Abbasid Caliphate - Knowledge

1596: 1217: 5750:. The contrast of white vs. black as the Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ʿAbbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ʿAbbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ʿAbbasid caliphs were black ... The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white ... The Ismaili Shiʿite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ʿAbbasid enemy ... white became the Shiʿite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ʿAbbasid 'establishment'." After the revolution, Islamic apocalyptic circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black but asserted that the Mahdi's standard would be black and larger. Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the black banners from the East", "first and last". 3758:

they were taxed for being a dhimmi. Dhimmis were capable of moving up and down the social ladder, though this largely depended on the particular caliph. An indication as to the social standing of Jews and Christians at the time was their ability to live next to Muslim people. While al-Mansur was ruling the caliphate, for instance, it was not uncommon for dhimmis to live in the same neighborhoods as Muslims. One of the biggest reasons why dhimmis were allowed to hold prestigious jobs and positions in government is that they were generally important to the well-being of the state and were proficient to excellent with the work at hand. Some Muslims in the caliphate took offense to the idea that there were dhimmis in public offices who were in a way ruling over them although it was an Islamic state, while other Muslims were at time jealous of some dhimmis for having a level of wealth or prestige greater than other Muslims, even if Muslims were still the majority of the ruling class. In general, Muslims, Jews, and Christians had close relations that could be considered positive at times, especially for Jews, in contrast to how Jews were being treated in Europe.

2556: 2293: 1134: 2817: 3739: 2961: 3002: 1615: 4144:, from the 11th century. Venetian merchants facilitated the exchange of high-value goods such as spices, silk, and precious metals from the East. In return, Venice exported European manufactured goods and luxury items. While Genoese merchants traded in luxury goods like spices, textiles, and other high-demand items. Genoa's strategic position in the Mediterranean enabled it to integrate into the broader Mediterranean trade network, connecting the Abbasid Caliphate with other European markets. These trade relations played a key role in linking the medieval Mediterranean with the broader Islamic world. This exchange of goods, alongside cultural and technological transfers, fostered a more interconnected medieval global economy. 3013:—the Abbasid Governor of Damascus from 870 to 878—and was created during the 9th century. Despite being a luxury example, this Qur'an is indicative of the form and script practices that were being standardized in the heart of the early Abbasid Caliphate. The text was copied in the Kufic style and in a horizontal orientation. The style of script, size, and oblong shape of the Amajur Qur'an aligned with other examples from the 9th century. Furthermore, the Qur'an was copied onto parchment—a material that was commonly used for manuscripts under early Abbasid rule. Lastly, the Amajur Qur'an was bound in leather and stored in a protective chest. This bookbinding style was a standard technique during the 9th century. 2976:. Another defining element of the early Abbasid technique was the absence of text on the frontispiece of the Qur'an. The introduction of the "New Abbasid Style" in the 10th century, however, led to a shift in illumination techniques. Illuminators found ways to accommodate the dense script and vertical orientation of text. As such, illuminated Qur'ans began to display additional decorative elements (beyond geometric and vegetal shapes) to denote divisions within the text. Furthermore, Qur'ans with the New style of script were copied with the first Sura on the frontispiece of the manuscript. These stylistic shifts are representative of developing illumination arts under Abbasid rule. 3075: 1441: 4067: 2699: 2313: 2994: 2925: 1888: 3482: 2952:(866–940). He developed this proportional writing system around two shapes: a circle the size of an alif and rhomboid dots that could be created with the nib of a reed pen. This script, later known as the "New Abbasid style," was characterized by its vertical letters, extreme angularity, and a distinct contrast between the width of strokes. The development of this proportional script also coincided with a shift back into a vertical page orientation. The New style script was further developed for secular purposes because of its legibility and efficient nature. 1741: 2835:

that was also strictly regulated either by law or through the accepted elements of style. Among the higher classes, appearance became a concern and they started to care about appearance and fashion. Several new garments and fabrics were introduced into common use and no longer observed pious distaste for materials such as silk and satins. The rise of the Persian secretarial class had a large influence over the development of fashion and the Abbasids were highly influenced by the older Persian Court dress elements. For example, the caliph

3055: 601: 104: 4249: 2731: 3679: 3361: 1978: 2047: 1811: 3848:, which celebrated the arrival of spring. In a ceremonial ablution introduced by Persian troops, residents sprinkled themselves with water and ate almond cakes. The palaces of the imperial family were lit up for six days and nights. The Abbasids also celebrated the Persian holiday of Mihraj, which marked the onset of winter (signified with pounding drums), and Sadar, when homes burned incense and the masses would congregate along the Tigris to witness princes and viziers pass by. 2941: 3976: 2611: 5609:

descendants would grow to establish their own dynasties with their Abbasid 'credentials' centuries later. This is highlighted by the origin myth of the Bastak khanate which relates that in 656 AH/1258 CE, the year of the fall of Baghdad, and following the sack of the city, a few surviving members of the Abbasid dynastic family led by the eldest amongst them, Ismail II son of Hamza son of Ahmed son of Mohamed migrated to Southern Iran, in the village of Khonj and later to

3583:) as had begun under Umayyad rule. As knowledge was shared in the Arabic language throughout the empire, many people from different nationalities and religions began to speak Arabic in their everyday lives. Resources from other languages began to be translated into Arabic, and a unique Islamic identity began to form that fused previous cultures with Arab culture, creating a level of civilization and knowledge that was considered a marvel in Europe at the time. 1312: 14301: 13132: 2718:. The earlier style is obviously adopted with little variation from Sassanian art, with similar styles, with harems, animals, dancing people, and garments, all enclosed in scrollwork. Nishapur had its own school of painting. Excavations at Nishapur show both monochromatic and polychromatic artwork from the 8th and 9th centuries. One famous piece of art consists of hunting nobles with falcons and on horseback, in full regalia; the clothing identifies them as 88: 14311: 1394:, an Iranian family close to the Abbasids, the position became powerful and Harun al-Rashid delegated state affairs to them for many years. This resulted in a more ceremonial role for many Abbasid caliphs relative to their time under the Umayyads; the viziers began to exert greater influence, and the role of the former Arab aristocracy was slowly replaced by a Persian bureaucracy. To the west, Harun al-Rashid agreed to grant the province of 2188: 3872: 13181: 14321: 13121: 682: 14331: 3735:), who held a similar stance as al-Mutawakkil on barring non-Muslims from public office, himself had multiple Christian secretaries, indicating that non-Muslims still had access to many of the most important figures within the caliphate. Past having a casual association or just being a secretary to high-ranking Islamic officials, some of them achieved the second highest office after the caliph: the vizier. 3708:(822–861 CE) imposed strict restrictions on what dhimmis could wear in public, often yellow garments that distinguished them from Muslims. Other restrictions al-Mutawakkil imposed included limiting the role of the dhimmis in government, seizing dhimmi housing and making it harder for dhimmis to become educated. Most other Abbasid caliphs were not as strict as al-Mutawakkil, though. During the reign of 2097:(the Grand Library of Baghdad), containing countless precious historical documents and books on subjects ranging from medicine to astronomy, was destroyed. Claims have been made that the Tigris ran red from the blood of the scientists and philosophers killed. Citizens attempted to flee, but were intercepted by Mongol soldiers who killed in abundance, sparing no one, not even children. 7163: 3724:

very closely, bringing dhimmis back to the caliphate's treasury due to the needed expertise of dhimmis in the area of finance. Al-Mutawakkil followed the law banning dhimmis from public office more seriously, although, soon after his reign, many of the laws concerning dhimmis participating in government were completely unobserved or at least less strictly observed. Even

5648:. The title then became that of all the subsequent Abbasid rulers of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh, and also collectively refers in plural form, i.e., "Khans", to the descendants of Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki. The last Abbasid ruler of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh was Mohamed A'zam Khan Baniabbassian son of Mohamed Reza Khan "Satvat al-Mamalek" Baniabbasi. He authored the book 2116:; nevertheless, as a precaution and in accordance with a Mongol taboo which forbade spilling royal blood, Hulagu had Al-Musta'sim wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses on 20 February 1258. The caliph's immediate family was also executed, with the lone exceptions of his youngest son who was sent to Mongolia, and a daughter who became a slave in the 1251:, the victor over the Umayyads at the Battle of the Zab, was the most serious potential rival for leadership and al-Mansur sent Abu Muslim, the Khurasani revolutionary commander, against him in 754. After Abu Muslim successfully defeated him, al-Mansur then turned to eliminate Abu Muslim himself. He arranged to have him arrested and executed in 755. 3990:

of lower-ranking officials. Finally, the caliph could impose the same penalty on a vizier who fell from grace. As one later caliph put it: "The vizier is our representative throughout the land and amongst our subjects. Therefore, he who obeys him obeys us; and he who obeys us obeys God, and God shall cause him who obeys Him to enter paradise."

3395:, and could absorb ink, making it ideal for making records and copies of the Qur'an. "Islamic paper makers devised assembly-line methods of hand-copying manuscripts to turn out editions far larger than any available in Europe for centuries." It was from the Abbasids that the rest of the world learned to make paper from linen. The knowledge of 1549:(833–842), prevented the further disintegration of the empire. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to 3770:, argued about Ibn al-Furat's decision to make a Christian the head of the military. A previous vizier, Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Bazuri, had done so. These laws predated al-Mansur's laws against dhimmis and often had similar restrictions, although Roman emperors were often much more strict on enforcing these laws than many Abbasid caliphs. 1595: 2223:. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin. During this period the Muslim world was a cauldron of cultures which collected, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the 2633:. Finally, in 836, al-Mu'tasim moved the capital to a new site that he created along the Tigris, called Samarra. This city saw 60 years of work, with race-courses and game preserves to add to the atmosphere. Due to the dry remote nature of the environment, some of the palaces built in this era were isolated havens. 5581:

objectives with genealogical credentials." Such claims of continuity with Muhammad or his Hashemite kin such as the Abbasids foster a sense of "political viability" for a candidate dynasty, with the intention of "serving an internal audience" (or in other words, gaining legitimacy in the view of the masses). The

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The standing army of the Muslims in Khorasan was overwhelmingly Arab. The unit organization of the Abbasids was designed with the goal of ethnic and racial equality among supporters. When Abu Muslim recruited officers along the Silk Road, he registered them based not on their tribal or ethno-national

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Early Abbasid painting has not survived in great quantities, and is sometimes harder to differentiate; however, Samarra provides good examples, as it was built by the Abbasids and abandoned 56 years later. The walls of the principal rooms of the palace that have been excavated show wall paintings and

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Another major development was the creation or vast enlargement of cities as they were turned into the capital of the empire, beginning with the creation of Baghdad in 762, which was planned as a walled city with four gates, and a mosque and palace in the center. Al-Mansur, who was responsible for the

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fall, several dynasties have claimed descent from them, as "claiming kinship relation with Muhammad", that is, claiming an affiliation to the 'People of the House' or the status of a sayyid or sharif, has arguably been the most widespread way in Muslim societies of supporting one's moral or material

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Harun's vizier enjoyed close to unchecked powers. Under Harun, a special "bureau of confiscation" was created. This governmental wing made it possible for the vizier to seize the property and riches of any corrupt governor or civil servant. In addition, it allowed governors to confiscate the estates

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It was common that laws that were imposed against dhimmis during one caliph's rule were either discarded or not practiced during future caliphs' reigns. Al-Mansur and al-Mutawakkil both instituted laws that forbade non-Muslims from participating in public office. Al-Mansur did not follow his own law

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The main form of bookbinding used under the Abbasid Caliphate was the binding-cum-case or box manuscript. This technique covered the Qur'an in a casket-like box in order to protect the contents. These boxes were typically made out of wooden boards and had a protective lining on the manuscript-facing

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next to the Tigris River, with massive brick walls being constructed in successive rings around the core by a workforce of 100,000 with four huge gates (named Kufa, Basrah, Khorasan and Syria). The central enclosure of the city contained Mansur's palace of 360,000 square feet (33,000 m) in area

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While Baghdad remained the official capital, Harun al-Rashid chose to reside in Raqqa from 796 until the end of his reign. In 803, for reasons that remain unclear, Harun al-Rashid turned on and imprisoned or killed most of the Barmakids, who had wielded administrative power on his behalf. During the

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On the western frontier, the Abbasids were unable to re-assert caliphal control over the western and central Maghreb, which the Umayyads had lost in the 740s. One member of the Umayyad dynasty, Abd ar-Rahman, also managed to escape the purge of his family and managed to establish independent in rule

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when their Turkic Army generals, who already had de facto independence, stopped paying the caliphate. Even provinces close to Baghdad began to seek local dynastic rule. Also, the Abbasids found themselves to be often at conflict with the Umayyads in Spain. The Abbasid financial position weakened as

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and as far east as China, Korea, and Japan. The growing economy of Baghdad and other cities inevitably led to the demand for luxury items and formed a class of entrepreneurs who organized long-range caravans for the trade and then the distribution of their goods. A whole section in the East Baghdad

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their native language. Some Jews studied Hebrew in their schools and Jewish religious education flourished. The united Muslim empire allowed Jews to reconstruct links between their dispersed communities throughout the Middle East. The city's Talmudic institute helped spread the rabbinical tradition

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Jews and Christians may have had a lower overall status compared to Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate, but dhimmis were often allowed to hold respectable and even prestigious occupations in some cases, such as doctors and public officeholders. Jews and Christians were also allowed to be rich even if

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literature, Abbasid women were ideally kept in seclusion. Conquests had brought enormous wealth and large numbers of slaves to the Muslim elite. The majority of the slaves were women and children, many of whom had been dependents or harem-members of the defeated Sassanian upper classes. In the wake

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scrollwork, along with rosettes, animals, birds, and humans. Abbasid pottery from the 8th and 9th centuries has been found throughout the region, as far as Cairo. These were generally made with a yellow clay and fired multiple times with separate glazes to produce metallic luster in shades of gold,

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Contemporary accounts state Mongol soldiers looted and then destroyed mosques, palaces, libraries, and hospitals. Priceless books from Baghdad's thirty-six public libraries were torn apart, the looters using their leather covers as sandals. Grand buildings that had been the work of generations were

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to usher in the administrative changes needed to keep order of the political challenges created by the far-flung nature of the empire, and the limited communication across it. It was also during this early period of the dynasty, in particular during the governance of Al-Mansur, Harun al-Rashid, and

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Many caravans and goods never made it to their intended destinations. Some Chinese exports perished in fires, while other ships sank. It was said that anybody who made it to China and back unharmed was blessed by God. Common sea routes were also plagued by pirates who built and crewed vessels that

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Every regional metropolis had a post office and hundreds of roads were paved in order to link the imperial capital with other cities and towns. The empire employed a system of relays to deliver mail. The central post office in Baghdad even had a map with directions that noted the distances between

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Many of the laws and restrictions that were imposed on dhimmis often resembled other laws that previous states had used to discriminate against a minority religion, specifically Jewish people. Romans in the fourth century banned Jewish people from holding public offices, banned Roman citizens from

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script—a script distinguished by precise, angular letters, generous spacing, horizontal extension of letters at the baseline and an emphasis on geometric proportion. Qur'ans copied in this script were typically formatted in a horizontal manner and were written on parchment. Qur'ans of this variety

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system created by Umar and diverted the salaries of the original Arab military descendants to the Turkic slave soldiers. The Turkic soldiers transformed the style of warfare, as they were known as capable horse archers, trained from childhood to ride. This military was now drafted from the ethnic

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techniques and trends under the Abbasid Caliphate were often dependent upon script style. As Qur'ans shifted from Kufic to New style script, illumination methods also changed. The illumination of early Abbasid Qur'ans (late 8th century) was largely dominated by geometric and vegetal shapes. These

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The Abbasid period saw a large fashion development throughout its existence. While the development of fashion began during the Umayyad period, its genuine cosmopolitan styles and influence were realized at their finest during Abbasid rule. Fashion was a thriving industry during the Abbasid period

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Whereas painting and architecture were not areas of strength for the Abbasid dynasty, pottery was a different story. Islamic culture as a whole, and the Abbasids in particular, were at the forefront of new ideas and techniques. Some examples of their work were pieces engraved with decorations and

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and the Abbasids, who by this time had fragmented into several governorships that, while recognizing caliphal authority from Baghdad, remained mostly autonomous. The caliph himself was under 'protection' of the Buyid Emirs who possessed all of Iraq and Western Iran, and were quietly Shia in their

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Al-Mansur centralised the judicial administration, and later, Harun al-Rashid established the institution of Chief Qadi to oversee it. The Umayyad empire was mostly Arab; however, the Abbasids progressively became made up of more and more converted Muslims in which the Arabs were only one of many

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Although the Abbasids never retained a substantial regular army, the caliph could recruit a considerable number of soldiers in a short time when needed from levies. There were also cohorts of regular troops who received steady pay and a special forces unit. At any moment, 125,000 Muslim soldiers

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The production of Qur'anic manuscripts flourished under the Abbasid Caliphate primarily between the late 8th and early 10th century. During this period, copies of the Qur'an were frequently commissioned for members of the Abbasid court and the wealthy elite in Muslim society. With the increased

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Caliph al-Mansur was credited with making his court and the Abbasid high-ranking officials wear honorific robes of the color black for various ceremonial affairs and events which became the official color of the caliphate. This was acknowledged in China and Byzantium who called the Abbasids the

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The Abbasids wore many layers of garments. Fabrics used for the clothing seemed to have included wool, linen, brocades, or silk the clothing of the poorer classes was made out of cheaper materials, such as wool, and had less fabric. This also meant they wouldn't be able to afford the variety of

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The Near East has, since Roman times, been recognized as a center of quality glassware and crystal. 9th-century finds from Samarra show styles similar to Sassanian forms. The types of objects made were bottles, flasks, vases, and cups intended for domestic use, with decorations including molded

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The cavalry was entirely covered in iron, with helmets. Similar to medieval knights, their only exposed spots were the end of their noses and small openings in front of their eyes. Their foot soldiers were issued spears, swords, and pikes, and (in line with Persian fashion) trained to stand so

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and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use since at least the 9th century. By the time of the Crusades, every province throughout the Islamic world had mills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. These mills performed a variety of

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in the West. Paper aided in communication and record-keeping, it also brought a new sophistication and complexity to businesses, banking, and the civil service. In 794, Jafa al-Barmak built the first paper mill in Baghdad, and from there the technology circulated. Harun required that paper be

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A common trope among Abbasid claimant dynasties is that they are descended from Abbasid princes of Baghdad, "dispersed" by the Mongol invasion in 1258 CE. These surviving princes would leave Baghdad for a safe haven not controlled by the Mongols, assimilate to their new societies, and their

2215:, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr", stressing the value of knowledge. During this period the Muslim world became an intellectual center for science, philosophy, medicine and education as the Abbasids championed the cause of knowledge and established the 1358:. Prior to this, he had continued to consider multiple sites for a capital, including al-Hashimiyya, which he used as a capital for a while. Various other sites in the region also appear to have served as "capitals" under either al-Saffah or al-Mansur prior to the founding of Baghdad. 2489:

One of the common definitions for "Islamic philosophy" is "the style of philosophy produced within the framework of Islamic culture". Islamic philosophy, in this definition is neither necessarily concerned with religious issues, nor is exclusively produced by Muslims. Their works on

2330:, a collection of fantastical folk tales, legends and parables compiled primarily during the Abbasid era. The collection is recorded as having originated from an Arabic translation of a Sassanian-era Persian prototype, with likely origins in Indian literary traditions. Stories from 2808:. Of particular interest are stamped and inscribed fabrics, which used not only inks but also liquid gold. Some of the finer pieces were colored in such a manner as to require six separate stamps to achieve the proper design and color. This technology spread to Europe eventually. 1825:

Outside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto states with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues and operated under only nominal caliph suzerainty, which may not necessarily be reflected by any contribution to the treasury, such as the

1857:'s independence from caliphal authority, despite Mahmud's ostentatious displays of Sunni orthodoxy and ritual submission to the caliph. In the 11th century, the loss of respect for the caliphs continued, as some Islamic rulers no longer mentioned the caliph's name in the Friday 1362:

ethnicities. The Abbasids had depended heavily on the support of Persians in their overthrow of the Umayyads. Al-Mansur welcomed non-Arab Muslims to his court. While this helped integrate Arab and Persian cultures, it alienated many of their Arab supporters, particularly the

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As power shifted from the Umayyads to the Abbasids, the architectural styles changed also, from Greco-Roman tradition (which features elements of Hellenistic and Roman representative style) to Eastern tradition which retained their independent architectural traditions from

2440:, where they helped set up the first Arab paper mill. In time, paper replaced parchment as the medium for writing, and the production of books greatly increased. These events had an academic and societal impact that could be broadly compared to the introduction of the 8873: 3802:". The former was especially joyful because children would purchase decorations and sweetmeats; people prepared the best food and bought new clothes. At midmorning, the caliph, wearing Muhammad's thobe, would guide officials, accompanied by armed soldiers to the 3207: 3597:

In contrast to the earlier era, women in Abbasid society were absent from all arenas of the community's central affairs. While their Muslim forebears led men into battle, started rebellions, and played an active role in community life, as demonstrated in the

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This city had previously been the residence of his father, al-Mahdi, whom al-Mansur had appointed its governor in 771. Al-Mahdi constructed a new city for himself, al-Rafiqa, next to Raqqa, and the two towns came to form a single urban agglomeration over

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With regards to the Bastak khanate, Shaikh Mohamed Khan Bastaki was the first Abbasid ruler of Bastak to hold the title of "Khan" after the local people accepted him as a ruler, meaning "ruler" or "king", a title which was reportedly bestowed upon him by

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brown, or red. By the 9th century, the potters had mastered their techniques and their decorative designs could be divided into two styles. The Persian style would show animals, birds, and humans, along with Kufic lettering in gold. Pieces excavated from

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and the great mosque of Baghdad, encompassing 90,000 square feet (8,400 m). Travel across the Tigris and the network of waterways allowing the drainage of the Euphrates into the Tigris was facilitated by bridges and canals servicing the population.

3806:, where he led prayers. After the prayer, all those in attendance would exchange the best wishes and hug their kin and companions. The festivities lasted for three days. During those limited number of nights, the palaces were lit up and boats on the 3538:

and driven by machinery instead in the medieval Islamic world. It has been argued that the industrial use of waterpower had spread from Islamic to Christian Spain, where fulling mills, paper mills, and forge mills were recorded for the first time in

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was an area of science that advanced particularly during the Abbasids' reign. During the 9th century, Baghdad contained over 800 doctors, and great discoveries in the understanding of anatomy and diseases were made. The clinical distinction between

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production reached its height. Between the 8th and 10th centuries, Abbasid artisans pioneered and perfected manuscript techniques that became standards of the practice. This, in addition to housing several key academic institutions, including the

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is a fine example of this type of building, which has stables, living quarters, and a mosque, all surrounding inner courtyards. Mesopotamia only has one surviving mausoleum from this era, in Samarra: an octagonal domed structured known as the

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folklore and literature were later incorporated. The epic is believed to have taken shape in the 10th century and reached its final form by the 14th century; the number and type of tales have varied from one manuscript to another. All Arabian

3446:(known as a kamal). When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. Abbasid sailors were also responsible for reintroducing large three masted merchant vessels to the 4170:

Muslims, most of whom had supported their war against the Umayyads since the Abbasids and the Shias claimed legitimacy by their familial connection to Muhammad. Once in power, the Abbasids disavowed any support for Shia beliefs in favor of

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wore a kaftan from silver brocade Tustari silk and his son one made from Byzantine silk richly decorated or ornamented with figures. The kaftan was spread far and wide by the Abbasids and made known throughout the Arab world. In the 830s,

2855:"black-robed ones". But despite the color black being common during the caliphate, many color dyes existed and it was made sure that colors would not clash. Notably, the color yellow needed to be avoided when wearing colored clothing. 5801:

Concubines were expected to be treated well, treating them poorly would have been deviation from Islamic ethics however some from the ruling class engaged in acts of disbelief and deviancy behind closed doors with and without their

3089:(786–809) and his successors fostered an age of great intellectual achievement. In large part, this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of 1488:

same period, several factions began either to leave the empire for other lands or to take control of distant parts of the empire. Still, the reigns of al-Rashid and his sons were considered to be the apex of the Abbasids.

