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581:, brother of Ngô Đình Diệm. Nhu asked what policies would persuade the U.S. to support his brother as Prime Minister. Harwood's terms were that the U.S. must participate directly in the training of the South Vietnamese army and the government of Vietnam must show uncompromising resistance to Viet Minh efforts to expand the territory under its control. Harwood's commitment to Diệm was unauthorized by the U.S. Government, but was tacitly accepted.
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961:, Ho Chi Minh said he hoped France would retain a cultural and economic presence in North Vietnam and reassured the Frenchman that Vietnam would pursue independent policies not dictated by the communist governments of China or the Soviet Union. Ho envisioned only a slow transition to socialism. Sainteny warned his government, however, that North Vietnam would fight to prevent the permanent division of Vietnam into two countries.
787:
1063:, commander of the French military in South Vietnam, signed a "Minute of Understanding" to govern the withdrawal of French military forces from South Vietnam. The South Vietnamese army would be reduced in size from 170,000 to a more-affordable 90,000 men, the Americans and French would cooperate in training the army, and France would turn over full control of the Vietnamese army to Vietnam by July 1955.
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and the south into a single country. (In his autobiography published in 1963, Eisenhower noted that "had elections been held as of the time of the fighting , possibly 80 per cent of the population would have voted for the
Communist Ho Chi Minh ... rather than chief of State Bao Dai." This clearly indicated major difficulties for any candidate other than Ho Chi Minh in those 1956 elections.)
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From August 1954 until July 1955, between 600,000 and one million northerners moved south, while between 14,000 and 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction. About 75 percent of the migrants to the south were
Catholics. North Vietnam left behind in
721:
The Final
Declaration stated that the demarcation line at the 17th parallel between North and South Vietnam was only "provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary." Elections by secret ballot were to be held in July 1956 to unite the north
523:
told the State
Department: "We were favorably impressed (with Diệm) but only in the realization that we are prepared to accept the seemingly ridiculous prospect that this Yogi-like mystic could assume the charge he is apparently about to undertake only because the standard set by his predecessors is
725:
Neither the United States nor the Viet Minh were pleased with the Geneva
Accords, the U.S. because Vietnam north of the 17th parallel was given to the communist Viet Minh, the Viet Minh because, despite their military victory, they gained control over only one-half the country. Under pressure from
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Collins quickly came to agree with former
Ambassador Heath's low opinion of Diệm. Collins suggested that the U.S. give thought to "possible alternatives" if the Diệm government did not make progress and, if no acceptable alternative to Diệm could be found, the U.S. should consider withdrawing from
1020:
arrived in Saigon as special representative of the United States. He affirmed
President Eisenhower's earlier expression of support for Ngô Đình Diệm. Collins promised $ 100 million in U.S. aid and stated that the Diệm government "is the legal government in Vietnam." He warned the South Vietnamese
1041:
General Vinh left
Vietnam for exile in Paris, thereby reducing the possibility of a military coup against the Diệm government. His principal co-conspirators followed. Vinh had been ordered to leave Vietnam almost two months earlier by Diệm, but had ignored the order until ordered to depart by Bảo
598:
Bửu Lộc resigns as Prime
Minister of Vietnam, paving the way for the appointment of Ngô Đình Diệm. It is uncertain whether the U.S. encouraged, or merely acquiesced, in the appointment of Diệm. Both France and the United States appear to have decided he was the only viable candidate for the job.
434:
returned to the United States after having failed to persuade France and the United
Kingdom to support a multinational effort to assist the French in Điện Biên Phủ. The French wanted American air strikes, but opposed a multinational coalition; the British preferred to rely on the upcoming Geneva
202:
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were reluctant to undertake the training mission as they believed conditions in South Vietnam were too unsettled to make training the South Vietnamese army feasible. The decision to train the South Vietnam army, in the opinion of one historian, "set in motion a chain of events that would prove
589:
A CIA secretary in Saigon, Virginia Spence, established a close relationship with Ngô Dinh Nhu. She said of him and his followers. "The men who have schemed and fought...to get political power don't have any idea what to do with it now that it's within their grasp. They are like the bride who
749:
Lansdale and a dozen operatives in the Saigon Military Mission began sabotage efforts which included distributing leaflets warning of the fate of the Vietnamese under the Viet Minh, encouraging immigration from the north to the south, discouraging immigration from the south to the north,
718:), and the establishment of a demilitarized zone 10 kilometers (6 miles) wide separating the two provisional states. Viet Minh soldiers were to withdraw to the north and military forces allied to France to the south. Free movement between north and south was granted for 300 days.
