537:. On 16 June, Zhou Enlai stated that the situations in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not the same and should be treated separately. He proposed that Laos and Cambodia could be treated as neutral nations if they had no foreign bases. On 18 June, Pham Van Dong said the Viet Minh would be prepared to withdraw their forces from Laos and Cambodia if no foreign bases were established in Indochina. The apparent softening of the Communist position appeared to arise from a meeting among the DRV, Chinese and Soviet delegations on 15 June in which Zhou warned the Viet Minh that its military presence in Laos and Cambodia threatened to undermine negotiations in relation to Vietnam. That represented a major blow to the DRV, which had tried to ensure that the Pathet Lao and Khmer Issarak would join the governments in Laos and Cambodia, respectively, under the leadership of the DRV. The Chinese likely also sought to ensure that Laos and Cambodia were not under Vietnam's influence in the future but under China's.
672:
view of the new situation, we should uphold a new motto: peace, unification, independence, and democracy." A spirit of compromise would be required by both sides to make the negotiations succeed, and there could be no more talk of wiping out and annihilating all the French troops. A demarcation line allowing the temporary regrouping of both sides would be necessary ..." The plenum endorsed Ho's analysis, passing a resolution supporting a compromise settlement to end the fighting. However, Ho and Truong Chinh plainly worried that following such an agreement in Geneva, there would be internal discontent and "leftist deviation", and in particular, analysts would fail to see the complexity of the situation and underestimate the power of the
American and French adversaries. They accordingly reminded their colleagues that France would retain control of a large part of the country and that people living in the area might be confused, alienated, and vulnerable to enemy manipulations.
652: ... one must assume that the current administration would not stand idly by if the Viet Minh sought to win complete victory." Consequently, "if we ask too much at Geneva and peace is not achieved, it is certain that the U.S. will intervene, providing Cambodia, Laos, and Bao Dai with weapons and ammunition, helping them train military personnel, and establishing military bases there ... The central issue", Zhou told Ho, is "to prevent America's intervention" and "to achieve a peaceful settlement." Laos and Cambodia would have to be treated differently and be allowed to pursue their own paths if they did not join a military alliance or permit foreign bases on their territory. The Mendes France government, having vowed to achieve a negotiated solution, must be supported, for fear that it would fall and be replaced by one committed to continuing the war." Ho pressed hard for the partition line to be at the 16th parallel while Zhou noted that
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That was rejected by
Molotov, who argued for a commission with an equal number of communist and noncommunist members, which could determine "important" issues only by unanimous agreement. The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification. The DRV argued that the elections should be held within six months of the ceasefire, and the Western allies sought to have no deadline. Molotov proposed June 1955 then softened to later in 1955 and finally July 1956. The Diem government supported reunification elections but only with effective international supervision; it argued that genuinely free elections were impossible in the totalitarian North.
211:"China's belligerent policies in Korea and Indochina", coupled with their increasing diplomatic closeness to the Soviet Union, would actively make China's international presence rather isolated. Fearing further isolation from the emerging de-colonized world, and also a possible American intervention into Indochina, the PRC's Foreign Affairs Ministry (led by Zhou Enlai) would go into the conference with the key objective of breaking the US embargo of China and preventing American military intervention. Moreover, Zhou also stressed adopting a more "realistic" and moderate attitude which could deliver tangible results to the Indochina problem.
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elections, which the majority of delegates expected to be supervised by the ICC. The Viet Minh never accepted ICC authority over such elections, stating that the ICC's "competence was to be limited to the supervision and control of the implementation of the
Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities by both parties." Of the nine delegates present, only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration. Bedell Smith delivered a "unilateral declaration" of the U.S. position, reiterating: "We shall seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly."
487:, a ceasefire and partition would not appear to have been in the interests of the DRV. It appears that the DRV leadership thought the balance of forces was uncomfortably close and was worried about morale problems in the troops and supporters, after eight years of war. Turner has argued that the Viet Minh might have prolonged the negotiations and continued fighting to achieve a more favorable position militarily, if not for Chinese and Soviet pressure on them to end the fighting. In addition, there was a widespread perception that the Diem government would collapse, leaving the Viet Minh free to take control of the area.
