Air raid shelter - Knowledge

3801: 3517: 3583:, maintains hard shelters, capable of accommodating 3.6 million persons, in cities and in other densely populated areas where two-thirds of the country's population live. They are built to withstand the detonation of a 100-kilotonne-of-TNT (420 TJ) nuclear bomb at ground zero. In total Finland has over 45,000 civil defence shelters which can house 3.6 million people (65% of the population). A shelter is designed to protect the population in the event of a threat of a possible gas or poison leak, armed attack such as war, radioactive fallout, or the like. Private homes rarely have them, but houses over 1,200 m (13,000 sq ft) are obliged to build them. Fire inspectors check the shelters every ten years and flaws have to be repaired or corrected as soon as possible. Shelters are often used as storage spaces but the law requires that inhabitants of apartment blocks must be able to clear the shelters and put them into action in less than 72 hours. Half of the air-raid shelter has to be ready to use in two hours. The types of shelters are: 3170: 3895: 3761: 3746: 82: 3198: 3086: 3785: 3544: 3696: 2791: 2682:, then Lord Privy Seal and, on the declaration of war, Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security. Anderson announced the policy to Parliament on 20 April 1939, based on a report from a committee chaired by Lord Hailey. This reaffirmed a policy of dispersal and eschewed the use of deep shelters, including the use of tube stations and underground tunnels as public shelters. Reasons given were the spread of disease due to the lack of toilet facilities at many stations, the inherent danger of people falling onto the lines, and that people sheltering in the stations and tunnels might be tempted to stay in them day and night because they would feel safer there than outside the stations. 3146:

wall of a house was sucked or blown out by a nearby blast, and the floor of the first storey pivoted about its other end (supported by a largely intact wall) and killed the inhabitants. The Morrison shelter was therefore designed to be able to withstand the upper floor falling, of a typical two storey-house undergoing a partial collapse. The shelter was designed to absorb this energy by plastic deformation, since this can absorb two or three orders of magnitude more energy than elastic deformation. Its design enabled the family to sleep under the shelter at night or during raids, and to use it as a dining table in the daytime, making it a practical item in the house.

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shock or blast, and the concrete roofs then fell onto the helpless occupants, and this was there for all to see. At around the same time rumours of accidents started to circulate, such as on one occasion people being drowned due to a burst main filling up the shelter with water. Although much improved designs were being introduced whose performance had been demonstrated in explosion trials, communal shelters became highly unpopular, and shortly afterwards householders were being encouraged to build or have built private shelters on their properties, or within their houses, with materials being supplied by the government.

2727:, and convert different sections for specific wartime use, including a public air raid shelter at Aldwych. Floodgates were installed at various points to protect the network should bombs breach the tunnels under the Thames, or large water mains in the vicinity of stations. Seventy-nine stations were fitted with bunks for 22,000 people, supplied with first aid facilities and equipped with chemical toilets. 124 canteens opened in all parts of the tube system. Shelter marshals were appointed, whose function it was to keep order, give first aid and assist in case of the flooding of the tunnels. 3559:. All medical and educational facilities are prepared for chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CRBN) attacks (as of 2010) (as an example each surgery room is built to withstand a direct missile hit); some are built with closed-cycle air systems and are capable of being resistant to chemical agents for short periods of time; in addition all must include chemical air filtering systems. The public air-raid shelters are commonly employed as game rooms in peacetime so that the children will be comfortable to enter them at a time of need, and will not be frightened. 2360:. Winkel patented his design in 1934, and from 1936 onward, Germany built 98 Winkeltürmer of five different types. The towers had a conical shape with walls that curved downward to a reinforced base. The dimensions of the towers varied. Diameters ranged between 8.4 and 10 meters and the height between 20 and 25 meters. The walls of the towers had a minimum thickness for reinforced concrete of 0.8m and 1.5m for ordinary concrete. The towers were able to shelter between 164 and 500 people, depending on the type. The intent with the Winkeltürme and the other 3062:

for the sides and roof, which were inherently unstable when disturbed by the effects of an explosion – if the roof slab lifted, the walls fell in under the static earth pressure; if the walls were pushed in, the roof would be unsupported at one edge and would fall.) However, when the pattern of all-night alerts became established, it was realised that in winter Anderson shelters installed outside were cold damp holes in the ground and often flooded in wet weather, and so their occupancy factor would be poor. This led to the development of the indoor

3851: 20: 3821: 4349: 3498: 3719:, the metro stations doubled as bomb shelters, as residents took shelter from Russian bombs. Like other former Soviet metro systems, the Kyiv metro was designed with this purpose in mind, and 47 of the city's 52 stations were designated for this purpose. During the invasion, on February 24, regular service on the metro was suspended. A reduced schedule was adopted with limited services running between 8:00 and 19:00. All underground stations remain open 24 hours a day to provide shelter. According to 2993: 3568: 3773: 2662:, thus giving a considerable amount of protection against air raids – provided, of course, that railway lines were not the prime target of the attack at the particular time and so being more likely to suffer from direct hits. Each arch could accommodate anything from around 60 to 150 people. However, fewer people could find shelter at night as sleeping areas for the occupants took up more of the space available – a limitation applying to any other type of shelter as well. Subways were actual 2731: 3867: 2812: 35: 2873:, six miles south of Manchester, four sets of underground air raid shelter tunnels for civilian use were dug into the red sandstone on which the town centre stands. Preparation started in September 1938 and the first set of shelters was opened on 28 October 1939. (Stockport was not bombed until 11 October 1940.) The smallest of the tunnel shelters could accommodate 2,000 people and the largest 3,850 (subsequently expanded to take up to 6,500 people.) The largest of the 2456: 2300: 2289: 3352: 2914: 2526: 2188: 2249: 2325:, were a type of construction designed to relieve the pressure Nazi German authorities were facing to accommodate additional numbers of the population in high-density housing areas, as well as pedestrians on the streets during air raids. In contrast to other shelters, these buildings were considered completely bomb-proof. They had the advantage of being built upward, which was much cheaper than downward excavation. 2280:. When burning buildings and apartment blocks above them collapsed in the raging winds (which could reach well over 800 °C), the occupants often became trapped in these basement shelters, which had also become overcrowded after the arrival of inhabitants from other buildings rendered unsafe in earlier attacks. Some occupants perished from heat stroke or carbon monoxide poisoning. 3413:

into individual storage units according to the number of apartments in the house. The basement shelters are built to more stringent building codes, as the ceiling especially should protect shelter-seeking people from the house collapsing. Although most Swiss houses provide their own shelters, those that don't are required by law to post directions to the nearest shelter.

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each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by motor lorry was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, with a suitably screened entrance, this bolted shelter afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.

3001: 2835:, for example, completed as long ago as 1842, and used for transporting coal from the collieries to the river Tyne, had been closed in 1860 and remained so until 1939. 12 m deep in places, the tunnels, stretching in parts beneath the city of Newcastle, were converted to air raid shelters with a capacity for 9,000 people. Furthermore, tunnels linked to 2980:

similarly to, but much larger than, the private shelters in backyards and gardens being introduced slightly later. The communal shelters were usually intended to accommodate about fifty persons, and were divided into various sections by interior walls with openings connecting the different sections. Sections were normally furnished with six bunks.

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planted with vegetables and flowers, that at times could be quite an appealing sight and in this way would become the subject of competitions of the best-planted shelter among householders in the neighbourhood. The internal fitting out of the shelter was left to the owner and so there were wide variations in comfort.

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accommodate all the residents of a building; that all the cellar hatch and window protections were in place; that access to the cellars was safe in the event of an air raid; that once inside, the occupants were secure for any incidents other than direct hits during the air raid and that means of escape was available.

