31:
267:
855:
489:, while the Turkish fleet numbered four ships-of-the-line, seven frigates and six transports with five thousand men infantry. Determined to give battle anyway, van Kinsbergen declared in front of his officers that such an order could not possibly be authentic, arrested the messenger and pursued the attack. Conforming to the standard tactics of the day, the Turkish fleet sailed in a formal line-of-battle. Van Kinsbergen realized that doing likewise would only result in the quick annihilation of his flotilla and therefore applied a modern concentration of forces: using the
119:
30:
131:
99:
87:
672:. Again, envoys of Catharina tried to make him re-enter Russian service, offering him the rank of vice-admiral and the command of the Black Sea fleet, but after some consideration he refused in March 1788, even though the stadtholder had consented to a change of service in February. On 8 April 1789 he also refused to become Danish commander-in-chief; on 16 December he was appointed Dutch vice-admiral.
394:, to depart for Russia. However, William V would not free him completely from his obligations. Van Kinsbergen was promised that one year later, on 15 August 1771, he would in his absence be appointed captain. In exchange again three years after that date he would return to the fatherland should it have need of his services and this cycle of temporary appointments would be repeated every three years.
814:— knowing quite well the emperor had not intended him to — and asked that his salary might be redirected to the navy, causing an annoyed Napoleon to react: "Does this proud Holland sailor think he can use me to dole out his alms?". Meanwhile, Van Kinsbergen continued his charitable works: e.g. in 1811 he donated a fire engine to the municipality of
728:, a former property of a deceased younger brother. Gradually the Batavian Republic, in need of popular men to legitimise its power, began to make overtures to Van Kinsbergen: in 1797 it was suggested he become supreme commander; in 1801 even a formal offer was made. This failed however because he demanded that all officers be reinstated. Early 1806
910:; another bust by the same, of De Ruyter, was given to the Amsterdam Naval Academy, festively carried by a fleet of boats through the canals. The wealthy merchant Jan Kluppel was so touched by the sight that he ordered also a bust of the modest Van Kinsbergen himself to be sculpted by Gabriël, to be placed below that of De Ruyter.
712:
Soon he was again released, only to be cashiered together with the entire naval officer corps on 27 February. Although some urged him to ask the new regime to be reinstated, Van
Kinsbergen, confused and depressed, simply did not bother. On 26 April his wife died and in June he accepted a Danish offer
663:
In 1787 the relationship with the stadtholder became strained when the latter used a
Prussian military intervention to repress the Patriots. Van Kinsbergen's house in Amsterdam was even searched by soldiers for evidence of secret dealings with William's enemies, though nothing more incriminating was
349:
and he brought himself and a chosen few off the wreck in safety via a sloop, leaving behind the rest of the crew. Jan
Hermanus would be later appointed a naval captain through the influence of Jan Hendrik, embarrassing the latter by becoming involved in a few serious accidents. Jan Hendrik served on
700:
he took leave from the departing stadtholder, who fled for
England, never to return. In the absence of the admiral-general Van Kinbergen was now supreme commander; England apparently being the new enemy he took measures to prevent Dutch ships and ports falling into English hands. On 29 January and
471:
Twice that year he defeated a
Turkish fleet and won the title 'Hero of the Black Sea'. On 23 June, he encountered a Turkish flotilla of three frigates of 52 cannon and a ship-of-the-line of 75 and despite the disparity in firepower at once attacked it and wiped it out, the first major "Christian"
366:
In the late 1760s, due to severe financial difficulties, few Dutch ships were active and Van
Kinsbergen used his free time to write a large series of publications about naval modernisation. He is seen as a typical example of the new generation of Dutch naval officers of the era who no longer owed
675:
In 1790 he commanded an auxiliary squadron, joining the
English fleet for a possible conflict with Spain. In 1791 and 1792, revolutionary France attacked the Republic and Van Kinsbergen stayed on land, writing a number of publications. On 3 March 1793, he became admiral-commander-in-chief of the
570:
The Dutch populace was outraged by this event, refusing to further cooperate with measures directed at blockading
America and war with Britain became inevitable, even though the Dutch were ill-prepared for it. In 1780 Van Kinbergen became a member of a commission that should strengthen the Dutch
493:
he frontally attacked the leading
Turkish vessel, causing the following Turkish ships to break formation. During the ensuing melee the Turkish fleet got so damaged and confused that it abandoned the landing attempt and withdrew. Van Kinsbergen's insubordination was soon forgiven and he was on 22
612:
by being awarded a special Dogger Bank Medal, as the Dutch
Republic had no honorary military orders. William was in need of a popular figurehead to bolster his regime and on 14 August 1781 appointed Van Kinsbergen as his adjutant-general and used him as his permanent naval advisor. This way van
579:
and aimed at improving discipline. Officers should themselves be an exemplary role model and abstain from gambling, boozing, whoring and swearing — except in the latter case when giving orders, as in Van Kinsbergen's experience they tended to be followed much better if containing a few curses.