750:
contaminating the oil supply to ruin the motors of Hanoi buses, training potential guerrillas, hiring astrologers to make dire predictions of disaster in the north and peace in the south, and smuggling arms and other equipment to paramilitary anti-communist groups in the north.
822:
South Vietnam 8,000 to 10,000 covert civilian and military personnel, most of them members of the communist party. The task of the "stay-behinds" was political activism to ensure a victory for Ho Chi Minh in the national elections called for in 1956 in the Geneva Accords.
336:
The Battle of Dien Bien Phu began. The French garrison was surrounded by the Viet Minh commanded by Võ Nguyên Giáp. During the nearly two-month course of the siege a total of about 20,000 soldiers in the French army defended themselves against 49,500 Viet Minh fighters.
503:
or French colonial possessions in Africa and Indochina. 4,148 prisoners were repatriated later in 1954. Most of the others are presumed to have died in captivity although the fate of 3,013 Vietnamese serving in the French army and captured at Dien Bien Phu is unknown.
726:
the Soviet Union and China, the Viet Minh (hereafter called North Vietnam) signed the agreement. Neither the United States nor South Vietnam signed the Accords. The U.S. only "took note" of the Accords and promised not to "disturb them" by the threat or use of force.
949:, who knew Diệm and had visited Vietnam, issued a report stating that the "alternatives to Diệm" were "not promising" and warning the Vietnamese that if Diệm were overthrown the U.S. should consider an "immediate suspension of all aid to Vietnam."
260:
religious sects. The United States pledged its support to the Diệm government and began to replace France as the principal foreign power involved in South Vietnam. China and the Soviet Union began to provide economic assistance to North Vietnam.
380:
A U.S. army study concluded that the use of nuclear weapons by the U.S. to relieve the siege of Điện Biên Phủ was feasible and suggested an operational plan. The study met with opposition from senior military officers and was quickly abandoned.
186:. Domestic support for the war by the population of France had declined. The United States was concerned and worried that a French military defeat in Vietnam would result in the spread of communism to all the countries of Southeast Asia—the
883:
and ordered him to leave the country. Hinh refused to obey and a few days later surrounded the Presidential palace with tanks. Nine of Diệm's 15-member cabinet resigned. Col. Lansdale attempted to buy support for Diệm from leaders of the
630:, said that he "expected to have considerable difficulty with the new Vietnam government." Diệm, he said, was a "fanatic." His thoughts were echoed by other French officials: "Diệm is too narrow, too rigid, too unworldly", said one.
978:
President Eisenhower sent a letter to Prime Minister Diệm promising U.S. assistance if Diệm met "standards of performance." Diệm agreed. This letter was later cited as the initial commitment by the U.S. to support South Vietnam.
398:, to discuss Operation Vulture, a proposal to aid the French trapped in Dien Bien Phu with carrier-based air strikes. The members of Congress said they would support air strikes only if it were part of a multinational effort.
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said at a press conference: "the United States as a leader of the free world cannot afford further retreat from Asia...If the French withdrew , the United States might have to take the risk now by putting our own boys in."
969:
The U.S. Department of State instructed the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Saigon to begin a "program of training that number of Vietnamese armed forces necessary to carry out internal security missions."
1050:
North Vietnam concluded an aid agreement with China for equipment and technical assistance to repair roads, railroads, and other infrastructure. Russian and Chinese technical advisers began to replace the French.
845:
President Eisenhower wrote President Diệm a letter assuring Diệm that the United States would support his government if he continued to implement democratic reforms. This letter was later cited by U.S. President
507:
The French suffered about 9,000 dead, wounded, and missing in the battle. The French estimated that the Viet Minh suffered 23,000 dead and wounded. The Viet Minh claimed that they had only 9,000 casualties.
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President Eisenhower and the National Security Council decided that the U.S. would provide assistance for military training in South Vietnam "working through the French only insofar as necessary." The U.S.
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741:
said "The important thing...is to seize the future opportunity to prevent the loss of northern Vietnam from leading to the extension of Communism throughout Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific."
422:
which postulated that if Vietnam became communist the other nearby states would soon follow. The domino theory was a prominent justification for the Vietnam War in the United States during the 1960s.