793:'great union' of all Vietnamese, had flickered into view for a fleeting moment in 1945–46, then had been lost in the subsequent war. Now, despite vanquishing the French military, the dream remained unrealized ..." That was partly as a result of the great pressure exerted by China (Pham Van Dong is alleged to have said in one of the final negotiating sessions that Zhou Enlai double-crossed the DRV) and the Soviet Union for their own purposes, but the Viet Minh had their own reasons for agreeing to a negotiated settlement, principally their own concerns regarding the balance of forces and fear of U.S. intervention.
863:. The ICC reported that at least 892,876 North Vietnamese were processed through official refugee stations, while journalists recounted that as many as 2 million more might have fled had it not been for the presence of Viet Minh soldiers, who frequently beat and occasionally killed those who refused to turn back. The CIA attempted to further influence Catholic Vietnamese with slogans such as "the Virgin Mary is moving South". Around the same time, between 14,000 – 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction.
523:, the U.S. began to shift away from intervention and continued to oppose a negotiated settlement. By early to mid-June, the U.S. began to consider the possibility that rather than supporting the French in Indochina, it might be preferable for the French to leave and for the U.S. to support the new Indochinese states. That would remove the taint of French colonialism. Unwilling to support the proposed partition or intervention, by mid-June, the U.S. decided to withdraw from major participation in the Conference.
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676:"We have to make it clear to our people," Ho said that "in the interest of the whole country, for the sake of long-term interest, they must accept this, because it is a glorious thing and the whole country is grateful for that. We must not let people have pessimistic and negative thinking; instead, we must encourage the people to continue the struggle for the withdrawal of French troops and ensure our independence."
176:. A Conference Final Declaration, which was issued by the British chairman of the conference, provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Despite helping create some of the agreements, they were not directly signed or accepted by delegates of the State of Vietnam and the United States. After a military buildup in North Vietnam, the State of Vietnam, under
368:, a belligerent party in the war, should remain as a police force. The North Korean representative suggested that elections be held throughout all of Korea, that all foreign forces leave beforehand, that the elections be run by an all-Korean Commission to be made up of equal parts from North and South Korea, and to increase general relations economically and culturally between the North and the South.
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democratic, independent Korea, saying that negotiations to that end should resume at an appropriate time. The
Belgian and British delegations said that while they were not going to accept "the Soviet and Chinese proposals, that did not mean a rejection of the ideas they contained". In the end, however, the conference participants did not agree on any declaration.
474:(DRV) delegation set out their position, proposing a ceasefire; separation of the opposing forces; a ban on the introduction of new forces into Indochina; the exchange of prisoners; independence and sovereignty for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos; elections for unified governments in each country, the withdrawal of all foreign forces; and the inclusion of the
644:, the chief Chinese military adviser to the Viet Minh, said he agreed. "If the U.S. does not interfere,' Zhou asked, "and assuming France will dispatch more troops, how long will it take for us to seize the whole of Indochina?" In the best scenario, Giap replied, "full victory could be achieved in two to three years. Worst case? Three to five years."
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Congressional approval for military intervention in
Indochina. However, after discussions with the Australian and New Zealand governments in which it became evident that neither would support U.S. military intervention, reports of the plummeting morale among the French Union forces and opposition from U.S. Army Chief of Staff
587:. The three agreed that the Bao Dai government would need time to consolidate its position and that U.S. assistance would be vital. The possibility of retaining Hanoi and Haiphong or just Haiphong was dismissed, as the French believed it was preferable to seek partition with no Viet Minh enclaves in the south.
196:, participants agreed that "the problem of restoring peace in Indochina will also be discussed at the Conference to which representatives of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Chinese People's Republic and other interested states will be invited."
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The DRV at Geneva accepted a much worse settlement than the military situation on the ground indicated. "For Ho Chi Minh, there was no getting around the fact that his victory, however unprecedented and stunning was incomplete and perhaps temporary. The vision that had always driven him on, that of a
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To put aside any notion specifically that the partition was permanent, an unsigned Final
Declaration, stated in Article 6: "The Conference recognizes that the essential purpose of the agreement relating to Vietnam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities and that the military
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All parties at the
Conference called for reunification elections but could not agree on the details. Pham Van Dong proposed elections under the supervision of "local commissions." The U.S., with the support of Britain and the Associated States of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, suggested UN supervision.
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At Geneva, the State of
Vietnam's proposal included "a ceasefire without a demarcation line" and "control by the United Nations... of the administration of the entire country of the general elections, when the United Nations believes that order and security will have been everywhere truly restored."