1666:" (861–870), the Abbasid central government was weakened and centrifugal tendencies became more prominent in the caliphate's provinces. By the early 10th century, the Abbasids almost lost control of Iraq to various 2682:

flutes, honeycomb patterns, and inscriptions. Other styles seen that may not have come from the Sassanians were stamped items. These were typically round stamps, such as medallions or disks with animals, birds, or

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affiliations but on their current places of residence. Under the Abbasids, Iranian peoples became better represented in the army and bureaucracy as compared to before. The Abbasid army was centred on the Khorasan

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employed in government dealings, since something recorded on paper could not easily be changed or removed, and eventually, an entire street in Baghdad's business district was dedicated to selling paper and books.

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garments that the elite classes wore. Elegant women would not wear black, green, red, or pink, except for fabrics that naturally had those colors, such as red silk. Women's clothing would be perfumed with musk,

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civilizations. According to Huff, "n virtually every field of endeavor—in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, optics and so forth—the Caliphate's scientists were in the forefront of scientific advance."

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in mills and water-raising machines, and used dams to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. Such advances made it possible for many industrial tasks that were previously driven by

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Wade states "Tazi in Persian sources referred to a people in that land, but was later extended to cover Arab lands. The Persian term was adopted by Tang China (Dàshí :大食) to refer to the Arabs until the 12th

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to Europe, and the Jewish community in Baghdad went on to establish ten rabbinical schools and twenty-three synagogues. Baghdad not only contained the tombs of Muslim saints and martyrs, but also the tomb of

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groups of the faraway borderlands, and were completely separate from the rest of society. Some could not speak Arabic properly. This led to the decline of the caliphate starting with the Anarchy at Samarra.

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exceed in vibrancy and beauty any from later periods. These were predominantly being made for the caliph's use. Tiles were also made using this same technique to create both monochromatic and polychromatic

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Map of the fragmented Abbasid empire, with areas still under direct control of the Abbasid central government (dark green) and under autonomous rulers (light green) adhering to nominal Abbasid suzerainty,

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Capital poured into the caliphate's treasury from a variety of taxes, including a real estate tax; a levy on cattle, gold and silver, and commercial wares; a special tax on non-Muslims; and customs dues.

3625:) and princesses produced prestigious and important poetry. Enough survives to give us access to women's historical experiences, and reveals some vivacious and powerful figures, such as the Sufi mystic 2432:

Under Harun al-Rashid, Baghdad was renowned for its bookstores, which proliferated after the making of paper was introduced. Chinese papermakers had been among those taken prisoner by the Arabs at the

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The caliph Al-Musta'sim was captured and forced to watch as his citizens were murdered and his treasury plundered. Ironically, Mongols feared that a supernatural disaster would strike if the blood of

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Whoever has three daughters and is patient towards them, and feeds them, gives them to drink, and clothes them from his wealth; they will be a shield for him from the Fire on the Day of Resurrection.

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started the downward slide by using non-Muslim mercenaries in his personal army. Also during this period, officers started assassinating superiors with whom they disagreed, in particular the caliphs.

8123: 1957:

Once again, the Abbasids were forced to deal with a military power that they could not match, though the Abbasid caliph remained the titular head of the Islamic community. The succeeding sultans

1209:

sympathies in the city and did not always reside here. In 752, al-Saffah built a new city called al-Hashimiyya, at an uncertain location, most likely near Kufa. Later that same year, he moved to

7700:. François Déroche, Edhem Eldem, Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Sana Mirza, Zeren Tanındı, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. Washington, DC: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. pp. 68–73. 5652:(1960), in which is recounted the history of the region and the Abbasid family that ruled it. Mohamed A'zam Khan Baniabbassian died in 1967, regarded as the end of the Abbasid reign in Bastak. 1771:

and statecraft. Only the central lands of Mesopotamia were under direct Abbasid control, with Palestine and the Hejaz often managed by the Tulunids. Byzantium, for its part, had begun to push

3571:

While the Abbasids originally gained power by exploiting the social inequalities against non-Arabs in the Umayyad Empire, during Abbasid rule the empire rapidly Arabized, particularly in the

1879:), although Baghdad was the city most closely connected to the caliphate, even in the Buyid and Seljuq eras. The challenge of the Fatimids only ended with their downfall in the 12th century. 1556:

Al-Mu'tasim's reign marked the end of the strong caliphs. He strengthened his personal army with the Mamluks and promptly restarted the war with the Byzantines. Though his attempt to seize

1087:(Eastern Persia), even though the governor opposed them, and the Shia Arabs, he achieved considerable success, but was captured in the year 747 and died, possibly assassinated, in prison. 1216: 2494:

were a key step in the transmission of learning from ancient Greeks to the Islamic world and the West. They often corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of

1201:

support base of the Abbasids and the move addressed their demand for reduced Arab dominance in the empire. However, no definitive capital was yet selected. In these early Abbasid years,

3998:, to as far as China. The post office not only enhanced civil services but also served as intelligence for the caliph. Mailmen were employed as spies who kept an eye on local affairs. 1969:, took up residence in Persia, but held power over the Abbasids in Baghdad. When the dynasty began to weaken in the 12th century, the Abbasids gained greater independence once again. 1197:

One of the first major changes effected by Abbasid rule was the move of the caliphate's center of power from Syria to Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). This was closer to the Persian

9611: 3818:, sheep were butchered in public arenas and the caliph participated in a large-scale sacrifice in the palace courtyard. Afterward, the meat would be divided and given to the poor. 3239:

orientation, which began among Muslim scientists. Ibn al-Haytham's empirical proof of the intromission theory of light (that is, that light rays entered the eyes rather than being

10299: 5662: 2150:. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt continued to maintain the presence of authority, but it was confined to religious matters. The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of 3171: 1710:

in the form of tax farms) to their supporters. This period of localized secular control was to last nearly 100 years. The loss of Abbasid power to the Buyids would shift as the

5563: 3837:

smoothly was greeted by communal jubilation. When Harun developed this holy talent, the people lit torches and decorated the streets with wreaths of flowers, and his father,

2555: 11414: 1484:, with focus shifting primarily to internal matters; Abbasid governors exerted greater autonomy and, using this increasing power, began to make their positions hereditary. 1342:, whose challenge to the Abbasid claim to leadership was based on his Alid lineage and thus presented a serious political threat. He was defeated by an Abbasid army led by 13563: 2916:, bookbinding techniques, and illumination styles. This expansion and establishment of the book arts culminated in a formative period of the Islamic manuscript tradition. 5620:

related a similar origin story, claiming descent from a man by the name of Salih ibn Abdullah ibn Abbas, whose father Abdullah was an Abbasid prince who fled Baghdad for

910:, as well as a multiethnic and multi-religious environment, garnered it an international reputation as a centre of learning. The Abbasid period was marked by the use of 6108:

The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3: The Years 589–629/1193–1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace

3235:(1021). The most important development of the scientific method was the use of experiments to distinguish between competing scientific theories set within a generally 564: 550: 536: 522: 508: 494: 480: 455: 441: 5746:

adopted red. The choice of black as the colour of the Abbasid Revolution was already motivated by the "black standards out of Khorasan" tradition associated with the

3610:

There is no man whose two daughters reach the age of puberty and he treats them kindly for the time they are together, but they will gain him admittance to Paradise.

2839:

was reportedly notable for his desire to imitate Persian kings by wearing a turban over a soft cap which was later adopted by other Abbasid rulers and called it the "

4059:. Tens of thousands of Arab coins have been discovered in parts of Russia and Sweden, which bear witness to the comprehensive trade networks set up by the Abbasids. 2417:

Arabic poetry reached its greatest height in the Abbasid era, especially before the loss of central authority and the rise of the Persianate dynasties. Writers like

1538:, which was supported by the Byzantines. Al-Ma'mun was also responsible for the creation of an autonomous Khorasan, and the continued repulsing of Byzantine forays. 12871: 1503:, and under his rule, the Abbasid Empire reached its peak. However, Harun's decision to split the succession proved to be damaging to the longevity of the empire. 15925: 12753: 3355: 3270:) produced treatises and works that summarized the vast amount of knowledge that scientists had accumulated, and was very influential through his encyclopedias, 3049: 9201:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: A Gap in the History of Gunpowder and Cannon" 1680:). In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew, reaching a climax when al-Radi was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to the non-Arab 15940: 15930: 12121: 10342:

Lucas, Adam Robert (2005). "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds: A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe".

3794:

There were large feasts on certain days, as the Muslims of the empire celebrated Christian holidays as well as their own. There were two main Islamic feasts:

3689:

The status and treatment of Jews, Christians, and non-Muslims in the Abbasid Caliphate was a complex and continually changing issue. Non-Muslims were called

10614: 2690:, along with prismatic perfume bottles. Finally, cut glass may have been the high point of Abbasid glass-working, decorated with floral and animal designs. 2292: 8548: 2355:. Many imitations were written, especially in France. Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as 15935: 13592: 12738: 2199:

in 1258 CE is considered the Islamic Golden Age. The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid

3704:

One of the common aspects of the treatment of the dhimmis is that their treatment depended on who the caliph was at the time. Some Abbasid rulers, like

13862: 5556: 1133: 3328:, though originally developed by the Greeks, was developed further by Islamic astronomers and engineers, and subsequently brought to medieval Europe. 15965: 11407: 8584: 3897:) who recruited and deployed their own men with Abbasid resource grants. al-Mu‘tasim began the practice of recruiting Turkic slave soldiers from the 10222:

Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque

8148: 3856:

In Baghdad there were many Abbasid military leaders who were or said they were of Arab descent. However, it is clear that most of the ranks were of

13476: 12837: 10437: 9236: 3442:, navigable rivers were uncommon, so transport by sea was very important. Navigational sciences were highly developed, making use of a rudimentary 3347: 2182: 1989:

was the first caliph to build an army capable of meeting a Seljuk army in battle, he was nonetheless defeated and assassinated in 1135. The caliph

1717:

At the end of the eighth century, the Abbasids found they could no longer keep together a polity from Baghdad, which had grown larger than that of

894: 9264: 9208: 7139: 1651:

took control of most of Syria. The trend of weakening of the central power and strengthening of the minor caliphates on the periphery continued.

2108:, and the last reigning Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, was spilled. The Shia of Persia stated that no such calamity had happened after the death of 1560:

failed when his fleet was destroyed by a storm, his military excursions were generally successful, culminating with a resounding victory in the

15905: 10057: 10020: 9359: 9188: 2797: 14718: 6083: 15955: 5759:

Kufa remained the overall administrative capital but the caliphs resided in multiple other sites during these years. See article for details.

5549: 4013:. In the early 8th century, the family converted to Islam and began to take on a sizable part of the civil administration for the Abbasids. 2851:, hyacinth or ambergris, but no other scents. Footwear included furry Cambay shoes, boots of the style of Persian ladies, and curved shoes. 1038:

The Abbasids also distinguished themselves from the Umayyads by attacking their moral character and administration in general. According to

15970: 11400: 9305: 3009:

One of the most notable parchment manuscripts created during the early Abbasid Caliphate was the Amajur Qur'an. This Qur'an was endowed by

3762:

converting to Judaism, and often demoted Jews who were serving in the Roman military. In direct contrast, there was an event in which two

2816: 1729:

set up a state from Fez in Morocco, while a family of governors under the Abbasids became increasingly independent until they founded the

12768: 5692: 6231: 1802:, which they built as a bastion of Shia learning and politics. By 1000 they had become the chief political and ideological challenge to 8607: 6780: 6753: 4106:. Arab businessmen were present in China as early as the eighth century. Arab merchants sailed the Caspian Sea to reach and trade with 3945:, ladders, grappling irons, and hooks. All such weaponry was operated by military engineers. However, the primary siege weapon was the 2673:, completed in 879, that is based on the style of Samarra and is now one of the best-preserved Abbasid-style mosques from this period. 1106:

west defeating the Umayyads at the Battle of Gorgan, the Battle of Nahavand and finally in the Battle of Karbala, all in the year 748.

6940: 3833:. Matrimonies and births in the royal family were observed by all in the empire. The announcement that one of the caliph's sons could 2722:, which was, again, a sub-dynasty of the Abbasids. Other styles are of vegetation, and fruit in nice colors on a four-foot high dedo. 1491:

Domestically, Harun pursued policies similar to those of his father Al-Mahdi. He released many of the Umayyads and 'Alids his brother

15890: 13480: 12842: 12758: 11002: 7355: 15950: 13852: 12859: 9289: 8835: 5986: 5811:

For his full genealogy all the way back to Al-Abbas bin Abdulmuttalib, the paternal uncle of Mohamed, please see: Al-Abbasi's book

3844:

Of all the holidays imported from other cultures and religions, the one most celebrated in Baghdad (a city with many Persians) was

3166: 2142:. In 1261, following the devastation of Baghdad by the Mongols, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt re-established the Abbasid caliphate in 3113:. These recovered mathematical methods were later enhanced and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists 2948:

During the late 9th century and early 10th century, a new system of calligraphy was introduced by Abbasid vizier and calligrapher

15960: 12822: 12743: 11172: 8862:"State, Land Tax and Agriculture in Iraq from the Arab Conquest to the Crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate (Seventh-Tenth Centuries)" 6144: 5624:

upon the Mongol invasion. He had a son named Salih who would grow to become an "able jurist" and a "very devout man". The Muslim

3603:

of the conquests an elite man could potentially own a thousand slaves, and ordinary soldiers could have ten people serving them.

3331: 2801: 2595:, which in turn featured elements present since ancient Mesopotamia. The Christian styles evolved into a style based more on the 1947: 1938:. By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Buyids and Abbasids, and took temporal power. When the amir and former slave 1794:. The Fatimid dynasty took control of Idrisid and Aghlabid domains, advanced to Egypt in 969, and established their capital near 3693:. Dhimmis faced some level of discrimination in Abbasid society: they did not have all the privileges of Muslims and had to pay 1425:

broke the treaty, then fended off multiple incursions during the first decade of the 9th century. These attacks pushed into the

1374:

The Abbasid leadership had to work hard in the last half of the 8th century (750–800) under several competent caliphs and their

1094:, rising from Khorasan, successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which was carried out under the sign of the 12763: 11653: 7324: 3551: 1302:

establishing an alliance with China. Several embassies from the Abbasid Caliphs to the Chinese court have been recorded in the

993: 375: 10797:

Wade, Geoffrey (2012). "Southeast Asian Islam and Southern China in the Fourteenth Century". In Wade, Geoff; Tana, Li (eds.).

15915: 15875: 15671: 15053: 13168: 12773: 12730: 11335: 10595: 10545: 10516: 10467: 10407: 10332: 10229: 10141: 10041: 10004: 9791: 9753: 9600: 9492: 9452: 9405: 9134: 8936: 8909: 8407: 8142: 7705: 7639: 7597: 7427:

Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

7338: 6616: 6532: 6116: 5964: 3027: 2985:

side. The leather-bound Qur'an would have been placed in the box which then would have been fitted with a locking mechanism.

2746:

then colored with yellow-brown, green, and purple glazes. Designs were diverse with geometric patterns, Kufic lettering, and

2599:, utilizing mud bricks and baked bricks with carved stucco. Other architectural innovations and styles were few, such as the 2077:

conquered most of the Eurasian land mass, including both China in the east and much of the old Islamic caliphate (as well as

1541:

In the 9th century, the Abbasids created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed of non-Arab origin people, known as

1060:, who remained outside the kinship-based society of the Arabs and were perceived as a lower class within the Umayyad empire. 886: 13146: 3738: 1109:

Ibrahim was captured by Marwan and was killed. The quarrel was taken up by Ibrahim's brother Abdallah, known by the name of

15880: 13604: 13511: 11423: 11372: 10564: 8899: 1434: 1410: 15577: 11541: 8660:

A History of the Islamic World, 600–1800: Empire, Dynastic Formations, and Heterogeneities in Pre-Modern Islamic West-Asia

2960: 1620:

The city of Samarra is the only remaining Islamic capital that retains its original plan, architecture and artistic relics

15885: 13506: 1997:. After nearly 250 years of subjection to foreign dynasties, he successfully defended Baghdad against the Seljuqs in the 710: 6602: 6292: 6007: 5950: 3701:(non-Muslim monotheists), Jews and Christians were allowed to practice their religion and were not required to convert. 3001: 15723: 14723: 13857: 13773: 13496: 13461: 9431: 9071: 8667: 8482: 8457: 8432: 8330: 8297: 8259: 8008: 7436: 6790: 6763: 6675: 5897: 5872: 3994:

each town. The roads were provided with roadside inns, hospices, and wells and could reach eastward through Persia and

949:

was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the caliphate, the dynasty retained control of its

928:(Muslim community). Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab 9066:. Vol. 4: Walai and Darfur. Translated by Fisher, Allan G. B.; Fisher, Humphrey J. London: C. Hurst and Company. 3131:

Christians) contributed to the Arab Islamic Civilization during the Umayyads and the Abbasids by translating works of

1903:, and they retained a certain influence over Baghdad as well as religious life. As Buyid power waned with the rule of 1614: 1125:

fled to Egypt, where he was subsequently killed. The remainder of his family, barring one male, were also eliminated.

15920: 15870: 14367: 13901: 12625: 12579: 12239: 12233: 10787: 10737: 10641: 10489: 10380: 10288: 10199: 10170: 10106: 9973: 9954: 9925: 9892: 9873: 9772: 9656: 9573: 9546: 9519: 9376: 9334: 9000: 8961: 8692: 8642: 8617: 7741: 7658: 7399: 7307: 7221: 6815: 4157: 8612:. Vol. 4: The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 62. 7998: 6106: 3868:, not from western Iran or Azerbaijan. Most of the Khorasani soldiers who brought the Abbasids to power were Arabs. 2219:

in Baghdad, where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into

1993:

was the first Abbasid Caliph to regain the full military independence of the caliphate, with the help of his vizier

15895: 13989: 13974: 13570: 13558: 12496: 12352: 11829: 11725: 7587: 4030: 3247:, particularly in his approach to experimentation, and has been referred to as the "world's first true scientist". 812: 6263: 103: 15349: 13847: 13833: 13585: 13235: 12990: 12796: 10606: 9081: 5929: 4515: 3196: 14511: 6275: 1064:, a great-grandson of Abbas, began to campaign in Persia for the return of power to the family of Muhammad, the 15910: 13451: 13055: 12603: 12501: 10838: 10507:

Pavlidis, T. (2010). "11: Turks and Byzantine Decline". In Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr.; Davidson, Lawrence (eds.).

10162:

The Muslim Diaspora: A Comprehensive Reference to the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas

9163: 8538: 6577: 5672: 5195: 3774: 2669:, vassals of the Abbasids. The styles utilized were mainly Abbasid. In Egypt, Ahmad Ibn Tulun commissioned the 2041: 1519: 3458:. Arab merchants dominated trade in the Indian Ocean until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. 2661:

Outside the Abbasid heartlands, architecture was still influenced by the capital. In present-day Tunisia, the

2570:'Amad al-Dawla wrote a poem about this palace. During the medieval period, it was referred to as "al-Ma'shuq ( 2347:

tales were often called "Arabian Nights" when translated into English, regardless of whether they appeared in

2138:. These Mamluks decided to directly overthrow their masters and came to power in 1250 in what is known as the 15787: 12413: 12172: 11849: 10995: 9200: 5632:. Seeing the population's deviation from Islam, he "pushed further" until he found the Abu Sinun mountain in 1099: 4760: 1278:. The Abbasids, or "Black Flags" as they were commonly called, were known in Tang dynasty chronicles as the 15782: 15666: 13597: 12975: 12952: 12562: 12418: 12408: 12314: 11967: 4026: 3547: 3517:

agricultural and industrial tasks. Abbasid engineers also developed machines (such as pumps) incorporating

3351: 3244: 2425:

were closely connected to the caliphal court in Baghdad during the early 9th century, while others such as

10847: 8574: 3074: 1662:

892–902). He brought parts of Egypt, Syria, and Khorasan back into Abbasid control. Especially after the "

1098:. Close to 10,000 soldiers were under Abu Muslim's command when the hostilities officially began in Merv. 15945: 15792: 14829: 14146: 13911: 13874: 13806: 13575: 13077: 12942: 12748: 12516: 12309: 11686: 9708:

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969b). "Islamic Pottery and Tiles". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).

8181:(by Natana J. Delong-Bas, 2 vols (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), I 651–54 (at p. 652) ed.). 5598: 3289: 2584: 2464: 2326: 2134:

Similarly to how a Mamluk Army was created by the Abbasids, a Mamluk Army was created by the Egypt-based

1990: 1020:

clan. The Abbasids claimed to be the true successors of Muhammad in replacing the Umayyad descendants of

10429: 10323:

Lewis, Bernard (1995). "The Middle East". In Holt, Peter M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).

9674:

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969). "Islamic Glass and Crystal". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).

9228: 6145:"الكتاب : التاريخ الإسلامي – الموضوع : المتوكل على الله "الثالث" محمد بن يعقوب المستمسك بالله" 4690: 3179:

is derived. He is thus considered to be the father of algebra by some, although the Greek mathematician

1899:

amirs, the Abbasids retained a highly ritualized court in Baghdad, as described by the Buyid bureaucrat

15985: 15855: 14324: 13999: 13979: 13821: 13811: 13801: 13501: 13491: 13270: 12827: 12710: 12227: 11646: 11131: 10051: 10014: 9256: 8811:"Abbasids (A.D. 750 to 1258): Rise, History, Wealth | Middle East And North Africa — Facts and Details" 8635:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century

4207:

were effectively independent in Africa. The Abbasid authority began to deteriorate during the reign of

4071: 3250: 3063: 2480: 1690:

had a short reign from 944 to 946, and it was during this period that the Persian faction known as the

1327: 1298:

and established good relations with them. After the war, these embassies remained in China with Caliph

17: 9485:

The Legend of the Middle Ages: Philosophical Explorations of Medieval Christianity, Judaism, and Islam

2972:

ornamental elements were often concentrated at the beginning and end of volumes as well as in between

1930:

With the Buyid dynasty on the wane, a vacuum was created that was eventually filled by the dynasty of

15865: 15750: 14898: 14462: 13951: 13796: 13366: 13161: 12920: 12907: 12608: 12437: 12133: 11855: 11818: 10867: 10832: 8205: 6593: 5937: 5594: 4126: 3901:

into a private army, which allowed him to take over the reins of the caliphate. He abolished the old

3803: 3767: 3383:

from China. The use of paper spread from China into the caliphate in the 8th century CE, arriving in

3282:. The work of him and many others directly influenced the research of European scientists during the 3097:

A number of medieval thinkers and scientists living under Islamic rule played a role in transmitting

2498:. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking was incorporated into 2105: 1390:(vizier) developed in this period. It was initially akin to a secretary, but under the tenure of the 1009: 819: 7544:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus" 6956: 4066: 358: 15900: 15708: 15683: 15533: 15192: 15187: 14038: 14009: 13653: 13072: 12791: 12615: 12388: 11868: 10988: 6271: 6075: 5439: 3630: 3387:(Islamic Spain) and then the rest of Europe in the 10th century. It was easier to manufacture than 3321: 3240: 3159:

family served as private doctors to caliphs and sultans between the eighth and eleventh centuries.