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departed Vietnam, leaving Collins as the senior U.S. official in the country. Heath was considered by Washington to be too accommodating to the French and too disparaging of Prime Minister Diệm.
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The Geneva Accords were signed in Paris. The accords called for a cease fire in the war, the independence of Vietnam, its division at the 17th parallel of latitude into two provisional states,
2863:
483:
Two American pilots, James B. McGovern Jr. and Wallace Buford, were killed when their cargo plane, attempting to airdrop supplies into Dien Bien Phu, was shot down. They were employed by
561:'s Saigon Military Mission (SMM). Lansdale, a former advertising executive, was tasked with helping pro-Western elements in Vietnam wage psychological and political warfare against the
810:
carrying 1,924 refugees on a three-day journey to Saigon. The Geneva Accords allowed for free movement between the northern and southern zones of Vietnam for a period of 300 days. The
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and persuaded two key military supporters of Hinh to make an official visit to the Philippines accompanied by Lansdale. With his supporters absent, Hinh called off the proposed coup.
900:
The United States and France concluded an agreement that henceforth all U.S. aid to Vietnam would go directly to the Vietnamese government rather than through the French government.
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rebuked Collins for his suggestion that an alternative to Diệm be sought. Dulles said that under "present circumstances...we have no choice but to continue...our support of Diệm."
987:
The Chief of Staff of the South Vietnamese army, Nguyễn Văn Hinh, planned to attack the Presidential palace and overthrow the Diệm government. Landsdale and the SMM got wind of the
2822:
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to consider U.S. intervention to assist the French at Dien Binh Phu. Eisenhower imposed four conditions for U.S. intervention: France would have to request U.S. intervention; the
1362:
315:
The United States, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union agreed to discuss a solution to the war in Indochina at a Geneva Conference scheduled to begin on 26 April.
814:
was the first of many U.S. and French navy ships to transport refugees from north to south. The navy program to transport refugees from the north to the south was called
681:
In the words of one historian, "Diệm's attractiveness to his first American patrons derived from three qualities: he was a certified anti-communist nationalist, he was a
2612:
2858:
929:. That afternoon the French military garrison lowered its flag for the last time and withdrew from the city. The French military retained a presence in South Vietnam.
499:
French forces at Dien Bien Phu surrendered to the Viet Minh. 11,721 soldiers of the French army surrendered, many of them wounded. Most of the soldiers were from the
462:
in Great Britain, however, said he 'was not prepared to give any undertakings about United Kingdom military action in Indochina in advance of the results of Geneva."
2817:
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London: Routledge, Vol. 5, No. 4, 427-449; Hansen, Peter (2009) "Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959"
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after four years of exile in France and the United States to assume the post of Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam. Diệm was appointed to the post by
217:
described the French positions in a river valley as being at the bottom of a rice bowl with the Viet Minh holding the high ground surrounding the French.
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with the objective of inducing the Viet Minh to attack and then utilizing superior French firepower to destroy the attackers. Viet Minh General
2712:
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871:(SEATO), a collective defense agreement that had among its objectives protecting Laos, Cambodia, and South Vietnam from communist aggression.
1396:
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and chief of state Bảo Đại, who lived in France most of the time. Diệm was a Catholic appointed to rule a country that was predominantly
406:
The National Security Council met again to consider U.S. intervention at Điện Biên Phủ. The Army, including Army Chief of Staff General
1840:
1679:
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religious sects. Diệm resolved the political crisis temporarily by appointing four Hòa Hảo and two Cao Đài leaders to his government.
346:
1359:
867:, the U.S., Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, and the United Kingdom signed the treaty creating the
458:
told Dulles that only massive U.S. air strikes could save Điện Biên Phủ and withdrew French objections to a multinational effort.
2802:
370:
565:-dominated Viet Minh. The U.S. hoped than Lansdale could duplicate in Vietnam his success in helping the Philippines defeat the
2529:
1818:
1680:"Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition, Volume 1, Document 95: Lansdale Team's Report on Covert Saigon Mission in 1954 and 1955"
209:
In a last ditch effort to defeat the Viet Minh, the French had fortified a remote outpost in northwestern Vietnam named
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Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh entered Hanoi without fanfare and took up the reins of the government of North Vietnam.
1546:
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would have to approve; intervention would have to be a multi-national effort; and Congress would have to approve.