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in support of the French at Dien Bien Phu but was unable to obtain a commitment to united action from key allies such as the United
Kingdom. Eisenhower was wary of becoming drawn into "another Korea" that would be deeply unpopular with the American public. U.S. domestic policy considerations strongly
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until 1956 when democratic elections would be held under international supervision and auspices. All parties involved agreed to this (Ho Chi Minh had strong support in the north, which was more populous than the south, and was thus confident that he would win an election), except for the U.S., which,
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North
Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to withdraw all Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam, stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees, and conducting a military buildup that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army while the South Vietnamese
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took turns Emphasizing the need for an early political settlement to prevent military intervention by the United States, now the "main and direct enemy" of Vietnam. "In the new situation we cannot follow the old program," Ho declared. "efore, our motto was, 'war of resistance until victory.' Now, in
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in relation to Cambodia and Laos respectively. Following the terms of the agreement, Laos would be governed by the Khao royal court while Cambodia would be ruled by the royal court of Norodom Sihanouk. Despite retaining its monarchy, the agreement also allowed for "VWP-affiliated Laotian forces" to
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as members, was placed in charge of supervising the ceasefire. Because issues were to be decided unanimously, Poland's presence in the ICC provided the communists' effective veto power over supervision of the treaty. The unsigned "Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference" called for reunification
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Despite glaring errors with the partition, the Chinese would still manage to largely benefit from the conference's results. In addition to gaining an independent North Vietnam, China would also open up "dialogues with France, Britain, and the United States". Furthermore, China, as a result of this
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The U.S. replaced the French as a political backup for Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, who asserted his power in the South. The Geneva conference had not provided any specific mechanisms for the national elections planned for 1956, and Diem refused to hold them by citing
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By the afternoon of 20 July, the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and that the elections for reunification should be in July 1956, two years after the ceasefire. The "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in
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that he would resign if he failed to achieve a ceasefire within 30 days. Mendès France retained the Foreign Ministry for himself, and Bidault left the Conference. The new French government abandoned earlier assurances to the State of Vietnam that France would not pursue or accept partition, and it
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wrote on 29 April that "the American position at Geneva is an impossible one, so long as leading Republican senators have no terms for peace except unconditional surrender of the enemy and no terms for entering the war except as a collective action in which nobody is now willing to engage." At the
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For the communist forces, which were instrumental in the defeat of the French, the ideology of communism and nationalism were linked. Many communist sympathizers viewed the South Vietnamese as a French colonial remnant and later an American puppet regime. On the other hand, many others viewed the
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France had achieved a much better outcome than could have been expected. Bidault had stated at the beginning of the Conference that he was playing with "a two of clubs and a three of diamonds" whereas the DRV had several aces, kings, and queens, but Jean Chauvel was more circumspect: "There is no
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The South Korean representative proposed that all-Korea elections, be held according to South Korean constitutional procedures and still under UN supervision. On June 15, the last day of the conference on the Korean question, the USSR and China both submitted declarations in support of a unified,
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The agreement was signed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, France, the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. The State of Vietnam rejected the agreement, while the United States stated that it "took note" of the ceasefire agreements and declared that it would
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On 28 June following an Anglo-US summit in Washington, the UK and the U.S. issued a joint communique, which included a statement that if the Conference failed, "the international situation will be seriously aggravated." The parties also agreed to a secret list of seven minimum outcomes that both
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On 12 May, the State of Vietnam rejected any partition of the country, and the U.S. expressed a similar position the next day. The French sought to implement a physical separation of the opposing forces into enclaves throughout the country, known as the "leopard-skin" approach. The DRV/Viet Minh
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The Chinese delegation proposed an amendment to have a group of 'neutral' nations supervise the elections, which the North accepted. The U.S. supported the South Korean position, saying that the USSR wanted to turn North Korea into a puppet state. Most allies remained silent and at least one,
518:
Behind the scenes, the U.S. and the French governments continued to discuss the terms for possible U.S. military intervention in Indochina. By 29 May, the U.S. and the French had reached an agreement that if the Conference failed to deliver an acceptable peace deal, Eisenhower would seek
318:
As decolonization took place in Asia, France had to relinquish its power over Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam). While Laos and Cambodia were both given independence, France chose to stay in Vietnam. This ended with a war between French troops and the Vietnamese nationalists led by
628:
Dien Bien Phu had represented a colossal defeat for France ... she was far from defeated. She retained a superiority in numbers - some 470,000 troops, roughly half of them Vietnamese, versus 310,000 on the Viet Minh side as well as control of Vietnam's major cities (Hanoi, Saigon,
396:, leading the French delegation, vacillated and was keen to preserve something of France's position in Indochina to justify past sacrifices, even as the nation's military situation deteriorated. The U.S. had been supporting the French in Indochina for many years and the Republican
229:
The armistice signed at the end of the Korean War required a political conference within three months—a timeline which was not met—"to settle through negotiation the questions of the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea, the peaceful settlement of the Korean question, etc."