2662: 2458: 2351:. This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by 2178: 2147: 2086: 1440: 10806:

Wilber, Donald N. (1969). "Abbasid Architecture". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).

10707:

Toomer, G. J. (December 1964). "Book Review: Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik by Matthias Schramm".

5636:

where he converted the local people to Islam and taught them its rules, after which they made him

5628:

on pilgrimage in Mecca met him and, impressed by his knowledge, invited him to return with him to

3986:

As a result of such a vast Empire, the caliphate was decentralized and divided into 24 provinces.

3930:

solidly that, one contemporary wrote "you would have thought them held fast by clamps of bronze".

3786:, whose corpse had been brought to Iraq during the first migration of the Jews out of the Levant. 3093:

as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims.

2158:

to Constantinople where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.

1698:

swept into power and assumed control over the bureaucracy in Baghdad. According to the history of

1346:. It was after this victory, in 762, that al-Mansur finally established a proper Abbasid capital, 15980: 15860: 15775: 15656: 15197: 15150: 15093: 14792: 14736: 14484: 14266: 14014: 13678: 13411: 12930: 11741: 11310: 11295: 11011: 10659:

Söylemez, Mehmet Mahfuz (2005). "The Jundishapur School: Its History, Structure, and Functions".

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Murray, S.A.P. (2012). The library: An illustrated history. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, p. 54.

5687: 5682: 5667: 5185: 4229: 4204: 4130: 2902: 2747: 2698: 2312: 2196: 2050: 2037: 2021: 1998: 1674:(934–941) was forced to acknowledge their power by creating the position of "Prince of Princes" ( 1602: 1237: 1061: 831: 703: 345: 213: 11895: 9725:

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969c). "Islamic Textiles". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).

9691:

Dimand, Maurice S. (1969a). "Islamic Painting". In Myers, Bernard S.; Myers, Shirley D. (eds.).

9595:. International Symposia in Economic Theory and Econometrics. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 8956:. Vol. 2: Kawar, Bornu, Kanem, Borku, Ennedi. University of California Press. p. 206. 6061: 3662:

had an additional home or flat, with her own enslaved staff of eunuchs and maidservants. When a

2820:

Dignitary in loose-fitting dress and turban. Illustrations from the 1237 Baghdad edition of the

945:, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Although Abbasid leadership over the vast 648: 15797: 15698: 15693: 15381: 15329: 15249: 15182: 15086: 15071: 14964: 14731: 14685: 14526: 14413: 13969: 13828: 13698: 13673: 13543: 13295: 13087: 13016: 12985: 12915: 11839: 11834: 11752: 11499: 11320: 10680: 9729:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 216–220. 9712:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 211–216. 9695:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp. 205–211. 8397: 5290: 5235: 3144: 2968: 2614: 2484: 2265: 2013: 1994: 1565: 986: 797: 10588:

17th International Congress of Historical Sciences: Madrid, From 26 August to 2 September 1990

10133: 9743: 9061: 8990: 8810: 7763: 7297: 5994: 3462:

was an important center for this trade. There was also a dense network of trade routes in the

2296:

Remains of a large circular pool surrounded by reception halls in the Dar Al-Baraka Palace in

15728: 15688: 15501: 15376: 14440: 14430: 14389: 14360: 14334: 14073: 13941: 13553: 13426: 13405: 13325: 13285: 13176: 13033: 13011: 11762: 11639: 11595: 11270: 11217: 10777: 10684: 10477: 10425: 9442: 9395: 9050:محمد أعظم؛ (العباسي)بني عباسيان بستكي (1993م). أحداث و وقائع و مشايخ بستك و خنج و لنجة و لار. 8926: 5862: 5280: 5250: 3955:

employed in Western medieval times. From the seventh century onward, it had largely replaced

3652: 3335: 3313: 3272: 2666: 2654: 2592: 1681: 1445: 1399: 1347: 1316: 835: 15616: 10535: 9124: 3712:(714–775 CE), it was common for Jews and Christians to influence the overall culture in the 2993: 2005:(d. 1225) brought the caliphate back into power throughout Iraq, based in large part on the 1740: 1260: 15821: 15651: 15621: 15496: 15427: 15398: 15317: 14651: 14489: 14479: 14168: 14050: 13984: 13946: 13842: 13768: 13763: 13688: 13536: 13154: 12690: 12597: 12542: 11607: 11340: 11064: 10217: 7625: 6937: 5424: 5305: 4118:

were faster than most merchant ships. It is said that many of the adventures at sea in the

3956: 3875: 3663: 3554:

passed on knowledge of chemistry and instrument making in particular. The agricultural and

3309: 2868: 2643: 2634: 2607:. Unfortunately, much was lost due to the ephemeral nature of the stucco and luster tiles. 2588: 2550: 2499: 2397: 1572:

responded by sending his troops into Anatolia again, sacking and marauding until they were

1021: 15601: 10877: 10583:

17e Congrès international des sciences historiques: Madrid, du 26 août au 2 septembre 1990

9229:"Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part II: Transmission of Islamic Engineering" 5633: 3891:

infantry and the Khurasaniyya heavy cavalry, led by their own semi-autonomous commanders (

3481: 2862:, a robe made from silver or gold brocade and buttons in the front of the sleeves. Caliph 2665:

was founded under the Umayyad dynasty but completely rebuilt in the 9th century under the

87: 8: 15975: 15513: 15393: 15359: 15261: 15081: 15076: 14888: 14607: 14543: 14418: 14403: 14110: 14068: 13994: 13869: 13791: 13320: 13290: 13275: 12925: 12801: 12695: 12511: 11950: 11747: 6808:

The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 4: The Period from the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs

5514: 4525: 4001:

Early in the days of the caliphate, the Barmakids took the responsibility of shaping the

3550:, including early industries for textiles, sugar, rope-making, matting, silk, and paper. 3278: 3200: 3041: 2898: 2892: 2715: 2670: 2339: 2017: 1887: 1335: 1271: 1148: 902: 668: 203: 15229: 15219: 10967: 9281: 6225: 4830: 3191:

are derived from the name of al-Khwarizmi, who was also responsible for introducing the

1290: 850:). The Abbasid Revolution had its origins and first successes in the easterly region of 15626: 15606: 15589: 15540: 15405: 15214: 15165: 15098: 15016: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14903: 14873: 14765: 14663: 14531: 14506: 14241: 14236: 14221: 14183: 14158: 14095: 13956: 13891: 13526: 13335: 13250: 13092: 13006: 12937: 12847: 12783: 12591: 12567: 12244: 12222: 12182: 12024: 11927: 11878: 11844: 11735: 11439: 10359: 10264: 10085: 10029: 9992: 9862: 9811: 9745:

Caveman Chemistry: 28 Projects, from the Creation of Fire to the Production of Plastics

9644: 9353: 9182: 8378: 8370: 6597: 5723: 5677: 5220: 4985: 4870: 4730: 4455: 4390: 4153: 4137: 3742: 3698: 3678: 3648: 3466:, along which Muslim countries traded with each other and with European powers such as 3132: 2924: 2913: 2827: 2768:

Egypt being a center of the textile industry was part of Abbasid cultural advancement.

2454: 2389: 2335: 2269: 2257: 2172: 1911:, for example, led the ideological struggle against the Shia with writings such as the 1768: 1663: 1585: 1573: 1531: 1213:, where he built a new settlement for his Khurasani soldiers and a palace for himself. 1042:, "The Abbasid revolt was supported largely by Arabs, mainly the aggrieved settlers of 1033: 898: 843: 696: 615: 318: 305: 14083: 12090: 11392: 6148: 4810: 1247:) who firmly consolidated Abbasid rule and faced down internal challenges. His uncle, 15735: 15631: 15567: 15562: 15491: 15388: 15103: 15031: 15026: 14868: 14797: 14780: 14770: 14570: 14521: 14310: 14261: 14226: 14063: 14004: 13906: 13816: 13786: 13781: 13648: 13643: 13627: 13516: 13456: 13371: 13280: 13067: 13062: 12967: 12957: 12947: 12620: 12506: 12458: 12301: 12212: 11915: 11905: 11900: 11885: 11718: 11481: 11475: 11445: 11365: 11355: 11325: 10926: 10811: 10783: 10764: 10743: 10733: 10695: 10647: 10637: 10591: 10541: 10522: 10512: 10495: 10485: 10463: 10413: 10403: 10386: 10376: 10363: 10328: 10284: 10268: 10235: 10225: 10205: 10195: 10189: 10176: 10166: 10147: 10137: 10126: 10112: 10102: 10089: 10037: 10000: 9979: 9969: 9950: 9931: 9921: 9898: 9888: 9869: 9848: 9829: 9797: 9787: 9768: 9749: 9730: 9713: 9696: 9679: 9662: 9652: 9596: 9579: 9569: 9552: 9542: 9525: 9515: 9498: 9488: 9458: 9448: 9427: 9401: 9382: 9372: 9330: 9159: 9140: 9130: 9067: 8996: 8957: 8932: 8905: 8904:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press in association with the Aga Khan University. 8688: 8663: 8638: 8613: 8478: 8453: 8428: 8403: 8382: 8326: 8293: 8255: 8225: 8138: 8004: 7737: 7701: 7635: 7593: 7432: 7395: 7363: 7334: 7303: 7217: 7195: 6811: 6786: 6759: 6671: 6612: 6528: 6302: 6112: 6017: 5960: 5893: 5868: 5727: 5330: 5175: 4780: 4420: 4400: 4285: 4141: 4119: 3861: 3830: 3478:

crossing Central Asia passed through the Abbasid caliphate between China and Europe.

3400: 3226: 3082: 3037: 2600: 2559: 2331: 2261: 2151: 2113: 1913: 1904: 1900: 1465: 1339: 1248: 1114: 997: 870: 839: 658: 653: 630: 620: 501: 446: 277: 9257:"Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part I: Avenues of Technology Transfer" 7561: 6378: 6376: 3882:, is a large, rectangular fortress erected in 775 AD with a unique defensive style. 3054: 15584: 15371: 15366: 15322: 15309: 15239: 15207: 15202: 15066: 15061: 15043: 15004: 14937: 14920: 14861: 14851: 14846: 14787: 14743: 14713: 14673: 14656: 14639: 14602: 14353: 14153: 14088: 14078: 13752: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13663: 13638: 13097: 13082: 12832: 12537: 12259: 12197: 12187: 12177: 12162: 11910: 11813: 11785: 11673: 11511: 11493: 11463: 11345: 11285: 11234: 11192: 10716: 10668: 10351: 10256: 10077: 9077: 8362: 8318: 8285: 8217: 7775: 6585: 6520: 5769: 5484: 5480: 5469: 5450: 5115: 5095: 5075: 4995: 4790: 4670: 4595: 4585: 4535: 4465: 4365: 4315: 3682: 3572: 3301: 3078: 3045: 2410: 2401: 2393: 2376: 2228: 2139: 2129: 1954:, the Seljuq sultan, restored Baghdad to Sunni rule and took Iraq for his dynasty. 1842: 1730: 1640: 1636: 1500: 1473: 1469: 1430: 1426: 1414: 1403: 1304: 1191: 1084: 978: 962: 851: 734: 663: 473: 362: 172: 9917: 9911: 8206:""The sheikh of the translators": The translation methodology of Hunayn ibn Ishaq" 7391:

Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800

3492:

Engineers in the Abbasid caliphate made a number of innovative industrial uses of

2533:

was later established as a result. Other influential Abbasid philosophers include

1917:. The caliphs kept order in Baghdad itself, attempting to prevent the outbreak of 1472:

and died while there. Military operations by the caliphate were minimal while the

1266:

In 756, al-Mansur had also sent over 4,000 Arab mercenaries to assist the Chinese

15802: 15770: 15643: 15611: 15594: 15550: 15545: 15523: 15518: 15476: 15469: 15444: 15304: 15299: 15140: 15021: 14915: 14910: 14878: 14703: 14693: 14587: 14580: 14575: 14560: 14516: 14398: 14384: 14251: 14216: 14105: 14100: 14019: 13930: 13668: 13521: 13433: 13421: 13345: 13340: 13330: 13265: 13240: 13225: 13212: 13200: 13023: 12720: 12665: 12465: 12151: 12111: 12000: 11956: 11730: 11565: 11535: 11505: 11315: 11300: 11290: 11260: 11227: 11053: 10959: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10907: 10631: 10556: 10457: 10160: 9944: 9842: 9153: 7389: 6944: 6581: 6373: 5645: 5420: 5390: 5155: 5145: 5055: 5035: 4925: 4860: 4820: 4800: 4710: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4575: 4545: 4485: 4475: 4355: 4305: 4225: 4099: 4036: 3857: 3783: 3373: 3334:

influenced medieval European alchemists, particularly the writings attributed to

3192: 3140: 3136: 3118: 3098: 3086: 3033: 3010: 2776:

was famous for its factories and had over 5,000 looms. Examples of textiles were

2739: 2596: 2571: 2522: 2433: 2385: 2352: 2232: 2220: 2216: 2135: 2101: 2094: 1871:

dynasty of Cairo contested the Abbasids for the titular authority of the Islamic

1787: 1756: 1561: 1550: 1418: 1363: 1299: 1205:

generally served as the administrative capital, but the caliphs were wary of the

1183: 1103: 1080: 990: 989:, the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until a few years after the 974: 907: 890: 878: 827: 788: 515: 460: 262: 247: 150: 54: 31: 15224: 10590:] (in French). Vol. 1. Comité international des sciences historiques . 9478:] (in French). Vol. 5 (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill. 7356:"Story of cities #3: the birth of Baghdad was a landmark for world civilisation" 3143:. Nestorians played a prominent role in the formation of Arab culture, with the 600: 15745: 15740: 15703: 15678: 15661: 15572: 15557: 15528: 15486: 15334: 15294: 15289: 15244: 15170: 15130: 15120: 15110: 14925: 14804: 14698: 14565: 14447: 14231: 14206: 13486: 13416: 13135: 12852: 12705: 12547: 12249: 11601: 11589: 11577: 11529: 11330: 11222: 11162: 11115: 11110: 11095: 11075: 10899: 10858: 9824: 9252: 9224: 9196: 8579: 8570: 8543: 6589: 6287: 6279: 6002: 5998: 5945: 5933: 5495: 5405: 5349: 5125: 5015: 4945: 4645: 4161: 4136:

The Abbasids engaged in extensive trade with the Italian maritime republics of

4125:

The Abbasids also established overland trade with Africa, largely for gold and

4060: 3964: 3626: 3430:, and sugar cultivation was gradually adopted by the Europeans. Apart from the 3399:

was also transmitted from China via the caliphate, where the formulas for pure

3231: 3222: 3101:

to the Christian West. In addition, the period saw the recovery of much of the

2836: 2538: 2503: 2441: 2371: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2240: 2109: 2078: 1838: 1734: 1655: 1557: 1546: 1308:, the most important being those of al-Saffah, al-Mansur, and Harun al-Rashid. 1095: 985:

in 1261. Though lacking in political power, with the brief exception of Caliph

946: 94: 10260: 10081: 8366: 7779: 5742:

s. Their rivals chose other colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to

2730: 1553:

created a division between the caliphate and the people they claimed to rule.

15849: 15826: 15713: 15508: 15481: 15454: 15432: 15410: 15177: 15160: 15145: 14989: 14942: 14930: 14856: 14748: 14622: 14617: 14592: 14474: 14304: 14256: 14246: 14211: 14163: 14140: 14115: 13879: 13708: 13703: 13580: 13381: 13230: 13038: 12865: 12715: 12254: 12217: 12192: 12029: 11571: 11559: 11547: 11523: 11187: 11100: 11085: 10699: 10672: 10239: 10065: 9833: 9678:. Vol. 3: Greece to Master F. V. B. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 9308:. Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary. 1998. Archived from 8322: 8289: 8229: 8130: 7367: 6955:

Szczepanski, Kallie. "How the Mongols Took Over Baghdad in 1258." ThoughtCo.

6306: 6283: 6267: 6220: 6021: 5990: 5941: 5864:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

5375: 4880: 4740: 4056: 4052: 4002: 3980: 3942: 3888: 3705: 3659: 3592: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3463: 3447: 3360: 3317: 2686:

inscriptions. Colored lead glass, typically blue or green, has been found in

2301: 2279: 2236: 2074: 2025: 1986: 1977: 1966: 1676: 1569: 966: 942: 543: 529: 487: 15254: 15234: 10831: 10307: 8355:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

7698:

The art of the Qurʼan: treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts

4248: 2932:

The earliest style of calligraphy used for Abbasid Qur'ans was known as the

2046: 1810: 961:. The Abbasids' age of cultural revival and fruition ended in 1258 with the 937:

The political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian

918:

family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of

15718: 15459: 15449: 15415: 15344: 15339: 15266: 15056: 15038: 14999: 14994: 14974: 14969: 14841: 14834: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14708: 14646: 14627: 14612: 14548: 14130: 13896: 13693: 13401: 13396: 13386: 13220: 13125: 13050: 12700: 12552: 12430: 12146: 11995: 11980: 11694: 11360: 11350: 11305: 11202: 11182: 11070: 10768: 10355: 7630: 6524: 5617: 5582: 5379: 4850: 4605: 4103: 4083: 4040: 3995: 3128: 3090: 2940: 2880: 2526: 2426: 2224: 2070: 2062: 1918: 1783: 1772: 1718: 1527: 1515: 1507: 1422: 1380: 1355: 1343: 1320: 1295: 1267: 1210: 1179: 1175: 950: 847: 686: 10730:

Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans: 1185–1365

8353:

Sirry, Mun'im (2011). "The public role of Dhimmīs during ʿAbbāsid times".

8221: 4063:

minted gold coins similar to those of the Abbasids in the eighth century.

3975: 3070:, established in 1227, one of the few Abbasid-era madrasas remaining today 2610: 15437: 15422: 15271: 14984: 14893: 14883: 14809: 14457: 14452: 14314: 14276: 14125: 13961: 13886: 13683: 13245: 12677: 12167: 12075: 11975: 11862: 11280: 11275: 11157: 11152: 11125: 11090: 10915: 10779:

Basra, the Failed Gulf State: Separatism and Nationalism in Southern Iraq

10453: 10276: 5239: 5005: 4915: 4700: 4555: 4505: 4179:

set up an independent state in North Africa in 801. Within 50 years, the

4010: 3865: 3815: 3799: 3795: 3725: 3576: 3513: 3497: 3380: 3369: 3365: 3283: 2906: 2863: 2647: 2082: 2054: 1951: 1931: 1865: 1803: 1759:. In the East, governors decreased their ties to the center as well. The 1687: 1632: 1535: 1187: 1039: 1017: 970: 911: 9619: 9564:

Clinton, Jerome W. (2000). Talattof, Kamran; Clinton, Jerome W. (eds.).

8374: 3637: 2089:

in 1258 is traditionally seen as the approximate end of the Golden Age.

1907:, the caliphate was able to regain some measure of strength. The caliph 1311: 15464: 15281: 15155: 15115: 15048: 13391: 12980: 12062: 12019: 11990: 11619: 11613: 11265: 11207: 11197: 11177: 11147: 11120: 11105: 8399:

The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

5697: 5525: 5165: 5135: 4965: 4770: 4335: 4044: 3834: 3746: 3555: 3518: 3501: 3493: 3427: 3411: 3384: 3297: 3293: 3236: 3180: 3155:

and early Abbasid periods. Notably, eight generations of the Nestorian

3124: 3102: 2848: 2757: 2530: 2472: 2418: 1958: 1875:. They commanded some support in the Shia sections of Baghdad (such as 1854: 1744: 1256: 1143: 1091: 1065: 954: 823: 557: 396: 9424:

The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad

6235:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 10. 3558:

industries also experienced high levels of growth during this period.

15354: 15125: 15009: 14979: 14760: 14634: 14425: 14201: 14173: 14120: 13658: 13350: 13310: 12685: 12116: 12058: 12005: 11873: 11487: 11469: 11080: 11038: 11033: 10933: 9126:

Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics: The British Experience

7296:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).

5743: 5510: 5465: 5435: 5360: 5345: 4750: 4720: 4565: 4325: 4265: 4176: 4111: 3952: 3713: 3709: 3667: 3540: 3509: 3485: 3475: 3439: 3404: 3396: 3388: 3325: 3188: 3156: 3114: 2949: 2876: 2772:

were employed in the textile industry and produced linens and silks.

2630: 2514: 2491: 2476: 2437: 2422: 2244: 2208: 2200: 1962: 1760: 1699: 1644: 1530:

ruled for 20 years of relative calm interspersed with a rebellion in

1449: 1391: 1275: 1221: 1186:. Al-Saffah focused on putting down numerous rebellions in Syria and 1171: 1160: 1152: 1122: 1110: 1076: 915: 882: 866: 808: 583: 232: 206: 8861: 7543: 3512:

in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-

3243:) was particularly important. Ibn al-Haytham was significant in the 3105:

mathematical, geometric and astronomical knowledge, such as that of

2187: 1495:

had imprisoned and declared amnesty for all political groups of the

14755: 14538: 14496: 14435: 13718: 13548: 13531: 13305: 13300: 13028: 12524: 12382: 12334: 12128: 12034: 11985: 11713: 11553: 11517: 11457: 11212: 11167: 11137: 11043: 10720: 8174: 5294: 5065: 5025: 4975: 4935: 4840: 4495: 4445: 4345: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4076: 4006: 3938: 3934: 3919: 3898: 3871: 3838: 3720:. Jews and Christians did this by participating in scholarly work. 3505: 3415: 3305: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3184: 3148: 2805: 2687: 2534: 2518: 2510: 2364: 2204: 2002: 1939: 1908: 1776: 1726: 1481: 1395: 1138: 1013: 958: 815: 11385:

indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only

10980: 10747: 10526: 10499: 10417: 10116: 10036:. Vol. VIII : Menage – Ottawa (15th ed.). Chicago. 9935: 9765:

The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present

9502: 9462: 9386: 9144: 7035: 4213: 2964:

Later example (13th century) of vegetal and geometric illumination

14668: 14597: 14553: 14408: 14178: 14135: 13315: 13260: 13043: 12639: 12327: 12207: 12085: 12080: 12067: 12051: 12044: 12039: 11771: 11427: 11142: 11058: 11048: 11023: 6957:

https://www.thoughtco.com/the-mongol-siege-of-baghdad-1258-195801

5454: 5364: 5334: 5269: 5105: 5085: 5045: 4955: 4890: 4680: 4295: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4180: 4107: 4095: 3960: 3926:, and other geostrategic locations in order to quell any unrest. 3911: 3879: 3826: 3750: 3717: 3685:

was an influential translator, scholar, physician, and scientist.

3622: 3451: 3443: 3392: 3255: 3210: 3162: 3152: 3110: 3067: 3059: 2752: 2719: 2707: 2618: 2604: 2563: 2495: 2405: 2356: 2344: 2297: 2155: 2009: 1943: 1935: 1923: 1868: 1791: 1764: 1748: 1711: 1671: 1648: 1628: 1606: 1545:. This force, created by al-Ma'mun and his brother and successor 1542: 1523: 1511: 1496: 1492: 1083:, the fourth in descent from Abbas. Supported by the province of 1069: 874: 331: 190: 143: 14469: 10815: 10651: 10390: 10209: 10191:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

10180: 10151: 10068:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". 9983: 9902: 9883:

Grant, John; Clute, John (1999). "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy".

