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970:), that had played such a large role in the supply of the American rebels with arms, was completely devastated by him. He proved himself especially vengeful against the Jewish merchants on the island. All goods on the island were confiscated and all merchants, Dutch, American, French, even British, deported. Part of the loot was auctioned off on the spot, but an appreciable amount was put on a convoy destined for Britain. However, much of the convoy was captured in the English Channel by a French squadron under Admiral
1049:
was responsible as commander-in-chief for both the state of readiness of the fleet and its strategic decisions (though the officers were tactically and operationally responsible, and could not decline responsibility for the alleged state of "unreadiness" themselves). The opponents of the stadtholder demanded an investigation that was, however, very long drawn out, and quietly terminated after the stadtholder was restored in his full powers after 1787, long after the end of the war.
1057:) and the ships that suffered from severe wear and tear. Also, because an appreciable number of ships had to be detached to maintain naval superiority in the North Sea, the already overstretched Royal Navy was even more strained after 1781. Ships that were needed to blockade the Dutch coast could not be used against the French, Americans, and Spaniards in other theatres of war. This may have contributed to a number of the naval defeats the British suffered after 1781.
1199:, organised, negotiating separately with the British commissioners. The Dutch demands were not supported by the French, and this put them into an untenable position when the French and their allies went ahead with the signing of the general peace. The Dutch, therefore, were forced to sign a preliminary peace just before that general treaty was signed. The republic joined the armistice between Britain and France in January 1783. The signing of the
321:
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176:
851:. Although the States General had decided on a substantial expansion of the fleet in 1779, just before the fateful decision to offer limited convoys, and had even voted the funds for such a naval-construction program, it progressed but slowly. Another reason for the slow expansion of the Dutch fleet was a lack of suitable recruits—the Dutch navy paid lower wages than the merchant marine and did not use
1840:
735:, including ship's timbers, masts, spars, canvas, tar, rope, and pitch, were not contraband and the Dutch, therefore, were free to continue their trade with France in these goods. Because of the still-important role of the Dutch in the European carrying trade, this opened up a large loophole in the British
1168:
received instructions from Bombay to destroy all of the Dutch outposts on the west coast of
Sumatra. Quite fortuitously, a fleet of five East Indiamen arrived not long after, and the directors seized the opportunity for action. Henry Botham, one of the directors, commandeered the fleet, and with 100
1048:
to Brest. However, as had happened countless times before, Bylandt, after having inspected the ships, declared them "unready" to put out to sea. In this refusal, he was supported by the other flag officers. The incident caused a political storm that threatened to engulf the stadtholder himself, as he
877:
Another reason for the lack of activity of the Dutch navy was the fact that diplomatic activity never ceased and gave the Dutch government the illusion that the war would be of only short duration. Empress
Catharine, though she refused to come to the aid of the Dutch, was very active in offering her
1052:
Though, except for the Dogger-Bank skirmish, no major battles were fought in
European waters, and the British blockade encountered little opposition from the Dutch fleet, the blockade itself exacted its toll on the British seamen, who were at sea for long times at a stretch (which even exposed them
1231:
The war proved a disaster for the
Netherlands, particularly economically. It also proved to be confirmation of the weakening of Dutch power in the 18th century. In the immediate aftermath of the war, the bad result was blamed on the stadholder's mismanagement (if not worse) by his opponents, who
893:
in March 1782. Fox immediately proposed a separate peace on favourable conditions to the Dutch government. Unfortunately for the Dutch, they had just bound themselves closer to France by agreeing to act "in concert" with France in naval actions, so a separate peace was no longer an option. A real
758:
by belligerents. Initially, the stadtholder managed to prevent this, but strong diplomatic pressure by France, that selectively applied economic sanctions to Dutch cities supporting the stadtholder in this policy, forced his hand in
November 1779. The States General now ordered him to provide the
1191:
The republic did not form a formal military alliance with France and her allies before the end of the war. A treaty of amity and commerce was, however, concluded with the
Americans in October 1782, after John Adams, who succeeded Henry Laurens, had managed to obtain diplomatic recognition of the
627:
with vastly increased powers for the stadtholder and made the stadtholderate hereditary. This did not lead to a resurgence of the republic as a major power because of what many in the republic saw as the mismanagement of the stadtholderian regency during the minority of stadtholder
1192:
American republic from the States
General in April 1782. The republic was the second European power (after France, but before Spain) to recognise the United States. Adams also succeeded in raising a substantial loan for the Americans on the still-significant Dutch capital market.