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After the cessation of hostilities, a large migration took place. North Vietnamese, especially Catholics, intellectuals, business people, land owners, anti-communist democrats, and members of the middle class moved south of the Accords-mandated ceasefire line during
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In a press conference on 21 July, US President Eisenhower expressed satisfaction that a ceasefire had been concluded but stated that the U.S. was not a party to the Accords or bound by them, as they contained provisions that his administration could not support.
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as Prime Minister, by a vote of 419 to 47, with 143 abstentions. Prior to the collapse of the Laniel government, France recognized Vietnam as "a fully independent and sovereign state" on 4 June. A long-time opponent of the war, Mendès France had pledged to the
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parties would "respect": the preservation of a noncommunist South Vietnam (plus an enclave in the Red River Delta if possible), future reunification of divided Vietnam, and the integrity of Cambodia and Laos, including the removal of all Viet Minh forces.
168:, and the future states being made from French Indochina. The agreement temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones: a northern zone to be governed by the Viet Minh and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, which was headed by former
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Bidault opened the conference on 8 May by proposing a cessation of hostilities, a ceasefire in place, a release of prisoners of war, and a disarming of irregulars, despite the French surrender at Dien Bien Phu the previous day in northwestern Vietnam.
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The Conference reconvened on 10 July, and Mendès France arrived to lead the French delegation. The State of Vietnam continued to protest against partition which had become inevitable, with the only issue being where the line should be drawn.
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Geneva Conference, 21 July 1954. Last plenary session on Indochina in the Palais des Nations. Second left Vyacheslav Molotov, two unidentified Soviets, Anthony Eden, Sir Harold Caccie, and W.D. Allen. In the foreground, the North Vietnamese
889:, announced that South Vietnam would not participate in elections to unify the country. He said that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords and was therefore not bound by it, despite the State of Vietnam being part of the
384:
While the delegates began to assemble in Geneva in late April, the discussions on Indochina did not begin until 8 May 1954. The Viet Minh had achieved their decisive victory over the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu the previous day.
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That afternoon Zhou "offered a lengthy exposition on the massive international reach of the Indochina conflict ... and on the imperative of preventing an American intervention in the war. Given Washington's intense hostility to the
598:. Diem was a staunch nationalist, both anti-French and anticommunist, with strong political connections in the U.S. Diem agreed to take the position if he received all civilian and military powers. Diem and his foreign minister,
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against the French, who relied on Western technology. After a series of offensives, gradually whittling away at French held territory between 1950 and 1954, hostilities culminated in a decisive defeat for the French at the
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engaged in secret negotiations with the Viet Minh delegation, bypassing the State of Vietnam to meet Mendès France's self-imposed deadline. On 23 June, Mendès France secretly met with Zhou Enlai at the French embassy in
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that the South had not signed and was not bound to the Geneva Accords and that it was impossible to hold free elections in the communist North. Instead, he went about attempting to crush communist opposition.
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representatives at the Conference. Pham Van Dong first proposed a temporary partition of Vietnam on 25 May. Following their victory at Dien Bien Phu and given the worsening French security position around the
38:
561:. Zhou outlined the Chinese position that an immediate ceasefire was required, the three nations should be treated separately, and the two governments that existed in Vietnam would be recognized.
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said that the 1954 accords "were so hastily drafted and ambiguously worded that, from the standpoint of international law, it makes little sense to speak of violations from either side".
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a "provisional military demarcation line" running approximately along the 17th Parallel "on either side of which the forces of the two parties shall be regrouped after their withdrawal".
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question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals and so is generally considered less relevant. On the other hand, the Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of
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The South Korean representative proposed that the South Korean government was the only legal government in Korea, that UN-supervised elections should be held in the North, that
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While the three agreements (later known as the Geneva Accords) were dated 20 July (to meet Mendès France's 30-day deadline) they were in fact signed on the morning of 21 July.