2110:, local authorities dug trenches to provide shelter. After the crisis, the British Government decided to make these a permanent feature, with a standard design of precast concrete trench lining. Unfortunately these turned out to perform very poorly. They also decided to issue free to poorer households the 3225:

The segments were 20 inches wide; a pair of them formed an arch 7 feet high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and

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Alternatives had to be found speedily once it became clear that Germany was contemplating air raids as a means of demoralising the population and disrupting supply lines in the UK. Initial recommendations were that householders should shelter under the stairs. Later, authorities supplied materials to

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usually consisted of large concrete blocks above ground with walls between 1 m and 1.5 m thick and with huge lintels above doorways and openings. They often had a constant interior temperature of 7 to 10 °C, which made them perfectly suitable for laboratories, both during and after the war. They

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The shelters were 6 feet (1.8 m) high, 4.5 feet (1.4 m) wide, and 6.5 feet (2.0 m) long. They were either buried 4 ft (1.2 m) deep in the soil and then covered with a minimum of 15 inches (38 cm) of soil above the roof. When they were buried outside, the earth banks could be

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The construction work then went on rapidly, until the resources of concrete and bricks began to be depleted due to the excessive demand placed on them so suddenly. Also, the performance of the early street shelters was a serious blow to public confidence. Their walls were shaken down either by earth

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had been built originally as part of the defensive system of the approaches to England, extended over the centuries and further excavated and reinforced during World Wars I and II, until it was capable of accommodating large parts of the secret defence systems protecting the British Isles. On 26 May

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However, the government was then confronted with an episode of mass disobedience. Over the night of 19/20 September, thousands of Londoners were taking matters in their own hands. They had flocked to the Tubes for shelter. At some stations, they began to arrive as early as 4pm, with bedding and bags

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By November 1937, there had only been slow progress, because of a serious lack of data on which to base any design recommendations and the Committee proposed that the Home Office should have its own department for research into structural precautions, rather than relying on research work done by the

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lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the air ministry. Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing

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The Anderson shelters performed well under blast and ground shock, because they had good connectivity and ductility, which meant that they could absorb a great deal of energy through plastic deformation without falling apart. (This was in marked contrast to other trench shelters which used concrete

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Many other types of tunnels were adapted for shelters to protect the civil population, and the military and administrative establishment in the UK during the war. Some had been built many years before, some had been part of an ancient defence system, and some had belonged to commercial enterprises,

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Many Swiss houses and apartment blocks still have structurally reinforced, underground basements, often featuring a concrete door around 40 cm (16 in) thick. In more modern, post-war times, these shelters are often used as storage, with the footprint of the reinforced basement divided up

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It was impractical to produce a design for mass production that could withstand a direct hit, and so it was a matter of selecting a suitable design target that would save lives in many cases of blast damage to bombed houses. Examination of bombed buildings indicated that in many instances, one end

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on 8 March 1943, when 1,500 people entered the station. The crowd suddenly surged forward upon hearing the unfamiliar sound of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket being launched nearby. Someone stumbled on the stairs, and the crowd pushing on, were falling on top of one another, and 173 people were

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for public shelters, saying it deprived others of shelter. "We're going to improve the amenities in existing shelters", he promised. "We're setting about providing better lighting and better accommodation for sleeping and better sanitary arrangements." The Ministries of Home Security and Transport

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After the war, most of these shelters were either abandoned or demolished along with the apartment buildings they were built in. Public shelters were covered to make way for the modern street network. The last public inspection of the remaining shelters was performed in the 70s. Nowadays very few

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The theory behind the Winkeltürme was that the curved walls would deflect any bomb hitting the tower, directing it down towards the base. The towers had a small footprint, which was probably a greater protection. A US bomb did hit one tower in Bremen in October 1944; the bomb exploded through the

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almost all houses and apartment blocks have been and still are built with cellars. Air-raid precautions during World War II in Germany could be much more readily implemented by the authorities than was possible in the UK. All that was necessary was to ascertain that cellars were being prepared to

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None of these concerns had been borne out by experience during the bombing raids of the First World War, when eighty specially adapted tube stations had been pressed into use, but in a highly controversial decision in January 1924, Anderson, then chairman of the Air Raid Precautions Committee of

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Their structures took many forms: usually consisting of square blocks or of low, long rectangular or triangular shapes; straight towers of a square plan rising to great heights, or round tower-like edifices, even pyramidal constructions. Some of the circular towers contained helical floors that

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At the end of the war in Europe, households who had received an Anderson shelter were expected to remove their shelters and local authorities began the task of reclaiming the corrugated iron. Householders who wished to keep their Anderson shelter (or more likely the valuable metal) could pay a

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commenced in March 1940, the government supplying the materials, and being the moving force behind the scheme, and private builders executing the work under the supervision of surveyors. These shelters consisted of 14-inch brick walls and 1-foot-thick (0.30 m) reinforced concrete roofs,

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Nevertheless, the London Underground system during the war was considered one of the safest means of protecting relatively many people in a high-density area of the capital. An estimated 170,000 people sheltered in the tunnels and stations during World War II. Although not a great number in

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showed how vulnerable even reinforced concrete shelters are to direct hits from bunker-buster bombs. However, the air-raid shelters are built to protect the civilian population, so protection against a direct hit is of secondary value. The most important dangers are the blast and shrapnel.

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In one examination of 44 severely damaged houses it was found that 3 people had been killed, 13 seriously injured, and 16 slightly injured out of a total of 136 people who had occupied Morrison shelters; thus 120 out of 136 escaped from severely bomb-damaged houses without serious injury.

2131:, the government reversed its policy. The UK began building street communal shelters as air raid shelters in 1940. Anderson shelters, designed in 1938 and built to hold up to six people, were in common use in the UK. Indoor shelters known as Morrison shelters were introduced as well. 2703:

of food to sustain them for the night. By the time the evening rush hour was in progress, they had already staked their "pitches" on the platforms. Police did not intervene. Some station managers, on their own initiatives, provided additional toilet facilities. Transport Minister

3050:). Those with a higher income were charged £7 (£550 in 2023) for their shelter. One and a half million shelters of this type were distributed between February 1939 and the outbreak of war. During the war a further 2.1 million were erected. Large numbers were manufactured at 2718:

The government then realised that it could not contain this popular revolt. On 21 September, it abruptly changed policy, removing its objections to the use of tube stations. In what it called part of its "deep shelter extension policy", it decided to close the short section of

2451:(מקלט ציבורי) – lit. public shelter, a partly underground facility, installed in residential areas. They are commonly used for community needs (clubs, education etc). Maintained by the local governance and Home Front. They are located in streets and near public facilities. 2590:, after which detached and semi-detached properties were constructed without cellars, usually to avoid the higher building costs entailed. Since house building had increased vastly between the wars, the lack of cellars in more recent housing became a major problem in the 3188:

of the British Resistance against axis invasion of the United Kingdom. They were provided with elaborately-concealed underground Operational Bases (OB), usually built by the Royal Engineers in a local woodland, with a camouflaged entrance and emergency escape tunnel.

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gradually curved their way upward within the circular walls. Many of these structures may still be seen. They have been converted into offices, storage space; some have even been adapted for hotels, hospitals and schools, as well as many other peacetime purposes. In

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with special responsibility for preparing air-raid precautions immediately prior to the outbreak of World War II, and it was he who then initiated the development of the shelter. After evaluation by David Anderson, Bertram Lawrence Hurst, and Sir Henry Jupp, of the

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Committee was set up in the United Kingdom. For years, little progress was made with shelters because of the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the need to send the public underground for shelter and the need to keep them above ground for protection against

3516: 3800: 3035:. Six curved panels were bolted together at the top, so forming the main body of the shelter, three straight sheets on either side, and two more straight panels were fixed to each end, one containing the door—a total of fourteen panels. A small drainage 3487:. During the war, Cartagena, an important naval base, was one of the main targets for Franco's bombers. Cartagena suffered between 40 and 117 bombings (sources are mixed about the number of attacks). The most dramatic was one carried out by the German 2689:

Following the intensive bombing of London on 7 September 1940 and the overnight raids of 7/8 September, there was considerable pressure to change the policy but, even following a review on 17 September, the government stood firm. On 19 September,

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Railway arches were deep, curved structures of brick or concrete, set into the vertical sidewalls of railway lines, which had been intended originally for commercial depots, etc. The arches were covered usually with wooden or brick

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received a direct hit on Saturday, 3 May 1941 during a German attack on the north-east coast of England, 107 occupants lost their lives when heavy machinery fell through the ceiling of the basement in which they were sheltering.