1044:, as the British fleet in the channel had suddenly sailed south. However, Hartsinck, as usual, made objections, based on intelligence that British ships lay in ambush. When this proved false, the stadtholder ordered him to send the squadron, under command of Vice Admiral Count
706:
After the French declared war on
Britain, Amsterdam merchants also became heavily involved in the trade in naval stores with France. The French needed those supplies for their naval construction, but were prevented from obtaining those themselves, due to the blockade by the
1785:
699:, leading to growing British suspicions of the Dutch. In 1778, the Dutch refused take Britain's side in the war against France. The British invoked a number of old treaties (1678, 1689, 1716) to have the republic support them militarily, but as in the
674:
More importantly, Dutch merchants, especially those from
Amsterdam, became involved in the supply of arms and munitions to the American rebels soon after the outbreak of American Revolutionary War. This trade was mainly conducted via the Caribbean
1260:
remained central to
British strategic thinking, and they sent expeditionary forces to the Netherlands in 1793, 1799, and 1809. The war caused severe damage to the VOC, which already in a severe crisis, was to go bankrupt just a few years later.
771:, which espoused the principle of "free ship, free goods", especially after Britain formally abrogated the Commercial Treaty of 1668. The Dutch hoped to gain the armed support of the other members of the league to maintain their neutral status.
873:
to the blockading British fleet. Within a few weeks of the beginning of the war, more than 200 Dutch merchantmen, with cargo to the amount of 15 million guilders, had been captured by the British and 300 more were locked up in foreign ports.
855:
like the Royal Navy. The number of available ships was diminished even more at the start of the war when several ships were captured by the British in the West Indies because they were unaware the war had started. A convoy under Rear Admiral
878:
services to mediate the dispute. Both the British and the Dutch, with varying amounts of sincerity, cooperated in these diplomatic manoeuvres, which came to nothing, but helped to keep military activities at a low level while they lasted.
897:
The war, as far as it went, was fought in three main theatres. Britain blockaded Dutch ports in Europe, and embarked on expeditions to seize Dutch colonial properties throughout the world. These were almost entirely successful; only an
800:
was not keen on, either), the British government cited a number of grievances that were ostensibly unrelated to the Dutch accession to the league. One of these was the shelter the Dutch had (reluctantly) given to the American privateer
1215:, which had been a major war aim for British merchants. The French also returned the other Dutch colonies they had recaptured from the British, including the ones in the West Indies (like St. Eustatius that had been taken by Admiral
1173:. On 18 August, Jacob van Heemskerk, the VOC chief resident at Padang, surrendered all of the west coast outposts without a fight, unaware that Botham's force was relatively weak. The capture netted the British 500,000
860:
was lost this way near St. Eustatius in February 1781, and the admiral was killed in the short action; in a different action, Captain Bylandt (a nephew of the admiral of the same name) surrendered his ship.
1084:, but for the first time, had to request assistance from the Dutch navy. However, ships were lacking at first and what naval forces were available were unable to prevent Britain from taking full control of
864:
The pronounced inferiority of the Dutch fleet, and its state of "unreadiness" was a frequently reiterated excuse for the Dutch naval commanders, especially Vice Admiral Andries Hartsinck, who commanded the
1036:. In September 1782, after the Dutch politicians had hesitantly agreed to coordinate their actions with the French, acting "in concert", an opportunity seemed to exist to combine a Dutch squadron of 10
966:, as soon as he had received word of the declaration of war, in the process surprising a number of Dutch naval and merchant ships, which were still unaware of the start of hostilities. St. Eustatius (
691:) and re-exported to Europe. For their return cargo, the Americans purchased arms, munitions, and naval stores brought to the island by Dutch and French merchants. In 1776 the governor of the island,
847:
Dutch naval power had been in decline since 1712. The fleet had been long neglected, and the Dutch navy, having only 20 ships of the line at the start of the conflict, was no match for the British
1118:, Suffren was able to arrive before Johnstone, and the strength of French troops he left dissuaded Johnstone from attacking the colony. After capturing a number of VOC ships in the nearby
796:
also), so declared war on the republic shortly after it announced its intentions in December 1780. To forestall Russia from coming to the aid of the Dutch (something Empress
369:
1013:
mounted and several cautious attempts were made to capture British convoys, or escort Dutch convoys. In one of those forays, an unusually strong squadron, under Admiral
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Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
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on 31 December, which enraged Dutch public opinion and further undermined the position of the stadtholder. The incident motivated the Dutch to seek admission to the
1110:
was sent to capture the Cape Colony. France, which had already planned to send a fleet to India, received intelligence of this, and directed its commander, the
611:
of 1688, the Dutch had become very much the junior partner in the alliance and had slowly lost their former dominance of world trade to the British. During the
739:. The British then unilaterally declared naval stores to be contraband and enforced their embargo by arresting Dutch and other neutral ships on the high seas.