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run the provinces of Sam Neua and Phongsal, further expanding North Vietnamese influence within Indochina. Communist forces in Cambodia, however, would remain out of power.
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The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis Delta Books, 1967.
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was reduced to the southern part of Vietnam. The division of Vietnam was intended to be temporary, with elections planned for by 1956 to reunify the country.
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over the perceived failure of the UK to support united action and U.S. positions on Indochina; he left Geneva on 3 May and was replaced by his deputy
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from the U.S. arrived in Geneva on 16 July, but the U.S. delegation was under instructions to avoid direct association with the negotiations.
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133:. Three agreements about French Indochina, covering Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, were signed on 21 July 1954 and took effect two days later.
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expanded and moderate international approach, also helped to weaken America's attempt to label China as a "Red" radical within the region.
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624:, Guangxi. Most of the first day was spent discussing the military situation and balance of forces in Vietnam, Giáp explained that while
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On 20 May 1955, French Union forces withdrew from Saigon to a coastal base and on 28 April 1956, the last French forces left Vietnam.
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1888:"The Geneva Conference of 1954 – New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China"
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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars - Cold War International History Project - The 1954 Geneva Conference July 13, 2011
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The accords, which were issued on 21 July 1954 (taking effect two days later), set out the following terms in relation to Vietnam:
180:, subsequently withdrew from the proposed elections. Worsening relations between the North and South would eventually lead to the
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demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary."
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637:(Da Nang)). A fundamental alteration of the balance of forces had thus yet to occur, Giap continued, despite Dien Bien Phu.
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Hannon Jr, John S. "Political Settlement for Vietnam: The 1954 Geneva Conference and Its Current Implications, A".
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The Western allies did not have a unified position on what the Conference was to achieve in relation to Indochina.
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in Geneva, commencing on 26 April 1954. The first agenda item was the Korean question to be followed by Indochina.
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The British and Communist Chinese delegations reached an agreement on the sidelines of the Conference to upgrade
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Asselin, Pierre. "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the 1954 Geneva Conference: a revisionist critique".
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Vietnam" was signed only by French and Viet Minh military commands. Based on a proposal by Zhou Enlai, an
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On 16 June, twelve days after France granted full independence to the State of Vietnam, Bao Dai appointed
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Mendès France returned to Paris. The following day he met with his main advisers on Indochina. General
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Also on 28 June, Tạ Quang Bửu, a senior DRV negotiator, called for the line of partition to be at the
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free general elections by secret ballot shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of the
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1998:
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Trân, Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56".
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Containing the Cold War in East Asia: British Policies Towards Japan, China, and Korea, 1948-53
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dealt with the Korean side of the conference. For the Indochina side, the Accords were between
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507:; the French Union forces would retain most urban areas and the Red River Delta, including
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proposed that the ceasefire should be monitored by a supervisory commission, chaired by
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throughout Asia as written in a National Intelligence Estimate dated 3 August 1954.
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Britain, thought that the South Korean–U.S. proposal would be deemed unreasonable.
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Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)
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Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)
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From 3 to 5 July, Zhou Enlai met with Ho Chi Minh and other senior DRV leaders in
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455:. The State of Vietnam refused to attend the negotiations until Bidault wrote to
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1761:, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55,
960:"Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference: Address by the Secretary of State"
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army was reduced by 20,000 men. U.S. military advisers continued to support the
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756:(it was recorded only in the unsigned Final Declaration of the Conference).
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neither zone to join any military alliance or seek military reinforcement
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Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55
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Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam
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free movement of the population between the zone for three hundred days
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suggested that the situation on the ground called for partition at the
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1748:. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
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1954 international conference on the dismantling of French Indochina
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Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
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336:. This resulted in a French withdrawal and the Geneva conference.
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proved to have long-lasting repercussions. The crumbling of the
1445:"The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954"
504:
496:
459:, assuring him that any agreement would not partition Vietnam.
157:
90:
310:
827:
and the last French Union forces left the city, crossing the
568:
outlined the deteriorating military position in Vietnam, and
534:
508:
98:
81:
was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the
558:
885:
In July 1955, the prime minister of the State of Vietnam,
761:"refrain from the threat or use of force to disturb them.