697:
The Geneva Conference in 1954 which divided Vietnam into two provisional states: North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
590:
couldn't see beyond the end of the church aisle...They need support, all right, but they don't realize how much.
1833:
999:
The record for the most passengers taken in one journey during Operation Passage to Freedom was set by the USS
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Prime Minister Diệm faced the first crisis of his new government. He dismissed the Army chief of staff General
790:
Vietnamese refugees in Haiphong, North Vietnam wait to board a U.S. Navy ship for the journey to South Vietnam.
650:. The French suffered more than fifty percent casualties before finally extricating the survivors on July 17.
2932:
1475:
2937:
1111:
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245:
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owned company. 37 American pilots participated in the effort to keep Dien Bien Phu supplied from the air.
418:
President Eisenhower used the phrase "falling dominoes" in a press conference. This was the origin of the
638:
In the last official battle of the Viet Minh's war with the French, 3,000 French troops withdrawing from
544:
In 1954: orange areas controlled by Viet Minh; purple areas controlled by France; dotted areas contested.
519:
After meeting Ngô Đình Diệm, the prospective Prime Minister of South Vietnam, in Paris, U.S. Ambassador
210:
1826:
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410:, was negative, stating that U.S. intervention would require 7 army divisions and heavy air support.
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1705:
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https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/earthquake-mcgoons-final-flight.html
627:
190:—and was looking for means of aiding the French without committing American troops to the war.
1393:
880:
685:, and he understood English." English language ability was rare among Vietnamese at the time.
602:
214:
760:
511:
The United States was paying 80 percent of the cost of the French war against the Viet Minh.
500:
1743:
London: Routledge, pp. 323-325; Tran Thi Lien (Nov 2005) "The Catholic Question in Vietnam"
323:
57:
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358:
295:
291:
1848:
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8:
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Cold War Mandarin: Ngô Đình Diệm and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
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evacuating civilians from Hanoi to Saigon crashed while making an emergency landing at
738:
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mechanics would be provided the French to aid them in their war against the Viet Minh.
164:
275:
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Victorious Viet Minh soldiers parade through the streets of Hanoi on October 9, 1954.
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1950:
1940:
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407:
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279:
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228:
dividing Vietnam into two provisional states at the 17th parallel of latitude.
2832:
2767:
2732:
2647:
2637:
1444:
History of the General Staff in the Resistance War against the French 1945–1954
1017:
946:
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614:. They were held until August 31 when they were repatriated as a result of the
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Five American enlisted men were taken captive by the Viet Minh on a beach near
520:
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374:
233:
885:
253:
193:
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United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and support: the early years, 1941-1960
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707:
419:
249:
237:
187:
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to Saigon. Lansdale was given much credit for advising Philippine President
2677:
2627:
889:
257:
220:
In May, French military forces surrendered to the Viet Minh concluding the
1021:
army that it would receive American assistance only if it supported Diệm.
2901:
1550:
773:
554:
532:
252:. Diệm overcame an early challenge to his rule from army leaders and the
241:
1623:
Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam
1441:
182:
for more than seven years attempting to retain control of their colony
800:
566:
1800:, Vol 31, No. 3 (September 1958), p 244. Accessed 14 Aug 2014 -- via
908:
562:
394:
President Eisenhower met with eight Congressional leaders, including
179:
175:
1429:
639:
1060:
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as the first step in the U.S. commitment to support South Vietnam.
837:, and become one of the most outspoken anti-communists of the day.
833:
who would write an influential, best-selling, anti-communist book,
826:
807:
675:
349:
of the United States approved the assignment of CIA operative Col.
201:
1418:
1954–2004: La Bataille de Dien Bien Phu, entre Histoire et Mémoire
786:
577:
In Saigon CIA operative Paul Harwood responded to a question from
197:
A map of North and South Vietnam after the Geneva Accords of 1954.
1662:
Argument without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy
1284:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1230:
CIA and the House of Ngo: Covert Action in South Vietnam, 1954–63
734:
Commenting on the Geneva Accords and U.S. objectives in Vietnam,
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183:
100:
95:
90:
75:
66:
44:
39:
34:
2507:
1447:
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1432:
Lịch sử Bộ Tổng tham mưu trong kháng chiến chống Pháp 1945–1954
864:
667:
643:
693:
1801:
922:
780:
536:
CIA operative and Air Force General Edward Lansdale in 1963.