473:
886:
1164:
In August 1781, word of the war reached Sumatra, where both the Dutch and British companies had trading outposts. The directors of the British company at
1237:
839:
to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic. The draft treaty was cited as proof by the British of the non-neutral conduct of the Dutch.
636:, which enabled it to greatly neglect both its army and navy. The stadtholderian regime was pro-British, with the stadtholder being a grandson of King
576:
Most of the war consisted of a series of British operations against Dutch colonial economic interests, although British and Dutch naval forces also
362:
615:, the Dutch Republic had more or less abdicated its pretences as a major power and this became painfully evident to the rest of Europe during the
1835:
1009:
Admiral Hartsinck at first proved himself highly reluctant to risk his fleet. However, political pressure to venture outside the safety of the
558:
554:(1775–1783), broke out over British and Dutch disagreements on the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with Britain's enemies in that war.
715:, known as the principle of "free ship, free goods", which was enshrined in the Anglo-Dutch Commercial Treaty of 1668, reconfirmed in the
569:
managed to establish diplomatic relations with the Dutch Republic, making it the second European country to diplomatically recognise the
355:
1882:
881:
The British government also made overtures to the Dutch to come to a speedy conclusion of hostilities, especially after the cabinet of
466:
1149:, and Suffren fought Hughes to a standstill in a naval battle several days later. The two fleets withdrew and the British repaired in
1111:
894:
military alliance with France was, however, still blocked by the stadtholder, despite the fact that many in the republic favoured it.
711:(France being the weaker naval power in that conflict). The Dutch were privileged by a concession obtained after their victory in the
664:
667:
contingents they hired and deployed. This was strongly opposed by the Dutch sympathizers of the American Revolution, led by Baron
1216:
971:
947:
257:
1133:) and then India. There, he arrived and fought a number of actions against Hughes. Suffren attempted to take the Dutch port of
580:. The war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the political and economic foundations of the republic.
1826:
1107:
459:
415:
269:
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in 1779. More importantly, much was made of a draft treaty of commerce, secretly negotiated between the Amsterdam banker
17:
1089:
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647:
Initially, the British considered the Dutch allies in their attempt to stamp out the rebellion in their North American
403:
245:
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1750:
1714:
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644:(the governing body of the Republic whose "first servant" the stadtholder was) to keep Dutch foreign policy neutral.
641:
1220:
821:
768:
1867:
1248:
by Prussian and British intervention. The Patriots were driven abroad, but returned in 1795 with the help of the
696:
1177:
in goods and money. The fortress at Padang was destroyed before the town was returned to VOC control in 1784.
1065:
934:
764:
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562:
922:
687:. There, American colonial wares, such as tobacco and indigo, were imported (in contravention of the British
612:
425:
1245:
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1022:
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233:
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Al die willen te kaap'ren varen. De Nederlandse commissievaart tijdens de Vierde Engelse Oorlog, 1780-1784
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Glorious action of the French Admiral Suffren against the British Admiral Hughes in the seas of Ceylon.
1018:
754:. According to customary international law, such convoys were (and still are) exempt from the right of
637:
551:
313:
43:
632:, and subsequently during his own reign. Instead, the republic remained stubbornly neutral during the
337:
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Scott, Hamish M. "Sir Joseph Yorke, Dutch politics and the origins of the fourth Anglo-Dutch war."