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In the United Kingdom, it was being recognised early that public shelters in open spaces, especially near streets, were urgently needed for pedestrians, drivers and passengers in passing vehicles, etc. The programme of building

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initiated an extensive Civil Defence system designed to protect civilians in the event of enemy bombing. The system included extensive training of civilians as well as the construction of more than 12,000 air raid shelters in

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During World War II, many types of structures were used as air raid shelters, such as cellars, Hochbunkers (in Germany), basements, and underpasses. Bombing raids during World War I led the UK to build 80 specially adapted

3760: 3432:, particularly in 1937 and 1938. Tunnels were used as shelters at the same time that the population undertook the building of bomb shelters under the coordination of a committee for civil defense (Catalan: 4550:

The Stanton Ironworks Co. Stanton at War 1939–45. The story of the part played by Stanton Ironworks with reference to making of the concrete sections for the Stanton Air Raid Shelter, page 40. Book online

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shelters could bring additional dangers, as heavy machinery and materials or water storage facilities above the shelter, and insufficient support structures threatened to cause the collapse of basements.

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comparison to the total number of the inhabitants of the capital, it almost certainly saved many lives of the people who probably would have had to find alternative, less secure means of protection.

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Furthermore, it was discovered that the fatalities had occurred in a house which had suffered a direct hit, and some of the severely injured were in shelters sited incorrectly within the houses.

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also became available for the use of air raid shelters. Basements under factory premises, schools, hospitals, department stores and other businesses were utilised. However, these

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presented an undergraduate lecture on the principles of design of the shelter as an introduction to his theory of plastic design of structures, which can be summarised as follows:

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inch (3.2 mm) steel plate "table" top, welded wire mesh sides, and a metal lath "mattress"-type floor. Altogether it had 359 parts and had three tools supplied with the pack.

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Because of the large number made and their robustness, many Anderson shelters still survive. Many were dug up after the war and converted into storage sheds for use in gardens and

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at the time. It was the result of the realisation that due to the lack of house cellars it was necessary to develop an effective type of indoor shelter. The shelters came in

4555: 3436:) providing planning and technical assistance. Hundreds of bomb shelters were built. Most of them are recorded, but only a few are well preserved. Among these stand out the 4617: 3222:

of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost—any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments.

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rationalizes building such shelters in high-rise buildings by noting that weapon effects tend to be localized, and are unlikely to cause an entire building to collapse.

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stations as shelters. However, during World War II, the government initially ruled out using these as shelters. After Londoners flooded into underground stations during

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Half a million Morrison shelters had been distributed by the end of 1941, with a further 100,000 being added in 1943 to prepare the population for the expected German

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in larger establishments and railway arches, above ground, were suitable for safeguarding people during air raids. A commonly used home shelter known as the

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By 1935, every city in the UK had been given a document by the government, declaring that in the event of war, every city should have air raid protection...

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was to protect workers in rail yards and industrial areas. Because of their shape, the towers became known colloquially as "cigar stubs" or "sugar beets".

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jointly issued an "urgent appeal", telling the public "to refrain from using Tube stations as air-raid shelters except in the case of urgent necessity".

4401: 3850: 5690: 2338:, a block of flats was built over the Pallasstrasse air-raid shelter after World War II. During the Cold War, NATO used the shelter for food storage. 5135: 5117: 4873: 2345:

of Vienna proved. The attempted demolition caused no more than a crack in one of the walls of the tower, after which efforts were abandoned. Only the

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in many regards, although they are not designed to defend against ground attack (but many have been used as defensive structures in such situations).

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Some air-raid shelters were constructed in residential building schemes in anticipation of the Second World War. There is a surviving example at

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In July 1950, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors made an award of £3,000 (£130,000) to Baker for his design of the Morrison shelter.

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was designed in 1938 by William Paterson and Oscar Carl (Karl) Kerrison in response to a request from the Home Office. It was named after Sir

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on November 25, 1936. The largest air raid shelter in Cartagena, which could accommodate up to 5.500 people, has been a museum since 2004.

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An unburied Anderson Shelter in 2007, showing the distinctive curved shape of its walls; this shelter had seen use after the war as a shed

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Bombing Test Committee to support the development of bomb design and strategy. This proposal was eventually implemented in January 1939.

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Kramer, Andrew E., and Lynsey Addario. “15,000 Are Sheltering in Kyiv's Subway.” The New York Times. The New York Times, March 2, 2022.

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state built shelters remain intact, although hardened cellars still remain in the basements of most buildings in the older districts of

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an electric and hand-operated air-conditioning system, which can protect from biological and chemical weapons and radioactive particles.

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The cost of demolishing these edifices after the war would have been enormous, as the attempts at breaking up one of the six so-called

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Anderson shelters were issued free to all householders who earned less than £5 a week (equivalent to £390 in 2023, when adjusted for

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Anderson shelters were designed to accommodate up to six people. The main principle of protection was based on curved and straight

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Children preparing to sleep in the Anderson shelter installed in their garden during frequent bombing raids on Bournemouth in 1941

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The shelter was provided free to households whose combined income was less than £400 per year (equivalent to £31,000 in 2023).

2400:) Is a type of air raid shelters found in Israel, Inside homes, near residential areas and in other places across the country. 2134:

Air raid shelters are still in use to some extent in various nations such as Spain, Switzerland, Israel, Singapore and Taiwan.

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Since 1998, Singapore has required all new houses and flats to have a shelter built to certain specifications. The

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Three Anderson shelters that survived the destruction of the houses adjacent to them following a bombing raid in

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Cellars have always been much more important in Continental Europe than in the United Kingdom and especially in

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Interview with writer/researcher of Bethnal Green Tube shelter tragedy, largest civilian losses in WW2 London

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and these barely penetrated 4 to 7 m (13 to 23 ft) of reinforced concrete, bringing down the roof.

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Notable surviving shelters include the Likavitos shelter, built inside the mountain of the same name, the

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required all buildings to have access to air-raid shelters from 1951, and all new flats possess access to

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Enterprise vs Bureaucracy - The Development of Structural Air Raid Precautions during the 2nd World War

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earthquake bombs dropped by the RAF by the end of World War II. Two of these bombs were dropped on the

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Cellars in the UK, were mainly included only in larger houses, and in houses built up to the period of

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British cities, prepared for use of railway arches and underpasses in 1935. And railway arches and

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were employed as war artists to document life in London's shelters during the Second World War.

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bunkers in Athens, and the nuclear bunker under the Military Hospital no 414 in Thessaloniki.

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A Morrison shelter containing a dummy, after the house it was in had been destroyed as a test

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were used to protect people, administrative centres, important archives and works of art.

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A short history of Anderson shelters, plus information about shelters still in existence

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Imperial Defence, had ruled out the tube station shelter option in any future conflict.

6052: 5934: 5675: 5593: 5398: 4986: 4476: 4005: 3926: 2734: 2643: 2268:

The inadequacies of cellars and basements became apparent in the firestorms during the

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S6, large shelters in solid rock that must be able to withstand a 6 bar pressure wave.

5877: 5550: 5455: 5319: 5036: 4965: 4689: 4454: 3531: 3508: 3429: 3210: 2881: 2500:

in every apartment and in other multi-storey buildings (mostly offices and industry).

2479: 2034: 1943: 1890: 1793: 1783: 1778: 1748: 1731: 1726: 1699: 1644: 1345: 1335: 1330: 1320: 1240: 1230: 1225: 1200: 1170: 1060: 1030: 1025: 1015: 1010: 1000: 915: 868: 838: 677: 470: 447: 381: 41:('Little Berlin' in German) is the complex of underground air-raid tunnels dating to 5530: 5156:"Ukraine's underground metro stations double as bomb shelters amid Russian invasion" 4763: 4248: 4150: 4103:"Charles McCain: The Zoo tower in Berlin: The Most Famous of Them All (Part 1 of 2)" 3039:

was often incorporated in the floor to collect rainwater seeping into the shelter.

2003: 19: 6159: 6067: 5929: 5924: 5872: 5837: 5777: 5545: 5525: 5510: 5450: 5385: 4874:"The shelters of Attica: A journey to the secret and underground city under Athens" 4812:"Taiwan to create site listing 117,000 air raid shelters in case of Chinese attack" 4373: 3727: 3484: 3464: 3181: 2863: 2488:(מרחב מוגן דירתי or ממ״ד) – installed in residential apartments and private houses. 2092: 2008: 1973: 1905: 1798: 1736: 1629: 1557: 1550: 1407: 1340: 1290: 1280: 1155: 1075: 1035: 1020: 987: 972: 843: 828: 781: 689: 647: 590: 585: 543: 366: 343: 250: 179: 108: 91: 4671: 4087: 3326:

Countries which have kept air-raid shelters intact and in ready condition include

3276:

Few shelters could survive a direct bomb-hit. The German authorities claimed that

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However, the highest death toll was caused during an accident at the unfinished

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S3, lightweight shelter in solid rock or heavyweight shelter of ferroconcrete.