9852: 9801: 9734: 9717: 9700: 9683: 9666: 9583: 9556: 9529: 8836:"Cross-Cultural Trade and Cultural Exchange During the Crusades" 7295: 1294:, the word for "Arab"). Al-Rashid sent embassies to the Chinese 1228:

754–775) from the genealogy (silsilanāma) "Cream of Histories" (

14501: 14376: 14058: 13713: 12557: 12531: 12490: 12451: 12368: 12281: 12202: 12104: 12014: 11945: 11940: 11707: 11631: 11246: 11019: 10371:

Magnusson, Magnus; Goring, Rosemary, eds. (1990). "'Abbasids".

9514:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 7–10. 8539:"Baghdad i. The Iranian Connection: Before the Mongol Invasion" 6224: 5637: 5629: 5610: 5602: 5529: 5409: 5265: 4275: 3915: 3845: 3807: 3778: 3763: 3690: 3599: 3580: 3467: 3435: 3423: 3419: 3214: 3106: 2859: 2822: 2785: 2773: 2381: 2360: 2212: 2066: 1896: 1858: 1846: 1827: 1795: 1695: 1691: 1461: 1453: 1375: 1118: 1047: 938: 930: 855: 818:. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, 402: 123: 10810:. Vol. 1: Aa–Ceylon. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 10459:

Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate

9822:

Frazier, Ian (25 April 2005). "Invaders: Destroying Baghdad".

9649:

Literary Swordsmen and Sorcerers: The Makers of Heroic Fantasy

5768:

The Abbasids resided in Cairo as ceremonial figures under the

3933:

The Abbasid army amassed an array of siege equipment, such as

3810:

hung lights. It was said that Baghdad "glittered 'like a bride

1767:

began breaking away around this time, cultivating a much more

1605:, built in 851 CE (237 AH) on the western side of the city of 1366:

who had supported them in their battles against the Umayyads.

1259:(present-day Spain and Portugal) in 756, founding the Umayyad 15135: 14271: 13255: 12806: 12631: 12585: 12573: 12375: 12361: 12320: 12097: 11935: 11792: 11778: 11699: 11662: 11583: 11250: 9470:

Bosworth, C.; Van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. (1983).

9469: 9096: 9027: 8425:

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

8252:

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

8096:(1st Gorgias Press ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 5747: 5625: 5621: 5590: 5499: 5254: 5224: 4172: 4087: 3694: 3670:

and also received apartments and (slave) servants as a gift.

3634: 3618: 3471: 3459: 2973: 2933: 2793: 2789: 2735: 2703: 2683: 2626: 2468: 2305: 2143: 2117: 1876: 1872: 1834: 1799: 1722: 1659: 1631:

had begun the process of exercising independent authority in

1477: 1398:(centered in present-day Tunisia) as a hereditary emirate to 1331: 1225: 1156: 1056: 982: 924: 919: 183: 157: 10099:

The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West

7164:"قصر العاشق" في سامراء : تاريخ وأطلال وقصة عشق لا تنتهي 6701: 6699: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 5867:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 97f. 5613:

where their khanate was established in the 17th century CE.

3959:. By Harun al-Rashid's time, the Abbasid army employed fire 13466: 13443: 13186: 13180: 12472: 12444: 12394: 12341: 12286: 11799: 9566:

The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric

8317:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 108–110. 8284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–103. 5772:

after the fall of Baghdad in 1258. See article for details.

5586: 5394: 4167: 4091: 3923: 3822: 3522: 3431: 2769: 2567: 2006: 1972: 1850: 1830: 1707: 1703: 1667: 1206: 1202: 1164: 1051: 1043: 862: 770: 737: 408: 136: 14345: 10871: 10755:

Verma, R. L. (1969). "Al-Hazen: Father of Modern Optics".

10679: 9369:

The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of Chinese Statecraft

7792: 7631:

Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires

6349: 977:. The Abbasid line of rulers re-centred themselves in the 10972: 10400:

Persian Historiography: To the End of the Twelfth Century

8706: 8704: 8427:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–54. 8254:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–30. 8109:

Two Queens of Baghdad: Mother and Wife of Hārūn al Rashīd

8073: 7606: 6696: 6630: 6628: 6496: 6484: 6472: 6325: 6313: 6175: 4122:

were based on historical fiction of mariners of the day.

3777:

were incorporated into the Arab community and considered

3262:

was described during this time. Famous Persian scientist

2937:

were most popular in the second half of the 8th century.

2123: 1518:, who had the support of Khorasan. This war ended with a 776: 764: 752: 746: 10685:"Chemistry in Iraq and Persia in the Tenth Century A.D." 10247:

Labib, Subhi Y. (1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".

9916:. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. pp. 9784:

African Fractals: Modern Computing and Indigenous Design

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Challenges of the Muslim World: Present, Future and Past

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The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture

8928:

Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History

6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 4133:, Jews served as a link between the two hostile worlds. 3206: 11422: 10327:. Vol. 1A. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10101:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9767:(2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row Publishers. 9441:

Bonner, Michael; Ener, Mine; Singer, Amy, eds. (2003).

8137:. Vol. II. New York: Routledge. pp. 865–867. 6337: 3356:

Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world

3296:, who improved the precision of the measurement of the 3050:

Timeline of science and technology in the Islamic world

1790:, a Shia sect tracing its roots to Muhammad's daughter 1647:, from Khorasan, nearly seized Baghdad in 876, and the 861:

The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in

10799:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

10070:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

9999:. Vol. I: A–Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago. 8701: 8637:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson/Longman. p. 134. 8491: 8185: 6684: 6625: 6517:

Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750–334/945)

2875:

in kaftans and turbans. Even as far as the streets of

1882: 30:

For the dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate, see

9512:

Boundaries and Frontiers in Medieval Muslim Geography

9304: 8898:

Savant, Sarah Bowen; de Felipe, Helena, eds. (2014).

7230: 7105: 6541: 6250: 6163: 6028: 4234: 2928:

Folio from an 8th-9th century Qur'an, Abbasid dynasty

2653:

Baghdad, the epicenter of the empire, was originally

2436:

in 751. As prisoners of war, they were dispatched to

773: 749: 10715:(4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press: 463–465. 10224:. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. 9367:

Bloodworth, Ching Ping; Bloodworth, Dennis (2004) .

9366: 8893: 8891: 8575:"Iraq i. In the Late Sasanid and Early Islamic Eras" 7764:"Transcribing God's Word: Qur'an Codices in Context" 7586:

Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009).

7302:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 216. 6382: 6196: 5736: 3951:, a type of siege weapon that was comparable to the 2912:

dissemination of the Qur'an also came the growth of

2001:, thus securing Iraq for the Abbasids. The reign of 1837:

and ruled the entire province from their capital of

1579: 802: 779: 767: 755: 743: 175:(central administration); various regional languages 60: 10580:Ruano, Eloy Benito; Burgos, Manuel Espadas (1992). 8792: 8790: 8777: 8775: 8762: 8760: 8735: 8733: 8731: 8520: 8518: 8100: 7997:Phillips, Douglas A.; Gritzner, Charles F. (2010). 7653: 7651: 7140:"The Islamic Scholar Who Gave Us Modern Philosophy" 5640:, thus laying the foundations of the Wadai Empire. 4043:thrived, with Arab vessels trading as far south as 3979:The provinces of Abbasid Caliphate in c. 850 under 3673: 3606:It was narrated from Ibn Abbas that Muhammad said: 1853:that had been in more common usage, signifying the 761: 740: 10801:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 10125: 9861: 9810: 8657: 6824: 3454:may derive from an earlier Arab ship known as the 1194:conducted raids during these early distractions. 1046:with the addition of the Yemeni faction and their 957:and extended into Iran during the reign of Caliph 10132:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8982: 8888: 3910:could be assembled along the Byzantine frontier, 3666:gave birth to a son, she was elevated in rank to 3546:A number of industries were generated during the 3300:of the Earth's axis. The corrections made to the 3165:was significantly developed by Persian scientist 2324:The best-known fiction from the Islamic world is 1079:, this opposition culminated in the rebellion of 1024:by virtue of their closer bloodline to Muhammad. 15847: 10476: 9612:"The Story of Islam's Gift of Paper to the West" 9440: 8787: 8772: 8757: 8728: 8515: 8477:. Harlow: Pearson Educated Limited. p. 38. 8452:. Scranton: Haddon Craftsmen. pp. 196–197. 8067: 7996: 7856: 7648: 7624: 7059: 7057: 6847: 6835: 6778: 6751: 6125: 3348:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world 2207:to Baghdad. The Abbasids were influenced by the 2183:List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world 1506:After Rashid's death, the empire was split by a 1421:pushed for peace. After several years of peace, 838:in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the 834:for most of the caliphate from their capital in 10661:The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 10370: 9786:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. 9346:Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak 8897: 7122: 7120: 6739: 5650:Tarikh-e Jahangiriyeh va Baniabbassian-e Bastak 2529:with other ideas introduced through Islam, and 2429:received their patronage from regional courts. 1950:was unable to defeat him without outside help. 1383:, that its reputation and power were created. 1369: 1027: 15926:States and territories established in the 750s 9539:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc 9447:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 9444:Poverty and Charity in Middle Eastern Contexts 9155:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period 8135:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia 7081: 6665: 6059:Bosworth, C. E. (1982). "ʿAbbasid Caliphate". 4216:decreasing in the 9th and the 10th centuries. 3504:, and petroleum (notably by distillation into 3414:and farming, using new technology such as the 2642:, which is the first known monumental tomb in 2625:creation of Baghdad, also planned the city of 1464:. Rashid decided to focus on the rebellion of 869:founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient 334:and beginning of Later Abbasid era (940–1258) 15941:States and territories disestablished in 1517 15931:States and territories disestablished in 1258 14361: 13162: 11647: 11408: 10996: 10511:(9th ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 9828:. Vol. 81, no. 10. pp. 48–55. 9343: 9107: 9015: 8976: 7736:. New York: MetPublications. pp. 25–34. 7548:Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia 7054: 6932:Frazier, I., "Invaders: Destroying Baghdad", 5557: 2195:The Abbasid historical period lasting to the 1460:Rashid's navy also proved successful, taking 1283: 704: 15818:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 10782:. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publisher. 7695: 7216:. Milan: Electa Architecture. pp. 7–9. 7117: 6962: 6779:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004). 6752:Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth (2004). 5980: 5978: 5976: 5593:also claimed Abbasid descent, alongside the 3946: 3892: 3488:were among Abbasid inventions in technology. 1417:, and his sons continued the conflict until 996:in 1517, with the last Abbasid caliph being 587: 46: 10579: 10424: 9859: 9763:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1986). 9175:Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian 8931:. Oakland: University of California Press. 8901:Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies 8085: 7868: 7585: 6984: 6968: 6864: 5813:Nader al-Bayan fi Dhikr Ansab Baniabbassian 5693:Category:Governors of the Abbasid Caliphate 4166:Abbasids found themselves at odds with the 1755:By the 870s, Egypt became autonomous under 1444:Decorated niche from the Abbasid mosque of 15936:States and territories established in 1261 14368: 14354: 13169: 13155: 11654: 11640: 11415: 11401: 11003: 10989: 10630:Smith, Bradley; Weng, Wango H. C. (1973). 10216: 10056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 10019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9882: 9808: 9762: 9394:Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila (2009). 9393: 9358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9279: 9261:History of Science and Technology in Islam 9251: 9233:History of Science and Technology in Islam 9223: 9205:History of Science and Technology in Islam 9187:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8312: 8279: 8179:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women 8045: 8023: 7914: 7796: 7612: 7592:. Vol. 1–3. New York: Facts on File. 7248: 7087: 7063: 6899: 6887: 6810:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. 6653: 6603:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6466: 6293:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6261: 6190: 6008:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5951:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5734:for which their partisans were called the 5564: 5550: 3183:has also been given this title. The terms 2408:story of undying love much like the later 2104:, a direct descendant of Muhammad's uncle 2031: 2020:, in an attempt to eclipse the Seljuq-era 1921:in the capital, often contending with the 1128: 1113:, who defeated the Umayyads in 750 in the 711: 697: 102: 13477:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 10732:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10629: 10402:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 10375:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10283:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10165:. Vol. 1. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 9968:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 9909: 9591:Cooper, William Wager; Yue, Piyu (2008). 9590: 9195: 9172: 9158:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 9151: 9059: 9039: 8951: 8924: 8685:The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates 8472: 8450:Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate 8121: 7974: 7935: 7933: 7550:. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 232. 7537: 7535: 7394:. Yale University Press. pp. 28–32. 7205: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6911: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6442: 6343: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6016:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 265–266. 5973: 4102:. Land routes were also utilized through 4098:ports to travel and trade with India and 3016: 2944:Example of the "New Abbasid Style" script 2065:established a powerful dynasty among the 1946:banner in Baghdad in 1056–57, the caliph 1499:. Large scale hostilities broke out with 1288:) ("Tazi" being a borrowing from Persian 865:, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph 15966:13th-century disestablishments in Africa 13301:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 10688:Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 10683:; Azo, R.F.; Hidayat Husain, M. (1927). 10658: 10533: 10506: 10187: 10027: 9942: 9487:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8447: 8172: 7844: 7832: 7793:Stapleton, Azo & Hidayat Husain 1927 7731: 7696:Farhad, Massumeh; Rettig, Simon (2016). 7659:"Islamic Art Network - Comité Bulletins" 7236: 6853: 6705: 6690: 6666:Allegranzi, Viola; Aube, Sandra (2022). 6634: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6430: 6355: 6331: 6319: 6219: 6104: 5860: 4065: 3974: 3870: 3737: 3677: 3480: 3359: 3205: 3073: 3053: 3000: 2992: 2959: 2939: 2923: 2815: 2800:near Tinnis. Fine silk was also made in 2729: 2697: 2609: 2554: 2311: 2291: 2186: 2146:. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was 2045: 1976: 1973:Revival of military strength (1118–1258) 1886: 1809: 1739: 1439: 1310: 1215: 1132: 1008:The Abbasid caliphs were descended from 15642: 10604: 10397: 10275: 10158: 10123: 9990: 9821: 9724: 9707: 9690: 9643: 9563: 9536: 9421: 8859: 8796: 8781: 8766: 8751: 8739: 8722: 8710: 8687:. Pearson Education. pp. 156–169. 8682: 8632: 8536: 8524: 8509: 8497: 8422: 8315:Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire 8282:Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire 8249: 8191: 8111:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8017: 7985: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7526: 7514: 7502: 7490: 7478: 7474: 7472: 7353: 7279: 7277: 7111: 7099: 7075: 6979: 6841: 6717: 6670:. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 181. 6547: 6514: 6418: 6394: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6169: 6047: 5984: 4129:. When trade with Europe ceased due to 3970: 3407:gunpowder effect were first developed. 3169:during this time in his landmark text, 2349:The Book of One Thousand and One Nights 1654:An exception was the 10-year period of 14: 15848: 10805: 10775: 10727: 10706: 10297: 10128:A History of African Societies to 1870 9781: 9673: 9609: 9568:. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 9509: 9482: 9239:from the original on 24 September 2015 9211:from the original on 20 September 2015 9033: 8988: 8876:from the original on 13 September 2018 8599: 8569: 8402:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 166. 8395: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8106: 8091: 8050: 7951: 7930: 7903: 7880: 7820: 7589:Handbook to Life in the Medieval World 7532: 7463: 7451: 7426: 7414: 7299:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 7283: 7268: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7137: 7126: 6996: 6875: 6830: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6564: 6553: 6208: 5923: 5921: 5833: 5601:states in Pakistan and the Khanate of 3552:Latin translations of the 12th century 2646:and may be the final resting place of 2370:A famous example of Islamic poetry on 2154:, who was taken away as a prisoner by 2124:Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo (1261–1517) 2012:organizations that the caliph headed. 901:. It was also during this period that 15906:Medieval countries in the Middle East 14349: 14036: 13928: 13750: 13625: 13198: 13150: 12892: 12660: 12276: 11635: 11396: 10984: 10973:Articles related to Abbasid Caliphate 10971: 10754: 10554: 10484:(6th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. 10452: 10440:from the original on 29 December 2014 10341: 10322: 10246: 10194:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. 9860:Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston (2002). 9840: 9809:Fitzgerald, Charles Patrick (1961) . 9634: 9324: 9122: 8587:from the original on 29 February 2012 8551:from the original on 17 November 2011 8352: 8203: 8122:Qutbuddin, Tahera (31 October 2005). 8079: 8056: 8034: 7939: 7925: 7892: 7761: 7541: 7420: 7387: 7322: 7242: 7144:National Endowment for the Humanities 6990: 6575: 6454: 6406: 6202: 6086:from the original on 22 November 2015 5927: 5912: 5848: 5834:Tabari (1995). Jane McAuliffe (ed.). 4048:suq was dedicated to Chinese goods. 3860:origin, the vast majority being from 3426:fruit were brought to Europe through 3028:Science in the medieval Islamic world 2883:, the Persian kaftan was in fashion. 2384:story which was further developed by 2203:and the transfer of the capital from 2166: 1522:of Baghdad and the eventual death of 1319:between 767 and 912 CE, according to 15956:8th-century establishments in Africa 14330: 14272:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 12661: 12277: 10796: 10567:from the original on 9 November 2016 10509:A Concise History of the Middle East 10304:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10096: 10076:(3). University of London: 501–507. 10064: 9963: 9868:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. 9741: 9637:The Nativist Prophets of Early Islam 9610:Cotter, Holland (29 December 2001). 9327:Hong Kong Images: People and Animals 8605: 8583:. Vol. XIII. pp. 543–550. 8210:Translation and Interpreting Studies 8197: 7962: 7808: 7750: 7714: 7676: 7469: 7274: 7211: 7022: 6611:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 185. 6367: 6301:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 485. 6262:Streck, M. & Duri, A.A. (1960). 6239: 6131: 5959:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 347. 5887: 4242:Historical Arab states and dynasties 3697:, a tax on non-Muslims. However, as 3629:(714–801 CE), the princess and poet 3379:In technology, the Abbasids adopted 2988: 2676: 1429:, culminating with a victory at the 15971:Historical transcontinental empires 14320: 11010: 10561:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 10480:; Fisher, Sydney Nettleton (2004). 8547:. Vol. III. pp. 412–415. 8339: 8268: 8236: 7445: 7257: 7184:Cultural Property Training Resource 6893: 6869: 6722: 6640: 5918: 4082:Muslim merchants employed ports in 3821:In addition to these two holidays, 2575: 2502:during the Middle Ages, notably by 1981:Coin of the Abbasids, Baghdad, 1244 1883:Buyid and Seljuq control (945–1118) 1714:would take over from the Persians. 1354:('City of Peace') – located on the 1090:On 9 June 747 (15 Ramadan AH 129), 792: 588: 47: 24: 10537:Dictionary of Islamic Architecture 9292:from the original on 26 April 2015 9280:Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). 8658:Jo Van Steenbergen (2020). "2.1". 8475:Anti-Semitism Before the Holocaust 7381: 7173: 7157: 6668:Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan 5838:. Vol. 28. SUNY. p. 124. 4235:Dynasties claiming Abbasid descent 4219: 4175:Islam. Shortly thereafter, Berber 3586: 2318:More tales from the Arabian nights 1861:, or struck it off their coinage. 1178:, where his forces fought against 25: 15997: 10824: 10373:Cambridge Biographical Dictionary 9541:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 8204:Osman, Ghada (31 December 2012). 7354:Marozzi, Justin (16 March 2016). 7333:]. Harvard University Press. 4212:well, with tax revenues from the 3745:cleric. Mural from the Palace of 3320:were later incorporated into the 2706:wall painting fragments found in 2566:, constructed during 877–882 CE. 1580:Political fragmentation (861–945) 1170:Immediately after their victory, 1050:". The Abbasids also appealed to 953:domain during the rule of Caliph 15891:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate 14329: 14319: 14309: 14300: 14299: 13605:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 13179: 13131: 13130: 13119: 12640:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 11830:Timeline of the history of Islam 11661: 10555:Rabin, Sheila (15 August 2015). 10430:"The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt" 10188:Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo (1989). 9946:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History 9887:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 9101: 9090: 9053: 9044: 9021: 9009: 8970: 8945: 8918: 8853: 8828: 8808: 8802: 8745: 8716: 8676: 8651: 8626: 8563: 8537:Kennedy, H. (15 December 1988). 8530: 8503: 8466: 8441: 8416: 8389: 8306: 8166: 8115: 8061: 8039: 8028: 7990: 7979: 7968: 7956: 7945: 7919: 7908: 7897: 7886: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7814: 7802: 7786: 7618: 7579: 7554: 7253:Architecture (IV. c. 750–c. 900) 6805: 6383:Bloodworth & Bloodworth 2004 5805: 5795: 5585:which ruled parts of modern-day 4663:Western dynasties and caliphates 4247: 4061:King Offa of Mercia (in England) 4055:and made it as far north as the 4031:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 3967:and ambulances drawn by camels. 3796:one marked by the end of Ramadan 3674:Treatment of Jews and Christians 2780:, a fine linen for turbans, and 2073:. During the 13th century, this 1613: 1594: 1117:and was subsequently proclaimed 1012:, one of the youngest uncles of 733: 680: 599: 562: 548: 534: 520: 506: 492: 478: 453: 439: 86: 15951:1510s disestablishments in Asia 14084:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 13507:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 13497:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 13236:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 12991:List of ex-Muslim organisations 10617:from the original on 6 May 2015 10249:The Journal of Economic History 10028:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010a). 9966:Islamic Science and Engineering 9964:Hill, Donald Routledge (1993). 9913:Islam: A Mosaic, Not a Monolith 9813:China: A Short Cultural History 9651:. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House. 9267:from the original on 7 May 2014 8995:. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. 7734:How to read Islamic Calligraphy 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7457: 7408: 7347: 7316: 7289: 7189: 7131: 7093: 7069: 7028: 7016: 6973: 6949: 6926: 6917: 6905: 6881: 6858: 6799: 6772: 6745: 6711: 6659: 6569: 6519:. Damascus: Presses de l’Ifpo. 6508: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6361: 6255: 6137: 6098: 6068: 6053: 5785: 5775: 5762: 3730: 3496:, and early industrial uses of 2955: 2655:organized in a circular fashion 2617:(circa 1152), in a cemetery at 2591:was particularly influenced by 2544: 2191:Manuscript from the Abbasid era 1242: 1137:Early 14th century copy of the 885:. Baghdad became the center of 649:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 15961:1258 disestablishments in Asia 13367:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 10861:: BBC Radio 4, 2 February 2006 10839:New International Encyclopedia 10636:. New York: Harper & Row. 10613:. Texas A & M University. 10281:A History of Islamic Societies 10159:Jenkins, Everett Allo (1999). 9991:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). 9847:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 9329:. Hong Kong University Press. 8606:Frye, Richard N., ed. (1975). 8094:Iraq after the Muslim conquest 7857:Bonner, Ener & Singer 2003 7562:"Abbasid Clothing and Fashion" 6576:Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2002). 6147:. 11 June 2008. Archived from 5906: 5881: 5854: 5842: 5827: 5753: 5716: 5673:Political history of the world 5663:Abbasid-Ziyarid War of 930-935 3566: 3167:Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī 2979: 2919: 2886: 2784:for upper-class garments. The 2042:Mongol invasions of the Levant 1564:. The Byzantines responded by 1236:It was al-Saffah's successor, 1102:followed the fleeing governor 858:center of Umayyad influence. 830:takes its name. They ruled as 13: 1: 13626: 10808:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art 10398:Meisami, Julie Scott (1999). 10325:The Cambridge History of Iran 9864:The New Encyclopedia of Islam 9727:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art 9710:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art 9693:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art 9676:McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Art 8609:The Cambridge History of Iran 7566:The School of Abbasid Studies 7542:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). 7429:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three 7036:"قصر البركة الاثري في سامراء" 6959:(accessed February 10, 2021). 6782:Historical Dictionary of Iraq 6755:Historical Dictionary of Iraq 6065:, vol. I, Fasc. 1, pp. 89–95. 5892:. Darwin Press. p. 153. 5890:Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic 5704: 4158:Kharijite Rebellion (866–896) 4039:, maritime trade through the 3963:. The Abbasids also utilized 3641: 3341: 3225:(Alhazen) developed an early 2858:Abbasid Caliphs wore elegant 2448: 2251: 1816: 1763:of Herat and the Samanids of 1476:was fighting Abbasid rule in 1326:In 762, al-Mansur suppressed 109: 15916:History of the Mediterranean 15876:Countries in medieval Africa 13863:in ISIL-controlled territory 13751: 12976:Apostasy in Islam by country 12843:Liberalism and progressivism 9282:"The "First True Scientist"" 9173:Al-Abbasi, A. M. M. (1986). 8860:Michele, Campopiano (2012). 8815:africame.factsanddetails.com 8068:Ochsenwald & Fisher 2004 7202:. Retrieved January 9, 2018. 7186:. Retrieved January 9, 2018. 7170:. Retrieved January 9, 2018. 5821: 4027:History of Islamic economics 4005:. The family had roots in a 3825:celebrated the birthdays of 3548:Arab Agricultural Revolution 3391:, less likely to crack than 3352:Arab Agricultural Revolution 3245:history of scientific method 3147:being prominent in the late 2509:Three speculative thinkers, 1370:Abbasid Golden Age (775–861) 1028:Abbasid Revolution (750–751) 897:in what became known as the 7: 15881:States in medieval Anatolia 14375: 14037: 13929: 13774:Council of Representatives 13512:Weapons of mass destruction 13199: 10605:Schwarz, George R. (2013). 10306:. Routledge. Archived from 10124:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). 9949:. Cambridge History Press. 9400:. Oxford University Press. 9306:"The Islamic World to 1600" 7768:Journal of Qur'anic Studies 7388:Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). 6740:Magnusson & Goring 1990 5737: 5655: 4383:Arab empires and caliphates 3947: 3893: 3851: 3789: 3617:Even so, slave courtesans ( 3290:Astronomy in medieval Islam 3197:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 3172:Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala 3005:Page from the Amajur Qur'an 2997:Page from the Amajur Qur'an 2950:Abu 'Ali Muhammad Ibn Muqla 2830:(1054–1122). Baghdad, 1237. 2811: 2763: 2693: 2465:Logic in Islamic philosophy 2327:One Thousand and One Nights 1891:Southwest Asia – c. 970 A.D 1833:that had gained control of 1747:minted during the reign of 803: 793:الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة 61: 48:الْخِلَافَة الْعَبَّاسِيَّة 10: 16002: 15886:Former countries in Europe 13502:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 12893: 10482:The Middle East: A History 9910:Gregorian, Vartan (2003). 9371:. Transaction Publishers. 9344:Baniabbassian, M. (1960). 9325:Baker, Hugh D. R. (1990). 9115: 9060:Nachtigal, Gustav (1971). 8952:Nachtigal, Gustav (1971). 8473:Lindemann, Albert (2000). 8448:Nicholls, William (1993). 8396:Baumer, Christoph (2016). 8313:Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011). 8280:Levy-Rubin, Milka (2011). 7042:(in Arabic). 20 April 2020 6251:University of Calgary 1998 5836:Abbāsid Authority Affirmed 4223: 4151: 4147: 4072:Book of Roads and Kingdoms 4024: 3590: 3561: 3508:). The industrial uses of 3345: 3251:Medicine in medieval Islam 3064:Al-Mustansiriya University 3031: 3025: 3021: 2896: 2890: 2738:Inscription, 9th century, 2725: 2667:patronage of the Aghlabids 2548: 2481:Illuminationist philosophy 2462: 2452: 2273: 2255: 2197:Mongol conquest of Baghdad 2176: 2170: 2161: 2127: 2093:burned to the ground. The 2035: 1965:, as well as their vizier 1702:, they began distributing 1601:The spiral minaret of the 1583: 1282:, "The Black-robed Tazi" ( 1031: 1003: 95:The Abbasid Black Standard 29: 15811: 15763: 15280: 14684: 14383: 14295: 14194: 14049: 14045: 14032: 13937: 13924: 13759: 13746: 13634: 13621: 13442: 13359: 13211: 13207: 13194: 13114: 12999: 12966: 12906: 12902: 12888: 12815: 12782: 12754:Geography and cartography 12729: 12676: 12672: 12656: 12482: 12404: 12351: 12300: 12296: 12272: 12142: 11966: 11926: 11809: 11761: 11685: 11681: 11670: 11435: 11383: 11245: 11018: 10978: 10956: 10931: 10923: 10895: 10534:Petersen, Andrew (1996). 10462:. Yale University Press. 10261:10.1017/S0022050700097837 10082:10.1017/s0041977x00113710 9510:Brauer, Ralph W. (1995). 9476:The Encyclopedia of Islam 9152:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). 8925:Gilmartin, David (2015). 8884:– via Academia.edu. 8423:Sharkey, Heather (2017). 8367:10.1017/S0041977X11000024 8250:Sharkey, Heather (2017). 8092:Morony, Michael (2005) . 7780:10.3366/E1465359109000242 7762:Blair, Sheila S. (2008). 7732:Ekhtiyar, Maryam (2018). 7634:. Yale University Press. 6515:Tillier, Mathieu (2009). 3768:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah 2796:was made in a town named 2578:)" which means "beloved". 2106:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib 1895:Despite the power of the 1437:, led by Rashid himself. 1284: 1151:(10th century) depicting 1115:battle near the Great Zab 1010:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib 820:Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib 589: 418: 389: 385: 372: 355: 342: 328: 315: 302: 298: 290: 286: 271: 256: 241: 226: 222: 212: 199: 189: 179: 168: 129: 119: 108:The Abbasid Caliphate in 101: 83: 69: 41: 15921:Medieval history of Iran 15871:Former countries in Asia 13853:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 13764:Administrative divisions 13073:Islamic view of miracles 10673:10.35632/ajiss.v22i2.455 10607:"History of the Caravel" 9943:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). 9748:. Universal Publishers. 9635:Crone, Patricia (2012). 9426:. Simon & Schuster. 9422:Bobrick, Benson (2012). 8840:The Sultan and The Saint 8323:10.1017/cbo9780511977435 8290:10.1017/cbo9780511977435 6105:Richards, D. S. (2020). 5709: 4691:Umayyad state of Córdoba 4020: 2663:Great Mosque of Kairouan 2603:, and a dome erected on 2459:Early Islamic philosophy 2179:Early Islamic philosophy 1159:750–754) as he receives 804:al-Khilāfa al-ʿAbbāsiyya 251:(last caliph in Baghdad) 62:Al-Khilāfa al-ʿAbbāsiyya 15896:History of North Africa 13412:Mandate for Mesopotamia 13286:First Babylonian Empire 12828:Creationism (evolution) 11490:(970–11th/12th century) 11132:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz 10876:(entry), archived from 10833:"Abbassides, The" 10776:Visser, Reidar (2005). 10728:Vásáry, István (2005). 10633:China: A History in Art 10298:Leaman, Oliver (1998). 10034:Encyclopedia Britannica 9997:Encyclopedia Britannica 9841:Ghosh, Stanley (1961). 9742:Dunn, Kevin M. (2003). 9537:Chapuis, Oscar (1995). 9472:Encyclopedie de l'Islam 8175:"Medieval Court Poetry" 8003:. Infobase Publishing. 7869:Ruano & Burgos 1992 7323:Brend, Barbara (1991). 7180:Samarra – Qasr al-Ashiq 7138:Pasnau, Robert (2011). 6969:Glassé & Smith 2002 6232:Encyclopædia Britannica 5861:Hathaway, Jane (2012). 5688:List of Sunni dynasties 5683:List of largest empires 5668:List of Abbasid caliphs 4230:List of Abbasid caliphs 3364:Illustration showing a 3322:Copernican heliocentric 2903:Manuscript Illumination 2392:and other poets in the 2038:Siege of Baghdad (1258) 2032:Mongol invasion and end 1999:siege of Baghdad (1157) 1603:Great Mosque of Samarra 1435:massive invasion of 806 1129:Rise to power (752–775) 1111:Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah 376:Caliphal title handover 266:(first caliph in Cairo) 27:Third Islamic caliphate 13571:Insurgency (2011–2013) 13492:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 13296:Middle Assyrian Empire 13088:Persecution of Muslims 12986:List of former Muslims 11835:Succession to Muhammad 10939:750–1258 and 1261–1517 10426:Mikaberidze, Alexander 10356:10.1353/tech.2005.0026 10344:Technology and Culture 10097:Huff, Toby E. (2003). 