5619: 4478: 4456:"Royal Tombs, Petra. Art Destination Jordan" 4377:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4344:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4296:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4172: 4170: 4147: 3579: 3450: 3337:Petra and the Lost Kingdom of the Nabataeans 3327: 2896:"The Petra in Jordan » Geology Science" 2807:Stephan G. Schmid and Michel Mouton (2013). 2132:The perspective of Petra Archaeological Park 2095:On December 6, 1985, Petra was designated a 1096:Numerous scrolls in Greek and dating to the 1059:, Palestinian physician and folklore expert 544:Initially, the Edomites were accompanied by 4637: 3921:. National Geographic. 2018. Archived from 2952:. Petra National Foundation. Archived from 2165:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 1754:was still shown to pilgrims at the time of 1209: 7911: 7897: 7229: 7215: 7146: 7132: 6968: 6954: 6289: 6275: 4706: 4310: 4017:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3803: 3589:Account of Antigonus' expedition to Arabia 3496: 3465: 3306: 2724:Incense Route – Desert Cities in the Negev 2153:In an attempt to reduce the problems, the 2135:The perspective of Petra's tourism product 1354: 1066:The archaeologist Philip Hammond from the 1018:Louis-Maurice-Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds 962: 16:Ancient rock-cut historical city in Jordan 6135:Paradise, T. R. and Angel, C. C. (2015). 5470: 5074: 5006:Comer, Douglas C.; Willems, Willem J. H. 4167: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3217:"Petra welcomed 905,000 visitors in 2022" 2974: 1711:or Sela. It remained in the hands of the 6139:. ArcUser Journal, Winter 2015: 16-19pp. 6009: 5590: 5451: 5341: 5005: 4004:A history of Trans-Jordan and its tribes 3918:Forbidden Archaeology of Petra and Nazca 3822:"The discovery of Petra | History Today" 3732:(Oxford University Press, 2015), p. 394. 3410: 2531:as a response to the Lebanese Civil War. 2226:1981 Different restoration works by the 2169: 2105: 2072: 2061: 1618: 1505: 1449: 1397: 1328: 1287: 1213: 1123: 1042: 985:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem 966: 918: 914: 849: 681: 673: 485:Cliffs near Petra, View over Wadi Arabah 480: 7250:With correspondence to modern geography 5245: 5198: 4393:"The Ancient City of Petra | AMNH" 4031: 3696:Frösén, Jaakko (2012). "Petra papyri". 3455:. Oxford University Press. p. 254. 3376: 3235: 2848: 2180:Petra is a site at the intersection of 2044:Source: Climate-Data.org, Climate data 1445: 959:, towards the end of the 13th century. 630:Sela (Edom) § Confusion with Petra 607:also identified Rekem as Petra. Arabic 180:Possibly as early as the 5th century BC 7984: 5796: 5359: 5357: 5056:from the original on February 13, 2018 4618: 4053: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3695: 3665: 3621: 3516: 3499:"Nouvelles stelles funeraires a Petra" 3333: 3251:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 3123: 2790:, Chatto & Windus, London, p. 15, 2764:. Petra National Trust. Archived from 2743: – Ruined church in Petra, Jordan 2720: – Bedouin tribe in Petra, Jordan 2058:List of World Heritage Sites in Jordan 7892: 7210: 7127: 6949: 6554:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 6270: 6038: 5847:"Time Scanners: How was Petra built?" 5424:from the original on 12 February 2013 5337: 5335: 5328:from the original on 8 December 2020. 5300:from the original on 8 February 2020. 5042:Usher, Sebastian (January 16, 2018). 5041: 4589:Paradise T.R. & Angel C.C. 2015, 4561:"Massive New Monument Found in Petra" 4286:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 37–41. 4253: 4251: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4000: 3972: 3970: 3950: 3843: 3841: 3554: 3136:from the original on 28 December 2017 2968: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2552:, having been added in a 2018 update. 2520:wrote the lyrics for a ballad called 2080:, the most popular tourist attraction 1770:. Most rain falls in the winter. The 1136:Petra is adjacent to the mountain of 555: 8027:Populated places along the Silk Road 6142: 6101: 5797:Mourby, Adrian (16 September 2016). 5657: 4806: 4719:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 3994: 3847: 2844: 2842: 2349:. It played a prominent role in the 1772:Köppen-Geiger climate classification 1424: 1296:At the end of the narrow gorge, the 1276:worship, but is now a holy site for 8032:Protected areas established in 1985 6975: 6296: 5354: 4896:"Heritage at Risk 2004/2005: Petra" 4208:"Petra: Rock-cut façades (article)" 4047: 4025: 3939: 3698:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 3622:Alpass, Peter (2013). "Chapter 2". 