3567: 3468: 2169:

would be built in a garden and equipped with beds as a refuge from air raids.

2099:

appointed a technical Committee on Structural Precautions against Air Attack.

6205: 6017: 5903: 5857: 5832: 5817: 5812: 5787: 5608: 5555: 5520: 5470: 5465: 5445: 3916: 3731: 3724: 3556: 3488: 3292: 2816:

By 1935... the government stated, every city should have air raid protection.

2730: 2708: 2663: 2630: 2404: 2107: 1840: 1828: 1684: 1604: 1520: 1503: 1360: 1215: 1195: 878: 873: 853: 833: 748: 719: 694: 570: 548: 533: 508: 348: 270: 233: 228: 125: 4424:

Lawrence James. Warrior Race: A History of the British at War (2003) p. 623.

3956: 2888:, a 22-mile-long (35 km) network of caves which have existed since the 2815: 2335: 6007: 5867: 5435: 5329: 4596: 3669: 3202: 2856: 2851: 2840: 2647: 2083: 2027: 1953: 1933: 1928: 1823: 1768: 1402: 1397: 1220: 1135: 883: 617: 518: 315: 219: 42: 28: 4725: 4666:

Home front command,תקנות מוסדות בריאות ,2010, p4 section 280 subsection ב

4402:"How Britain's abandoned Anderson shelters are being brought back to life" 3451:

Other cities with extant bomb shelters from the Spanish Civil War include

3238:

German anti-aircraft shelter from the Second World War at the shipyard in

2847:

at the end of the nineteenth century were also used as air-raid shelters.

34: 6185: 6077: 6022: 5939: 5822: 5495: 5348: 5015: 4223: 3841: 3327: 3299: 2889: 2885: 2779: 2775: 2678:

Prior to the beginning of the war, shelter policy had been determined by

2587: 2308: 2269: 1938: 1689: 1654: 1493: 1180: 1145: 858: 801: 704: 488: 209: 204: 16:

Fortified wartime structures which protect citizens from airborne attacks

5030: 3280:

were totally bomb-proof, but none were targeted by any of the 41 10-ton

2455: 2304: 5490: 5440: 3811: 3712: 3700: 3523: 3251: 2844: 2342: 2322: 2299: 2288: 2114:, and to provide steel props to create shelters in suitable basements. 2062: 1895: 1865: 1587: 956: 5380: 5136:"Built in wake of WWII, Kyiv metro offers shelter from Russian shells" 4245:"Eyewitness in Manchester image collection 100-124 (June-August 1997)" 3472: 5953: 5847: 5767: 5505: 5421: 5358: 5244: 3421: 3258: 3047: 2870: 2432: 2346: 2138: 2128: 1885: 1709: 1659: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1459: 1250: 1245: 1210: 652: 338: 305: 194: 4331: 3351: 3239: 2913: 2525: 2187: 5908: 5862: 5802: 5792: 5782: 5762: 5752: 5736: 5363: 3827: 3807: 3791: 3480: 3307: 3262: 3214: 2614: 2357: 2162: 2158: 1900: 1875: 1508: 1140: 1115: 733: 288: 162: 2752:, blew up the water mains and sewage pipes, and killed 66 people. 2248: 2137:

Air raid shelters were built to serve as protection against enemy

6169: 6087: 5807: 5772: 5216:"Kyiv residents defiant as curfew imposed after Russian invasion" 4267: 3752: 3684: 3335: 3266: 2742: 2261: 2142: 1910: 1870: 1634: 1468: 1464: 811: 796: 672: 333: 328: 298: 237: 199: 46: 2506:(מרחב מוגן מוסדי or ממ״מ) – installed in every public structure. 5949: 5898: 5827: 5731: 5726: 5011: 4961: 3873: 3778:

Air-raid shelter built during the Spanish Civil War in Valencia

3673: 3644: 3452: 3242:

was built without a basement due to the presence of groundwater

2436: 2318: 2154: 2066: 1417: 818: 635: 371: 4195: 3101:, had a cage-like construction beneath it. It was designed by 2646:

were operationalized in the UK for air raid protection during

5797: 5245:"Про роботу громадського транспорту | Київський метрополітен" 4743:"Civil defence shelters would be used during military threat" 3857: 3331: 3058:

on Deeside with production peaking at 50,000 units per week.

2897: 2893: 2877:

are open to the public as part of the town's museum service.

2748:

On 14 October 1940, a bomb penetrated the road and tunnel at

2464: 2356:

was the Winkeltürme, named after its designer, Leo Winkel of

2293: 893: 429: 424: 5390: 4682: 4151:

Responsibility for Miklat Zibury and Miklat in a Condominium

3000: 5842: 5721: 5118:"Tourism in the tunnels of war on Greece's northern border" 4737: 4735: 3720: 3036: 2637: 189: 184: 4930:"We have shelters in Greece, but it's as if we don't have" 4572:"RAF Beaulieu's Air Raid Shelters on the Former WAAF Site" 3856:

A communal air raid shelter located in a public garden in

5140: 4783: 3571:

A normal Finnish S1-shelter steel door; 'S' is short for

2737:

station in use as an air-raid shelter during World War II

62: 5705: 4732: 3184:

or Operational Base/OB were underground bunkers used by

2065:

against enemy attacks from the air. They are similar to

4974:– via Koventareios Municipal Library of Kozani. 3888:

An example of a bomb shelter at a playground in Israel

4960:(in Greek). Vol. A. Supervised by George Nikas. 4618:"Cartagena Spanish Civil War air raid shelter museum" 3201:

An abandoned Stanton shelter at the disused airfield

2598:

households to construct communal street shelters and

5032:

Underground Naval Fortifications in Attica (1936-44)

4477:"The Baker experiment with a Morrison shelter model" 3314: 3089:

A couple demonstrating the use of a Morrison shelter

5186:"Kyiv's subway stations were built for an invasion" 5008:"The forgotten, invisible safe spaces under Athens" 4729:, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990. 3900:

Japanese colonial period air raid shelter in Taiwan

5354:Clifford Road Air Raid Shelter Museum, Ipswich, UK 4527:"Examination of effectiveness of Morrison shelter" 3715:was built in the wake of World War II. During the 5058:"Where are the shelters in Athens in case of war" 5035:(in Greek). Hellenic Institute of Naval History. 4196:"Account of raid on Wilkinson's Lemonade factory" 3986: 3974: 3643:There are currently 117,669 air raid shelters in 2252:Single-person air raid shelter on display at the 6203: 5010:(Interview). Interviewed by Dimitris Karaiskos. 3273:personnel away from the main airbase buildings. 2850:The large medieval labyrinth of tunnels beneath 2594:(ARP) programmes in the UK during World War II. 4909: 4643:"In the bomb shelter: The brighter side of war" 3587:K, a small shelter for a small apartment house. 3298:More recently, the penetration by laser-guided 2880:In southeast London, residents made use of the 2666:also in the shape of arches, normally allowing 4024: 4022: 2673: 2272:on the larger German inner cities, especially 5691: 5406: 5084:"The mapping of the shelters of Thessaloniki" 4723:Text from PD source: US Library of Congress: 4677:Home front command,תקנות מוסדות בריאות ,2010, 4094: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3547:The inside of an Israeli bomb shelter in 2012 2035: 5344:Photographs from English WW2 Public Shelters 4890: 4712:Home front command,תקנות למוסדות חינוך,2010, 4307:"HOLNET - London at War 1939–1945 - Shelter" 4856:"Shelters of Athens: A city under the city" 4019: 3380:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2942:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2554:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2416: 2385: 2216:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5698: 5684: 5413: 5399: 5081: 4991:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4809: 4474: 4395: 4393: 3939: 3912:Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom 3806:Finnish civilians enter a bomb shelter in 3579:The Ministry of Interior, responsible for 3025:, the design was released for production. 2903: 2042: 2028: 5213: 5055: 3400:Learn how and when to remove this message 2962:Learn how and when to remove this message 2574:Learn how and when to remove this message 2236:Learn how and when to remove this message 5115: 4912:"Hidden City: Discover Athens's Arcades" 4105:. Blog.charlesmccain.com. Archived from 3694: 3590:S1, a usual shelter for apartment house. 3566: 3542: 3428:by Italian and German Air Forces during 3233: 3196: 3173:Reconstruction of a Scallywag bunker at 3168: 3084: 2999: 2991: 2789: 2729: 2707:, and the chairman of London Transport, 2638:Railway arches and subways (underpasses) 2454: 2298: 2287: 2247: 1006:List of military strategies and concepts 33: 18: 5359:Archives of the German military manuals 5183: 5028: 4953: 4853: 4399: 4390: 2855:1940, it became the headquarters under 2349:in Berlin was successfully demolished. 6204: 4891:Vaitsopoulou, Anastasia (2017-08-31). 4690:"Shelters in educational institutions" 4529:. learningcurve.gov.uk. Archived from 4100: 3954: 3209:A segment shelter manufactured by the 3133:Head of the Engineering Department at 2474:(מקלט בבית משותף) – lit. shelter in a 2145:designed for other functions, such as 5679: 5581: 5576: 5394: 5291: 4910:Dimitrakopoulou, Valia (2024-06-17). 4645:. Broad Street Review. Archived from 4451:"Development of the Anderson shelter" 4433: 4360: 3992: 3980: 3872:Entrance to a public bomb shelter in 3790:Children outside air raid shelter in 3320: 3229: 3063: 2695: 2603: 2599: 2166: 2111: 2057:are structures for the protection of 5056:Papadakis, Panagiotis (2022-02-24). 4006:"This what railway arches look like" 3378:adding citations to reliable sources 3345: 3257:Military air-raid shelters included 3164: 2940:adding citations to reliable sources 2907: 2552:adding citations to reliable sources 2519: 2214:adding citations to reliable sources 2181: 5005: 4833:"Athens' air-raid shelters 1936-40" 4717: 4504:. Fortunecity.co.uk. Archived from 3440:refuge as well as air-shelter 307 ( 3319:Old air-raid shelters, such as the 3192: 3080: 2987: 2412: 2381: 13: 6083:Naples underground geothermal zone 5082:Paligianni, Dimitra (2022-03-13). 3530:) built by republicans during the 2774:Artists and photographers such as 2767:crushed to death in the disaster. 2715:to see conditions for themselves. 2368:roof, killing five people inside. 14: 6238: 5337: 4978:The Shelters of Attica, 1936-1956 4957:The Shelters of Attica, 1936-1956 3507:) in Barcelona, was built during 3315:Air-raid shelters in modern times 3217:, Derbyshire. The shop producing 2510: 2435:required in all new buildings by 5640:American Ambulance Great Britain 5349:Underground Bomb Shelter Website 5124:from the original on 2024-06-23. 4918:from the original on 2024-06-21. 4899:from the original on 2022-05-18. 4880:from the original on 2022-08-15. 4843:from the original on 2022-09-28. 4810:Everington, Keoni (2020-11-04). 3893: 3881: 3865: 3849: 3834: 3819: 3799: 3783: 3771: 3759: 3744: 3717:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3705:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 3613:a fixed-line telephone interface 3515: 3496: 3350: 2912: 2810: 2785: 2524: 2254:Günter Leonhardt aviation museum 2186: 80: 5285: 5261: 5237: 5226:from the original on 2022-02-26 5214:Tsvetkova, Maria (2022-02-24). 5207: 5196:from the original on 2022-02-26 5184:Squires, Camille (2022-02-24). 5177: 5166:from the original on 2022-02-24 5148: 5128: 5116:Kalaitzi, Alexia (2024-06-22). 5109: 5098:from the original on 2022-07-08 5075: 5049: 5022: 4999: 4947: 4922: 4903: 4884: 4866: 4847: 4825: 4803: 4784:Singapore Civil Defence Force. 4777: 4756: 4706: 4660: 4635: 4610: 4593:"Bomb shelter 307 in Barcelona" 4585: 4564: 4544: 4519: 4494: 4483:from the original on 2010-06-20 4468: 4443: 4427: 4418: 4366: 4338:from the original on 2010-08-06 4324: 4299: 4282: 4268:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 4255: 4237: 4212: 4188: 4163: 4144: 3955:Hudson, Jules (22 March 2013). 3099:Table (Morrison) Indoor Shelter 2117: 6217:Home front during World War II 6129:Forestiere Underground Gardens 5992:Underground mining (soft rock) 5987:Underground mining (hard rock) 5972:Subsurface utility engineering 5029:Kyrimis, Konstantinos (2021). 4954:Kyrimis, Konstantinos (2016). 4453:. Richmond.edu. Archived from 4400:Lavelle, Daniel (2018-08-21). 4222:. Daveh.org.uk. Archived from 4171:"Wilkinson's Lemonade factory" 4120: 4101:McCain, Charles (2010-08-31). 4076: 4047: 3998: 3826:Air-raid shelter in Tateyama, 3655:During the pre-WW2 period the 3341: 3023:Institution of Civil Engineers 2352:One particular variant of the 1: 5420: 5311:The companion guide to Berlin 4854:Dakoula, Elena (2019-01-23). 4788:. Scdf.gov.sg. Archived from 4502:"The Morrison shelter design" 4374:"Anderson Shelters - History" 4332:"Stockport Air Raid Shelters" 3932: 3633:Singapore Civil Defence Force 3446:Barcelona City History Museum 3139:John Baker (later Lord Baker) 2403:These places are also called 2283: 5982:Underground mine ventilation 3734:were also used as shelters. 3626: 2609: 2515: 7: 6139:Underground House Las Vegas 5386:Pyamid-sphere bunker system 5364:German WW2 Airraid Shelters 4378:www.andersonshelters.org.uk 3905: 3844:installed in a bomb shelter 3538: 3030:galvanised corrugated steel 2875:Stockport Air Raid Shelters 2798:, offered air raid shelter. 2674:London Underground stations 2077: 1499:Military–industrial complex 978:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 6243: 6134:Underground House Colorado 6063:Underground City, Montreal 6058:Underground City (Beijing) 4766:. Ministry of the Interior 4745:. Ministry of the Interior 4574:. RAF Beaulieu. 2021-01-29 4334:. Airraidshelters.org.uk. 4309:. Lgfl.net. Archived from 3737: 3699:Residents sheltering in a 3690: 3562: 2764:Bethnal Green tube station 2670:underneath railway lines. 2442: 2177: 2072: 25:London deep-level shelters 6178: 6165:Hockerton Housing Project 6152: 6116: 6000: 5948: 5886: 5745: 5714: 5706:Man-made and man-related 5665:Women's Voluntary Service 5622: 5564: 5428: 3650: 3638: 3111:Minister of Home Security 2809: 2804: 2371: 1563:Loss-of-strength gradient 420:Combat information center 6179:Earth shelters Australia 5959:underground construction 5314:(illustrated ed.). 4876:(in Greek). 2020-03-01. 4726:A Country Study: Finland 4084:"Berlin hochbunker, etc" 3600:All shelters must have: 3581:civil defence in Finland 3434:Junta de defensa passiva 3416: 2977:street communal shelters 2741:Businesses (for example 2172: 1881:Military science fiction 1366:Technology and equipment 787:List of military tactics 45:, which still exists in 6212:Subterranea (geography) 5919:Missile launch facility 5604:Evacuation of civilians 5006:Kyrimis, Konstantinos. 4437:John Summers & Sons 4134:(in Hebrew), 2024-07-01 3842:Blast protection valves 3289:Valentin submarine pens 3052:John Summers & Sons 2904:Street communal shelter 2472:Miklat BeBayit Meshutaf 2431:). They are reinforced 1949:Wartime sexual violence 1705:Full-spectrum dominance 1516:Supply-chain management 6144:Underground World Home 5645:Auxiliary Fire Service 5609:Starfish (decoy) sites 4976:It has also published 4936:(in Greek). 