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640:, but his opponents for this reason favoured France, and those opponents were strong enough in the
600:
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214:
163:
138:
1877:
408:
910:) failed. While many Dutch territories in the West Indies were taken by the British, some, like
1290:
1186:
1114:, to try to reach the Cape before Johnstone. After Johnstone and Suffren met in a happenstance
1092:
814:
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784:
The British government saw the danger of this move (it might embroil Great Britain in war with
712:
503:
440:
1724:
1622:
1161:
in 1783, but news of preliminary peace between France and Britain ended hostilities in India.
55:
1249:
1200:
1146:
1115:
720:
509:
497:
420:
118:
1601:
1211:
was restored to Dutch control. The British gained the right of free trade with part of the
1045:
997:
were rapidly taken by the British early in 1781. These were retaken by the French captain
836:
760:
570:
8:
742:
This led to strong protests by the affected Dutch merchants, who demanded institution of
700:
633:
620:
608:
194:
91:
1275:
1138:
998:
994:
793:
692:
660:
435:
1021:, encountered in August 1781 a British squadron of about equal strength under Admiral
573:
in April 1782. In October 1782, a treaty of amity and commerce was concluded as well.
1845:
1822:
1815:
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1746:
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The republic involved itself in the peace congress that the French foreign minister,
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189:
107:
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The intervention of the French navy attempted to rescue the Dutch colonies in Asia.
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47:
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The Familial State: Ruling Families And Merchant Capitalism In Early Modern Europe
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Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire
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De Nederlandsche Zeemagt in Hare verschillende Tijdperken Geschetst. Deel 3
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station of the Royal Navy, attacked the Dutch colonies in that part of the
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by the British fleet in February 1781. The island is sacked by the British.
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95:
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Although the Dutch Republic did not enter into a formal alliance with the
1085:
1081:
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64:
1236:. These managed for a while to roll back a number of the reforms of the
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squadron, to keep the fleet at anchor, thereby ceding dominance of the
848:
828:, an American diplomat who had been apprehended by the British cruiser
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731:, in wars in which the Dutch remained neutral. According to the treaty
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1080:(VOC) had been responsible for defending its own colonies east of the
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Another promising venture seemed to be what has become known as the
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De Nederlandsche Zeemagt in Hare verschillende Tijdperken Geschetst
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Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850
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Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813
727:" goods carried in Dutch ships from confiscation by the British
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The same year, the island is issued by a French landing troops.
743:
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The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
974:. The French did not return the goods to the Dutch, however.
907:
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in September 1780, on the high seas. He had been sent by the
1671:
The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806
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escorts and the first convoy, under command of Rear Admiral
1726:
Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Bezittingen
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Though an attempt was made to likewise capture the Dutch
1219:
in February 1781, but was retaken by the French Admiral
27:
War between Great Britain and Dutch Republic, 1780–1784
1691:, Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of the Pacific,
914:, were not attacked due to their defensive strength.
750:, to protect them against the Royal Navy and British
659:
for use in the Americas, in a similar manner to the
942:As far as the Dutch were concerned, the war in the
1814:
1001:in 1782, and restored to the Dutch after the war.
763:, sailed in December. This led to the humiliating
587:and further cemented Great Britain as the leading
561:and their allies, American ambassador (and future
1647:
1240:, strongly diminishing his powers. However, this
1153:while the French refitted in the Dutch colony of
1859:
1627:, Edinburgh: Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran,
1333:. Part 3 (in Dutch), Rotterdam: H. Nijgh, p. 291
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172:
154:
1689:The Dutch Republic and The American Revolution
1648:Hobson, Rolf; Kristianson, Tom, eds. (2004),
1099:, considered to be the finest harbour in the
946:was over almost before it had begun. Admiral
719:. This early formulation of the principle of
467:
363:
651:. They attempted to "borrow" the mercenary
474:
460:
377:
370:
356:
1345:, pp. 985–998, 1067–1087, 1090–1097
1256:in place of the old Dutch Republic. The
1122:, he returned to North Atlantic waters.