3197:from the original on 5 January 2020 2893: 2730:List of colossal sculptures in situ 2493:Petra was the focus of an American 2464:Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen 2410:Best American Short Plays 2014-2015 2228:Department of Antiquities of Jordan 2213:). This project was funded by the 992: 845: 329: 13: 7372:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 5809:from the original on 17 April 2019 5493:. 11 December 2020. Archived from 5332: 5087:from the original on 19 April 2018 4938:. November 3, 2007. Archived from 4248: 4195: 4007:. Vol. 1. Amman. p. 109. 3967: 3838: 3807:Travels in Syria and the Holy Land 3770: 2935: 2827:from the original on 18 March 2020 2422:Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 2389:An Englishwoman, Joan Ward, wrote 2290: 1614:Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light 830:were annexed into the province of 452:destroyed many structures. In the 14: 8078: 8007:Former populated places in Jordan 6899:List of prime ministers of Jordan 6210: 6086: 6074:"The Petra Great Temple; History" 5620:Geldermalsen, Marguerite (2010). 4912:from the original on 8 March 2016 4707:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 4541:from the original on 10 June 2016 4509:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.375.0035 4493:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.375.0035 4315:. Piscataway (NJ): Gorgias Press. 4180:. Robertfulford.com. 1997-06-18. 3156:"UNESCO advisory body evaluation" 3124:Glueck, Grace (17 October 2003). 3026:from the original on 14 June 2020 2839: 2539:released a gift with purchase of 2244:1996 onwards, Restoration of the 2116:Intangible Cultural Heritage List 1222:Petra is known primarily for its 1186:, said to be the burial place of 613:means "to mark, to decorate", so 164:264 km (102 sq mi) 8047:Roman towns and cities in Jordan 7470: 7463: 6003: 5989: 5980: 5924: 5895: 5864: 5839: 5821: 5790: 5765: 5740: 5711: 5676: 5651: 5613: 5584: 5075:Rawashdeh, Saeb (5 April 2018). 4678: 4150:"Petra: An Eroding Ancient City" 4001:Peake, Frederick Gerard (1934). 3706:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah06244 3542: 3358:from the original on 3 July 2019 3072:. 2 January 2016. Archived from 2696: 2682: 2668: 2654: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2482:Petra appeared in an episode of 2396:The playwright John Yarbrough's 1382: 524: 497:settlement just north of Petra. 232: 225: 80: 73: 62: 51: 44: 6198:from the original on 2020-07-12 6032: 5968:from the original on 2019-09-23 5945:from the original on 2019-09-25 5913:from the original on 2020-02-19 5884:from the original on 2017-08-28 5853:from the original on 2019-01-06 5779:from the original on 2016-08-22 5754:from the original on 2015-05-05 5729:from the original on 2015-05-18 5700:from the original on 2016-11-29 5640:from the original on 2013-10-29 5573:from the original on 2020-12-08 5555: 5544:from the original on 2020-12-08 5526: 5509: 5483: 5464: 5445: 5436: 5403: 5392:from the original on 2020-12-08 5304: 5286: 5275:from the original on 2020-12-08 5239: 5228:from the original on 2020-12-08 5192: 5167:from the original on 2020-12-08 5132: 5119: 5099: 5068: 5035: 5024:from the original on 2016-03-04 4999: 4970: 4946: 4924: 4888: 4860: 4831: 4820:from the original on 2015-11-05 4795:from the original on 2018-09-02 4777: 4748: 4737:from the original on 2010-08-21 4723: 4700: 4689:from the original on 2020-12-08 4672: 4612: 4603: 4583: 4553: 4523: 4472: 4448: 4424: 4399: 4385: 4352: 4319: 4304: 4275: 4224: 4184:from the original on 2015-09-24 4156:from the original on 2012-03-31 4141: 4130:from the original on 2011-11-26 4116: 4091: 4062: 3909: 3866: 3814: 3804:Burckhardt, John Lewis (1822). 3783:from the original on 2018-12-25 3764: 3753:from the original on 2018-05-03 3735: 3722: 3689: 3678:from the original on 2006-04-18 3659: 3648:from the original on 2019-12-08 3630: 3615: 3606: 3595:from the original on 2020-05-27 3573: 3490: 3459: 3444: 3429:from the original on 2018-12-26 3404: 3370: 3300: 3276: 3209: 3179: 3168:from the original on 2012-01-13 3148: 3117: 3088: 3058: 2446:Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger 2118:in 2005 and inscribed in 2008. 2051: 1538:, was deified after his death. 