2022-03-04 3708: 3576: 3548: 3503:Air-raid Shelter 307 ( 3243: 3206: 3178: 3175:Parham Airfield Museum 3148: 3090: 3005: 2997: 2799: 2738: 2467: 2311: 2296: 2257: 2256:near Hannover, Germany 1861:Awards and decorations 1834:Peace through strength 1809:Low-intensity conflict 1443:Conscientious objector 1316:Area of responsibility 50: 31: 6033:Kőbánya cellar system 6028:Houston tunnel system 5967:Rock-cut architecture 5660:War Damage Commission 5655:National Fire Service 5650:Civil Defence Service 5635:Anti-Aircraft Command 3698: 3575:(protection, shelter) 3570: 3546: 3237: 3200: 3172: 3154:(doodlebug) attacks. 3143: 3088: 3003: 2995: 2824:such as coal mining. 2793: 2733: 2458: 2302: 2291: 2251: 453:Torpedo data computer 443:Ship gun fire-control 37: 22: 6108:Subterranean fiction 6103:Subterranean warfare 5630:Air Raid Precautions 5316:Boydell & Brewer 5308:Ladd, Brian (2004). 4837:athenssocialatlas.gr 4786:"FAQ on CD Shelters" 4695:. Israeli government 3522:Air raid shelter in 3444:), today one of the 3374:improve this section 3271:aircraft maintenance 3265:for the security of 3254:, southwest London. 3135:Cambridge University 3097:, officially termed 2936:improve this section 2713:Holborn tube station 2627:Wilkinson's Lemonade 2592:Air Raid Precautions 2548:improve this section 2504:Merkhav Mugan Mosadi 2498:Merkhav Mugan Dirati 2494:Merkhav Mugan Komati 2486:Merkhav Mugan Dirati 2210:improve this section 2088:Air Raid Precautions 1979:Military occupations 1814:Military engineering 1716:Unrestricted Warfare 1573:Force multiplication 471:Military manoeuvrers 6098:Subterranean Toledo 6093:Subterranean London 6013:Caves of Maastricht 5977:Tunnel construction 5758:Burial vault (tomb) 5589:Battle of the Beams 4479:. G.eng.cam.ac.uk. 4200:northshields173.org 4030:"Air Raid Shelters" 3703:station during the 3681:Ministry of Finance 3528:Valencian Community 2833:Newcastle upon Tyne 2750:Balham tube station 1665:Penal military unit 1650:Rules of engagement 1326:Command and control 951:Operations research 415:Director (military) 405:Fire-control system 175:Command and control 56:Part of a series on 6053:Underground living 5935:Underground hangar 5374:2011-09-12 at the 5274:2022-03-03 at the 4558:2012-03-15 at the 4434:Atlkinson, Keith, 4293:2008-04-03 at the 4156:2018-10-23 at the 3927:Underground living 3709: 3577: 3549: 3248:St Leonard's Court 3244: 3230:Other construction 3207: 3179: 3091: 3006: 2998: 2892:for the mining of 2800: 2739: 2735:London Underground 2468: 2312: 2297: 2292:The Hochbunker in 2270:incendiary attacks 2258: 2149:stations (tube or 2125:London Underground 1774:Counter-insurgency 1695:Command of the sea 1640:Jewish laws on war 1615:Geneva Conventions 1151:Divide and conquer 946:Military operation 911:Tactical objective 410:Fire-control radar 387:Electronic-warfare 51: 32: 6222:Air raid shelters 6199: 6198: 6153:Earth shelters UK 6124:Bill Gates' house 6117:Earth shelters US 5887:Military features 5878:Ventilation shaft 5746:Civilian features 5673: 5672: 5325:978-1-900639-28-6 5249:www.metro.kyiv.ua 5064:(in Greek). FNews 5042:978-618-84878-1-9 4971:978-960-7897-76-3 3957:"Victoria Tunnel" 3532:Spanish Civil War 3509:Spanish Civil War 3461:Alcalá de Henares 3438:Plaça del Diamant 3430:Spanish Civil War 3410: 3409: 3402: 3286:U-Bootbunkerwerft 3211:Stanton Ironworks 3182:Scallywag bunkers 3165:Scallywag bunkers 2972: 2971: 2964: 2882:Chislehurst Caves 2821: 2820: 2696:Anderson shelters 2680:Sir John Anderson 2604:Anderson shelters 2584: 2583: 2576: 2480:low-rise building 2246: 2245: 2238: 2055:Air raid shelters 2052: 2051: 1944:Horses in warfare 1891:Anti-war movement 1794:Gunboat diplomacy 1784:Disaster response 1732:Philosophy of war 1727:Principles of war 1700:Deterrence theory 1645:Right of conquest 1568:Lanchester's laws 1336:Principles of war 1026:Counter-offensive 1011:Military campaign 916:Target saturation 839:Counterinsurgency 448:Gun data computer 382:Close air support 344:Aircraft carriers 6234: 6160:Underhill, Holme 6068:Mine exploration 5930:Underground base 5925:Scallywag bunker 5894:Air raid shelter 5873:Smuggling tunnel 5838:Underground city 5778:Dugout (shelter) 5715:Natural features 5700: 5693: 5686: 5677: 5676: 5582:Morrison shelter 5577:Anderson shelter 5572:Air raid shelter 5429:Towns and Cities 5415: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5391: 5333: 5304: 5279: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5171: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5132: 5126: 5125: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4982: 4980:(2017), Volume B 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4686: 4680: 4675: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4620:. Archived from 4614: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4595:. Archived from 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4538: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4475:Paul Robertson. 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4303: 4297: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4263:"Shelter policy" 4259: 4253: 4252: 4247:. Archived from 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4220:"Railway arches" 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4167: 4161: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4086:. Archived from 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4061:. Archived from 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4032:. Archived from 4026: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3952: 3897: 3885: 3869: 3853: 3838: 3823: 3803: 3787: 3775: 3763: 3748: 3728:Vitali Klitschko 3519: 3500: 3448:heritage sites. 3405: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3354: 3346: 3306:during the 1991 3304:Amiriyah shelter 3193:Stanton shelters 3126: 3125: 3121: 3107:Herbert Morrison 3105:and named after 3095:Morrison shelter 3081:Morrison shelter 3064:Morrison shelter 3010:Anderson shelter 2988:Anderson shelter 2967: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2916: 2908: 2864:Operation Dynamo 2829:Victoria tunnels 2814: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2796:Victoria tunnels 2723:from Holborn to 2579: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2528: 2520: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2190: 2182: 2167:Anderson shelter 2112:Anderson shelter 2044: 2037: 2030: 1799:Humanitarian aid 1737:Security dilemma 1558:Power projection 1341:Economy of force 1321:Chain of command 1036:Defence in depth 1021:Commerce raiding 844:Defeat in detail 180:Defense ministry 84: 75: 74: 65: 53: 52: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6195: 6191:Lightning Ridge 6174: 6148: 6112: 5996: 5957: 5944: 5914:Fallout shelter 5882: 5741: 5710: 5704: 5674: 5669: 5618: 5560: 5424: 5419: 5376:Wayback Machine 5340: 5326: 5318:. p. 393. 5307: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5276:Wayback Machine 5266: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5199: 5197: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5120:. Kathimerini. 5114: 5110: 5101: 5099: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5027: 5023: 5004: 5000: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4952: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4908: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4795: 4793: 4782: 4778: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4560:Wayback Machine 4549: 4545: 4536: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4486: 4484: 4473: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4410: 4408: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4295:Wayback Machine 4287: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4261: 4260: 4256: 4243: 4242: 4238: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4158:Wayback Machine 4149: 4145: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4099: 4095: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4068: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4037: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3962: 3960: 3953: 3940: 3935: 3922:Fallout shelter 3908: 3901: 3898: 3889: 3886: 3877: 3870: 3861: 3854: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3815: 3804: 3795: 3788: 3779: 3776: 3767: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3693: 3683:bunker and the 3653: 3641: 3629: 3622:a first aid kit 3565: 3553:State of Israel 3541: 3534: 3520: 3511: 3501: 3426:severely bombed 3419: 3406: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3371: 3355: 3344: 3317: 3232: 3195: 3186:Auxiliary Units 3167: 3152:V-1 flying bomb 3123: 3119: 3118: 3083: 3018:Lord Privy Seal 2990: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2933: 2917: 2906: 2811: 2805:External videos 2788: 2721:Piccadilly line 2676: 2640: 2612: 2580: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2545: 2529: 2518: 2513: 2445: 2428: 2426:protected space 2425: 2422: 2419: 2397: 2395:protected place 2394: 2391: 2388: 2374: 2286: 2242: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2207: 2191: 2180: 2175: 2151:subway stations 2120: 2080: 2075: 2048: 2019: 2018: 1969: 1959: 1958: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1856: 1846: 1845: 1819:Multilateralism 1804:Law enforcement 1764: 1754: 1753: 1722:Just war theory 1680: 1670: 1669: 1620:Geneva Protocol 1590: 1580: 1579: 1553: 1543: 1542: 1484: 1474: 1473: 1381: 1371: 1370: 1311: 1301: 1300: 1266: 1256: 1255: 1186:Network-centric 1106: 1096: 1095: 1003: 993: 992: 941: 931: 930: 879:Rapid dominance 784: 774: 773: 729:Electromagnetic 638: 628: 627: 614: 567: 515: 491: 481: 480: 476:Combat training 457: 434: 400:Combat systems: 396: 358: 354:Auxiliary ships 320: 280: 276:Military police 242: 165: 155: 154: 94: 68: 67: 66: 61: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6240: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6073:Mines of Paris 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6048:Trench warfare 6045: 6043:Tunnel network 6040: 6038:Tunnel warfare 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6004: 6002: 6001:Related topics 5998: 5997: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5853:Secret passage 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5711: 5703: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5599:Baedeker Blitz 5596: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5568: 5566: 5565:Related topics 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5418: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5338:External links 5336: 5335: 5334: 5324: 5305: 5301:Pergamon Press 5287: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5260: 5236: 5206: 5176: 5162:. 