1064:
1017:and his second-in-command, Rear Admiral
981:, these remained in Dutch hands, as did
933:
921:
542:; 1780–1784) was a conflict between the
1834:
1722:
1620:
1602:"The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, 1780-1784"
817:, with the connivance of the Amsterdam
619:. Near the end of that war in 1747, an
14:
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1308:
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351:
1709:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press,
1088:. In early 1782 British Admiral Sir
481:
906:on the Africa's Gold Coast (modern
723:exempted all but narrowly defined "
583:The war settled the decline of the
24:
1723:Meinsma, Johannes Jacobus (1872),
1029:, which ended in a tactical draw.
1004:
550:. The war, contemporary with the
25:
1894:
1883:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
824:, and found among the effects of
669:Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol
642:States General of the Netherlands
1116:battle in the Cape Verde Islands
769:First League of Armed Neutrality
703:, the Dutch government refused.
540:Vierde Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog
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1643:(in Dutch), Rotterdam: H. Nijgh
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1408:
1106:In March 1781, British Admiral
1060:
1729:(in Dutch), Delft: J. IJkema,
1417:, pp. 88–91, 151–152, 164
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1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1323:
1314:
1302:
1207:, in India, a British colony.
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765:Affair of Fielding and Bylandt
695:, was the first to salute the
617:War of the Austrian Succession
13:
1:
1624:The Scots Magazine, Volume 44
1181:Ceasefire and Treaty of Paris
885:had been replaced by that of
613:Second Stadtholderless Period
594:
1226:
1169:company soldiers sailed for
1139:taken by the British in 1781
1125:Suffren had continued on to
1040:with the French squadron at
717:Treaty of Westminster (1674)
578:met once off the Dutch coast
7:
1673:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1465:, pp. 178–179, 193–198
1320:Clodfelter 2017, p. 133–134
1264:
1201:Treaty of Paris (1783–1784)
968:captured on 3 February 1781
559:rebelling American colonies
10:
1899:
1611:
1281:History of the Netherlands
1184:
1019:Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen
809:and the American agent in
683:, an island colony of the
638:George II of Great Britain
607:had been allies since the
552:American Revolutionary War
44:American Revolutionary War
1844:, Zutphen: Walburg Pers,
1821:, New York: Basic Books,
1766:, London: Penguin Books,
1650:Navies in Northern Waters
1252:armies and established a
697:flag of the United States
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389:
203:
148:
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61:The Battle of Dogger Bank
53:
41:
36:
1741:Moore, Bob, ed. (2003),
1652:, Portland: Frank Cass,
1639:Dirks, J. J. B. (1871),
1329:Dirks, J. J. B. (1871),
1296:
1286:British military history
1145:. In August, the French
1095:on the eastern coast of
1078:Dutch East India Company
685:Dutch West India Company
544:Kingdom of Great Britain
1621:Boswell, James (1782),
950:, the commander of the
1868:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1804:The Historical Journal
1745:, Aldershot: Ashgate,
1291:Dutch military history
1223:on 27 November 1781).
1187:Treaty of Paris (1784)
1157:. Hughes and Suffren
1147:recaptured Trincomalee
1073:
985:, though neighbouring
939:
931:
798:Catharine II of Russia
788:and the Nordic powers
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713:Second Anglo-Dutch War
539:
532:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
416:Essequibo and Demerara
381:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
204:Commanders and leaders
37:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
1806:31#3 (1988): 571–589.