174:
When 1954 began, the French had been fighting the insurgent
1394:
http://www.dienbienphu.org/english/html/bataille/losses.htm
159:
1728:
Vietnam: The First Five Years. An International Symposium
558:
488:
470:
The Geneva Conference (1954) on Korea and Vietnam began.
435:
Convention to resolve the problem of the war in Vietnam.
1305:
Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel; Weiss, Stephen (1981).
224:. In July, a cease fire agreement was reached by the
1648:
The White House Years (1953-1956): Mandate for Change
1796:Fall, Bernard "South Viet-Nam's Internal Problems"
553:Colonel Edward Lansdale arrived in Saigon from the
1465:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 30
1442:History Study Board of The General Staff (1991).
1304:
1267:. United States Army Center of Military History.
2914:
1420:, Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer, 2004
1135:A Grand Delusion: America's Descent into Vietnam
657:Ngô Đình Diệm, Prime Minister of South Vietnam.
1476:"Ed Lansdale's Black Warfare in 1950s Vietnam"
1450:: People's Army Publishing House. p. 799.
1438:: Nhà xuất bản Quân Đội Nhân Dân. p. 799.
921:Viet Minh soldiers arrived to take control of
825:Among the American naval personnel working in
2523:
1834:
1706:"Aircraft accident Bristol 170 Freighter 21E"
1430:Ban tổng kết-biên soạn lịch sử, BTTM (1991).
1003:, which sailed with 5,224 Vietnamese aboard.
1730:Michigan State University Press, 1959, p. 63
1616:
606:The coat of arms of South Vietnam, 1954–1955
1674:
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1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
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1197:. Oxford University Press. pp. 220–4.
957:In a meeting in Hanoi with French official
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1664:New York: Public Affairs, 1999, pp. 87-89
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1307:The Vietnam Experience: Passing the Torch
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205:Ho Chi Minh, President of North Vietnam.
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1524:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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1822:
1547:"Vietnam War - Military News Stories"
1492:The Hidden History of the Vietnam War
1423:
1226:
1807:
1774:The World Almanac of the Vietnam War
1384:, 20 Feb 2005, accessed 25 July 2014
1291:
1211:
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1123:
13:
869:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
369:President Eisenhower met with the
56:
14:
2949:
1682:. pp. 573–83. Archived from
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1850:
1379:"France to Fete American Pilots"
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1720:
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2854:British Indian Ocean Territory
1646:Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1963),
1372:
1353:
1186:
1172:"Indochina War Timeline: 1954"
282:as Prime Minister of Vietnam.
165:Timeline of Vietnamese history
1:
1749:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
1741:War and Revolution in Vietnam
1494:, Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, Inc.
1309:. Boston Publishing Company.
1117:
1102:1947–1950 in French Indochina
1097:1940–1946 in French Indochina
1112:Operation Passage to Freedom
1059:General Collins and General
853:
816:Operation Passage to Freedom
783:, Laos killing 47 on board.
7:
1090:
1045:
1006:
443:Vice President of the U.S.
305:
274:Emperor and Chief of State
10:
2954:
1621:Logevall, Fredrik (2012).
1337:The Vietnam War Day by Day
1193:Davidson, Phillip (1988).
903:
327:The flag of the Viet Minh.
264:
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2841:
2801:
2543:
2374:
1863:
1708:. Aviation Safety Network
744:
666:Ngô Đình Diệm arrived in
371:National Security Council
347:National Security Council
153:
117:
21:
2928:1954 in French Indochina
2603:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1650:, Doubleday, p. 372
1544:"The Valley of Crosses"
1261:Spector, Ronald (1983).
648:Battle of Mang Yang Pass
454:French Foreign Minister
384:
318:
290:United States President
2864:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1804:(subscription required)
1481:, accessed 28 July 2014
1463:The Debate Over Vietnam
1461:Levy, David W. (1995),
1412:Jean-Jacques Arzalier,
1335:Daugherty, Leo (2002).
1107:1955 in the Vietnam War
688:
626:The Premier of France,
557:to create and lead the
527:
357:and helping defeat the
222:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
1575:Sheehan, Neil (1988).
1562:, accessed 29 Jul 2014
1403:, accessed 24 Jul 2014
1369:, accessed 14 Jun 2014
1227:Ahern, Thomas (2009).
913:
799:A U.S. navy ship, the
791:
698:
658:
607:
545:
537:
473:
328:
206:
198:
61:
1772:Bowman, John (1985).