1499:, and across the desert to the 1114:Petra was hit by heavy flooding 1107: 692:History of the Romans in Arabia 669: 8067:World Heritage Sites in Jordan 7155:World Heritage Sites in Jordan 6010:Boudreau, Ian (May 20, 2018). 4954:"Petra Visitors - Visit Petra" 4623:. Independent Scholars Press. 4259:"Theatre | Jordan Attractions" 3730:Arabs and Empires before Islam 3624:The Religious Life of Nabataea 3555:Cooke, George Albert (1911). " 2999: 2906: 2894:MAT, Mahmut (7 January 2023). 2887: 2800: 2780: 2754: 1604:. This view is also shared by 1530:era as well as a few of their 1429:In 2016, archaeologists using 1375: 1283: 1: 6712:Private Hospitals Association 5364:Kühlenthal, Michael. (2000). 4567:. 8 June 2016. Archived from 2849:Shaddel, Mehdy (2017-10-01). 2786:Browning, Iain (1973, 1982), 2543:including Petra’s Al-Khazneh. 2307:Petra appeared in the novels 1341:Petra Pool and Garden Complex 1334:Petra Pool and Garden Complex 1008:the tomb of the Prophet Aaron 933:built fortresses such as the 909:Muslim conquest of the Levant 500: 233: 6177:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 4978:"Petra National Trust-About" 3700:. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 3666:Glueck, Grace (2003-10-17). 3102:. 2018-02-09. Archived from 2920:. 2017-01-26. Archived from 2813:. Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. 2346:The Moon Goddess and the Son 2250:Swiss Agency for Development 2141:An environmental perspective 2129:A socio-economic perspective 1709:Château de la Valée de Moyse 748:(Chaabou) and her offspring 476: 7: 7871:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 7318:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 6644:Water supply and sanitation 6348:Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 6262:American Center of Research 4148:Lisa Pinsker (2001-09-11). 3957:Cultural Survival Quarterly 3453:Palestine in Late Antiquity 3344:. pp. 14, 17, 30, 31. 3012:. Eisenbrauns. p. 56. 2647: 2343:series; and in Kingsbury's 2286:(Project number 285789434). 1900:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1830:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1104:in Petra in December 1993. 869:and many churches from the 834:. Petra may be seen on the 796:, a god revered by Emperor 340: 10: 8083: 7920:New 7 Wonders of the World 7878:Legacy of the Roman Empire 6874:List of airports in Jordan 6380:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 6120:The Architecture of Petra. 5997:"World of Wonders (40585)" 4407:"Petra- City of mysteries" 3612:Dio Cassius, LXVII. 14, 5. 3321:10.1179/007589192790220919 2855:Journal of Semitic Studies 2556: 2440:Mortal Kombat Annihilation 2284:German Research Foundation 2270:Courtauld Institute of Art 2101:New 7 Wonders of the World 2055: 2043: 1780: 1761: 1715:until 1189. It is still a 1642:Temple of the Winged Lions 1518:The Nabataeans worshipped 1457: 1102:Temple of the Winged Lions 996: 838:from the reign of Emperor 689: 627: 471: 388:New 7 Wonders of the World 350: 269:UNESCO World Heritage Site 260:UNESCO World Heritage Site 172:810 m (2,657 ft) 18: 7969: 7926: 7866: 7833: 7780: 7737: 7707: 7660: 7651: 7610: 7519: 7488: 7479: 7461: 7441: 7403: 7385: 7362: 7344: 7326: 7308: 7290: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7161: 7096: 7065: 7058: 7033: 6992: 6983: 6907: 6884:List of castles in Jordan 6866: 6823: 6749: 6665: 6656: 6594: 6585: 6482: 6473: 6407: 6398: 6308: 6236:. Retrieved 27 March 2017 6122:(Oxford University Press) 6039:Bedal, Leigh-Ann (2004). 5515:W. Wedekind, H. Fischer: 4882:10.1260/2047-4970.1.2.191 4816:. UNESCO Culture Sector. 2642:Temple of Dushares, Petra 2359:, and is the setting for 2337:, the nineteenth book in 2175:Tomb of the Roman Soldier 1969: 1899: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1163:. The area is visited by 1119: 929:In the 12th century, the 779:Hadriānī Petra Metropolis 367: 363: 307: 295: 285: 275: 266: 257: 253: 242: 220: 216: 200: 192: 184: 176: 168: 160: 123: 109: 37: 30: 28: 6889:List of cities in Jordan 6183:Accessed April 19, 2013. 6143:Reid, Sara Karz (2006). 6076:Accessed April 19, 2013. 5958:"The Ballad of Red Rock" 4658:10.26338/tjoc.2024.8.3.2 3875:The Geographical Journal 3848:Carr, Gerald L. (1994). 3743:"Nabataea: The Crusades" 2747: 2340:The Adventures of Tintin 2300:won Oxford University's 2194:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 2148:New7Wonders of the World 1471:and the centre of their 1411:Hellenistic architecture 1224:Hellenistic architecture 1210:Hellenistic architecture 1148:valley running from the 981:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 458:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 436:structure, possibly the 188:1,135,300 (in 2019) 8057:Subterranea (geography) 7873:; Proposed; in Danger 7667:Palestinian territories 6894:List of kings of Jordan 6879:List of banks in Jordan 6858:Prince Hassan bin Talal 6079:Glueck, Nelson (1959). 