8989:Sarkar, R. N. (2006). 8683:Kennedy, Hugh (2004). 8633:Kennedy, Hugh (2004). 8107:Abbott, Nabia (1946). 7613:Bloom & Blair 2009 7249:Bloom & Blair 2009 7212:Hoag, John D. (2004). 7088:Grant & Clute 1999 7064:Grant & Clute 1999 6900:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986 6888:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986 6654:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986 6525:10.4000/books.ifpo.673 6191:Dupuy & Dupuy 1986 5928:Djaït, Hichem (1986). 5730:adopted black for its 4079: 4051:Arabs traded with the 4009:monastery in northern 3983: 3883: 3816:the Feast of Sacrifice 3800:the Feast of Sacrifice 3754: 3733: 908–932 CE 3686: 3633:(777–825 CE), and the 3615: 3489: 3410:Advances were made in 3376: 3266:(known to the West as 3218: 3175:, from which the term 3145:Academy of Gondishapur 3094: 3071: 3017:Science and technology 3006: 2998: 2965: 2945: 2929: 2831: 2742: 2710: 2621: 2579: 2485:Transcendent Theosophy 2321: 2309: 2266:Arabic epic literature 2192: 2087:destruction of Baghdad 2058: 2053:by the Mongols led by 1982: 1892: 1822: 1752: 1574:eventually annihilated 1457: 1411:restarted the fighting 1323: 1233: 1167: 1068:, during the reign of 281:(last caliph in Cairo) 15911:History of South Asia 15788:Medieval great powers 13858:in post-invasion Iraq 13564:U.S. troop withdrawal 13326:Neo-Babylonian Empire 12872:Conversion to mosques 12739:Alchemy and chemistry 10873:Encyclopaedia Iranica 10851:(streaming RealAudio) 10557:"Nicolaus Copernicus" 9483:Brague, Rémi (2009). 9348:(in Persian). Tehran. 9129:. London: Routledge. 9123:Abbas, Tahir (2011). 8992:Islam Related Naipual 8222:10.1075/tis.7.2.04osm 7626:Mackintosh-Smith, Tim 6912:Cooper & Yue 2008 6443:Smith & Weng 1973 6080:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6076:"Abū Moslem Ḵorāsānī" 5281:Sultanate of Zanzibar 5196:Mutawakkilite Kingdom 4152:Further information: 4069: 3978: 3874: 3741: 3681: 3631:'Ulayya bint al-Mahdi 3608: 3484: 3363: 3273:The Canon of Medicine 3209: 3077: 3057: 3032:Further information: 3004: 2996: 2963: 2943: 2927: 2897:Further information: 2819: 2733: 2714:lively carved stucco 2701: 2613: 2593:Sasanian architecture 2558: 2463:Further information: 2315: 2295: 2274:Further information: 2190: 2177:Further information: 2049: 2036:Further information: 1980: 1890: 1813: 1743: 1639:, and the succeeding 1584:Further information: 1443: 1400:Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab 1314: 1219: 1182:expansion during the 1161:pledges of allegiance 1136: 973:and the execution of 169:Common languages 15798:European colonialism 15783:Ancient great powers 13807:Council of Ministers 13689:Mesopotamian Marshes 12598:Ma malakat aymanukum 12173:Association football 12072:Moderate Kharijites 11620:Hashemites of Jordan 11065:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 10913:Cadet branch of the 10611:Nautical Arcaheology 10300:"Islamic Philosophy" 9782:Eglash, Ron (1999). 9097:Bosworth et al. 1983 9028:Bosworth et al. 1983 7799:, vol. II, pp. 41–42 7795:, pp. 338–340; 7214:Islamic Architecture 6934:New Yorker Magazine, 6062:Encyclopædia Iranica 5985:Lassner, J. (1971). 5888:Cook, David (2002). 5576:Centuries after the 3971:Civil administration 3841:, freed 500 slaves. 3749:, dated 837–839 CE, 3310:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 2644:Islamic architecture 2640:Qubbat al-Sulaibiyya 2635:Al-Ukhaidir Fortress 2615:Zumurrud Khatun Tomb 2589:Abbasid architecture 2551:Abbasid architecture 2500:Christian philosophy 2338:, Mesopotamian, and 1849:, as opposed to the 1350:– officially called 1338:, a descendant from 1238:Abu Ja'far al-Mansur 1075:During the reign of 846:of 750 CE (132 15793:Modern great powers 14069:Mesopotamian Arabic 13875:Freedom of religion 13321:Neo-Assyrian Empire 13291:Old Assyrian Period 13276:Neo-Sumerian Empire 11574:(16th–19th century) 11568:(15th–19th century) 11520:(11th–12th century) 11472:(10th–11th century) 10868:"Abbasid Caliphate" 10681:Stapleton, Henry E. 10478:Ochsenwald, William 10434:The Napoleon Series 9645:de Camp, L. Sprague 9253:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. 9225:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. 9197:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y. 9177:(in Persian). Doha. 8082:, pp. 112–115. 7663:www.islamic-art.org 6785:. Scarecrow Press. 6758:. Scarecrow Press. 4258:Ancient Arab states 3878:, located south of 3766:, Ibn al-Furat and 3279:The Book of Healing 3201:Indian subcontinent 3042:Islamic mathematics 2899:Islamic calligraphy 2893:Islamic manuscripts 2404:languages. It is a 2018:Mustansiriya School 1510:between the caliph 1272:An Lushan Rebellion 1174:sent his forces to 1121:. After this loss, 899:Golden Age of Islam 669:Sharifian Caliphate 643:Parallel caliphates 319:Decline of Abbasids 147:(762–836, 892–1258) 15946:750 establishments 14000:Telecommunications 13975:Foreign Investment 13912:Wars and conflicts 13848:in pre-Saddam Iraq 13812:Presidency Council 13598:2019–2021 protests 13527:Invasion of Kuwait 13351:Sassanid Asorestan 13346:Parthian Babylonia 13341:Seleucid Babylonia 13336:Achaemenid Assyria 13251:Jemdet Nasr period 13093:Quran and miracles 13007:Criticism of Islam 12711:Geometric patterns 12563:Gender segregation 12134:Non-denominational 11614:Hashemites of Iraq 9616:The New York Times 9108:Baniabbassian 1960 9016:Baniabbassian 1960 8977:Baniabbassian 1960 8154:on 7 February 2014 7529:, pp. 216–217 7466:, pp. 199–200 6943:2018-06-12 at the 6936:, April 25, 2005, 6890:, pp. 265–266 6358:, pp. 41, 86. 6276:Lévi-Provençal, E. 5724:Abbasid Revolution 5678:Iranian Intermezzo 5323:Current monarchies 4986:Sharifate of Mecca 4456:Emirate of Tbilisi 4446:Emirate of Armenia 4296:Kingdom of Osroene 4154:Anarchy at Samarra 4080: 3984: 3884: 3755: 3743:Church of the East 3716:, specifically in 3699:people of the book 3687: 3653:Arib al-Ma'muniyya 3627:Raabi'a al-Adwiyya 3490: 3377: 3314:Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi 3219: 3139:and afterwards to 3133:Greek philosophers 3095: 3072: 3007: 2999: 2966: 2946: 2930: 2914:Arabic calligraphy 2879:during the era of 2869:Emperor Theophilus 2832: 2828:Al-Hariri of Basra 2743: 2711: 2622: 2601:four-centered arch 2580: 2455:Islamic philosophy 2322: 2316:Illustration from 2310: 2270:Persian literature 2258:Islamic literature 2193: 2173:Islamic Golden Age 2167:Islamic Golden Age 2059: 1983: 1893: 1845:took the title of 1823: 1769:Persianate culture 1753: 1682:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq 1664:Anarchy at Samarra 1586:Anarchy at Samarra 1458: 1402:, who founded the 1336:al-Nafs al-Zakiyya 1324: 1261:Emirate of Córdoba 1234: 1168: 1054:Muslims, known as 1034:Abbasid Revolution 903:Islamic manuscript 844:Abbasid Revolution 616:Rashidun Caliphate 306:Abbasid Revolution 15986:Former monarchies 15856:Abbasid Caliphate 15843: 15842: 15837: 15836: 15759: 15758: 15724:Polish–Lithuanian 14899:Gurjara-Pratihara 14343: 14342: 14291: 14290: 14287: 14286: 14277:Mandaean New Year 14028: 14027: 13920: 13919: 13902:Political parties 13797:Foreign relations 13742: 13741: 13649:Lower Mesopotamia 13644:Upper Mesopotamia 13617: 13616: 13613: 13612: 13377:Abbasid Caliphate 13372:Umayyad Caliphate 13281:Isin-Larsa period 13144: 13143: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13105: 13078:Domestic violence 13068:Islamic terrorism 13063:Islamic extremism 12884: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12652: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12438:Marriage contract 12268: 12267: 12228:Political aspects 11957:Story of Prophets 11726:Prophets of Islam 11629: 11628: 11424:Islamic dynasties 11390: 11389: 11366:al-Mutawakkil III 11356:al-Mutawakkil III 10966: 10965: 10957:Succeeded by 10848:"Abbasid Caliphs" 10597:978-84-600-8154-8 10547:978-0-203-20387-3 10518:978-0-8133-4388-4 10469:978-0-300-05583-2 10409:978-0-7486-1276-5 10334:978-0-5212-9135-4 10231:978-3-487-09115-0 10143:978-0-5214-5599-2 10052:cite encyclopedia 10043:978-1-59339-837-8 10015:cite encyclopedia 10006:978-1-59339-837-8 9993:"Abbasid Dynasty" 9793:978-0-8135-2614-0 9755:978-1-5811-2566-5 9602:978-0-4445-3243-5 9494:978-0-2260-7080-3 9454:978-0-7914-5737-5 9407:978-0-19-530991-1 9312:on 5 October 2008 9136:978-0-4155-7225-5 8938:978-0-520-28529-3 8911:978-0-7486-4498-8 8409:978-1-83860-934-4 8144:978-0-415-96690-0 7707:978-1-58834-578-3 7641:978-0-300-18235-4 7599:978-1-4381-0907-7 7340:978-0-674-46866-5 6708:, pp. 84–88. 6618:978-90-04-12756-2 6534:978-2-35159-028-7 6505:, pp. 48–49. 6493:, pp. 55–57. 6481:, pp. 51–55. 6334:, pp. 43–45. 6322:, pp. 43–55. 6118:978-1-351-89281-0 5987:"al-Hās̲h̲imiyya" 5966:978-90-04-07819-2 5728:Umayyad Caliphate 5574: 5573: 5539: 5538: 5314: 5313: 5306:Tippu Tip's State 5204: 5203: 5176:Emirate of Beihan 4908:Arabian Peninsula 4899: 4898: 4654: 4653: 4438:Eastern dynasties 4429: 4428: 4374: 4373: 4286:Nabataean Kingdom 4276:Kingdom of Lihyan 3957:torsion artillery 3876:Ukhaidir Fortress 3831:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3658:Each wife in the 3401:potassium nitrate 3332:Muslim alchemists 3227:scientific method 3213:, "the father of 3083:organic chemistry 3038:Islamic astronomy 2989:The Amajur Qur'an 2677:Glass and crystal 2262:Arabic literature 2239:, North African, 2152:Al-Mutawakkil III 2114:Battle of Karbala 1985:While the caliph 1942:took up the Shia 1914:Baghdad Manifesto 1725:-Shia dynasty of 1670:, and the caliph 1627:Even by 820, the 1466:Rafi ibn al-Layth 1364:Khorasanian Arabs 1340:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1230:Zübdet-üt Tevarih 1062:Muhammad ibn 'Ali 998:al-Mutawakkil III 994:conquest of Egypt 840:Umayyad Caliphate 826:), from whom the 801: 725:Abbasid Caliphate 721: 720: 659:Almohad Caliphate 654:Fatimid Caliphate 631:Ottoman Caliphate 626:Abbasid Caliphate 621:Umayyad Caliphate 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 502:Fatimid Caliphate 466: 465: 447:Umayyad Caliphate 278:Al-Mutawakkil III 273:• 1508–1517 258:• 1261–1262 243:• 1242–1258 43:Abbasid Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 15993: 15866:Muslim dynasties 15640: 15639: 15305:Austro-Hungarian 15005:Chagatai Khanate 14370: 14363: 14356: 14347: 14346: 14333: 14332: 14323: 14322: 14313: 14303: 14302: 14047: 14046: 14034: 14033: 13965: 13926: 13925: 13777: 13748: 13747: 13734:Sinjar Mountains 13724:Zagros Mountains 13664:Hamrin Mountains 13623: 13622: 13586:Mosul liberation 13559:Iraqi insurgency 13481:National Command 13470: 13306:Simurrum culture 13209: 13208: 13196: 13195: 13185: 13184: 13183: 13171: 13164: 13157: 13148: 13147: 13134: 13133: 13126:Islam portal 13124: 13123: 13122: 12904: 12903: 12896: 12890: 12889: 12731:Medieval science 12674: 12673: 12664: 12658: 12657: 12315:Economic history 12298: 12297: 12274: 12273: 12260:Islam by country 12045:Bektashi Alevism 11683: 11682: 11674:Outline of Islam 11656: 11649: 11642: 11633: 11632: 11417: 11410: 11403: 11394: 11393: 11373:Ottoman conquest 11346:al-Mutawakkil II 11005: 10998: 10991: 10982: 10981: 10969: 10968: 10942:also claimed by 10924:Preceded by 10893: 10892: 10888: 10887: 10885: 10880:on 16 April 2019 10862: 10852: 10843: 10835: 10819: 10802: 10793: 10772: 10751: 10724: 10703: 10676: 10655: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10601: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10551: 10530: 10503: 10473: 10449: 10447: 10445: 10421: 10394: 10367: 10338: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10294: 10272: 10243: 10213: 10184: 10155: 10131: 10120: 10093: 10061: 10055: 10047: 10024: 10018: 10010: 9987: 9960: 9939: 9906: 9879: 9867: 9856: 9844:Embers in Cathay 9837: 9818: 9816: 9805: 9778: 9759: 9738: 9721: 9704: 9687: 9670: 9640: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9618:. Archived from 9606: 9587: 9560: 9533: 9506: 9479: 9466: 9437: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9390: 9363: 9357: 9349: 9340: 9321: 9319: 9317: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9192: 9186: 9178: 9169: 9148: 9110: 9105: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9063:Sahara and Sudan 9057: 9051: 9048: 9042: 9037: 9031: 9025: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9006: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8954:Sahara and Sudan 8949: 8943: 8942: 8922: 8916: 8915: 8895: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8785: 8779: 8770: 8764: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8726: 8720: 8714: 8708: 8699: 8698: 8680: 8674: 8673: 8655: 8649: 8648: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8350: 8337: 8336: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8277: 8266: 8265: 8247: 8234: 8233: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8170: 8164: 8163: 8161: 8159: 8153: 8147:. Archived from 8128: 8119: 8113: 8112: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8043: 8037: 8032: 8026: 8021: 8015: 8014: 7994: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7928: 7923: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7759: 7748: 7747: 7729: 7712: 7711: 7693: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7655: 7646: 7645: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7539: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7272: 7266: 7255: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7209: 7203: 7193: 7187: 7177: 7171: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7135: 7129: 7124: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7102:, pp. 15–16 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7009: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6977: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6953: 6947: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6915: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6865:Mikaberidze 2004 6862: 6856: 6851: 6845: 6839: 6833: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6681: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6638: 6632: 6623: 6622: 6598:Heinrichs, W. P. 6573: 6567: 6562: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6259: 6253: 6248: 6237: 6236: 6228: 6226:"Abbasids" 6217: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6141: 6135: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6072: 6066: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6026: 6025: 5982: 5971: 5970: 5925: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5839: 5831: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5740: 5720: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5327: 5326: 5291:Nabahani dynasty 5236:Nabahani dynasty 5221:Makhzumi dynasty 5217: 5216: 4912: 4911: 4667: 4666: 4466:Emirate of Crete 4442: 4441: 4387: 4386: 4366:Kingdom of Kinda 4316:Kingdom of Hatra 4266:Kingdom of Qedar 4262: 4261: 4251: 4239: 4238: 3950: 3896: 3835:recite the Koran 3813: 3734: 3732: 3683:Hunayn ibn Ishaq 3651:(d. 871 CE) and 3646: 3643: 3573:Fertile Crescent 3418:. Crops such as 3336:Jābir ibn Hayyān 3302:geocentric model 3292:was advanced by 3085:. The reigns of 3079:Jabir ibn Hayyan 3046:Islamic medicine 2843:" in his honor. 2671:Ibn Tulun Mosque 2587:and Persia. The 2577: 2411:Romeo and Juliet 2380:, an originally 2377:Layla and Majnun 2211:injunctions and 2140:Mamluk Sultanate 2130:Mamluk Sultanate 2051:Siege of Baghdad 1855:Ghaznavid Empire 1843:Mahmud of Ghazni 1821: 1818: 1786:was lost to the 1775:farther east in 1731:Aghlabid Emirate 1641:Saffarid dynasty 1637:Greater Khorasan 1617: 1598: 1566:sacking Damietta 1514:and his brother 1474:Byzantine Empire 1431:Battle of Krasos 1427:Taurus Mountains 1404:Aghlabid dynasty 1386:The position of 1352:Madinat al-Salam 1305:Old Book of Tang 1287: 1286: 1249:Abdallah ibn Ali 1246: 1244: 1016:and of the same 963:siege of Baghdad 920:non-Arab Muslims 873:capital city of 807:) was the third 806: 796: 794: 786: 785: 782: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 713: 706: 699: 687:Islam portal 685: 684: 683: 664:Sokoto Caliphate 603: 594: 593: 591: 580: 579: 566: 565: 552: 551: 538: 537: 524: 523: 510: 509: 496: 495: 482: 481: 474:Saffarid dynasty 470: 469: 457: 456: 443: 442: 436: 435: 420: 419: 346:Siege of Baghdad 330:• Death of 282: 267: 252: 237: 173:Classical Arabic 114: 111: 106: 90: 64: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 16001: 16000: 15996: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15991: 15990: 15901:History of Asia 15846: 15845: 15844: 15839: 15838: 15833: 15822:American Empire 15807: 15803:African empires 15755: 15638: 15330:Central African 15276: 15094:Romano-Germanic 14680: 14414:Middle Assyrian 14387: 14379: 14374: 14344: 14339: 14283: 14267:Public holidays 14190: 14041: 14024: 13963: 13933: 13916: 13775: 13755: 13738: 13669:Iraqi Kurdistan 13659:Euphrates river 13630: 13609: 13576:War (2014–2017) 13522:Operation Opera 13468: 13438: 13434:Arab Federation 13422:Kingdom of Iraq 13355: 13331:Fall of Babylon 13266:Akkadian Empire 13241:Samarra culture 13226:Hassuna culture 13203: 13190: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13145: 13140: 13120: 13118: 13102: 13024:Cultural Muslim 12995: 12962: 12908:Other religions 12898: 12894: 12876: 12811: 12778: 12725: 12668: 12666:Islamic studies 12662: 12644: 12478: 12423: 12400: 12347: 12292: 12291: 12264: 12213:Moral teachings 12156: 12138: 12112:Nation of Islam 12025:Twelver Shi'ism 11962: 11928:Religious texts 11922: 11840:Early conquests 11823: 11805: 11757: 11677: 11666: 11660: 11630: 11625: 11431: 11421: 11391: 11386: 11379: 11316:al-Mutawakkil I 11301:al-Mutawakkil I 11291:al-Mutawakkil I 11261:al-Mustansir II 11253: 11241: 11235:Mongol conquest 11054:Harun al-Rashid 11026: 11014: 11012:Abbasid Caliphs 11009: 10974: 10962: 10960:Ottoman dynasty 10952:Ottoman dynasty 10948:Umayyad dynasty 10944:Fatimid dynasty 10940: 10938: 10929: 10927:Umayyad dynasty 10919: 10911: 10908:Abbasid dynasty 10904: 10883: 10881: 10866: 10850: 10846: 10830: 10827: 10822: 10790: 10740: 10644: 10620: 10618: 10598: 10570: 10568: 10548: 10519: 10492: 10470: 10443: 10441: 10410: 10383: 10335: 10313: 10311: 10291: 10232: 10202: 10173: 10144: 10109: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10012: 10011: 10007: 9976: 9957: 9928: 9895: 9885:Arabian fantasy 9876: 9794: 9775: 9756: 9659: 9625: 9623: 9603: 9576: 9549: 9522: 9495: 9455: 9434: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9379: 9351: 9350: 9337: 9315: 9313: 9295: 9293: 9270: 9268: 9242: 9240: 9214: 9212: 9180: 9179: 9166: 9137: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9074: 9058: 9054: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9003: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8923: 8919: 8912: 8896: 8889: 8879: 8877: 8866:Studia Islamica 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8834: 8833: 8829: 8819: 8817: 8809:Hays, Jeffrey. 8807: 8803: 8795: 8788: 8780: 8773: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8729: 8721: 8717: 8709: 8702: 8695: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8571:Morony, Michael 8568: 8564: 8554: 8552: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8516: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8421: 8417: 8410: 8394: 8390: 8351: 8340: 8333: 8311: 8307: 8300: 8278: 8269: 8262: 8248: 8237: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8171: 8167: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8126: 8120: 8116: 8105: 8101: 8090: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8051: 8046:al-Hassan 2002b 8044: 8040: 8033: 8029: 8024:al-Hassan 2002a 8022: 8018: 8011: 7995: 7991: 7984: 7980: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7950: 7946: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7920: 7915:Al-Khalili 2009 7913: 7909: 7902: 7898: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7797:Kraus 1942–1943 7791: 7787: 7760: 7751: 7744: 7730: 7715: 7708: 7694: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7657: 7656: 7649: 7642: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7560: 7559: 7555: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7513: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7489: 7485: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7386: 7382: 7372: 7370: 7352: 7348: 7341: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7258: 7247: 7243: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7210: 7206: 7194: 7190: 7178: 7174: 7162: 7158: 7148: 7146: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7055: 7045: 7043: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7010: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6963: 6954: 6950: 6945:Wayback Machine 6931: 6927: 6922: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6852: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6825: 6818: 6806:Frye, Richard. 6804: 6800: 6793: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6723: 6716: 6712: 6704: 6697: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6641: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6590:Bosworth, C. E. 6574: 6570: 6563: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6467:Fitzgerald 1961 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6318: 6314: 6260: 6256: 6249: 6240: 6218: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6151:on 11 June 2008 6143: 6142: 6138: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6087: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6058: 6054: 6046: 6029: 5983: 5974: 5967: 5934:Bosworth, C. E. 5926: 5919: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5886: 5882: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5658: 5646:Karim Khan Zand 5616:Meanwhile, the 5570: 5541: 5540: 5324: 5316: 5315: 5251:Mahdali dynasty 5214: 5206: 5205: 5146:Muscat and Oman 4916:Imamate of Oman 4909: 4901: 4900: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4439: 4431: 4430: 4384: 4376: 4375: 4306:Emesene Dynasty 4259: 4237: 4232: 4226:Abbasid dynasty 4224:Main articles: 4222: 4220:List of caliphs 4164: 4150: 4100:South East Asia 4033: 4023: 3973: 3965:field hospitals 3854: 3811: 3792: 3729: 3676: 3649:Fadl Ashsha'ira 3644: 3595: 3589: 3587:Status of women 3575:region (namely 3569: 3564: 3374:Harun al-Rashid 3358: 3346:Main articles: 3344: 3304:by al-Battani, 3241:emitted by them 3221:Arab scientist 3193:Arabic numerals 3119:Abu Nasr Mansur 3099:Islamic science 3087:Harun al-Rashid 3081:, a pioneer in 3052: 3034:Alchemy (Islam) 3030: 3024: 3019: 3011:Amajur al-Turki 2991: 2982: 2958: 2922: 2909: 2895: 2889: 2814: 2766: 2740:Brooklyn Museum 2728: 2696: 2679: 2597:Sasanian Empire 2553: 2547: 2523:Aristotelianism 2487: 2461: 2453:Main articles: 2451: 2434:Battle of Talas 2353:Antoine Galland 2290: 2272: 2256:Main articles: 2254: 2217:House of Wisdom 2185: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2136:Ayyubid dynasty 2132: 2126: 2095:House of Wisdom 2081:) in the west. 2044: 2034: 1975: 1885: 1819: 1788:Fatimid dynasty 1757:Ahmad ibn Tulun 1733:from the 830s. 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1599: 1588: 1582: 1562:Sack of Amorium 1372: 1300:Harun al-Rashid 1241: 1184:Battle of Talas 1131: 1104:Nasr ibn Sayyar 1100:General Qahtaba 1081:Ibrahim al-Imam 1036: 1030: 1006: 908:House of Wisdom 854:, far from the 813:Islamic prophet 811:to succeed the 760: 736: 732: 717: 681: 679: 674: 673: 644: 636: 635: 611: 610:Main caliphates 586: 563: 549: 535: 521: 516:Ziyarid dynasty 507: 493: 479: 461:Dabuyid dynasty 454: 440: 414: 378: 365: 348: 335: 321: 308: 280: 274: 265: 263:Al-Mustansir II 259: 250: 244: 235: 229: 228:• 750–754 164: 160: 153: 146: 139: 115: 112: 97: 92: 91: 79: 65: 59: 52: 44: 35: 32:Abbasid dynasty 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15999: 15989: 15988: 15983: 15981:Former empires 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15883: 15878: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15861:Arab dynasties 15858: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15831: 15830: 15829: 15824: 15815: 15813: 15809: 15808: 15806: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15779: 15778: 15767: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15732: 15731: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15675: 15674: 15669: 15659: 15654: 15648: 15646: 15637: 15636: 15635: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15604: 15599: 15598: 15597: 15587: 15582: 15581: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15560: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15548: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15506: 15505: 15504: 15499: 15489: 15484: 15479: 15474: 15473: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15442: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15425: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15413: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15396: 15386: 15385: 15384: 15379: 15369: 15364: 15363: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15332: 15327: 15326: 15325: 15320: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15286: 15284: 15278: 15277: 15275: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15217: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15190: 15185: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15107: 15106: 15101: 15091: 15090: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15035: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14935: 14934: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14908: 14907: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14865: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14844: 14839: 14838: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14802: 14801: 14800: 14795: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14758: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14690: 14688: 14686:Post-classical 14682: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14677: 14676: 14666: 14661: 14660: 14659: 14654: 14644: 14643: 14642: 14632: 14631: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14595: 14590: 14585: 14584: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14558: 14557: 14556: 14551: 14541: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14504: 14499: 14494: 14493: 14492: 14487: 14485:Middle Kingdom 14482: 14472: 14467: 14466: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14445: 14444: 14443: 14441:Neo-Babylonian 14438: 14433: 14431:Old Babylonian 14423: 14422: 14421: 14416: 14406: 14401: 14395: 14393: 14381: 14380: 14373: 14372: 14365: 14358: 14350: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14327: 14317: 14307: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14289: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14280: 14279: 14274: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14166: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14108: 14103: 14093: 14092: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14043: 14042: 14030: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14023: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14005:Transportation 14002: 13997: 13995:Stock Exchange 13992: 13990:Reconstruction 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13970:Infrastructure 13967: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13917: 13915: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13883: 13882: 13877: 13872: 13867: 13866: 13865: 13855: 13850: 13840: 13839: 13838: 13837: 13836: 13829:Prime Minister 13826: 13825: 13824: 13814: 13809: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13771: 13766: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13744: 13743: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13635: 13632: 13631: 13619: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13590: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13546: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13537:1991 uprisings 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13487:Saddam Hussein 13484: 13473: 13472: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13448: 13446: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13436: 13431: 13430: 13429: 13419: 13417:Mandatory Iraq 13414: 13409: 13406:Mamluk dynasty 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13271:Gutian dynasty 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13217: 13215: 13205: 13204: 13192: 13191: 13174: 13173: 13166: 13159: 13151: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13128: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13059: 13058: 13048: 13047: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13026: 13021: 13020: 13019: 13014: 13003: 13001: 13000:Related topics 12997: 12996: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12983: 12978: 12972: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12912: 12910: 12900: 12899: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12862: 12857: 12856: 12855: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12819: 12817: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12788: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12735: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12682: 12680: 12670: 12669: 12654: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12635: 12623: 12621:Sources of law 12618: 12613: 12612: 12611: 12601: 12594: 12589: 12582: 12577: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12528: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12499: 12494: 12486: 12484: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12455: 12448: 12441: 12434: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12398: 12391: 12386: 12379: 12372: 12365: 12357: 12355: 12349: 12348: 12346: 12345: 12338: 12331: 12324: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12294: 12293: 12290: 12289: 12284: 12278: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12245:Social welfare 12242: 12237: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12159: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12140: 12139: 12137: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12114: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12094: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12070: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12017: 12012: 12011: 12010: 12009: 12008: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11972: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11960: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11932: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11871: 11866: 11859: 11852: 11850:Historiography 11847: 11842: 11837: 11832: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11821: 11816: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11796: 11789: 11782: 11775: 11767: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11722: 11721: 11711: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11691: 11689: 11679: 11678: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11659: 11658: 11651: 11644: 11636: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11623: 11622:(1921–present) 11617: 11611: 11605: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11563: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11491: 11485: 11479: 11473: 11467: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11420: 11419: 11412: 11405: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11378: 11377: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11331:al-Mustakfi II 11328: 11326:al-Mu'tadid II 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11257: 11255: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11230: 11225: 11223:al-Mustansir I 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11030: 11028: 11016: 11015: 11008: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10985: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10955: 10930: 10925: 10921: 10920: 10912: 10905: 10900:Imperial house 10896: 10891: 10890: 10864: 10844: 10826: 10825:External links 10823: 10821: 10820: 10803: 10794: 10788: 10773: 10752: 10738: 10725: 10721:10.1086/349914 10704: 10694:(6): 317–418. 