1751:Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 280
1520:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
1490:Prados, John (1995),
1133:Mann, Robert (2001).
911:
789:
761:Joint Chiefs of Staff
696:
656:
646:were ambushed in the
605:
543:
535:
501:French Foreign Legion
326:
298:bombers and 200 U.S.
204:
196:
60:
2933:Partition (politics)
2778:United Arab Emirates
1739:Ruane, Kevin (1998)
1660:McNamara, Robert S.
1577:A Bright Shining Lie
835:Deliver us From Evil
628:Pierre Mendès France
359:Hukbalahap Rebellion
292:Dwight D. Eisenhower
160:Other events of 1954
2938:Vietnam War by year
2805:limited recognition
1474:Bernstein, Marc D.
1414:Les Pertes Humaines
1339:. Chartwell Books.
485:Civil Air Transport
430:Secretary of State
1726:Lindholm, Richard
1399:2007-05-09 at the
1365:2019-06-15 at the
1085:John Foster Dulles
1082:Secretary of State
925:, capital city of
914:
792:
739:John Foster Dulles
736:Secretary of State
699:
659:
608:
546:
538:
432:John Foster Dulles
329:
294:announced that 26
207:
199:
62:
2910:
2909:
2847:other territories
2505:
2504:
1686:on 3 January 2022
1446:(in Vietnamese).
1382:Los Angeles Times
1174:. VietnamGear.com
777:Bristol Freighter
460:Winston Churchill
172:
171:
113:
112:
2945:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2859:Christmas Island
2545:Sovereign states
2532:
2525:
2518:
2509:
2508:
1857:Years in Vietnam
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1813:Frankum, p. 159.
1811:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1769:
1752:
1745:Cold War History
1737:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1676:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1625:. Random House.
1618:
1591:
1590:
1579:. Random House.
1572:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1549:. Archived from
1542:
1536:
1535:
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1488:
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1472:
1466:
1459:
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1439:
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1321:
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1302:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1258:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:. Archived from
1235:
1224:
1209:
1208:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1149:
1148:
1130:
1029:U.S. Ambassador
927:French Indochina
875:15-24 September
712:State of Vietnam
445:Richard M. Nixon
86:
79:
78:
69:
30:
23:
22:
19:
18:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2923:1954 in Vietnam
2913:
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2911:
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2878:
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2837:
2818:Northern Cyprus
2804:
2797:
2539:
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2501:
2370:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1798:Pacific Affairs
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:. Bison Books.
1770:
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1709:
1704:
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1689:
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1539:
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1518:
1505:
1489:
1485:
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1460:
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1424:
1411:
1407:
1401:Wayback Machine
1392:
1388:
1377:
1373:
1367:Wayback Machine
1358:
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1225:
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1205:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1152:
1145:
1137:. Basic Books.
1131:
1124:
1120:
1093:
1048:
1031:Donald R. Heath
1009:
906:
881:Nguyễn Văn Hinh
856:
764:irreversible."
747:
691:
530:
476:
456:Georges Bidault
408:Matthew Ridgway
387:
355:Ramon Magsaysay
351:Edward Lansdale
321:
308:
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28:
17:
16:List of events
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1789:
1783:978-0886872724
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1638:
1632:978-0375756474
1631:
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1586:978-0679724148
1585:
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1479:Historynet.com
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1454:
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1352:
1346:978-0785828570
1345:
1322:
1316:978-0939526017
1315:
1290:
1274:978-0160016004
1273:
1246:
1243:on 2014-11-05.
1210:
1203:
1195:Vietnam at War
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1144:978-0465043699
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848:Lyndon Johnson
843:
842:
831:Dr. Tom Dooley
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683:Roman Catholic
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623:
616:Geneva Accords
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375:United Nations
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226:Geneva Accords
215:Võ Nguyên Giáp
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1553:on 2010-06-14
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989:coup d'état
859:8 September
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555:Philippines
311:18 February
242:Ho Chi Minh
178:-dominated
2917:Categories
2783:Uzbekistan
2758:Tajikistan
2673:Kyrgyzstan
2653:Kazakhstan
2573:Bangladesh
2563:Azerbaijan
1557:2010-06-11
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524:so low."
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710:and the
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2558:Armenia
1690:29 July
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258:Cao Đài
254:Hòa Hảo
244:became
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