56:
458:
430:
486:
444:
86:
472:
764:
511:
780:
The
Kemalists or Nationalists control more or less effectively the area shaded. They have been driven away from the Aegean by the Greeks, but claim Thrace, Smyrna, Armenia, and all Mesopotamia down to the Persian
790:
and the
Government of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara, holding that it alone was the legitimate government of the Ottoman Empire. It attempted to militarily defeat the Ankara Government using its
997:
799:, the "Army of the Nation"), but failed to do so. In 1921, diplomatic teams from both the monarchist Constantinople Government and the republican Ankara Government appeared at the
815:
was signed on 24 July 1923, between the representatives of the Allies and of Ankara, thus officially recognizing the government of Ankara as the legitimate
Turkish government.
1148:
85:
1143:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
295:
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The
Constantinople Government, representing the Ottoman sultanate and the old imperial and monarchical order, initially refused to recognize the
1188:
934:
1053:
1025:
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55:
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728:
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254:
17:
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795:, i.e. the "Forces of Order", commonly known as the "Army of the Caliphate" (as opposed to the GNA's forces, the
1102:
1077:
1049:
1021:
491:
881:
723:
308:
919:
830:
The governments prior to the
Republic were used to be called "Executive ministers of Turkey." They were:
641:
During the War of
Independence, the Government of the Grand National Assembly commanded the army known as
876:
749:
703:, the new parliament in Ankara formed its own government within the Assembly. The Ministers were called "
670:
613:
266:
866:
787:
625:
449:
281:
184:
675:
At the time the Ankara
Government was proclaimed, there existed another Turkish government in the
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was established, on 23 April 1920, without rejecting at first the legitimacy of the
649:
Constantinople
Government, the republican Ankara Government declared the end of the
565:
1128:
898:
796:
642:
120:
215:
700:
680:
650:
621:
435:
62:
1137:
1095:
The
Kurdish Question and Turkey: An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict
401:
553:
As "Commander-in-chief of Army of the Grand
National Assembly" after 1921.
745:
239:
646:
227:
811:
to be the sole representatives of the country at the conference. The
803:. In a surprising move, however, the Ottoman diplomatic team led by
608:, was the provisional and revolutionary Turkish government based in
684:
108:
732:
after 8 February 1921) and later of the Republic of Turkey, was
819:
715:
609:
584:
529:
103:
695:" (as opposed to the nationalist Ankara Government). Once the
130:
1054:
pages 13, 92-93, 138, 155, 170, 188, 204-205, 232, 302, 338
711:", to keep with the provisional nature of the government.
645:("National Forces"). After the war and victory over the
807:
gave in and allowed the Turkish diplomatic team led by
90:
De Jure Situation in the Ottoman Empire following the
744:(signed by the Ottoman Empire in 1918 at the end of
818:On 29 October, the National Assembly declared the
966:Şeyhülislâmlık: yenileşme döneminde devlet ve din
1135:
855:5th cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey
850:4th cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey
845:3rd cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey
840:2nd cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey
835:1st cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey
714:The Ankara Government was founded to represent
756:, which was accused of collaborating with the
1149:States and territories disestablished in 1923
949:
631:Constantinople Government/Istanbul Government
599:
589:
577:
37:
661:is today the parliamentary body of Turkey.
544:As "Speaker of the Grand National Assembly"
1144:States and territories established in 1920
952:Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk
84:
915:
913:
562:Government of the Grand National Assembly
762:
726:. The president of the GNA (renamed the
707:" (Acting) instead of the conventional "
14:
1136:
1122:History of the Grand National Assembly
910:
933:, Edition 18, Menteş Kitabevi, 1986,
776:The Angora Government and its Claims
1189:History of the government of Turkey
24:
889:Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
825:
612:(then known as Angora) during the
25:
1200:
1115:
1093:Kemal Kirişci, Gareth M. Winrow:
1070:Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774-2000
760:during the occupation of Turkey.
729:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
754:abolished the imperial Sultanate
509:
484:
470:
456:
442:
428:
54:
1087:
1062:
1044:, Kubbealtı Publishing, 1966,
1034:
1006:
986:
958:
943:
931:Belgelerle Türk tarihi dergisi
924:
628:, as opposed to the crumbling
546:
537:
492:Democratic Republic of Georgia
13:
1:
1107:pages 71-75, 77-79, 80, 82-84
996:, Cem Yayınevi, 1987, Turkey
968:, Kitap Yayınevi Ltd., 2005,
904:
882:Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)
664:
570:Büyük Millet Meclisi Hükûmeti
657:from its ashes in 1923. The
7:
1159:Turkish War of Independence
877:Turkish War of Independence
860:
750:Turkish War of Independence
689:Imperial Ottoman Government
671:Turkish War of Independence
616:(1919–1923) and during the
614:Turkish War of Independence
10:
1205:
1174:1922 in the Ottoman Empire
1169:1921 in the Ottoman Empire
1164:1920 in the Ottoman Empire
740:was signed, replacing the
668:
572:), self-identified as the
548:
539:
1082:pages 36, 37, 38, 50, 265
867:Turkish National Movement
788:Turkish national movement
722:capital, Constantinople,
693:Constantinople Government
626:Turkish National Movement
594:), commonly known as the
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32:
921:TEŞKİLÂTI ESASİYE KANUNU
653:and the creation of the
78:"Independence or death!"