5931:Dominik Peters (2015). 5662:. UM Peter Publishing. 4054:Kanʿān, Tawfīq (1930). 3566:Encyclopædia Britannica 3288:bibleinterp.arizona.edu 1781:Climate data for Petra 1355:High Place of Sacrifice 1272:, this was a place for 1047:the "Street of Facades" 963:19th and 20th centuries 957:Mamluk sultans of Egypt 814:declared Petra to be a 806:of the temple known as 646:(1911) states that the 644:Encyclopædia Britannica 605:Onomasticon of Eusebius 8022:Nabataean architecture 7413:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 6343:Emirate of Transjordan 6102:Hill, John E. (2004). 5849:. BBC Focus Magazine. 5835:on September 28, 2015. 5491:"Petra National Trust" 5184:: CS1 maint: others ( 4982:petranationaltrust.org 4942:on September 18, 2009. 3951:Simms, Steven (1996). 3773:"Reconstructing Petra" 3585:"Section 95 (note 79)" 3438:Loeb Classical Library 3377:Maalouf, Tony (2003). 3284:"Petra | Bible Interp" 3096:"Petra lost and found" 3066:"Petra Lost and Found" 2606:The Colored Triclinium 2366:Appointment with Death 2322:Appointment with Death 2296:In 1845, British poet 2177: 2138:A land use perspective 2111: 2081: 2070: 1691:and formed the second 1683:Petra was occupied by 1627: 1608:, the self-proclaimed 1515: 1495:and Leuce Come on the 1455: 1406: 1336: 1324:363 Galilee earthquake 1293: 1219: 1133: 1048: 991:named Battra (Arabic: 987:operated a diocese in 976: 926: 901:metropolitan bishopric 858: 687: 679: 486: 196:Petra Region Authority 21:Petra (disambiguation) 8037:Rock-cut architecture 7973:Great Pyramid of Giza 7073:Bandiagara Escarpment 6487:Royal Hashemite Court 6353:Arab–Israeli conflict 6338:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5519:In: Laue, S. (Hrsg.) 4716:Catholic Encyclopedia 4646:The Journal of CESNUR 4411:The Jordanian Mappers 4361:Annu Dep Antiq Jordan 4328:Annu Dep Antiq Jordan 3512:: 43–29 & plates. 3451:Hagith Sivan (2008). 3334:Taylor, Jane (2001). 2762:"Management of Petra" 2712:Hegra (Mada'in Salih) 2630:Petra Monastery Trail 2434:Passion in the Desert 2415:The site appeared in 2328:The Eagle in the Sand 2173: 2109: 2076: 2065: 1766:In Petra, there is a 1622: 1509: 1458:Further information: 1453: 1401: 1332: 1291: 1217: 1132:) that leads to Petra 1127: 1046: 1032:Frederic Edwin Church 970: 922: 915:Crusaders and Mamluks 853: 742:Epiphanius of Salamis 690:Further information: 685: 677: 619:funerary inscriptions 587:The Jewish historian 495:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 484: 380:rock-cut architecture 145:30.32861°N 35.44194°E 6806:World Heritage Sites 5964:. January 17, 1971. 5880:. 11 February 2015. 5623:Married to a Bedouin 4785:"Archeological Park" 4619:Gibson, Dan (2017). 4436:www.memphistours.com 4124:"Petra: Water Works" 3935:– via YouTube. 3826:www.historytoday.com 3642:jordantourspetra.com 2541:Wonders of the World 2384:Married to a Bedouin 2254:World Monuments Fund 2155:Petra National Trust 1703:(in the lordship of 1689:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1446:Religious importance 1128:The narrow passage ( 951:and were visited by 899:. It ceased to be a 832:Palaestina Salutaris 755:Between 111 and 114 427:rainwater harvesting 414:incense trade routes 281:Cultural: i, iii, iv 8052:Sandstone buildings 7997:Arabic architecture 7961:Christ the Redeemer 7931:Great Wall of China 6739:Freedom of religion 5658:Ward, Joan (2014). 5321:. 8 December 2020. 5296:. 8 December 2020. 4565:National Geographic 4311:Bedal, L-A (2004). 4074:National Geographic 3887:1930GeogJ..76..369H 3497:J. Starcky (1965). 3466:J. Starcky (1965). 3383:. Kregel Academic. 3070:National Geographic 2987:on 20 December 2019 2981:National Geographic 2924:on October 10, 2019 2704:Christianity portal 2676:Architecture portal 2488:National Geographic 2356:Last Act in Palmyra 2351:Marcus Didius Falco 2298:John William Burgon 2277:Winged Lions Temple 2222:Winged Lions Temple 2097:World Heritage Site 955:, one of the first 800:, was found in the 666:there at the time. 595:during the time of 395:World Heritage Site 241:Location of Petra ( 141: / 100:temple and view of 7694:: Emmaus Nicopolis 7677:: Aelia Capitolina 7489:Of legion veterans 7346:Gallia Narbonensis 7328:Gallia Lugdunensis 7292:Britannia Inferior 7264:Britannia Superior 6985:Ancestral Puebloan 6629:Telecommunications 6251:2022-12-02 at the 5962:The New York Times 5684:"John Yarbrough's 5116:, 8 February 2020. 