505:
would gladly have kept him on in the Russian navy, promoted him to captain first class and knight in the third degree (from 1776 even second degree) he asked to be accepted into Dutch service in May 1775, from August travelled via Saint Petersburg and Berlin to the Republic, obtained a final
649:. In reaction he sent his resignation to William, but again the stadtholder managed to change his admiral's mind. In February 1786 he returned with part of his squadron. On 23 July 1786 he married for the first time, with Hester Hooft, the very wealthy daughter of an Amsterdam
440:. From 13 November he brought dispatches from the southern army to Saint Petersburg. He was on that occasion introduced to the empress and made a favourable impression on her with his enthusiastic plans for the Black Sea fleet. Accordingly, on 23 April 1773 he became
713:
to become vice-admiral and commander-in-chief. However, the revolutionary regime refused to give him permission to leave the country and in 1796 pressured Denmark to withdraw his appointment, though he nominally stayed in Danish service until 1806.
625:, that would be translated into Russian in 1792. In October he commanded a squadron headed for Norway to escort a VOC return fleet; in his absence he was on 10 October appointed a member of the new Secret Council for Naval Affairs.
604:
escorted a merchant convoy when he by accident encountered a British squadron superior in firepower and managed to ensure the survival of the convoy. The Dutch were jubilant and Van Kinsbergen acquired the status of naval hero.
644:
he received the news that an investigating commission had concluded that he was to blame for the so-called "Brest affair", the failure of the attempt in the summer of 1782 to form a combined Spanish-French-Dutch fleet in the
592:. The inferior Dutch home fleet mostly avoided a direct confrontation but Van Kinsbergen, on 12 February having been appointed temporary rear-admiral, played an important role in the only major naval fight of the war, the
514:
In 1776 Van Kinsbergen was readmitted into the Admiralty of Amsterdam as a full captain, which raised quite a few eyebrows as the deal with stadtholder William had been kept a secret. In this period tensions between the
374:
for four years. However, in the previous years he had already established a minor international reputation as a naval thinker, enthusiastically corresponding with many influential foreign contacts. He was informed by
159:
484:
but at the same time a messenger brought him the order to abandon the attack in view of the force imbalance: Van Kinsbergen's original two ketches had only been reinforced by a single frigate of 32 cannon and a
523:, led to Dutch efforts to build up the fleet and therefore to increased career opportunities for Dutch officers. From 17 May 1776 Van Kinsbergen was sent on an international expedition, as captain of the
846:
this was to be a purely honorary rank, bestowed for great merit, in the case of Van Kinsbergen for his "excellent merits and constant Patriotism". In 1815 he became, on 8 July, Knight Grand Cross of the
421:, on land during the winter campaign. In a fight he was shot through the knee and saved from under a heap of corpses by a cossack, whom he would later get an appointment at the Amsterdam naval wharf.