1184:Provisional governments
1012:Hakan Alan, Avni Alan:
697:Grand National Assembly
659:Grand National Assembly
634:, which was led by the
255:Grand National Assembly
117:Official languages
1014:İstanbul Şehir Rehberi
950:Ryan Gingeras (2019).
894:Occupation of Istanbul
783:
691:, often known as the "
604:), or archaically the
600:
590:
578:
569:
282:Parliament established
148:parliamentary republic
143:Provisional government
38:
27:Provisional government
767:The map published by
766:
872:Armistice of Mudanya
801:Conference of London
742:Armistice of Mundros
738:Armistice of Mudanya
724:was under occupation
624:. It was led by the
322:Armistice of Mudanya
309:Constitution adopted
74:Ya istiklâl ya ölüm!
1097:, Routledge, 1997,
1072:, Routledge, 2012,
734:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
361:Republic proclaimed
335:Sultanate abolished
296:Cabinet established
267:War of Independence
1127:2022-01-12 at the
820:Republic of Turkey
813:Treaty of Lausanne
805:Ahmet Tevfik Pasha
793:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
784:
773:on 1–5 March 1921:
655:Republic of Turkey
505:Republic of Turkey
348:Treaty of Lausanne
809:Bekir Sami Kunduh
748:) and ending the
701:Ottoman Sultanate
606:Angora Government
596:Ankara Government
558:
557:
521:
520:
517:
516:
497:
496:
478:Occupied Istanbul
223:• 1922–1923
211:• 1921–1922
199:• 1920–1921
169:• 1920–1923
18:Ankara Government
16:(Redirected from
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899:Kuva-yi Milliye
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826:The governments
797:Kuva-yi Milliye
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643:Kuva-yi Milliye
601:Ankara Hükûmeti
579:Türkiye Devleti
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1154:Angora vilayet
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1116:External links
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1068:William Hale:
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994:Çağdaş Türkiye
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687:), namely the
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636:Ottoman Sultan
622:Ottoman Empire
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288:23 April 1920
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216:Mustafa Fevzi
214:
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204:Mustafa Kemal
202:
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174:Mustafa Kemal
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1058:(in Turkish)
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1030:(in Turkish)
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1002:(in Turkish)
993:
988:
982:(in Turkish)
978:page 198,199
965:
964:Esra Yakut:
960:
951:
945:
939:(in Turkish)
930:
926:
829:
817:
785:
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768:
727:
719:
718:because the
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708:
704:
692:
674:
640:
629:
605:
595:
583:
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561:
559:
547:
538:
418:Succeeded by
417:
412:
402:Ottoman lira
353:24 July 1923
235:• 1923
228:Hüseyin Rauf
107:
73:
71:Motto:
70:
1042:Eğil Dağlar
746:World War I
736:. Once the
618:final years
413:Preceded by
389:6–7 million
250:Legislature
1138:Categories
1103:0714647462
1078:0415599865
1050:9757618519
1022:9750114701
905:References
770:The Sphere
752:, the GNA
679:-occupied
665:Background
647:monarchist
375:Population
301:3 May 1920
138:Government
133:(official)
240:Ali Fethi
127:Religion
47:1920–1923
1125:Archived
998:page 358
861:See also
685:Istanbul
398:Currency
385:•
146:under a
109:de facto
1026:page 12
935:page 72
720:de jure
620:of the
591:Türkiye
566:Turkish
450:Armenia
359:•
346:•
333:•
320:•
307:•
294:•
279:•
155:Speaker
121:Turkish
100:Capital
1101:
1076:
1048:
1020:
972:
758:Allies
716:Turkey
677:Allied
610:Ankara
585:Turkey
530:Turkey
189:
159:
104:Ankara
709:Nazır
705:Vekil
683:(now
582:) or
131:Islam
1099:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1018:ISBN
970:ISBN
781:Gulf
560:The
63:Flag
1140::
1105:,
1080:,
1056:.
1052:,
1028:.
1024:,
1000:.
980:.
976:,
937:.
912:^
822:.
638:.
568::
549:^b
540:^a
1109:.
1084:.
598:(
588:(
576:(
564:(
112:)
106:(
94:.
20:)
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