5112:2023-07-18 at the 4936:Xinhua News Agency 4596:2015-04-02 at the 4236:www.britannica.com 3672:The New York Times 3414:Jewish Antiquities 3193:. 6 January 2020. 3130:The New York Times 2956:on 4 December 2017 2867:10.1093/jss/fgx022 2570:Siq, rays of light 2334:The Red Sea Sharks 2316:Left Behind Series 2190:cultural landscape 2178: 2112: 2082: 2071: 1628: 1516: 1460:Nabataean religion 1456: 1407: 1337: 1294: 1220: 1134: 1112:In December 2022, 1081:In the 1980s, the 1068:University of Utah 1049: 977: 927: 859: 688: 680: 556:Emergence of Petra 487: 440:of Nabataean king 245:‎) in Jordan 150:30.32861; 35.44194 8062:Tourism in Jordan 7979: 7978: 7971:Honorary status: 7886: 7885: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7687:Caesarea Maritima 7611:Possible colonies 7501:Caesarea Maritima 7459: 7458: 7418:Castra Taurinorum 7364:Germania Inferior 7204: 7203: 7121: 7120: 7117: 7116: 7054: 7053: 6943: 6942: 6819: 6818: 6707:medical education 6652: 6651: 6581: 6580: 6561:Political parties 6469: 6468: 6166:978-1-59333-339-3 6087:Harty, Rosemary. 6062:978-1-59333-120-7 5907:www.aljazeera.com 5606:978-0-439-37294-7 5260:978-3-7965-2849-1 5213:978-3-7965-2849-1 5152:978-3-7965-2849-1 4756:"Map of the area" 4682:The Petra Fallacy 3591:. Vol. xix. 3411:Josephus (1930). 3106:on August 6, 2020 2950:"A Short History" 2594:The Garden Temple 2452:The Mummy Returns 2188:forming a unique 2186:cultural heritage 2048: 2047: 1768:semi-arid climate 1707:) with the title 1626:("The Monastery") 1571:star and crescent 1491:in the north, to 1469:Nabataean Kingdom 1440:Monastery complex 1431:satellite imagery 1425:Exterior platform 1247:Castor and Pollux 995:, Ancient Greek: 836:Madaba mosaic map 798:Septimius Severus 718:Alexander Severus 466:COVID-19 pandemic 460:rediscovered it. 450:earthquake in 363 410:Nabataean Kingdom 378:. Famous for its 338: 319: 318: 315: 314: 114:Ma'an Governorate 104:(Monastery) trail 8074: 7913: 7906: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7658: 7657: 7638:Emmaus Nicopolis 7506:Aelia Capitolina 7486: 7485: 7474: 7467: 7260: 7259: 7231: 7224: 7217: 7208: 7207: 7148: 7141: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7063: 7062: 6990: 6989: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6947: 6946: 6923: 6916: 6848:King Abdullah II 6663: 6662: 6609:Defense industry 6592: 6591: 6480: 6479: 6405: 6404: 6390:2011–12 protests 6291: 6284: 6277: 6268: 6267: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6173: 6145:The Small Temple 6116:McKenzie, Judith 6112: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6070:Brown University 6066: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6016:www.pcgamesn.com 6007: 6001: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5831:. 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Archived from 4066: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4008: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3948: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3927: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3771:Lawler, Andrew. 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3739: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3653: 3644:. 21 June 2019. 3634: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3581:Diodorus Siculus 3577: 3571: 3570: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3539: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3223:. 2 January 2023 3221:The Jordan Times 3213: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3191:The Jordan Times 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3100:History Magazine 3092: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2983:. Archived from 2972: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2929: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2804: 2798: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2768:on 19 April 2015 2758: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2657: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2582:The Obelisk Tomb 2579: 2567: 2524:("The Red Rock") 1778: 1777: 1483:in the west, to 1477:perennial stream 1386: 1270:Byzantine period 1241:inside, and two 1057:George Horsfield 1037:El Khasné, Petra 998: 994: 888:Spiritual Meadow 875:Byzantine Church 871:Byzantine period 856:Byzantine Church 846:Byzantine period 761:Via