2022-02-24. 5147: 5127: 5108: 5074: 5048: 5041: 5021: 4998: 4970: 4946: 4921: 4902: 4883: 4865: 4846: 4824: 4802: 4776: 4755: 4731: 4716: 4705: 4681: 4670: 4659: 4634: 4609: 4584: 4563: 4553:Stanton at War 4543: 4518: 4493: 4467: 4442: 4426: 4417: 4389: 4365: 4348: 4323: 4298: 4281: 4254: 4251:on 2004-04-01. 4236: 4211: 4187: 4162: 4143: 4128:"מקלט (מיגון)" 4119: 4093: 4090:on 2004-05-05. 4075: 4046: 4018: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3880: 3878: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3758: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3692: 3689: 3657:Metaxas regime 3652: 3649: 3640: 3637: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3598: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3564: 3561: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3535: 3521: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3495: 3418: 3415: 3408: 3407: 3358: 3356: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3316: 3313: 3231: 3228: 3194: 3191: 3166: 3163: 3082: 3079: 2989: 2986: 2970: 2969: 2920: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2860:Bertram Ramsay 2837:landing stages 2819: 2818: 2807: 2806: 2787: 2784: 2692:William Mabane 2675: 2672: 2639: 2636: 2611: 2608: 2582: 2581: 2532: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2511:United Kingdom 2509: 2508: 2507: 2501: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2453: 2452: 2449:Miklat Tzibury 2444: 2441: 2373: 2370: 2317:, "high-rise" 2303:Winkelturm in 2285: 2282: 2244: 2243: 2194: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2119: 2116: 2097:Home Secretary 2086:, in 1924, an 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2059:non-combatants 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1984:Military terms 1981: 1976: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1742:Tripwire force 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1554: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1394: 1393: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1267: 1264:Administrative 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1191:New generation 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166:Fleet in being 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1107: 1104:Grand strategy 1102: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1091:Scorched earth 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1004: 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 968:Deep operation 965: 960: 953: 948: 942: 937: 936: 933: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 897: 896: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 815: 814: 809: 804: 794: 785: 780: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 769:Unconventional 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 717: 715:Disinformation 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 686: 685: 680: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 613: 612: 611: 610: 609: 608: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 566: 565: 564: 563: 562: 561: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 514: 513: 512: 511: 506: 501: 492: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 478: 473: 468: 466:Basic training 463: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 433: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 395: 394: 392:Reconnaissance 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 319: 318: 313: 311:Special forces 308: 303: 302: 301: 291: 286: 279: 278: 273: 268: 266:Reconnaissance 263: 258: 253: 248: 241: 240: 231: 226: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 166: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 145: 135: 134: 133: 128: 118: 117: 116: 109:Post-classical 106: 101: 95: 90: 89: 86: 85: 77: 76: 58: 57: 39:Kleines Berlin 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6239: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6018:Civil defense 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5904:Blast shelter 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5858:Semi-basement 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5833:Utility vault 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5818:Rock-cut tomb 5816: 5814: 5813:Rapid transit 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5788:Earth shelter 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623:Organisations 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5277: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5143: 5142: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4814:. Taiwan News 4813: 4806: 4792:on 2010-05-28 4791: 4787: 4780: 4765: 4759: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4709: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4663: 4649:on 2011-07-08 4648: 4644: 4638: 4624:on 2016-06-02 4623: 4619: 4613: 4599:on 2014-05-18 4598: 4594: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4547: 4533:on 2008-08-28 4532: 4528: 4522: 4508:on 2009-03-06 4507: 4503: 4497: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4457:on 2007-03-02 4456: 4452: 4446: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4421: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4375: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4313:on 2010-12-28 4312: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4226:on 2010-03-03 4225: 4221: 4215: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4109:on 2012-07-02 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4065:on 2011-07-24 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4036:on 2011-12-11 4035: 4031: 4025: 4023: 4008:. Urban75.org 4007: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3970: 3958: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3917:Blast shelter 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3832: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3732:Kharkiv Metro 3729: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3560: 3558: 3557:Merkhav Mugan 3554: 3545: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3489:Condor Legion 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3414: 3404: 3401: 3393: 3390:November 2020 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3359:This section 3357: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300:"smart bombs" 3296: 3294: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3220: 3219:spun-concrete 3216: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3116: 3115:assembly kits 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3070:nominal fee. 3067: 3065: 3059: 3057: 3054:ironworks at 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3014:John Anderson 3011: 3002: 2994: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2966: 2963: 2955: 2952:November 2020 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2921:This section 2919: 2915: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2839:built on the 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2817: 2808: 2803: 2797: 2792: 2786:Other tunnels 2783: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2709:Lord Ashfield 2706: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2681: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2664:thoroughfares 2661: 2660:curtain walls 2657: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2632: 2631:North Shields 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2578: 2575: 2567: 2564:November 2020 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2533:This section 2531: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2433:security room 2410: 2406: 2405:Merkhav Mugan 2401: 2379: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315:Hochbunker(s) 2310: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2240: 2237: 2229: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2195:This section 2193: 2189: 2184: 2183: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2161:in houses or 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2108:Munich crisis 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1871:Warrior caste 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1841:Show of force 1839: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1829:Peacebuilding 1827: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Air