540:
On 18 June, following a vote of no-confidence, the French
400:
wanted to ensure that it could not be accused of another "
1718:
1557:
855:
North Vietnamese as a puppet of International Communism.
768:
Separate accords were signed by the signatories with the
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Anti-communist Vietnamese refugees moving from a French
1379:
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time of the conference, the U.S. did not recognize the
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influenced the country's position at Geneva. Columnist
1925:
Bibliography: Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference
1389:
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plenum took place. Ho Chi Minh and General Secretary
1866:
The End of the First Indochina War: A Global History
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1401:
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339:
It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the
1575:
1931:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954
1848:Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development
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1478:
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1234:
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1899:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1873:The 1954 Geneva Conference: Indo-China and Korea
1895:Cold War International History Project Bulletin
1740:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 11.
1638:. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press.
89:and involved several nations. It took place in
1504:
1471:
1229:
1964:
878:, which was created as a replacement for the
206:
2202:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon
1569:
1536:. Manchester University Press. p. 261.
1216:"National Intelligence Estimate NIE 63-5-54"
1186:"Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement"
2083:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)
1757:Hammer, Ellen J. "The Bao Dai Experiment."
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272:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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831:on their way to Haiphong for embarkation.
544:fell and was replaced by a coalition with
113:led to the formation of the states of the
2062:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam
995:. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 41.
412:" when the Communists were successful in
348:, feared seeing communism spreading in a
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
45:that resulted from the Conference. Three
2187:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina
1814:The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down
1523:
1509:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 11.
1155:
1153:
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1149:
1127:
833:
706:(ICC) chaired by India, with Canada and
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1817:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1997. 126.
1697:The Columbia History of the Vietnam War
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1941:Foreign Relations of the United States
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901:(VPA) of the North, also known as the
602:, were strongly opposed to partition.
2395:Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland
2182:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
1952:
1840:Virginia Journal of International Law
1700:. Columbia University Press. p.
1498:
1146:
990:
823:was lowered for the last time at the
447:Dulles fell out with the UK delegate
2374:Governor-General of French Indochina
1978:
1529:
754:International Supervisory Commission
733:on each side of the demarcation line
270:adding citations to reliable sources
237:
1850:. Hoover Institution Publications.
1780:"Geneva Agreements 20-21 July 1954"
1015:
24:
2460:1954 in the French colonial empire
1495:, Cambridge University Press, p45)
472:the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
419:The Eisenhower administration had
25:
2541:
1880:
416:of virtually all of the country.
2520:United Kingdom–Vietnam relations
2485:History of China–Korea relations
2137:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)
1798:from the original on 2018-11-10.
1016:Archive, Wilson Center Digital.
815:1955 State of Vietnam referendum
747:International Control Commission
704:International Control Commission
242:
2525:United States–Vietnam relations
2415:1954 in international relations
1945:at the University of Wisconsin.
1772:
1751:
1730:
1687:
1670:
1649:
1628:
1603:
1485:
1437:
1022:digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org
1018:"Wilson Center Digital Archive"
876:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
444:, the lead Chinese negotiator.
199:The conference was held at the
2515:Soviet Union–Vietnam relations
2505:Korea–United Kingdom relations
2354:Paris Foreign Missions Society
2108:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)
1261:
1208:
1178:
1009:
984:
952:
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115:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
59:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
30:For other similar events, see
13:
1:
2510:Korea–United States relations
2093:Bombardment of Tourane (1847)
1835:(2011) 11#2 pp. 155–195.
1657:War and Revolution in Vietnam
940:
797:good end to a bad business."
717:
594:as Prime Minister to replace
187:
2500:Korea–Soviet Union relations
2308:Charles Rigault de Genouilly
2132:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
2088:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)
1901:. 2008-04-22. Archived from
1530:Lowe, Peter (January 1997).
945:
930:Vietnamese reunification day
861:Operation Passage to Freedom
848:Operation Passage to Freedom
811:Operation Passage to Freedom
804:
787:
729:a 3-mile wide (4.8 km)
233:
192:On 18 February 1954, at the
7:
2233:Treaty of Versailles (1787)
2177:French–Thai War (1940–1941)
2120:Sino-French War (1884–1885)
2113:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)
1576:Patrick J. Hearden (2017).
1164:. Oxford University Press.
993:The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990
923:
10:
2546:
2364:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
2098:French conquest of Vietnam
1846:Turner, Robert F. (1975).