Traiana Nova 724:power under the 700:was governor of 696:In AD 106, when 659:Diodorus Siculus 369: 365: 353: 352: 343: 333: 331: 261: 255: 254: 244: 236: 235: 229: 212: 209: 207: 156: 155: 153: 152: 151: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 84: 77: 66: 55: 48: 32: 26: 25: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8072: 8071: 8002:Cliff dwellings 7982: 7981: 7980: 7975: 7965: 7922: 7917: 7887: 7882: 7854: 7829: 7820:: Philippopolis 7776: 7749:: Arca Caesarea 7733: 7703: 7665: 7653: 7647: 7606: 7515: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7455: 7437: 7399: 7395:Augusta Emerita 7381: 7358: 7340: 7322: 7304: 7286: 7251: 7244: 7235: 7205: 7200: 7157: 7152: 7122: 7113: 7092: 7050: 7029: 6979: 6977:Cliff dwellings 6974: 6944: 6939: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6903: 6862: 6833:King Abdullah I 6815: 6745: 6719:Public holidays 6670:Arabic language 6648: 6577: 6539:Law enforcement 6512:Foreign affairs 6465: 6451:Nature reserves 6394: 6385:Black September 6304: 6295: 6258:Photos of Petra 6253:Wayback Machine 6213: 6201: 6199: 6186: 6167: 6093: 6091: 6063: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6020: 6018: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5916: 5914: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5829:"Time Scanners" 5827: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5795: 5791: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5732: 5730: 5717: 5716: 5712: 5703: 5701: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5656: 5652: 5643: 5641: 5634: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5595:Chasing Vermeer 5589: 5585: 5576: 5574: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5547: 5545: 5538:www.th-koeln.de 5532: 5531: 5527: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5498: 5497:on 7 March 2021 5489: 5488: 5484: 5469: 5465: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5395: 5393: 5378: 5362: 5355: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5278: 5276: 5261: 5244: 5240: 5231: 5229: 5214: 5197: 5193: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5153: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5129:, 4 May 2021." 5124: 5120: 5114:Wayback Machine 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4991: 4989: 4976: 4975: 4971: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4865: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4823: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4767: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4738: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4705: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4679:King, David A. 4677: 4673: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4598:Wayback Machine 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4440: 4438: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4370: 4369: 4357: 4353: 4337: 4336: 4324: 4320: 4309: 4305: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4249: 4240: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4159: 4157: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4122: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4052: 4048: 4033:Ben-Zvi, Itzhak 4030: 4026: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3975: 3968: 3949: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3895:10.2307/1784200 3871: 3867: 3860: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3802: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3754: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3578: 3574: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3517: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3464: 3460: 3449: 3445: 3432: 3430: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3352: 3332: 3328: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3290: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3200: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3076:on 8 April 2018 3064: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2975:Mati Milstein. 