701:
again on 9 February he bade the States-General to be relieved from his duty. However, these themselves were at this moment being replaced by a new revolutionary regime, instated by the French: The
628:
In 1783, wearied by the endless criticism of the Dutch naval policy, he considered to return to Russian service but was persuaded by the stadtholder to remain. In 1784 and 1785 he went to the
1182:
1172:
1197:
1162:
1147:
826:
Late 1813 cossacks liberated the territory of the Northern Netherlands; Van Kinsbergen used his knowledge of Russian to negotiate an armistice between the French forces occupying
1177:
576:
830:
and the Russian troops, preventing this royal palace from being plundered. Also, he raised two regiments of Dutch volunteers to besiege the French garrison holding out in
154:
383:
the Russian navy was in search of naval experts. Henry immediately could obtain him a position there. On 15 August 1770, Van Kinsbergen got permission from the Dutch
1192:
452:. Van Kinsbergen decided nevertheless that the moment had arrived to make a name for himself and acted as aggressively as his limited powers allowed. He entered the
957:
621:. On 10 May 1782 he also became a major, commanding a newly raised marine unit. The same year he published general instructions regarding the naval service and a
1167:
170:
943:
165:
705:. On 24 February he was arrested on orders of the Provisional Representatives of the province of Holland, revolutionaries who had appointed themselves as a
664:
found than some sabres and pistols. At that time Van Kinsbergen had already left the Republic however: he was on a honeymoon in Germany, being received in
657:
1212:
806:
and Van Kinsbergen degraded to a French vice-admiral. However, on 18 December 1810 he was made a French count and on 2 January 1811 appointed French
501:
After the war, Van Kinsbergen feared he would not be promoted and in November 1774 obtained a temporary discharge from Russian service. Although
1207:
967:
899:
1031:
that served from 1939 until 1952. A street has been named after him in every town to which he was related: Amsterdam, Apeldoorn, Elburg and
759:
and First Chamberlain — and these were only the first of a long list of honours bestowed on the old admiral: e.g. on 26 December he was made
676:
Hollandic and Zealandic fleet and commander of the naval-artillery corps, in the summer beating off a French invasion attempt to cross the
1202:
191:
naval officer. Having had a good scientific education, Van Kinsbergen was a proponent of fleet modernization and wrote many books about
1132:
613:
Kinsbergen soon became the de facto supreme naval commander and also gained a wider political influence, having regular talks with the
1137:
563:
were part of the convoy temporarily detained by a superior British fleet on 31 December 1779 in search of contraband for France, the
1142:
571:
coastal defences. Meanwhile, he had published a great number of articles and booklets regarding naval reorganisation; in 1780 his
1152:
370:
In 1769, Van Kinsbergen despaired of ever being promoted and obtained leave to enter the service of the VOC and depart for the
266:
1094:
925:, from a chronic lung disease, where he was buried on 27 May. In 1821 a marble grave monument was finished by Gabriël in the
862:
The same year he offered a prize of seven hundred guilder for the best commemorative volume about the events of 1813, won by
376:
286:
service, and originally spelled his family name as "Ginsberg". When he was six, he moved with his parents in 1741 to
1086:
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843:
788:
556:
380:
243:
74:
1052:
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naval victory in the Black Sea in four centuries. His superiors were very pleased and gave him permission to raid
835:
1187:
564:
536:
367:
their position to either a merchant fleet career or a noble background but to a thorough scientific education.
295:
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980:
784:
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honourable discharge from Russian service in December, and early 1776 was back in the service of the Dutch.
914:
767:
and on 4 February 1810, when on French orders all Dutch marshals had to be degraded, he was appointed full
716:
In 1796 Van Kinsbergen returned to the old house of his deceased parents in Elburg, dedicating his life to
593:
176:
1028:
732:
588:
Early 1781, the British started a series of surprise attacks on Dutch ships and colonies and thereby the
391:
222:
conquered the Republic in 1795 he was fired by the new revolutionary regime and prevented from becoming
278:
as the eldest son of the non-commissioned officer Johann Henrich van Kinsbergen, who had been born in
883:
854:
735:, a man well acquainted to him, made a personal and emotional appeal, but the admiral again refused.