1824:
1694:David L. Anderson (2010).
1268:Bailey, Sydney D. (1992).
1239:Bailey, Sydney D. (1992).
1128:Logevall, Fredrik (2012).
808:
782:their diplomatic relations
661:Communist Party of Vietnam
431:People's Republic of China
364:should withdraw, and that
355:
303:
225:Korean Armistice Agreement
218:
207:People's Republic of China
146:People's Republic of China
29:
2346:
2288:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
2276:
2263:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
2225:
2147:1916 Cochinchina uprising
2075:
2022:
2009:France–Thailand relations
1986:
1938:. Available through the
1623:10.1080/14682740500284747
1582:. Routledge. p. 74.
1491:(Article 3) (N. Tarling,
895:National Liberation Front
398:Eisenhower administration
323:. The latter's army, the
125:, or South Vietnam), the
121:(precursor of the future
2495:France–Vietnam relations
2420:1954 in French Indochina
2328:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée
2268:Geneva Conference (1954)
2004:France–Vietnam relations
1634:Frankum, Ronald (2007).
880:Vietnamese National Army
214:
18:Geneva Conference (1954)
2490:China–Vietnam relations
2359:Tirailleurs indochinois
2293:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau
2248:Treaty of Saigon (1874)
2238:Treaty of Saigon (1862)
2212:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2103:Siege of Tourane (1858)
1875:(Greenwood Press, 1968)
1736:Ang Cheng Guan (1997).
1682:Oxford University Press
1505:Ang Cheng Guan (1997).
991:Young, Marilyn (1991).
819:On 9 October 1954, the
665:Sixth Central Committee
659:Several days later the
334:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
2440:French Fourth Republic
2125:Pacification of Tonkin
2014:France–China relations
1999:French colonial empire
1579:The Tragedy of Vietnam
851:
698:
678:
639:
495:, three enclaves near
421:considered air strikes
315:
107:French colonial empire
74:
2480:1954 in South Vietnam
2475:1954 in North Vietnam
2298:Jean-Baptiste Cécille
1994:France–Asia relations
1935:The Geneva Conference
1659:. London: Routledge.
1655:Ruane, Kevin (1998).
1613:. London: Routledge.
1449:The Wars for Viet Nam
1160:Garver, John (2016).
905:. The result was the
903:North Vietnamese Army
899:Vietnam People's Army
837:
745:establishment of the
695:
674:
626:
406:Truman administration
344:in the spirit of the
314:The Geneva Conference
313:
117:(North Vietnam), the
40:
2258:Treaty of Huế (1884)
2253:Treaty of Huế (1883)
2243:Treaty of Huế (1863)
2217:Partition of Vietnam
2157:Vue Pa Chay's revolt
2152:Thái Nguyên uprising
1278:. pp. 167–168.
1271:The Korean Armistice
1241:The Korean Armistice
842:landing ship to the
549:Pierre Mendès France
266:improve this section
2470:1954 in South Korea
2465:1954 in North Korea
2435:1954 in Switzerland
2405:First Indochina War
2303:Charles de Montigny
2207:First Indochina War
2162:Bazin assassination
1194:Columbia University
770:Kingdom of Cambodia
683:Walter Bedell Smith
491:would be given the
453:Walter Bedell Smith
306:First Indochina War
127:Kingdom of Cambodia
123:Republic of Vietnam
87:First Indochina War
61:, the state led by
51:Kingdom of Cambodia
1871:Young, Kenneth T.
1727:, p. 100-104.
1566:, p. 102-103.
1422:, pp. 99–100.
1276:St. Martin's Press
1245:St. Martin's Press
852:
829:Paul Doumer Bridge
731:demilitarized zone
699:
650:Chinese Revolution
528:Vyacheslav Molotov
438:John Foster Dulles
435:Secretary of State
316:
75:
49:were created: the
2382:
2381:
2192:August Revolution
1943:online collection
1857:978-0-8179-1431-8
1746:978-0-7864-0404-9
1711:978-0-231-13480-4
1676:Keylor, William.
1665:978-1-85728-323-5
1644:978-0-89672-608-6
1589:978-1-351-67400-3
1543:978-0-7190-2508-2
1367:, pp. 94–95.