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2936: 2927: 2925: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2900:Geology Science 2892: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2847: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2821: 2805: 2801: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2702: 2695: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2643: 2640: 2631: 2628: 2619: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2592: 2583: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2559: 2376:Chasing Vermeer 2361:Agatha Christie 2302:Newdigate Prize 2293: 2291:Popular culture 2066:Night event at 2060: 2054: 2049: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1764: 1721:Catholic Church 1606:Abdullah Hashem 1465:Pliny the Elder 1462: 1448: 1427: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1378: 1357: 1308:, is a massive 1286: 1212: 1138:Jabal Al-Madbah 1122: 1110: 1014:Léon de Laborde 965: 935:Alwaeira Castle 924:Alwaeira Castle 917: 848: 828:Sinai Peninsula 726:Sassanid Empire 698:Cornelius Palma 694: 672: 657:The passage in 632: 558: 527: 503: 479: 474: 271: 259: 249: 248: 247: 246: 239: 238: 237: 204: 149: 147: 143: 140: 135: 132: 130: 128: 127: 105: 90: 89: 88: 87: 86: 85: 78: 69: 68: 67: 58: 57: 56: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8042:Rock-cut tombs 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7916: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7893: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7874: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7846: 7839: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7743: 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7711: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7671: 7669: 7655: 7652:Locations with 7649: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7520:Of late Empire 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7492: 7490: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7447: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7409: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7366: 7360: 7359: 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6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6721: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6566:Prime Minister 6563: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6527:Women's rights 6524: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6429: 6427:Extreme points 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6328:Ottoman Empire 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6279: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6255: 6243: 6238: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6211:External links 6209: 6208: 6207: 6184: 6174: 6165: 6140: 6133: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6113: 6099: 6084: 6077: 6067: 6061: 6034: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6002: 5988: 5979: 5923: 5894: 5863: 5838: 5820: 5789: 5764: 5739: 5710: 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Scholastic. 5583: 5554: 5525: 5508: 5482: 5463: 5444: 5435: 5402: 5376: 5353: 5331: 5303: 5285: 5259: 5238: 5212: 5191: 5151: 5131: 5118: 5098: 5067: 5034: 4998: 4969: 4945: 4923: 4887: 4876:(2): 191–216. 4859: 4830: 4805: 4776: 4747: 4722: 4699: 4671: 4636: 4630:978-1927581223 4629: 4611: 4602: 4582: 4571:on 9 June 2016 4552: 4522: 4487:(375): 35–51. 4471: 4447: 4423: 4398: 4384: 4351: 4318: 4303: 4274: 4247: 4223: 4194: 4166: 4152:. Agiweb.org. 4140: 4115: 4090: 4061: 4046: 4024: 3993: 3966: 3938: 3908: 3881:(5): 369–390. 3865: 3859:978-0521385404 3858: 3837: 3813: 3793: 3763: 3734: 3721: 3714: 3688: 3658: 3638:"Petra Jordan" 3629: 3614: 3605: 3572: 3561:Chisholm, Hugh 3515: 3489: 3472:Revue Biblique 3458: 3443: 3403: 3389: 3369: 3350: 3326: 3315:(1): 167–169. 3299: 3275: 3261: 3234: 3208: 3178: 3147: 3116: 3087: 3057: 3018: 2998: 2967: 2934: 2905: 2886: 2861:(2): 303–318. 2838: 2819: 2799: 2779: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2707: 2693: 2679: 2665: 2662:History portal 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2553: 2544: 2532: 2525: 2514: 2503: 2491: 2480: 2428:Arabian Nights 2413: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2353:mystery novel 2305: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2280: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1763: 1760: 1447: 1444: 1426: 1423: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1356: 1353: 1285: 1282: 1211: 1208: 1121: 1118: 1109: 1106: 964: 961: 916: 913: 867:Palaestina III 847: 844: 731:Meanwhile, as 714:Arabia Petraea 704:, the part of 671: 668: 566:Arabian Desert 557: 554: 526: 523: 507:Amarna letters 502: 499: 478: 475: 473: 470: 446:Arabia Petraea 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 282: 279: 273: 272: 267: 264: 263: 251: 250: 240: 231: 230: 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 202: 198: 197: 194: 193:Governing body 190: 189: 186: 182: 181: 178: 174: 