1705:Adams, Julia (2005),
1068:
1027:Battle of Dogger Bank
937:
925:
721:Freedom of Navigation
119:Peace of Paris (1783)
1250:French revolutionary
1143:frustrated by Hughes
1093:captured Trincomalee
1046:Lodewijk van Bylandt
837:Continental Congress
761:Lodewijk van Bylandt
571:Continental Congress
1789:, New York: Knopf,
1687:Edler, F. (2001) ,
1232:coalesced into the
972:Picquet de la Motte
843:Progress of the war
621:Orangist revolution
609:Glorious Revolution
18:4th Anglo-Dutch War
1591:, pp. 181–189
1537:, pp. 330–353
1525:, pp. 306–309
1477:, pp. 200–203
1393:, pp. 163–166
1276:History of England
1246:suppressed in 1787
1238:revolution of 1747
1074:
999:Armand de Kersaint
940:
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900:attempt to capture
780:Declaration of war
693:Johannes de Graeff
1828:978-0-465-01332-6
1381:, pp. 95–138
1254:Batavian Republic
1213:Dutch East Indies
1112:Bailli de Suffren
1053:to the danger of
1038:ships of the line
958:: St. Eustatius,
807:Jean de Neufville
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657:Dutch States Army
649:Thirteen Colonies
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1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
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1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1405:, pp. 62–69
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1369:, pp. 42–62
1364:
1358:
1357:, pp. 28–32
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1271:Anglo-Dutch Wars
1166:Fort Marlborough
1108:George Johnstone
979:Leeward Antilles
756:Visit and Search
746:escorted by the
701:Seven Years' War
634:Seven Years' War
589:commercial power
488:
486:
485:Anglo-Dutch Wars
476:
469:
462:
453:
452:
384:
382:
372:
365:
358:
349:
348:
336:
335:
334:
324:
323:
322:
312:
311:
310:
300:
299:
298:
286:
285:
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270:George Johnstone
268:
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256:
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244:
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217:
193:
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184:
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166:
162:
160:
159:
72:
71:
58:
48:Anglo-Dutch Wars
34:
33:
21:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1829:
1797:
1774:
1753:
1717:
1699:
1681:
1660:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1579:Meinsma, p. 203
1578:
1574:
1570:Boswell, p. 157
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1509:
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1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1267:
1229:
1189:
1183:
1063:
1011:Texel roadstead
1007:
1005:European waters
952:Leeward Islands
926:The capture of
920:
845:
811:Aix-la-Chapelle
803:John Paul Jones
782:
777:
689:Navigation Acts
597:
528:
527:
526:
521:
489:
484:
482:
480:
450:
445:
385:
380:
378:
376:
342:
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155:
126:
110:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1878:Patriottentijd
1875:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1836:Francke, Johan
1832:
1827:
1811:Simms, Brendan
1807:
1800:
1795:
1777:
1772:
1756:
1751:
1738:
1720:
1715:
1702:
1697:
1684:
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1607:
1593:
1581:
1572:
1563:
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1479:
1467:
1455:
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1407:
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1371:
1359:
1347:
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1322:
1313:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1242:Patriot revolt
1228:
1225:
1185:Main article:
1182:
1179:
1127:Isle de France
1062:
1059:
1006:
1003:
919:
916:
844:
841:
794:Denmark–Norway
781:
778:
776:
773:
625:stadtholderate
605:Dutch Republic
596:
593:
548:Dutch Republic
523:
522:
520:
519:
513:
507:
501:
494:
491:
490:
479:
478:
471:
464:
456:
447:
446:
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438:
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428:
423:
418:
413:
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411:
401:
396:
394:Sint Eustatius
390:
387:
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375:
374:
367:
360:
352:
344:
343:
341:
340:
328:
316:
314:Jan Kinsbergen
304:
292:
277:
275:
273:
272:
260:
248:
236:
224:
209:
206:
205:
201:
200:
198:
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185:
182:Dutch Republic
169:
167:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
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131:Dutch Republic
128:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1895:
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1853:
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1824:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:0-394-48516-5
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:Schama, Simon
1778:
1775:
1773:0-14-102690-1
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:0-7546-0492-6
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1716:0-8014-3308-8
1712:
1708:
1703:
1700:
1698:0-89875-269-8
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1680:0-19-873072-1