334:
279:
907:
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1021:
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838:. On 12 June 1814, he was appointed by the new sovereign prince, William VI of Orange, titular
756:
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fleet. On 12 June he got his first naval command in Russian service, bringing dispatches on a
871:
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136:
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8:
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476:, but this was soon changed into a mission to intercept a transport fleet headed for the
239:
879:
839:
834:. On 28 March 1814 he was appointed one of the six hundred electors to approve the new
748:
444:-commander in the Black Sea. His force was rather insignificant consisting of just two
227:
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defences collapsed and the French could in early 1795 march unopposed over the frozen
1090:
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303:
409:; on 2 October he was promoted to captain second class. He immediately left for the
891:
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310:, where he was trained as an engineer between 1751 and 1755. In 1756, he became a
307:
555:; in October he went again to Salé to deliver the treaty document ratified by the
867:
752:
646:
384:
810:. Van Kinsbergen wrote to Napoleon on 11 January that he was too old to move to
464:
and finally returned to the Black Sea after duelling with a coastal fortress of
294:
and at the age of nine enlisted as a soldier of the Dutch field army during the
618:
516:
453:
207:
199:
104:
92:
54:
551:, returning to the Republic in October. In 1778 he was captain of the frigate
1111:
1020:
has named a training vessel (launched in 2000) after him, as well as a 1980s
887:
821:
677:
629:
597:
490:
473:
306:, he decided to become a naval hero as well and went to the naval academy of
299:
249:
Van Kinsbergen, in his later life a very wealthy man, was also noted for his
680:. On 11 August 1793 he was appointed lieutenant-admiral. In 1794 the allied
913:
On 20 November 1816 van Kinsbergen received the royal writ by the new King
717:
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481:
371:
250:
188:
903:
650:
461:
547:; on 27 June he was as an envoy present at the signing of the treaty at
1017:
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329:
Van Kinsbergen had three younger brothers; two enlisted in the army of
311:
211:
253:, supporting poor relief, naval education, the arts and the sciences.
1032:
922:
724:; in 1799 for his health he moved to an estate near the latter town,
721:
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410:
70:
930:
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50:
1102:
Het Leven en Karakter van den Admiraal Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen.
498:, be it only in the fourth degree, which rather disappointed him.
460:, charted it as the first Western European ever, then entered the
827:
807:
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337:(VOC), but in 1770 was cashiered as a captain, when his ship the
330:
283:
231:
223:
214:, and gradually attained the position of commander-in-chief as a
921:. He died three years later shortly after his 84th birthday at
548:
425:
815:
665:
641:
637:
480:. In the morning of 2 September he spotted the enemy fleet off
477:
433:
429:
398:
287:
219:
203:
246:
in 1814 honoured him with his old rank of lieutenant-admiral.
1183:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
1173:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Congress Poland)
1079:
Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen 1735-1819. Admiraal en Filantroop.
811:
681:
449:
445:
405:
where he on 29 September was appointed acting captain in the
235:
210:
in 1775, he became a Dutch naval hero in 1781, fighting the
720:. He created a naval academy in Elburg and an orphanage in
596:, as flotilla commander, second in command to Rear-Admiral
575:
appeared, written with cooperation of the religious author
437:
192:
1055:(in Dutch). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
822:
Continued appreciation from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
802:
In 1810 though, the Kingdom of Holland was annexed by the
1198:
Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
1163:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
870:
won Van Kinsbergen's prize of five hundred guilder for a
691:
1148:
18th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire
413:; on arrival he was charged with commanding a troop of
354:
in 1761; from 13 October 1763 he commanded the frigate
842:
and on 11 July a full lieutenant-admiral: in the new
743:
However, in the summer of 1806, on orders of Emperor
290:. Three years later he left with his father for the
1178:
Knights Grand Cross of the Military Order of William
755:, on 16 July appointed Van Kinsbergen member of the
428:
he repaired river vessels captured from the Turkish
282:, Germany, in 1706, started his military career in
397:In the summer of 1771, Jan Hendrik travelled via
1193:Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
1109:
509:
185:Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen, Count of Doggerbank
1168:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
968:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
900:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
298:, returning in 1748. Reading the biography of
333:; the youngest, Jan Hermanus, worked for the
230:reinstated him in 1806, in the rank of fleet
878:". In 1817 he also donated marble busts of
1053:"Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen (1735 - 1819)"
751:was created and his brother, the new King
318:and on 16 March 1758 a lieutenant, in the
29:
636:, partly to deter a possible attack from
1213:People of the War of the First Coalition
1104:Johannes Müller, Amsterdam, 1841 (Dutch)
853:
265:
1004:, 4th class (1773) and 3rd class (1775)
583:
1110:
1081:De Bataafsche Leeuw, Amsterdam, 1990,
692:In disgrace with the Batavian Republic
519:and the Dutch Republic, caused by the
195:organization, discipline and tactics.