10677: 10656: 10642: 10627: 10602: 10596: 10577: 10552: 10546: 10531: 10517: 10504: 10490: 10474: 10468: 10450: 10422: 10408: 10395: 10381: 10368: 10339: 10333: 10320: 10310:on 6 June 2022 10295: 10289: 10273: 10244: 10230: 10214: 10200: 10185: 10171: 10156: 10142: 10121: 10107: 10094: 10066:Holt, Peter M. 10062: 10042: 10025: 10005: 9988: 9974: 9961: 9955: 9940: 9926: 9907: 9893: 9880: 9874: 9857: 9838: 9825:The New Yorker 9819: 9806: 9792: 9779: 9773: 9760: 9754: 9739: 9722: 9705: 9688: 9671: 9657: 9641: 9632: 9622:on 27 May 2015 9607: 9601: 9588: 9574: 9561: 9547: 9534: 9520: 9507: 9493: 9480: 9467: 9453: 9438: 9433:978-1416567622 9432: 9419: 9406: 9391: 9377: 9364: 9341: 9335: 9322: 9302: 9277: 9249: 9221: 9193: 9170: 9164: 9149: 9135: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9111: 9100: 9089: 9082: 9073:978-0900966538 9072: 9052: 9043: 9040:Al-Abbasi 1986 9032: 9020: 9008: 9001: 8981: 8979:, pp. 8–9 8969: 8962: 8944: 8937: 8917: 8910: 8887: 8852: 8827: 8801: 8786: 8771: 8756: 8744: 8727: 8715: 8700: 8693: 8675: 8669:978-1000093070 8668: 8650: 8643: 8625: 8618: 8598: 8580:Iranica Online 8562: 8544:Iranica Online 8529: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8484:978-0582369641 8483: 8465: 8459:978-0876683989 8458: 8440: 8434:978-0521186872 8433: 8415: 8408: 8388: 8361:(2): 187–204. 8338: 8332:978-1108449618 8331: 8305: 8299:978-1108449618 8298: 8267: 8261:978-0521186872 8260: 8235: 8216:(2): 161–175. 8196: 8184: 8173:Samer M. Ali. 8165: 8143: 8114: 8099: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8049: 8038: 8027: 8016: 8010:978-1438132389 8009: 7989: 7978: 7975:al-Hassan 2002 7967: 7955: 7944: 7929: 7918: 7907: 7896: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7785: 7749: 7742: 7713: 7706: 7675: 7647: 7640: 7617: 7605: 7598: 7578: 7553: 7531: 7519: 7507: 7495: 7483: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7438:978-9004161658 7437: 7419: 7417:, pp. 5–6 7407: 7400: 7380: 7346: 7339: 7315: 7308: 7288: 7273: 7256: 7241: 7229: 7222: 7204: 7196:Qasr al-'Ashiq 7188: 7172: 7156: 7130: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7053: 7027: 7015: 7012:Gregorian 2003 6995: 6983: 6972: 6961: 6948: 6925: 6916: 6904: 6892: 6880: 6868: 6857: 6846: 6834: 6823: 6816: 6798: 6792:978-0810865686 6791: 6771: 6765:978-0810865686 6764: 6744: 6721: 6710: 6695: 6683: 6677:978-8412527858 6676: 6658: 6639: 6624: 6617: 6594:van Donzel, E. 6582:Bearman, P. J. 6568: 6552: 6540: 6533: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6471: 6459: 6447: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6344:Abun-Nasr 1987 6336: 6324: 6312: 6272:Kramers, J. H. 6268:Gibb, H. A. R. 6254: 6238: 6223:, ed. (1911). 6221:Chisholm, Hugh 6207: 6205:, p. 102. 6195: 6193:, p. 233. 6174: 6162: 6136: 6124: 6117: 6097: 6067: 6052: 6027: 5972: 5965: 5938:van Donzel, E. 5917: 5905: 5899:978-0878501427 5898: 5880: 5874:978-0791486108 5873: 5853: 5841: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5804: 5794: 5784: 5774: 5770:Mamluk sultans 5761: 5752: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5350:Ras al Khaymah 5342: 5341: 5338: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5266:Mazrui dynasty 5262: 5261: 5258: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5172: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5032: 5031: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4746: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4681:Fihrid Emirate 4677: 4676: 4673: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4268: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4236: 4233: 4221: 4218: 4162:Zanj Rebellion 4149: 4146: 4022: 4019: 3972: 3969: 3943:battering rams 3853: 3850: 3798:; the other, " 3791: 3788: 3775:Baghdad's Jews 3675: 3672: 3655:(797–890 CE). 3588: 3585: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3343: 3340: 3232:Book of Optics 3223:Ibn al-Haytham 3211:Ibn al-Haytham 3127:(particularly 3026:Main article: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 2990: 2987: 2981: 2978: 2957: 2954: 2921: 2918: 2891:Main article: 2888: 2885: 2826:, authored by 2813: 2810: 2765: 2762: 2727: 2724: 2695: 2692: 2678: 2675: 2560:Qasr al-'Ashiq 2549:Main article: 2546: 2543: 2539:Ibn al-Haytham 2504:Thomas Aquinas 2450: 2447: 2442:printing press 2288:Persian poetry 2284:Turkish poetry 2276:Islamic poetry 2253: 2250: 2245:Medieval Greek 2171:Main article: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2128:Main article: 2125: 2122: 2110:Husayn ibn Ali 2033: 2030: 1974: 1971: 1905:Baha' al-Daula 1901:Hilal al-Sabi' 1884: 1881: 1619: 1612: 1611: 1600: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1581: 1578: 1568:in Egypt, and 1558:Constantinople 1520:two-year siege 1371: 1368: 1245: 754–775 1130: 1127: 1096:Black Standard 1032:Main article: 1029: 1026: 1005: 1002: 947:Islamic empire 729:Abbasid Empire 719: 718: 716: 715: 708: 701: 693: 690: 689: 676: 675: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 618: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 596: 595: 576: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 560: 554: 553: 546: 540: 539: 532: 526: 525: 518: 512: 511: 504: 498: 497: 490: 484: 483: 476: 467: 464: 463: 458: 450: 449: 444: 432: 431: 426: 416: 415: 413: 412: 406: 400: 393: 391: 387: 386: 383: 382: 379: 373: 370: 369: 366: 356: 353: 352: 349: 344:• Mongol 343: 340: 339: 336: 329: 326: 325: 322: 316: 313: 312: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 288: 287: 284: 283: 275: 272: 269: 268: 260: 257: 254: 253: 245: 242: 239: 238: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 210: 209: 201: 197: 196: 193: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 170: 166: 165: 163: 162: 155: 148: 141: 133: 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 107: 99: 98: 93: 85: 84: 81: 80: 78: 77: 74: 70: 67: 66: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15998: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15857: 15854: 15853: 15851: 15828: 15827:Soviet empire 15825: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15814: 15812:Miscellaneous 15810: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15772: 15769: 15768: 15766: 15762: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15664: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15647: 15645: 15641: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15596: 15593: 15592: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15543: 15542: 15539: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15510: 15507: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15494: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15411:German Empire 15409: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15390: 15387: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15374: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15337: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15315: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15287: 15285: 15283: 15279: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15186: 15184: 15181: 15180: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15153: 15152: 15151:Turco-Persian 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15059: 15058: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14939: 14936: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14912: 14909: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14891: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14806: 14803: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14790: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14763: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14745: 14742: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14636: 14633: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14589: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14563: 14562: 14559: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14533: 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14498: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14449: 14446: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14428: 14427: 14424: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14411: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14371: 14366: 14364: 14359: 14357: 14352: 14351: 14348: 14336: 14328: 14326: 14318: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14306: 14298: 14297: 14294: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14269: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14193: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14170: 14167: 14165: 14162: 14161: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14148: 14145: 14142: 14141:Iraqi Turkmen 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14102: 14099: 14098: 14097: 14094: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14066: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14040: 14035: 14031: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13936: 13932: 13927: 13923: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13823: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13776:(legislative) 13772: 13770: 13767: 13765: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13754: 13749: 13745: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13709:Syrian Desert 13707: 13705: 13704:Shatt al-Arab 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13639:Faw peninsula 13637: 13636: 13633: 13629: 13624: 13620: 13606: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13581:Fall of Mosul 13579: 13578: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13554:U.S. invasion 13552: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13538: 13535: 13534: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13517:Iran–Iraq War 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13471: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13432: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13407: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13382:Buyid dynasty 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13358: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13231:Halaf culture 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13206: 13202: 13197: 13193: 13188: 13182: 13172: 13167: 13165: 13160: 13158: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13137: 13129: 13127: 13117: 13116: 13113: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13057: 13054: 13053: 13052: 13049: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13039:Post-Islamism 13037: 13035: 13032: 13031: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13002: 12998: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12931:Protestantism 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12918: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12891: 12887: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12867: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12854: 12851: 12850: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12820: 12818: 12814: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12769:Ophthalmology 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12732: 12728: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12683: 12681: 12679: 12675: 12671: 12667: 12659: 12655: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12610: 12607: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12587: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12517:Death penalty 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12492: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12483:Other aspects 12481: 12475: 12474: 12470: 12468: 12467: 12463: 12461: 12460: 12456: 12454: 12453: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12435: 12433: 12432: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12373: 12371: 12370: 12366: 12364: 12363: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12350: 12344: 12343: 12339: 12337: 12336: 12332: 12330: 12329: 12325: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12288: 12287:Jurisprudence 12285: 12283: 12280: 12279: 12275: 12271: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12141: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12106: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12053: 12050: 12046: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11968:Denominations 11965: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11925: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11858: 11857: 11853: 11851: 11848: 11846: 11843: 11841: 11838: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11825: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11794: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11753:Holiest sites 11751: 11749: 11748:Judgement Day 11746: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11675: 11669: 11664: 11657: 11652: 11650: 11645: 11643: 11638: 11637: 11634: 11621: 11618: 11615: 11612: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11579: 11576: 11573: 11570: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11552: 11549: 11546: 11543: 11540: 11537: 11534: 11531: 11528: 11525: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11483: 11480: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11468: 11465: 11462: 11459: 11456: 11453: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11429: 11425: 11418: 11413: 11411: 11406: 11404: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11382: 11376: 11374: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11286:al-Mu'tadid I 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11271:al-Mustakfi I 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11188:al-Mustarshid 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11133: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11086:al-Mutawakkil 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11006: 11001: 10999: 10994: 10992: 10987: 10986: 10983: 10977: 10970: 10961: 10954: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10937: 10935: 10928: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10910: 10909: 10903: 10901: 10894: 10879: 10875: 10874: 10869: 10865: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10840: 10834: 10829: 10828: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10800: 10795: 10791: 10789:3-8258-8799-5 10785: 10781: 10780: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10739:0-5218-3756-1 10735: 10731: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10643:0-0601-3932-3 10639: 10635: 10634: 10628: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10578: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10540:. Routledge. 10539: 10538: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10510: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10491:0-07-244233-6 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10455: 10451: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10396: 10392: 10388: 10384: 10382:0-521-39518-6 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10326: 10321: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10296: 10292: 10290:0-521-77056-4 10286: 10282: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10223: 10220:(1942–1943). 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10201:0-0289-7211-2 10197: 10193: 10192: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10172:0-7864-0431-0 10168: 10164: 10163: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10129: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10108:0-5218-2302-1 10104: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10045: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10022: 10016: 10008: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9975:0-7486-0455-3 9971: 9967: 9962: 9958: 9956:9781316634394 9952: 9948: 9947: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9927:0-8157-3282-1 9923: 9919: 9915: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9894:0-312-19869-8 9890: 9886: 9881: 9877: 9875:0-7591-0190-6 9871: 9866: 9865: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9845: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9820: 9815: 9814: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9789: 9785: 9780: 9776: 9774:0-06-181235-8 9770: 9766: 9761: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9658:0-87054-076-9 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9575:0-3122-2810-4 9571: 9567: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9548:0-313-29622-7 9544: 9540: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9521:0-87169-856-0 9517: 9513: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9439: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9420: 9409: 9403: 9399: 9398: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9378:0-7658-0568-5 9374: 9370: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9347: 9342: 9338: 9336:962-209-255-1 9332: 9328: 9323: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9278: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9157: 9156: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9109: 9104: 9098: 9093: 9085: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9056: 9047: 9041: 9036: 9030:, p. 671 9029: 9024: 9017: 9012: 9004: 9002:81-7625-693-5 8998: 8994: 8993: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8965: 8963:0-520-01789-7 8959: 8955: 8948: 8940: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8921: 8913: 8907: 8903: 8902: 8894: 8892: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8841: 8837: 8831: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8783: 8778: 8776: 8768: 8763: 8761: 8753: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8724: 8719: 8713:, p. 44. 8712: 8707: 8705: 8696: 8694:0-582-40525-4 8690: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8665: 8662:. Routledge. 8661: 8654: 8646: 8644:0-582-40525-4 8640: 8636: 8629: 8621: 8619:0-521-20093-8 8615: 8611: 8610: 8602: 8586: 8582: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8550: 8546: 8545: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8521: 8519: 8511: 8506: 8500:, p. 68. 8499: 8494: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8455: 8451: 8444: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8419: 8411: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8263: 8257: 8253: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8194:, p. 22. 8193: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8131:Josef W. Meri 8125: 8124:"Women Poets" 8118: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8053: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8020: 8012: 8006: 8002: 8001: 7993: 7987: 7982: 7976: 7971: 7965:, p. 166 7964: 7959: 7953: 7948: 7941: 7936: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7911: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7871:, p. 527 7870: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7846: 7845:Söylemez 2005 7841: 7835:, p. 612 7834: 7833:Hoiberg 2010a 7829: 7823:, p. 164 7822: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7798: 7794: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7745: 7743:9781588396303 7739: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7709: 7703: 7699: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7680: 7664: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7615:, p. 26. 7614: 7609: 7601: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7528: 7523: 7517:, p. 216 7516: 7511: 7505:, p. 212 7504: 7499: 7493:, p. 211 7492: 7487: 7481:, p. 206 7480: 7475: 7473: 7465: 7460: 7454:, p. 199 7453: 7448: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7403: 7401:9780300218701 7397: 7393: 7392: 7384: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7319: 7311: 7309:9780300088670 7305: 7301: 7300: 7292: 7285: 7280: 7278: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7237:Petersen 1996 7233: 7225: 7223:1-904313-29-9 7219: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7128: 7123: 7121: 7114:, p. 78. 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7072: 7066:, p. 51. 7065: 7060: 7058: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7019: 7013: 7008: 7006: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6981: 6976: 6970: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6920: 6914:, p. 215 6913: 6908: 6902:, p. 266 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6872: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6854:Pavlidis 2010 6850: 6844:, p. 192 6843: 6838: 6832: 6827: 6819: 6817:9781139054966 6813: 6809: 6802: 6794: 6788: 6784: 6783: 6775: 6767: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6706:El-Hibri 2021 6702: 6700: 6693:, p. 69. 6692: 6691:El-Hibri 2021 6687: 6679: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6656:, p. 265 6655: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6637:, p. 88. 6636: 6635:El-Hibri 2021 6631: 6629: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6586:Bianquis, Th. 6583: 6579: 6572: 6566: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6550:, p. 40. 6549: 6544: 6536: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6503:El-Hibri 2021 6499: 6492: 6491:El-Hibri 2021 6487: 6480: 6479:El-Hibri 2021 6475: 6469:, p. 332 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6445:, p. 129 6444: 6439: 6433:, p. 283 6432: 6431:Kitagawa 1989 6427: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6385:, p. 214 6384: 6379: 6377: 6370:, p. 138 6369: 6364: 6357: 6356:El-Hibri 2021 6352: 6346:, p. 41. 6345: 6340: 6333: 6332:El-Hibri 2021 6328: 6321: 6320:El-Hibri 2021 6316: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6227: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6172:, p. 54. 6171: 6166: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6133: 6128: 6120: 6114: 6111:. Routledge. 6110: 6109: 6101: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6064: 6063: 6056: 6050:, p. 10. 6049: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995:Ménage, V. L. 5992: 5988: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5922: 5915:, p. 243 5914: 5909: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5876: 5870: 5866: 5865: 5857: 5851:, p. 122 5850: 5845: 5837: 5830: 5826: 5814: 5808: 5798: 5788: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5756: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5579: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5441: 5440:Umm al-Quwain 5437: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4741:Muslim Sicily 4739: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4660: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4380: 4379: 4370:450 AD–550 AD 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4310:64 BC–300s AD 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4300:132 BC–244 AD 4299: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4290:400 BC–106 AD 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4280:600 BC–100 BC 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4270:800 BC–300 BC 4269: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4195:and soon the 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057:British Isles 4054: 4053:Baltic region 4049: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003:civil service 3999: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3981:al-Mutawakkil 3977: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3889:Abna al-dawla 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:Al-Mutawakkil 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660:Abbasid harem 3656: 3654: 3650: 3639: 3636: 3635:singing-girls 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3594: 3593:Abbasid harem 3584: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3532:ancient times 3529: 3528:manual labour 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464:Mediterranean 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:Mediterranean 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3318:Ibn al-Shatir 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109:and Claudius 3108: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3014: 3012: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2962: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2871:, went about 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2303: 2302:Al-Mutawakkil 2299: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:Arabic poetry 2277: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2241:Ancient Greek 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2075:Mongol Empire 2072: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2026:Nizam al Mulk 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:al-Mustarshid 1979: 1970: 1968: 1967:Nizam al-Mulk 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1934:known as the 1933: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1889: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1782:By the 920s, 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721:. In 793 the 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1677:amir al-umara 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1643:of Iran. The 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1616: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1570:Al-Mutawakkil 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1456:, 750–825 CE. 