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:0-7146-5541-4
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1561:, p. 356
1560:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1513:, p. 185
1512:
1507:
1501:, p. 293
1500:
1495:
1489:, p. 184
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1459:
1453:, p. 291
1452:
1447:
1441:, p. 292
1440:
1435:
1429:, p. 294
1428:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
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1332:
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1317:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1287:
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1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1258:Low Countries
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:Patriot party
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
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1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1101:Bay of Bengal
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:Edward Hughes
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Johan Zoutman
1012:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
936:
929:
924:
915:
913:
909:
905:
904:Elmina Castle
901:
895:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
872:
868:
862:
859:
854:
850:
840:
838:
834:
833:
827:
826:Henry Laurens
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:St. Eustatius
678:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Scots Brigade
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
623:restored the
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:Great Britain
592:
590:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
492:
487:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
457:
454:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Barbary Coast
419:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
353:
350:
339:
329:
327:
317:
315:
305:
303:
302:Johan Zoutman
293:
291:
290:
279:
278:
276:
271:
261:
259:
258:George Rodney
249:
247:
246:Edward Hughes
237:
235:
225:
223:
222:
216:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
196:
191:
186:
183:
171:
170:
168:
165:
164:Great Britain
153:
152:
147:
140:
139:Great Britain
136:
132:
129:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1839:
1816:
1803:
1784:
1763:
1742:
1725:
1706:
1688:
1670:
1649:
1640:
1623:
1596:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1330:
1325:
1316:
1311:, p. 88
1304:
1230:
1194:
1190:
1163:
1124:
1120:Saldanha Bay
1105:
1097:Dutch Ceylon
1075:
1069:
1061:Asian waters
1051:
1034:Brest Affair
1031:
1008:
976:
964:Saint Martin
941:
928:St Eustatius
896:
880:
876:
863:
846:
831:
783:
741:
733:naval stores
729:prize courts
705:
673:
646:
598:
585:Dutch Empire
582:
575:
556:
531:
529:
515:
426:Saldanha Bay
379:
287:
219:
149:Belligerents
60:
42:Part of the
29:
1559:Rodger 2006
1343:Israel 1995
1141:), but was
1086:Dutch India
1082:Cape Colony
1023:Hyde Parker
944:West Indies
918:West Indies
858:Willem Krul
853:impressment
822:Van Berckel
815:William Lee
665:Brunswicker
441:Trincomalee
431:Dogger Bank
234:Hyde Parker
125:Territorial
108:Cape Colony
65:Thomas Luny
1862:Categories
1589:Edler 2001
1535:Dirks 1871
1523:Dirks 1871
1511:Edler 2001
1499:Dirks 1871
1487:Edler 2001
1475:Edler 2001
1463:Edler 2001
1451:Dirks 1871
1439:Dirks 1871
1427:Dirks 1871
1415:Edler 2001
1403:Edler 2001
1391:Edler 2001
1379:Edler 2001
1367:Edler 2001
1355:Edler 2001
1309:Edler 2001
1205:Negapatnam
902:the Dutch
887:Rockingham
883:Lord North
849:Royal Navy
819:pensionary
752:privateers
725:contraband
709:Royal Navy
595:Background
567:John Adams
404:Gold Coast
326:Iman Falck
221:George III
135:Nagapatnam
1227:Aftermath
1221:De Grasse
1197:Vergennes
1159:met again
1135:Negapatam
1131:Mauritius
995:Essequibo
956:Caribbean
871:North Sea
630:William V
599:Although
563:president
436:Negapatam
289:William V
104:Caribbean
88:North Sea
78:1780–1784
1838:(2019),
1813:(2008),
1783:(1977),
1762:(2006),
1735:23421932
1669:(1995),
1546:Syrett,
1265:See also
991:Demerara
983:Suriname
677:entrepĂ´t
603:and the
546:and the
399:Sombrero
83:Location
46:and the
1633:1765266
1612:Sources
1175:florins
1155:Sumatra
1025:in the
987:Berbice
912:Curaçao
744:convoys
737:embargo
661:Hessian
655:of the
127:changes
100:Sumatra
1848:
1825:
1793:
1770:
1749:
1733:
1713:
1695:
1677:
1656:
1631:
1548:passim
1217:Rodney
1209:Ceylon
1171:Padang
1151:Bombay
1055:scurvy
993:, and
962:, and
948:Rodney
832:Vestal
790:Sweden
786:Russia
516:Fourth
504:Second
409:Elmina
195:France
179:
161:
133:cedes
115:Result
96:Ceylon
1297:Notes
1203:made
1129:(now
1042:Brest
908:Ghana
867:Texel
536:Dutch
510:Third
498:First
92:India
1846:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1791:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1731:OCLC
1711:ISBN
1693:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1654:ISBN
1629:OCLC
1244:was
1076:The
960:Saba
889:and
830:HMS
792:and
663:and
530:The
75:Date
891:Fox
775:War
679:of
137:to
1864::
1103:.
989:,
813:,
591:.
565:)
538::
106:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
63:,
1604:.
1137:(
534:(
475:e
468:t
461:v
371:e
364:t
357:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