1208:18th-century Dutch military personnel
936:
765:Marshal of the Hollandic Naval Forces
738:
401:, where he visited Prince Henry, to
617:leaders on how best to counter the
13:
1203:People from the Kingdom of Holland
688:, bringing the Patriots to power.
361:
242:in 1810; after the liberation the
187:(1 May 1735 – 24 May 1819), was a
14:
1224:
1133:Dutch admirals in Russian service
844:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
557:States-General of the Netherlands
244:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1138:Royal Netherlands Navy personnel
963:Duke of Dogger Bank (4 May 1810)
779:had awarded him the star of the
129:
117:
97:
85:
1143:Royal Netherlands Navy admirals
417:and fought, meanwhile learning
261:
238:. He was again degraded by the
16:Dutch naval officer (1735–1819)
1153:18th-century Dutch politicians
1045:
608:He was honoured by stadholder
565:Affair of Fielding and Bylandt
537:Dutch-Moroccan War (1775-1777)
448:of twelve cannon each and two
341:got stuck on the rocks of the
296:War of the Austrian Succession
198:In 1773, he twice defeated an
1:
1071:
1038:
981:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
942:Member of the Chapter of the
785:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
670:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
623:Fundamentals of Naval Tactics
559:. After returning he and his
381:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
1077:R. B. Prud'homme van Reine:
1011:
929:in Amsterdam, but this is a
915:William I of the Netherlands
771:. On 4 May 1810 he was made
510:Return to the Dutch Republic
494:September rewarded with the
226:commander-in-chief, but the
177:Battle of Dogger Bank (1781)
7:
733:Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
577:Joannes Florentius Martinet
392:William V, Prince of Orange
274:Van Kinsbergen was born in
10:
1229:
1029:artillery-instruction ship
949:Knight Grand Cross of the
858:Cenotaph of Van Kinsbergen
302:about the life of Admiral
270:Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen
206:service. Returning to the
155:Battle of Balaklava (1773)
23:Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen
884:Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft
531:to enforce a treaty upon
150:
142:
110:
80:
60:
37:
28:
21:
992:Order of the White Eagle
917:that he was promoted to
795:, first degree, and the
789:Order of the White Eagle
773:Count of the Dogger Bank
600:. Van Kinsbergen on the
424:From 9 February 1772 at
335:Dutch East India Company
997:Order of St. Stanislaus
797:Order of St. Stanislaus
377:Prince Henry of Prussia
256:
958:Royal Order of Holland
951:Military William Order
859:
757:Dutch Council of State
707:provisional government
696:On 17 January 1795 at
590:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
320:Admiralty of Amsterdam
271:
125:Royal Netherlands Navy
1188:Dutch philanthropists
1007:Hero of the Black Sea
908:Paulus Joseph Gabriël
872:Dutch national anthem
864:Johannes van der Palm
857:
777:Alexander I of Russia
775:. On 11 October 1808
594:Battle of Dogger Bank
533:Mohammed ben Abdallah
407:Imperial Russian Navy
269:
137:Imperial Russian Navy
1128:People from Doesburg
944:Royal Order of Merit
876:Wien Neêrlands Bloed
584:Late Republican navy
292:Southern Netherlands
1002:Order of St. George
975:Order of St. Andrew
973:Grand Cross of the
956:Grand Cross of the
783:which entailed the
781:Order of St. Andrew
573:Sailor's Compendium
539:, and to limit the
521:American Revolution
503:Catherine the Great
496:Order of St. George
166:Combat of Sucukkale
946:(16 December 1806)
937:Honours and awards
880:Christiaan Huygens
860:
840:lieutenant-admiral
836:Dutch Constitution
749:Kingdom of Holland
739:Kingdom of Holland
658:George Clifford IV
543:activities of the
316:Weststellingerwerf
272:
228:Kingdom of Holland
216:lieutenant-admiral
146:Lieutenant-admiral
1095:978-90-6707-237-3
986:Order of St. Anne
977:(11 October 1808)
896:Peter Paul Rubens