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419:Empress Irene 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1001: 999: 995: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 933: 932: 927: 926: 921: 917: 914:(such as the 913: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 814: 810: 805: 799: 790: 784: 730: 726: 714: 709: 707: 702: 700: 695: 694: 692: 691: 688: 678: 677: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 646: 640: 639: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 613: 607: 606: 602: 598: 597: 585: 582: 581: 561: 559: 556: 555: 547: 545: 544:Mongol Empire 542: 541: 533: 531: 530:Buyid dynasty 528: 527: 519: 517: 514: 513: 505: 503: 500: 499: 491: 489: 488:Sajid dynasty 486: 485: 477: 475: 472: 471: 468: 462: 459: 452: 451: 448: 445: 438: 437: 434: 433: 430: 427: 425: 422: 421: 417: 411:(copper coin) 410: 407: 405:(silver coin) 404: 401: 398: 395: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 377: 371: 367: 364: 360: 359:Reestablished 354: 350: 347: 341: 337: 333: 327: 323: 320: 314: 310: 307: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 279: 276: 270: 264: 261: 255: 249: 246: 240: 234: 231: 225: 221: 217: 215: 211: 208: 205: 202: 198: 194: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 174: 171: 167: 159: 156: 152: 149: 145: 142: 138: 135: 134: 132: 128: 125: 122: 118: 105: 100: 96: 89: 82: 75: 72: 71: 68: 63: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 15578:Contemporary 15428:Indo-Persian 15416:Nazi Germany 15360:Contemporary 15262:Vijayanagara 15161:Great Seljuk 15072:Thessalonica 15000:Golden Horde 14775: 14640:Carthaginian 14419:Neo-Assyrian 14404:Neo-Sumerian 14169:Christianity 14051:Demographics 13985:Oil reserves 13980:Oil Industry 13947:Central Bank 13843:Human rights 13769:Constitution 13714:Tigris river 13694:Persian Gulf 13402:Ottoman Iraq 13387:Qara Qoyunlu 13376: 13221:Ubaid period 13051:Islamophobia 12916:Christianity 12864: 12797:Contemporary 12691:Architecture 12630: 12596: 12584: 12572: 12530: 12523: 12489: 12471: 12466:Nikah mut'ah 12464: 12457: 12450: 12443: 12436: 12429: 12393: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12360: 12340: 12333: 12326: 12319: 12232: 11955: 11890: 11879: 11861: 11854: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763:Five Pillars 11740: 11706: 11695:God in Islam 11672: 11580:(1560s–1690) 11451: 11370: 11361:al-Mustamsik 11351:al-Mustamsik 11341:al-Mustanjid 11311:al-Musta'sim 11306:al-Wathiq II 11296:al-Musta'sim 11232: 11228:al-Musta'sim 11203:al-Mustanjid 11183:al-Mustazhir 11130: 11063: 10950:in 929, and 10941: 10932: 10914: 10906: 10897: 10882:, retrieved 10878:the original 10872: 10854: 10837: 10807: 10798: 10778: 10760: 10756: 10729: 10712: 10708: 10691: 10687: 10664: 10660: 10632: 10619:. Retrieved 10610: 10587: 10582: 10569:. Retrieved 10563:. Stanford. 10560: 10536: 10508: 10481: 10458: 10454:Ahmed, Leila 10442:. Retrieved 10433: 10399: 10372: 10347: 10343: 10324: 10312:. Retrieved 10308:the original 10303: 10280: 10277:Lapidus, Ira 10255:(1): 79–96. 10252: 10248: 10221: 10190: 10161: 10127: 10098: 10073: 10069: 10033: 9996: 9965: 9945: 9912: 9884: 9863: 9843: 9823: 9812: 9783: 9764: 9744: 9726: 9709: 9692: 9675: 9648: 9636: 9624:. Retrieved 9620:the original 9615: 9592: 9565: 9538: 9511: 9484: 9475: 9471: 9443: 9423: 9411:. Retrieved 9396: 9368: 9345: 9326: 9314:. Retrieved 9310:the original 9294:. Retrieved 9285: 9269:. Retrieved 9260: 9241:. Retrieved 9232: 9213:. Retrieved 9204: 9174: 9154: 9125: 9103: 9092: 9062: 9055: 9046: 9035: 9023: 9018:, p. 14 9011: 8991: 8984: 8972: 8953: 8947: 8927: 8920: 8900: 8878:. Retrieved 8869: 8865: 8855: 8843:. Retrieved 8839: 8830: 8818:. Retrieved 8814: 8804: 8799:, p. 75 8797:Bobrick 2012 8784:, p. 74 8782:Bobrick 2012 8769:, p. 47 8767:Bobrick 2012 8754:, p. 46 8752:Bobrick 2012 8747: 8742:, p. 45 8740:Bobrick 2012 8725:, p. 44 8723:Bobrick 2012 8718: 8711:Bobrick 2012 8684: 8678: 8659: 8653: 8634: 8628: 8608: 8601: 8589:. Retrieved 8578: 8565: 8553:. Retrieved 8542: 8532: 8527:, p. 71 8525:Bobrick 2012 8512:, p. 70 8510:Bobrick 2012 8505: 8498:Bobrick 2012 8493: 8474: 8468: 8449: 8443: 8424: 8418: 8398: 8391: 8358: 8354: 8314: 8308: 8281: 8251: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8192:Bobrick 2012 8187: 8178: 8168: 8156:. Retrieved 8149:the original 8134: 8117: 8108: 8102: 8093: 8087: 8075: 8070:, p. 69 8063: 8052: 8041: 8030: 8019: 7999: 7992: 7986:Schwarz 2013 7981: 7970: 7958: 7947: 7942:, p. 10 7921: 7910: 7899: 7888: 7883:, p. 61 7876: 7864: 7859:, p. 97 7852: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7788: 7774:(1): 72–97. 7771: 7767: 7733: 7697: 7666:. Retrieved 7662: 7629: 7620: 7608: 7588: 7581: 7569:. Retrieved 7565: 7556: 7547: 7527:Dimand 1969c 7522: 7515:Dimand 1969c 7510: 7503:Dimand 1969b 7498: 7491:Dimand 1969b 7486: 7479:Dimand 1969a 7459: 7447: 7428: 7422: 7410: 7390: 7383: 7371:. Retrieved 7360:The Guardian 7359: 7349: 7330: 7325: 7318: 7298: 7291: 7252: 7244: 7239:, p. 1. 7232: 7213: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7147:. Retrieved 7143: 7133: 7112:Bobrick 2012 7107: 7100:Clinton 2000 7095: 7090:, p. 52 7083: 7078:, p. 10 7076:de Camp 1976 7071: 7044:. Retrieved 7040:جامعة سامراء 7039: 7030: 7025:, p. 48 7018: 6986: 6980:Frazier 2005 6975: 6964: 6951: 6938:Online Issue 6933: 6928: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6878:, p. 19 6871: 6860: 6849: 6842:Isichei 1997 6837: 6826: 6807: 6801: 6781: 6774: 6754: 6747: 6718:Meisami 1999 6713: 6686: 6667: 6661: 6608: 6601: 6571: 6548:Bobrick 2012 6543: 6516: 6510: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6457:, p. 53 6450: 6438: 6426: 6421:, p. 92 6419:Chapuis 1995 6414: 6409:, p. 60 6402: 6397:, p. 61 6395:Jenkins 1999 6390: 6363: 6351: 6339: 6327: 6315: 6298: 6291: 6257: 6230: 6198: 6170:Lapidus 2002 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6149:the original 6139: 6127: 6107: 6100: 6088:. Retrieved 6079: 6070: 6060: 6055: 6048:Hoiberg 2010 6013: 6006: 5956: 5949: 5908: 5889: 5883: 5863: 5856: 5844: 5835: 5829: 5812: 5807: 5797: 5787: 5777: 5764: 5755: 5735: 5731: 5726:against the 5718: 5649: 5642: 5618:Wadai Empire 5615: 5607: 5583:Wadai Empire 5577: 5575: 5535:1921–present 5520:1900–present 5505:1868–present 5490:1833–present 5475:1810–present 5460:1783–present 5445:1775–present 5430:1761–present 5415:1752–present 5400:1749–present 5385:1744–present 5380:Saudi Arabia 5370:1727–present 5355:1727–present 5340:1631–present 4410: 4350:300s–500s AD 4165: 4135: 4124: 4120:Sinbad tales 4116: 4104:Central Asia 4084:Bandar Siraf 4081: 4070: 4050: 4041:Persian Gulf 4034: 4015: 4000: 3996:Central Asia 3992: 3988: 3985: 3932: 3928: 3908: 3902: 3885: 3855: 3843: 3820: 3804:Great Mosque 3793: 3772: 3760: 3756: 3722: 3703: 3688: 3657: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3570: 3545: 3491: 3455: 3409: 3378: 3330: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3249: 3230: 3220: 3176: 3170: 3161: 3123: 3096: 3091:Arab culture 3008: 2983: 2969:Illumination 2967: 2956:Illumination 2947: 2931: 2910: 2881:Tang dynasty 2872: 2864:al-Muqtaddir 2857: 2853: 2845: 2840: 2833: 2821: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2744: 2712: 2702:9th-century 2680: 2660: 2652: 2639: 2629:, along the 2623: 2581: 2545:Architecture 2527:Neoplatonism 2508: 2488: 2431: 2427:al-Mutanabbi 2416: 2409: 2375: 2369: 2348: 2325: 2323: 2317: 2194: 2148:Al-Mustansir 2133: 2102:Al-Musta'sim 2099: 2091: 2071:central Asia 2063:Genghis Khan 2060: 2014:Al-Mustansir 1984: 1956: 1929: 1922: 1912: 1894: 1863: 1824: 1807:sympathies. 1784:North Africa 1781: 1773:Arab Muslims 1754: 1716: 1686: 1675: 1653: 1626: 1555: 1540: 1505: 1490: 1486: 1459: 1423:Nikephoros I 1408: 1387: 1385: 1373: 1360: 1356:Tigris River 1351: 1344:Isa ibn Musa 1325: 1321:William Muir 1303: 1296:Tang dynasty 1289: 1279: 1268:Tang dynasty 1265: 1253: 1235: 1229: 1220:Portrait of 1198: 1196: 1176:Central Asia 1169: 1142: 1108: 1089: 1074: 1055: 1037: 1007: 975:al-Musta'sim 951:Mesopotamian 943:Seljuq Turks 936: 929: 923: 860: 728: 724: 722: 625: 429:Succeeded by 428: 423: 248:al-Musta'sim 36: 15166:Khwarezmian 15099:Carolingian 14904:Rashtrakuta 14608:Shaishunaga 14507:Hellenistic 14490:New Kingdom 14480:Old Kingdom 14325:WikiProject 14126:Marsh Arabs 14111:Circassians 13792:Foreign aid 13684:Mesopotamia 13246:Uruk period 12921:Catholicism 12816:Other areas 12807:Theological 12802:Eschatology 12759:Mathematics 12696:Calligraphy 12626:Theological 12580:Inheritance 12497:Cleanliness 11869:Shi'a Imams 11863:Ahl al-Bayt 11616:(1921–1958) 11610:(1805–1952) 11604:(1726–1834) 11598:(1704–1831) 11592:(1697–1842) 11586:(1649–1850) 11562:(1382–1517) 11556:(1376–1843) 11550:(1250–1382) 11544:(1234–1262) 11538:(1171–1341) 11532:(1127–1250) 11526:(1104–1154) 11514:(1024–1080) 11321:al-Musta'in 11281:al-Hakim II 11276:al-Wathiq I 11254:(1261–1517) 11153:al-Mustakfi 11126:al-Muqtadir 11116:al-Mu'tadid 11111:al-Mu'tamid 11096:al-Musta'in 11091:al-Muntasir 11076:al-Mu'tasim 10916:Banu Hashim 10855:In Our Time 10667:(2): 1–27. 10571:27 November 10350:(1): 1–30. 10218:Kraus, Paul 10030:"Nestorian" 8872:(1): 1–37. 7952:Cotter 2001 7904:Toomer 1964 7881:Eglash 1999 7847:, p. 3 7821:Brague 2009 7811:, p. 4 7668:27 February 7571:10 February 7464:Dimand 1969 7452:Dimand 1969 7415:Wilber 1969 7326:Islamic Art 7286:, p. 6 7284:Wilber 1969 7271:, p. 5 7269:Wilber 1969 7127:Leaman 1998 6993:, p. 9 6876:Visser 2005 6831:Vásáry 2005 6742:, p. 2 6565:Brauer 1995 6288:Pellat, Ch. 6280:Schacht, J. 6090:20 November 6012:Volume III: 6003:Schacht, J. 5999:Pellat, Ch. 5946:Pellat, Ch. 5240:Pate Island 5213:East Africa 5006:Sulaymanids 4946:Ukhaidhirds 4731:Sulaymanids 4701:Muhallabids 4606:Munqidhites 4506:Shirvanshah 4360:300s–602 AD 4330:196–1100 AD 4320:100s–241 AD 4131:hostilities 4075:written by 4011:Afghanistan 3866:Transoxiana 3726:Al-Muqtadir 3577:Mesopotamia 3567:Arabization 3521:, employed 3519:crankshafts 3498:tidal power 3450:. The name 3381:papermaking 3370:Charlemagne 3366:water clock 3324:model. The 3284:Renaissance 3199:beyond the 3103:Alexandrian 2980:Bookbinding 2920:Calligraphy 2907:Bookbinding 2887:Manuscripts 2837:al-Muʿtasim 2648:al-Muntasir 2585:Mesopotamia 2541:(Alhacen). 2521:, combined 2398:Azerbaijani 2390:Azerbaijani 2300:, built by 2227:, Chinese, 2120:of Hulagu. 2083:Hulagu Khan 2079:Kievan Rus' 2055:Hulagu Khan 1995:Ibn Hubayra 1952:Toghril Beg 1932:Oghuz Turks 1804:Sunni Islam 1735:Al-Mu'tasim 1688:Al-Mustakfi 1656:Al-Mu'tadid 1633:Transoxiana 1547:al-Mu'tasim 1536:Khurramites 1328:a rebellion 1280:hēiyī Dàshí 1188:Mesopotamia 1040:Ira Lapidus 1022:Banu Umayya 1018:Banu Hashim 987:al-Musta'in 981:capital of 971:Hulagu Khan 934:(clients). 912:bureaucrats 424:Preceded by 399:(gold coin) 161:(1261–1517) 15976:Caliphates 15850:Categories 15736:Portuguese 15617:Revival Le 15607:Vietnamese 15250:Later Tran 15220:Vietnamese 15116:Singhasari 15104:Holy Roman 14728:Bulgarian 14664:Satavahana 14635:Phoenician 14571:Achaemenid 14532:Indo-Greek 14512:Macedonian 14426:Babylonian 14242:Television 14222:Literature 14184:Irreligion 14159:Secularism 14096:Minorities 13964:(currency) 13957:Corruption 13802:Government 13593:Insurgency 13392:Aq Qoyunlu 13213:Chronology 12981:Ex-Muslims 12866:Shu'ubiyya 12860:Psychology 12848:Literature 12838:Inventions 12784:Philosophy 12592:Leadership 12568:Honorifics 12223:Philosophy 12030:Isma'ilism 11991:Maturidism 11874:Caliphates 11845:Golden Age 11736:Revelation 11508:(990–1096) 11502:(990–1085) 11496:(990–1081) 11478:(909–1171) 11466:(890–1004) 11454:(750–1258) 11266:al-Hakim I 11208:al-Mustadi 11198:al-Muqtafi 11178:al-Muqtadi 11148:al-Muttaqi 11121:al-Muktafi 11106:al-Muhtadi 11101:al-Mu'tazz 11027:(749–1258) 10748:2005296238 10527:2009005664 10500:2003041213 10418:2012494440 10117:2002035017 9936:2003006189 9817:. Praeger. 9503:2008028720 9463:2002042629 9387:2003059346 9316:30 October 9165:0521337674 9145:2009050163 8880:19 October 8080:Ahmed 1992 8057:Labib 1969 8035:Lucas 2005 7940:Lucas 2005 7926:Rabin 2015 7893:Verma 1969 7149:3 February 6991:Abbas 2011 6607:Volume XI: 6455:Baker 1990 6407:Ghosh 1961 6264:"al-Anbār" 6203:Lewis 1995 5913:Crone 2012 5849:Crone 2012 5705:References 5698:Great Qadi 5599:Bahawalpur 5526:Hashemites 5481:Al Maktoum 5451:Al Khalifa 5136:Upper Yafa 5126:Ya'arubids 4966:Qarmatians 4851:Sumadihids 4340:220–638 AD 4336:Ghassanids 4177:Kharijites 4045:Madagascar 4025:See also: 3814:". During 3747:al-Mukhtar 3647:–870 CE), 3645: 815 3591:See also: 3556:handicraft 3536:mechanized 3510:watermills 3502:wind power 3494:hydropower 3428:al-Andalus 3412:irrigation 3385:al-Andalus 3342:Technology 3298:precession 3294:Al-Battani 3181:Diophantus 3125:Christians 2877:Ghuangzhou 2849:sandalwood 2758:lusterware 2734:Bowl with 2562:palace in 2531:Avicennism 2473:Avicennism 2449:Philosophy 2419:Abu Tammam 2252:Literature 2016:built the 1991:al-Muqtafi 1959:Alp Arslan 1820: 892 1745:Gold dinar 1532:Azerbaijan 1415:Byzantines 1257:al-Andalus 1192:Byzantines 1144:Tarikhnama 1092:Abu Muslim 1066:Hashemites 955:al-Muqtafi 871:Babylonian 558:Qarmatians 204:Hereditary 200:Government 191:Demonym(s) 113: 850 18:Abbassides 15729:Couronian 15367:Ethiopian 15355:Manchukuo 15310:Brazilian 15156:Ghaznavid 15126:Srivijaya 15077:Trebizond 15062:Byzantine 15044:North Sea 15039:Norwegian 15027:Almoravid 15010:Ilkhanate 14980:Majapahit 14953:Muromachi 14862:Solomonic 14847:Ethiopian 14761:Caliphate 14694:Aragonese 14522:Ptolemaic 14262:Squatting 14227:Education 14174:Mandaeism 14143:/Turkoman 14121:Mandaeans 14106:Assyrians 14101:Armenians 14064:Languages 13952:Companies 13907:Judiciary 13817:President 13787:Elections 13782:Democracy 13628:Geography 13544:Sanctions 13462:2003–2011 13457:1968–2003 13452:1958–1968 13311:Babylonia 13098:Symbolism 13056:Incidents 13034:Criticism 12926:Mormonism 12823:Astrology 12749:Cosmology 12744:Astronomy 12686:Arabesque 12553:Etiquette 12512:Blasphemy 12302:Economics 12117:Ahmadiyya 12059:Muhakkima 12006:Wahhabism 11996:Mu'tazili 11981:Ash'arism 11542:Lu'lu'ids 11512:Mirdasids 11500:Marwanids 11494:Numayrids 11488:Jarrahids 11484:(935–969) 11482:Ikhsidids 11470:Hadhabani 11464:Hamdanids 11460:(868–905) 11448:(661–750) 11442:(632–661) 11440:Rashiduns 11193:al-Rashid 11081:al-Wathiq 11071:al-Ma'mun 11039:al-Mansur 11034:al-Saffah 10934:Caliphate 10763:: 12–13. 10757:Al-'Arabi 10700:706947607 10364:109564224 10269:153962294 10240:468740510 10090:161092185 9834:0028-792X 9354:cite book 9286:BBC.co.uk 9255:(2002b). 9227:(2002a). 9183:cite book 9083:90096653X 8555:22 August 8383:146324749 8230:1932-2798 7963:Dunn 2003 7809:Hill 1993 7431:. Brill. 7368:0261-3077 7023:Huff 2003 6368:Wade 2012 6307:495469456 6297:Volume I: 6284:Lewis, B. 6132:Holt 1984 6022:495469525 5991:Lewis, B. 5955:Volume V: 5942:Lewis, B. 5930:"al-Kūfa" 5822:Citations 5782:century." 5744:Marwan II 5511:Al Sharqi 5466:Al Nuaimi 5436:Al Mualla 5425:Abu Dhabi 5421:Al Nahyan 5361:Al Qasimi 5346:Al Qasimi 5310:1860–1887 5300:1858–1895 5285:1856–1964 5275:1746–1828 5260:1277–1495 5245:1203–1894 5200:1926–1970 5190:1906–1934 5180:1903–1967 5170:1858–1967 5166:Qu'aitids 5160:1836–1921 5156:Rashidids 5150:1820–1970 5140:1800–1967 5130:1624–1742 5120:1597–1872 5110:1463–1521 5100:1454–1526 5090:1395–1967 5086:Kathirids 5080:1305–1487 5076:Jarwanids 5070:1253–1320 5060:1229–1454 5050:1159–1174 5040:1154–1624 5036:Nabhanids 5030:1083–1174 5020:1076–1253 5010:1063–1174 5000:1047–1138 4996:Sulayhids 4895:1837–1969 4891:Senussids 4885:1554–1659 4875:1230–1492 4865:1049–1078 4855:1041–1091 4845:1039–1110 4835:1031–1091 4831:Jawharids 4825:1027–1063 4821:Muzaynids 4815:1026–1057 4811:Hammudids 4805:1023–1062 4801:Yahsubids 4795:1023–1091 4785:1020–1086 4775:1013–1039 4765:1012–1051 4755:1004–1412 4721:Aghlabids 4650:1697–1842 4640:1517–1865 4630:1480–1677 4620:1517–1697 4610:1025–1157 4600:1024–1080 4596:Mirdasids 4586:Numayrids 4566:Jarrahids 4556:Mazyadids 4536:Hamdanids 4526:Hashimids 4486:Habbarids 4476:Dulafids 4326:Tanukhids 4201:Ikshidids 4189:Aghlabids 4112:Samarkand 4094:and some 3953:trebuchet 3939:mangonels 3935:catapults 3714:caliphate 3710:Al-Mansur 3668:umm walad 3664:concubine 3541:Catalonia 3486:Windmills 3476:Silk Road 3440:Euphrates 3405:explosive 3397:gunpowder 3389:parchment 3368:given to 3338:(Geber). 3326:astrolabe 3237:empirical 3189:algorithm 3157:Bukhtishu 3129:Nestorian 3115:Al-Biruni 2873:à l'arabe 2841:muʿtasimi 2748:arabesque 2631:Euphrates 2605:squinches 2515:al-Farabi 2492:Aristotle 2477:Averroism 2438:Samarkand 2423:Abu Nuwas 2308:847–861). 2201:Caliphate 2061:In 1206, 2024:built by 2022:Nizamiyya 1963:Malikshah 1761:Saffarids 1751:(809–813) 1700:Miskawayh 1658:'s rule ( 1645:Saffarids 1528:Al-Ma'mun 1516:al-Ma'mun 1508:civil war 1501:Byzantium 1450:Samarkand 1413:with the 1409:Al-Mahdi 1392:Barmakids 1381:al-Ma'mun 1276:An Lushan 1222:al-Mansur 1172:al-Saffah 1153:al-Saffah 1077:Marwan II 895:invention 883:Ctesiphon 867:al-Mansur 856:Levantine 822:(566–653 809:caliphate 798:romanized 584:Caliphate 233:as-Saffah 207:caliphate 180:Religion 154:(836–892) 140:(750–762) 76:1261–1517 15709:Japanese 15672:Scottish 15652:American 15644:Colonial 15573:Imperial 15541:Moroccan 15477:Japanese 15455:Afsharid 15314:Burmese 15300:Austrian 15255:Later Le 15230:Early Le 15215:Venetian 15141:Tiwanaku 15054:Hellenic 15017:Moroccan 14948:Kamakura 14938:Japanese 14921:Saffarid 14874:Georgian 14788:Chalukya 14766:Rashidun 14756:Calakmul 14724:Bruneian 14603:Haryanka 14581:Sasanian 14576:Parthian 14527:Bactrian 14517:Seleucid 14497:Goguryeo 14475:Egyptian 14409:Assyrian 14399:Akkadian 14390:Colonies 14305:Category 14154:Religion 14131:Persians 14015:Railways 14010:Airlines 13892:Military 13753:Politics 13729:Wildlife 13719:Umm Qasr 13549:Iraq War 13532:Gulf War 13444:Republic 13397:Safavids 13360:638–1958 13136:Category 13029:Islamism 13012:Muhammad 12968:Apostasy 12943:Hinduism 12833:Feminism 12764:Medicine 12604:Military 12558:Gambling 12507:Apostasy 12502:Criminal 12414:Marriage 12383:Tayammum 12335:Murabaha 12208:Madrasas 12198:Holidays 12188:Clothing 12183:Children 12178:Calendar 12129:Quranism 12063:Khawarij 12035:Alawites 11986:Atharism 11880:Rashidun 11719:In Islam 11714:Muhammad 11608:Alawiyya 11554:Bahdinan 11536:Ayyubids 11518:Artuqids 11506:Uqaylids 11476:Fatimids 11458:Tulunids 11452:Abbasids 11446:Umayyads 11336:al-Qa'im 11218:al-Zahir 11213:al-Nasir 11173:al-Qa'im 11168:al-Qadir 11163:al-Ta'i' 11158:al-Muti' 11138:al-Qahir 11044:al-Mahdi 10946:in 909, 10936:dynasty 10816:68026314 10769:11634474 10652:72076978 10615:Archived 10565:Archived 10456:(1992). 10438:Archived 10428:(2004). 10391:90001542 10279:(2002). 10210:89008129 10181:98049332 10152:97159218 9984:94139614 9903:96037472 9853:61010347 9802:98026043 9735:68026314 9718:68026314 9701:68026314 9684:68026314 9667:76017991 9647:(1976). 9584:99056710 9557:94048169 9530:94078513 9413:15 March 9290:Archived 9265:Archived 9237:Archived 9209:Archived 9199:(2002). 8874:Archived 8591:30 March 8585:Archived 8573:(2006). 8549:Archived 8375:41287947 8158:29 March 7628:(2019). 7373:27 March 7168:Al-Hayat 6941:Archived 6600:(eds.). 6290:(eds.). 6084:Archived 6005:(eds.). 5957:Khe–Mahi 5948:(eds.). 5738:musawwid 5656:See also 5595:Khairpur 5578:Abbasids 5515:Fujairah 5496:Al Thani 5406:Al Sabah 5295:Wituland 5230:896–1279 5186:Idrisids 5116:Qasimids 5096:Tahirids 5066:Usfurids 5056:Rasulids 5026:Zurayids 4990:968–1925 4976:Wajihids 4970:899–1077 4960:897–1962 4950:865–1066 4936:Yufirids 4930:819–1138 4926:Ziyadids 4920:751–1970 4861:Tahirids 4791:Abbadids 4771:Tujibids 4745:831–1091 4711:Idrisids 4695:756–1031 4675:710–1019 4671:Salihids 4636:Harfushs 4626:Turabays 4590:990–1081 4580:990–1096 4576:Uqaylids 4570:970–1107 4560:961–1150 4550:955–1071 4546:Rawadids 4540:890–1004 4530:869–1075 4510:861–1538 4496:Kaysites 4490:854–1011 4460:736–1122 4425:909–1171 4421:Fatimids 4415:750–1258 4411:Abbasids 4401:Umayyads 4391:Rashidun 4356:Lakhmids 4346:Salihids 4197:Tulunids 4193:Ifriqiya 4181:Idrisids 4077:Istakhri 4007:Buddhist 3961:grenades 3948:manjaniq 3920:Damascus 3899:Samanids 3862:Khorasan 3852:Military 3839:Al-Mahdi 3790:Holidays 3773:Most of 3638:Shāriyah 3579:and the 3506:kerosene 3416:windmill 3306:Averroes 3268:Avicenna 3264:Ibn Sina 3260:smallpox 3185:algorism 3149:Sassanid 2812:Clothing 2806:Damietta 2788:for the 2764:Textiles 2694:Painting 2688:Nishapur 2535:al-Jahiz 2519:Avicenna 2511:al-Kindi 2365:Ali Baba 2340:Egyptian 2237:Egyptian 2209:Qur'anic 2205:Damascus 2003:al-Nasir 1948:al-Qa'im 1940:Basasiri 1909:al-Qadir 1866:Isma'ili 1777:Anatolia 1727:Idrisids 1649:Tulunids 1629:Samanids 1576:in 863. 1526:in 813. 1482:Anatolia 1470:Khorasan 1446:Afrasiab 1433:and the 1396:Ifriqiya 1315:Plan of 1274:against 1141:-period 1085:Khorasan 1052:non-Arab 1014:Muhammad 959:al-Nasir 941:and the 916:Barmakid 881:city of 879:Sassanid 852:Khorasan 816:Muhammad 390:Currency 73:750–1258 15776:largest 15771:Empires 15751:Swedish 15746:Spanish 15741:Russian 15704:Italian 15679:Chinese 15667:English 15662:British 15657:Belgian 15632:Vietnam 15622:Tay son 15568:Tsarist 15563:Russian 15558:Ottoman 15524:Dzungar 15519:Khoshut 15492:Mexican 15487:Maratha 15470:Pahlavi 15450:Safavid 15445:Iranian 15372:Haitian 15335:Chinese 15295:Ashanti 15267:Wagadou 15193:Eastern 15188:Western 15171:Timurid 15131:Tibetan 15121:Songhai 15111:Serbian 15032:Almohad 15022:Idrisid 14926:Samanid 14916:Tahirid 14911:Iranian 14889:Kannauj 14869:Genoese 14805:Chinese 14798:Eastern 14793:Western 14781:Fatimid 14776:Abbasid 14771:Umayyad 14744:Burmese 14704:Ayyubid 14699:Angevin 14669:Xianbei 14657:Eastern 14652:Western 14598:Magadha 14561:Iranian 14554:Xiongnu 14539:Hittite 14448:Chinese 14436:Kassite 14385:Ancient 14377:Empires 14335:Commons 14252:Smoking 14217:Culture 14212:Cuisine 14195:General 14179:Yazidis 14136:Solluba 14089:Persian 14079:Kurdish 14074:Aramaic 14039:Society 14020:Tourism 13931:Economy 13679:Islands 13654:Borders 13479: ( 13469:present 13404:(incl. 13316:Assyria 13261:Subartu 13201:History 13083:Nursing 13044:Qutbism 12958:Sikhism 12953:Judaism 12948:Jainism 12938:Druzism 12774:Physics 12721:Pottery 12706:Gardens 12701:Carpets 12616:Slavery 12538:Divorce 12525:Dhabiĥa 12353:Hygiene 12328:Takaful 12310:Banking 12240:Science 12234:Qurbani 12203:Mosques 12163:Animals 12152:Culture 12086:Nukkari 12081:Azzabas 12068:Azariqa 12052:Zaydism 12040:Alevism 11916:Ottoman 11906:Almohad 11901:Fatimid 11896:Córdoba 11891:Abbasid 11886:Umayyad 11819:Leaders 11814:History 11772:Shahada 11687:Beliefs 11602:Jalilis 11596:Mamluks 11590:Shihabs 11566:Harfush 11530:Zengids 11428:Mashriq 11247:Caliphs 11143:al-Radi 11059:al-Amin 11049:al-Hadi 11024:Baghdad 11020:Caliphs 10884:15 June 10842:. 1905. 9116:Sources 8845:10 July 8820:10 July 8133:(ed.). 7200:Archnet 7046:21 June 6578:"Wazīr" 5802:harem's 5455:Bahrain 5391:Al Said 5376:Al Saud 5365:Sharjah 5335:Morocco 5331:'Alawis 5270:Mombasa 5106:Jabrids 5046:Mahdids 5016:Uyunids 4980:926–965 4956:Rassids 4940:847–997 4881:Saadids 4871:Nasrids 4781:Amirids 4761:Bakrids 4751:Kanzids 4735:814–922 4725:800–909 4715:788–974 4705:771–793 4685:745-757 4646:Shihabs 4616:Ma'nids 4520:864–928 4516:Alavids 4500:860–964 4480:840–897 4470:824–961 4450:654–884 4405:661–750 4395:632–661 4209:al-Radi 4185:Maghreb 4183:in the 4148:Decline 4108:Bukhara 4096:Red Sea 3912:Baghdad 3880:Karbala 3858:Iranian 3827:Fatimah 3764:viziers 3753:, Iraq. 3751:Samarra 3718:Baghdad 3691:dhimmis 3623:jawaris 3562:Society 3514:wheeled 3452:caravel 3444:sextant 3420:almonds 3403:and an 3393:papyrus 3256:measles 3229:in his 3177:algebra 3163:Algebra 3153:Umayyad 3111:Ptolemy 3068:Baghdad 3060:Madrasa 3022:Science 2860:kaftans 2823:Maqamat 2760:tiles. 2753:Samarra 2726:Pottery 2720:Tahirid 2708:Samarra 2619:Baghdad 2576:المعشوق 2564:Samarra 2496:ijtihad 2402:Turkish 2394:Persian 2386:Iranian 2372:romance 2357:Aladdin 2345:fantasy 2336:Persian 2298:Samarra 2233:Persian 2162:Culture 2156:Selim I 2112:in the 2067:Mongols 2057:in 1258 2010:futuwwa 1944:Fatimid 1936:Seljuqs 1924:ayyarun 1869:Fatimid 1839:Mansura 1792:Fatimah 1765:Bukhara 1749:al-Amin 1712:Seljuks 1672:al-Radi 1607:Samarra 1551:Samarra 1543:Mamluks 1534:by the 1524:Al-Amin 1512:al-Amin 1497:Quraysh 1493:Al-Hadi 1406:there. 1376:viziers 1348:Baghdad 1334:led by 1330:in the 1317:Baghdad 1270:in the 1232:, 1598) 1149:Bal'ami 1139:Samanid 1070:Umar II 1004:History 991:Ottoman 967:Mongols 965:by the 922:in the 891:culture 887:science 875:Babylon 842:in the 836:Baghdad 832:caliphs 828:dynasty 800:: 592:‎ 374:• 357:• 332:al-Radi 317:• 304:• 291:History 236:(first) 195:Abbasid 151:Samarra 144:Baghdad 130:Capital 15714:Mongol 15699:German 15694:French 15684:Danish 15627:Dainam 15602:Tongan 15590:Somali 15585:Sokoto 15551:'Alawi 15529:Kalmyk 15509:Mongol 15502:Second 15482:Korean 15433:Mughal 15423:Indian 15406:German 15399:Second 15389:French 15382:Second 15318:Second 15290:Afghan 15282:Modern 15208:Kyrgyz 15203:Uighur 15198:Second 15178:Turkic 15146:Toltec 15082:Epirus 15067:Nicaea 14990:Mongol 14943:Yamato 14879:Huetar 14737:Second 14674:Rouran 14623:Shunga 14618:Maurya 14593:Kushan 14566:Median 14544:Hunnic 14502:Harsha 14315:Portal 14257:Sports 14232:Health 14207:Cinema 14059:Iraqis 13962:Dinar 13897:Police 13699:Places 13189:topics 12895: 12853:poetry 12663: 12548:Ethics 12532:Dhimmi 12491:Baligh 12452:Mahram 12409:Family 12389:Toilet 12369:Miswak 12122:Lahori 12105:Najdat 12001:Salafi 11951:Seerah 11946:Tafsir 11941:Hadith 11911:Sokoto 11856:Sahaba 11731:Angels 11708:Tawhid 11665:topics 11578:Ridwan 11524:Burids 11430:region 10814: 10786: 10767: 10746: 10736: 10698: 10650: 10640: 10594: 10544: 10525: 10515: 10498: 10488: 10466: 10416: 10406: 10389: 10379: 10362: 10331: 10287: 10267: 10238: 10228: 10208: 10198: 10179: 10169: 10150: 10140: 10115: 10105: 10088: 10040: 10003: 9982: 9972: 9953: 9934: 9924: 9901: 9891: 9872: 9851: 9832: 9800: 9790: 9771: 9752: 9733: 9716: 9699: 9682: 9665: 9655: 9599: 9582: 9572: 9555: 9545: 9528: 9518: 9501: 9491: 9461: 9451: 9430: 9404: 9385: 9375: 9333: 9162: 9143: 9133: 9080: 9070: 8999: 8960: 8935: 8908: 8691: 8666: 8641: 8616: 8481: 8456: 8431: 8406: 8381: 8373: 8329: 8296: 8258: 8228: 8141: 8007: 7740: 7704: 7638: 7596: 7435: 7398: 7366: 7337: 7306: 7220: 6814: 6789: 6762: 6674: 6615: 6596:& 6531: 6305: 6286:& 6155:2 June 6115: 6020: 6014:H–Iram 6001:& 5963: 5944:& 5896: 5871: 5638:sultan 5630:Sennar 5611:Bastak 5603:Bastak 5530:Jordan 5410:Kuwait 4841:Hudids 4160:, and 4138:Venice 4127:slaves 4090:, and 4035:Under 3916:Medina 3846:Nowruz 3808:Tigris 3779:Arabic 3619:qiyans 3600:Hadith 3581:Levant 3534:to be 3474:. The 3468:Venice 3460:Hormuz 3436:Tigris 3424:citrus 3354:, and 3215:Optics 3141:Arabic 3137:Syriac 3107:Euclid 3048:, and 2905:, and 2786:kiswah 2782:badana 2774:Tinnis 2716:dadoes 2572:Arabic 2537:, and 2517:, and 2483:, and 2406:tragic 2400:, and 2382:Arabic 2361:Sinbad 2332:Arabic 2320:(1915) 2286:, and 2268:, and 2229:Indian 2221:Arabic 2213:hadith 1919:fitnas 1859:khutba 1851:"amir" 1847:sultan 1828:Soomro 1796:Fustat 1696:Daylam 1692:Buyids 1462:Cyprus 1454:Sogdia 1199:mawali 1190:. 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