supremacy 1683: 1682: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1625:Islamic rules 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1605:Court-martial 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Arms industry 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1477: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1121:Broken-backed 1119: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 996: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 963:Expeditionary 961: 959: 958: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 943: 940: 935: 934: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 895: 892: 891: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 834:Counterattack 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 798: 795: 793: 790: 789: 788: 783: 778: 777: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 759:Psychological 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 695:Combined arms 693: 691: 688: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 637: 632: 631: 624: 621: 619: 616: 615: 607: 604: 603: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 573: 572: 569: 568: 560: 557: 556: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 534:Fortification 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 520: 517: 516: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 494: 493: 490: 485: 484: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 435: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 355: 352: 350: 349:Landing craft 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 300: 297: 296: 295: 292: 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Retrieved 5248: 5239: 5228:. Retrieved 5219: 5209: 5198:. Retrieved 5189: 5179: 5168:. Retrieved 5159: 5150: 5139: 5130: 5111: 5100:. Retrieved 5090:(in Greek). 5087: 5077: 5066:. Retrieved 5061: 5051: 5031: 5024: 5001: 4977: 4975: 4956: 4949: 4938:. Retrieved 4933: 4924: 4905: 4895:(in Greek). 4886: 4868: 4858:(in Greek). 4849: 4836: 4827: 4816:. Retrieved 4805: 4794:. Retrieved 4790:the original 4779: 4768:. Retrieved 4758: 4747:. Retrieved 4724: 4719: 4708: 4697:. Retrieved 4684: 4673: 4662: 4651:. Retrieved 4647:the original 4637: 4626:. Retrieved 4622:the original 4612: 4601:. Retrieved 4597:the original 4587: 4576:. Retrieved 4566: 4546: 4535:. Retrieved 4531:the original 4521: 4510:. Retrieved 4506:the original 4496: 4485:. Retrieved 4470: 4459:. Retrieved 4455:the original 4445: 4436: 4429: 4420: 4409:. Retrieved 4406:The Guardian 4405: 4381:. Retrieved 4377: 4368: 4340:. Retrieved 4326: 4315:. Retrieved 4311:the original 4301: 4284: 4273:. Retrieved 4271:. 1939-04-20 4266: 4257: 4249:the original 4239: 4228:. Retrieved 4224:the original 4214: 4203:. Retrieved 4199: 4190: 4179:. Retrieved 4177:. 2003-04-21 4174: 4165: 4146: 4136:, retrieved 4131: 4122: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4096: 4088:the original 4078: 4067:. Retrieved 4063:the original 4058: 4055:"Hochbunker" 4049: 4038:. Retrieved 4034:the original 4010:. Retrieved 4000: 3995:, p. 4. 3988: 3983:, p. 5. 3976: 3968: 3961:. Retrieved 3710: 3678: 3670:Thessaloniki 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3616:a spare exit 3607:a radiometer 3599: 3578: 3572: 3550: 3504: 3450: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3420: 3411: 3396: 3387: 3372:Please help 3360: 3325: 3318: 3297: 3285: 3277: 3275: 3256: 3245: 3224: 3208: 3203:RAF Beaulieu 3180: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3144: 3137:, Professor 3132: 3129: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3045: 3041: 3027: 3009: 3007: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2958: 2949: 2934:Please help 2922: 2879: 2868: 2857:Vice Admiral 2852:Dover Castle 2849: 2841:River Irwell 2826: 2822: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757:Bank station 2754: 2747: 2740: 2717: 2711:, inspected 2701: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2652: 2648:World War II 2641: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2596: 2585: 2570: 2561: 2546:Please help 2534: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2471: 2460: 2448: 2402: 2375: 2366: 2361: 2353: 2351: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2314: 2313: 2267: 2259: 2232: 2223: 2208:Please help 2196: 2136: 2133: 2121: 2118:World War II 2105: 2101: 2084:World War II 2081: 2054: 2053: 1954:Fifth column 1934:War resister 1929:Women in war 1824:Peacekeeping 1769:Arms control 1714: 1403:Mobilization 1398:Conscription 1356:Intelligence 1309:Organization 955: 884:Encirclement 764:Radiological 700:Conventional 554:Subterranean 461:Development: 460: 437: 399: 361: 324:Naval units: 323: 316:Signal corps 283: 261:Intelligence 246:Specialties: 245: 170:Organization 121:Early modern 43:World War II 29:Belsize Park 6186:Coober Pedy 6078:Mole people 6023:Coober Pedy 5940:Spider hole 5823:Root cellar 5708:subterranea 5551:Southampton 5456:Bournemouth 5293:Baker, John 5160:India Today 5016:Kathimerini 4363:, p. . 3810:during the 3619:water tanks 3610:dry toilets 3457:Guadalajara 3342:Switzerland 3328:Switzerland 3278:hochbunkers 2890:Middle Ages 2886:Chislehurst 2780:Bill Brandt 2776:Henry Moore 2743:Plessey Ltd 2629:factory in 2588:World War I 2476:condominium 2362:hochbunkers 2343:Flak towers 2327:Hochbunkers 2323:blockhouses 2309:Brandenburg 2147:underground 2141:. Existing 2106:During the 2093:gas attacks 2061:as well as 1939:War studies 1762:Non-warfare 1690:Appeasement 1655:Martial law 1494:War economy 1433:Transgender 1386:Recruitment 1146:Containment 1031:Culminating 939:Operational 859:Envelopment 802:Air assault 683:Air cavalry 643:Air defence 623:Information 524:Cold-region 489:Battlespace 438:Historical: 284:Land units: 210:Space force 205:Coast guard 138:Late modern 99:Prehistoric 23:One of the 6206:Categories 5546:Sunderland 5526:Nottingham 5511:Manchester 5451:Birmingham 5254:2022-03-03 5230:2022-02-26 5200:2022-02-26 5170:2022-02-24 5102:2024-03-06 5088:makthes.gr 5068:2022-04-23 4940:2022-04-14 4934:news247.gr 4818:2020-11-06 4796:2010-06-24 4770:2020-12-08 4749:2020-12-08 4699:2017-01-17 4653:2010-06-24 4628:2016-06-06 4603:2014-05-20 4578:2021-03-15 4537:2010-06-24 4512:2010-06-24 4487:2010-06-24 4461:2017-01-17 4411:2018-08-21 4383:2018-08-21 4361:Baker 1978 4342:2010-06-24 4317:2010-06-24 4275:2017-01-17 4230:2010-06-24 4205:2017-01-17 4181:2010-06-24 4138:2024-09-16 4113:2023-07-09 4069:2010-06-24 4040:2014-08-01 4012:2010-06-24 3993:Baker 1978 3981:Baker 1978 3963:21 January 3933:References 3812:Winter War 3713:Kyiv Metro 3701:Kyiv Metro 3524:Carcaixent 3505:Refugi 307 3442:Refugi 307 3282:Grand Slam 3259:blast pens 3252:East Sheen 3103:John Baker 3075:allotments 2845:Manchester 2705:John Reith 2354:hochbunker 2336:Schöneberg 2284:Hochbunker 2226:March 2019 2063:combatants 1999:War crimes 1989:Operations 1896:Foot drill 1866:Battle cry 1779:deterrence 1438:Harassment 1413:Specialism 1236:Technology 1231:Succession 1176:Liberation 1111:Asymmetric 1046:Empty fort 957:Blitzkrieg 926:Withdrawal 889:Investment 668:Camouflage 663:Biological 601:Underwater 576:Amphibious 495:Aerospace 362:Air units: 339:Submarines 148:fourth-gen 143:industrial 131:napoleonic 5954:quarrying 5848:Wine cave 5768:Catacombs 5541:Sheffield 5516:Newcastle 5501:Liverpool 5476:Clydebank 5422:The Blitz 5092:Makedonia 5062:f-news.gr 4987:cite book 4059:7grad.org 3627:Singapore 3485:Cartagena 3465:Santander 3422:Barcelona 3361:does not 3263:airfields 3177:, Suffolk 3048:inflation 2923:does not 2871:Stockport 2625:When the 2615:Basements 2610:Basements 2535:does not 2413:מרחב מוגן 2347:Zoo Tower 2197:does not 2163:basements 2139:air raids 2129:The Blitz 2082:Prior to 1886:War novel 1789:Grey-zone 1749:War games 1710:Overmatch 1660:War crime 1610:Desertion 1600:Ceasefire 1595:Armistice 1482:Logistics 1460:Mercenary 1448:Volunteer 1379:Personnel 1351:Engineers 1296:Sociology 1251:World war 1246:Total war 1226:Strategic 1216:Religious 1201:Political 1196:Perpetual 1171:Irregular 1086:Offensive 1061:Defensive 1056:Deception 1016:Attrition 869:Guerrilla 864:Formation 807:Airbridge 739:Loitering 653:Artillery 306:Artillery 256:Engineers 224:Irregular 195:Air force 5909:Casemate 5863:Stepwell 5803:Hypogeum 5793:Erdstall 5783:Dry well 5763:Borehole 5753:Basement 5737:Sinkhole 5614:Trekking 5594:Blackout 5536:Plymouth 5531:Nuneaton 5486:Greenock 5481:Coventry 5461:Brighton 5372:Archived 5295:(1978). 5272:Archived 5224:Archived 5194:Archived 5164:Archived 5122:Archived 5096:Archived 4916:Archived 4897:Archived 4878:Archived 4841:Archived 4556:Archived 4481:Archived 4336:Archived 4291:Archived 4175:BBC News 4154:Archived 4132:ויקיפדיה 3906:See also 3876:, Israel 3860:, Israel 3828:Nagasaki 3808:Helsinki 3792:Gresford 3481:Valencia 3321:Anderson 3308:Gulf War 3267:aircrews 3215:Ilkeston 2884:beneath 2600:Morrison 2376:Miklat ( 2358:Duisburg 2305:Wünsdorf 2143:edifices 2078:Pre-WWII 1901:War song 1876:War film 1509:Materiel 1428:Children 1408:Training 1346:Medicine 1331:Doctrine 1286:Training 1221:Resource 1206:Princely 1156:Economic 1141:Conquest 1136:Colonial 1131:Cold war 1116:Blockade 1001:Strategy 973:Maneuver 734:Infantry 690:Chemical 544:Mountain 504:Airborne 367:Fighters 334:Warships 289:Infantry 215:Reserves 163:Military 6170:Malator 6088:Sapping 5808:Manhole 5773:Dungeon 5556:Swansea 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