793:Order of St. Anne
763:, on 15 May 1808
703:Batavian Republic
602:Admiraal-Generaal
304:Michiel de Ruyter
234:, and made him a
182:
181:
1220:
1100:M. C. van Hall:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1049:
892:Herman Boerhaave
849:Order of William
730:Grand Pensionary
686:Dutch Water Line
545:Barbary corsairs
403:Saint Petersburg
379:that due to the
174:
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135:
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868:Hendrik Tollens
824:
753:Louis Bonaparte
741:
694:
647:English Channel
586:
512:
385:admiral-general
364:
362:Russian service
264:
259:
202:fleet while in
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1158:Dutch nobility
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1025:-class frigate
1013:
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966:Member of the
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517:United Kingdom
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454:Sea of Marmara
363:
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208:Dutch Republic
180:
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114:
108:
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105:Russian Empire
93:Dutch Republic
82:
78:
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68:(aged 84)
62:
58:
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55:Dutch Republic
39:
35:
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26:
25:
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15:
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4:
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2:
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1087:90-6707-237-0
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718:philanthropy
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698:Scheveningen
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456:through the
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372:Dutch Indies
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273:
262:Early career
251:philanthropy
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184:
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151:Battles/wars
66:(1819-05-24)
1123:1819 deaths
1118:1735 births
988:, 1st class
927:Nieuwe Kerk
906:, works by
904:Trippenhuis
651:burgomaster
535:to end the
462:Dardanelles
280:Neunkirchen
169: [
158: [
75:Netherlands
64:24 May 1819
1112:Categories
1072:Literature
1039:References
1018:Dutch Navy
745:Napoleon I
726:Welgelegen
527:, against
525:Amphitrite
389:stadholder
343:Cape Verde
312:midshipman
212:Royal Navy
81:Allegiance
48:1 May 1735
44:1735-05-01
1033:The Hague
1023:Kortenaer
1012:Namesakes
923:Apeldoorn
722:Apeldoorn
610:William V
411:Black Sea
347:Boa Vista
339:Leimuiden
322:, on the
308:Groningen
71:Apeldoorn
931:cenotaph
919:jonkheer
874:, with "
832:Deventer
619:Patriots
615:Orangist
487:fireship
466:Istanbul
458:Bosporus
442:flotilla
415:cossacks
324:Maarssen
284:Austrian
276:Doesburg
111:Service/
51:Doesburg
1097:(Dutch)
1059:15 July
1027:and an
902:in the
898:to the
828:Het Loo
808:senator
769:admiral
761:marshal
655:schepen
634:Jupiter
632:on the
529:Morocco
446:ketches
419:Russian
356:Swieten
352:Amazone
345:island
331:Prussia
314:on the
232:marshal
218:. When
204:Russian
200:Ottoman
1093:
1085:
960:(1807)
816:Elburg
791:, the
787:, the
666:Vienna
642:Toulon
638:Venice
478:Crimea
474:Sinope
450:yachts
434:galiot
430:Danube
399:Berlin
288:Elburg
224:Danish
220:France
134:
122:
113:branch
102:
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812:Paris
682:Rhine
640:. At
236:count
193:naval
189:Dutch
173:]
162:]
1091:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1061:2015
1016:The
894:and
747:the
561:Argo
553:Argo
549:Salé
438:Azov
426:Iaşi
350:the
257:Life
143:Rank
61:Died
38:Born
668:by
436:to
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171:ru
160:ru
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