1285:978-1-349-22104-2
1254:978-1-349-22104-2
1171:978-0-19-026105-4
1139:978-0-679-64519-1
1002:978-0-06-092107-1
918:John Lewis Gaddis
554:National Assembly
542:Laniel government
499:, large areas of
470:, the leader of
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301:
294:
201:Palace of Nations
194:Berlin Conference
79:Geneva Conference
41:The partition of
32:Geneva Conference
16:(Redirected from
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2410:1954 conferences
2369:Tonkinese Rifles
2067:State of Vietnam
1980:French Indochina
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1459:on 7 August 2011
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1225:. 3 August 1954.
1223:CIA Reading Room
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103:French Indochina
71:State of Vietnam
47:successor states
43:French Indochina
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1759:Pacific Affairs
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850:in August 1954.
817:
809:Main articles:
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774:Kingdom of Laos
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521:Matthew Ridgway
485:Red River Delta
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394:Georges Bidault
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1864:Waite, James.
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2530:Anthony Eden
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2172:World War II
2057:Guangzhouwan
1940:
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1910:. Retrieved
1903:the original
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1842:8 (1967): 4.
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1593:. Retrieved
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1461:. Retrieved
1457:the original
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1198:. Retrieved
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1129:
1021:
1011:
992:
986:
974:. Retrieved
972:. 7 May 1954
963:
954:
915:
911:
891:French Union
884:
872:
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844:USS Montague
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767:
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687:
679:
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669:Trường Chinh
658:
646:
640:
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619:
612:
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604:
589:
570:Jean Chauvel
563:
539:
526:On 15 June,
525:
517:
489:
465:
461:
449:Anthony Eden
446:
418:
390:Anthony Eden
387:
383:
374:
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359:
338:
317:
288:
279:
264:Please help
252:
228:
210:
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191:
150:Soviet Union
135:
78:
76:
2142:World War I
2032:Cochinchina
2025:territories
2023:Constituent
1725:Turner 1975
1564:Turner 1975
1432:Turner 1975
1420:Turner 1975
1408:Turner 1975
1396:Turner 1975
1384:Turner 1975
1365:Turner 1975
1353:Turner 1975
1338:Turner 1975
1326:Turner 1975
1314:Turner 1975
1302:Turner 1975
907:Vietnam War
697:delegation.
642:Wei Guoqing
600:Tran Van Do
573: [
532:non-aligned
466:On 10 May,
408:of having "
327:, fought a
321:Ho Chi Minh
182:Vietnam War
142:North Korea
138:South Korea
95:Switzerland
63:Ho Chi Minh
2400:Korean War
2389:Categories
1987:Background
1912:2009-04-14
941:References
916:Historian
718:Provisions
476:Pathet Lao
442:Zhou Enlai
410:lost China
221:Korean War
188:Background
152:, and the
129:, and the
83:Korean War
57:; and the
946:Citations
821:tricolore
805:Aftermath
788:Reactions
380:Indochina
366:UN forces
325:Viet Minh
282:July 2020
253:does not
234:Indochina
162:Viet Minh
67:Viet Minh
2226:Treaties
2047:Cambodia
1793:Archived
1791:. 1954.
1549:July 21,
1200:29 April
976:29 April
924:See also
772:and the
566:Paul Ély
513:Haiphong
346:Cold War
172:emperor
85:and the
65:and the
1825:Sources
1684:: 2011.
1680:p.371,
1463:20 July
1190:Findlaw
846:during
654:Route 9
635:Tourane
622:Liuzhou
596:Bửu Lộc
546:Radical
457:Bảo Đại
274:removed
259:sources
174:Bảo Đại
2278:French
2076:Events
2037:Tonkin
1897:(16).
1868:(2013)
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1744:
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708:Poland
505:Tonkin
497:Saigon
160:, the
158:France
148:, the
144:, the
99:Korean
91:Geneva
69:. The
53:; the
2042:Annam
1906:(PDF)
1891:(PDF)
1796:(PDF)
1783:(PDF)
1702:30–31
1219:(PDF)
577:]
535:India
509:Hanoi
501:Annam
402:Yalta
356:Korea
215:Korea
2052:Laos
1852:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1661:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1597:2017
1584:ISBN
1551:2013
1538:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1465:2011
1280:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1202:2010
1166:ISBN
1134:ISBN
997:ISBN
978:2010
813:and
581:16th
559:Bern
511:and
503:and
478:and
257:any
255:cite
223:and
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1763:doi
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840:LSM
663:'s
631:Huế
583:or
268:by
109:in
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