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7156: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7135: 7130: 7129: 7126: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993:United States 6991: 6988: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6964: 6959: 6957: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 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Virago UK. 5625: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5602: 5597: 5596: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5567:gepris.dfg.de 5564: 5558: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5439: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5377:3-87490-707-4 5373: 5369: 5368: 5360: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5338: 5336: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5294:"Visit Petra" 5289: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5242: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5128: 5122: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4988:on 2011-12-28 4987: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4959: 4958:visitpetra.jo 4955: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4891: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4847: 4840: 4834: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4794: 4790: 4789:VisitPetra.jo 4786: 4780: 4766:on 2018-03-13 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4710:"Petra" 4703: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4606: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4461: 4460:universes.art 4457: 4451: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4285: 4278: 4264: 4263:Lonely Planet 4260: 4254: 4252: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4080:on 2017-08-20 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4041:She'ar Yeshuv 4038: 4034: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4005: 3997: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3928:on 2020-05-02 3926:(documentary) 3924: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3731: 3725: 3717: 3715:9781444338386 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3609: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3551:public domain 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3392: 3390:9780825493638 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3351:9781860645082 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3303: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3264: 3262:9780748629350 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3244: 3243:Steven Grosby 3238: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3053: 3041: 3025: 3021: 3019:9781575060125 3015: 3011: 3010: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2826: 2822: 2820:9783832533137 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2797: 2796:0-7011-2622-1 2793: 2789: 2783: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2753: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2690:Jordan portal 2680: 2677: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2652: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2522:HaSela haAdom 2519: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484:Time Scanners 2481: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2371:Blue Balliett 2368: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2317: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2195: 2192:. 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London: 3293:2021-12-03 3172:2011-12-05 3140:29 January 3110:2021-01-15 2928:2021-01-15 2880:2020-12-08 2518:Haim Hefer 2412:anthology. 2211:Al-Khazneh 2198:Nabataeans 2078:Al-Khazneh 2068:Al-Khazneh 2056:See also: 1669:Athanasius 1302:Al-Khazneh 1280:to visit. 1076:Israelites 879:140 papyri 826:, and the 820:Wadi Mujib 812:Elagabalus 766:Pax Romana 759:built the 628:See also: 593:Midianites 562:Nabataeans 501:Bronze Age 434:Al-Khazneh 402:Nabataeans 370:‎, * 330:ٱلْبَتْراء 299:1985 (9th 136:35°26′31″E 133:30°19′43″N 94:Al-Khazneh 7956:Taj Mahal 7941:Colosseum 7845:: Antioch 7826:: Palmyra 7755:: Berytus 7675:Jerusalem 7511:Ptolemais 7433:Placentia 7423:Florentia 7282:Londinium 7041:Chihuahua 6702:hospitals 6680:Education 6639:Transport 6624:Oil shale 6507:Elections 6400:Geography 5269:818416033 5222:818416033 5180:cite book 5161:818416033 5107:Yahoo.com 4666:2532-2990 4517:163171099 4501:0003-097X 4292:cite book 4013:cite book 3227:3 January 3201:6 January 3050:ignored ( 3040:cite 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