Battle of Dien Bien Phu

1958: 1549:(as opposed to indirect fire, in which guns are massed further away from the target, out of direct line of sight, and rely on a forward artillery spotter). Indirect artillery, generally held as being far superior to direct fire, requires experienced, well-trained crews and good communications, which the Viet Minh lacked. Navarre wrote that, "Under the influence of Chinese advisers, the Viet Minh commanders had used processes quite different from the classic methods. The artillery had been dug in by single pieces...They were installed in shellproof dugouts, and fire point-blank from portholes... This way of using artillery and AA guns was possible only with the expansive ant holes at the disposal of the Viet Minh and was to make shambles of all the estimates of our own artillerymen." Two days later, the French artillery commander, Colonel 557: 494: 474: 342: 325: 308: 289: 272: 253: 242: 164: 148: 1220: 2420: 2587: 2603: 1202:

valley, their artillery far exceeded French expectations, and they outnumbered the French troops four to one. Giáp compared Điện Biên Phủ to a "rice bowl", where his troops occupied the edge and the French the bottom. Second, Giáp made a mistake at Nà Sản by committing his forces to reckless frontal attacks before being fully prepared. He learned his lesson: at Điện Biên Phủ, Giáp spent months meticulously stockpiling ammunition and emplacing heavy artillery and anti-aircraft guns before making his move. Teams of Viet Minh volunteers were sent into the French camp to scout the disposition of the French artillery. Artillery pieces were sited within well-constructed and camouflaged

2246: 2615: 1198:. In late November and early December 1952, Giáp had attacked the French outpost at Nà Sản, which was essentially an "air-land base", a fortified camp supplied only by air. There, the French beat back Giáp's forces repeatedly, inflicting very heavy losses on them. The French hoped that by repeating the strategy on a much larger scale, they would be able to lure Giáp into committing the bulk of his forces to a massed assault. This would enable superior French artillery, armor, and air support to decimate the exposed Viet Minh forces. The success at Nà Sản convinced Navarre of the viability of the fortified airhead concept. 540: 524: 450: 439: 428: 417: 406: 395: 384: 373: 362: 219: 204: 1309:, the French dropped or flew 9,000 troops into the area over three days, as well as a bulldozer to prepare the airstrip. They were landed at three drop zones: "Natasha" (northwest of Điện Biên Phủ), "Octavie" (to the southwest), and "Simone" (to the southeast). The Viet Minh elite 148th Independent Infantry Regiment, headquartered at Điện Biên Phủ, reacted "instantly and effectively". Three of its four battalions, however, were absent. Initial operations proceeded well for the French. By the end of November, six parachute battalions had been landed, and the French Army consolidated its positions. 2571: 575: 507: 190: 1568: 2147: 1414:, together with some heavier field-guns as well as anti-aircraft artillery. Various types of artillery and anti-aircraft guns (mainly of Soviet origin), which outnumbered their French counterparts by about four to one, were moved into strategic positions overlooking the valley and the French forces based there. The French garrison came under sporadic direct artillery fire from the Viet Minh for the first time on 31 January 1954 and patrols encountered the Viet Minh troops in all directions around them. The French were completely surrounded. 41: 605: 2627: 1813: 2531:, as they did at Điện Biên Phủ. A number of factors were significantly different between Khe Sanh and Điện Biên Phủ, however. Khe Sanh was much closer to a US supply base (45 km or 28 mi) compared to Điện Biên Phủ's proximity to the nearest French base (200 km or 120 mi). At Khe Sanh, the U.S. Marines held the high ground, and their artillery forced the North Vietnamese to use their own artillery from a much greater distance. By contrast, at Điện Biên Phủ, the French artillery (six 997:) and managed to move these bulky weapons through difficult terrain by individual men and women up the rear slopes of the mountains. They dug tunnels through the mountains and arranged the guns to target the French positions. The tunnels featured a front terrace, onto which the Viet Minh would pull their cannons from out of the tunnels, fire a few shots, to then pull them back into the protective cover of the tunnels. In 54 days of gun battle, no Viet Minh cannon was destroyed. 178: 1723: 1206:. As a result, when the battle finally began, the Viet Minh knew exactly where the French artillery pieces were, while the French did not even know how many guns Giáp possessed. Third, the aerial resupply lines at Nà Sản were never severed, despite Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. At Điện Biên Phủ, Giáp amassed anti-aircraft batteries that quickly shut down the runway, and made it extremely difficult and costly for the French to bring in reinforcements. 2036:. While some of the main body managed to break out, none succeeded in escaping the valley. At "Isabelle", a similar attempt later the same night saw about 70 troops, out of 1,700 men in the garrison, escape to Laos. By about 18:20, only one French position, strong point Lily, manned by Moroccan soldiers commanded by a French officer, Major Jean Nicolas, had not been overrun. The position surrendered that night when Nicolas personally waved a small 335: 318: 282: 263: 2700: 1242:, which had an old airstrip built by the Japanese during World War II, as a "mooring point". In another misunderstanding, Cogny envisioned a lightly defended point from which to launch raids; Navarre, however, believed that he intended to build a heavily fortified base capable of withstanding a siege. Navarre selected Điện Biên Phủ for Berteil's "hedgehog" operation. When presented with the plan, every major subordinate officer – Colonel 1451: 1873: 1294: 612: 2049:

repercussions both in the armed forces and in the political structure in France. This was apparent with the previously planned negotiations over the future of Indochina, which had just begun. Militarily there was no point in France fighting on, as the Viet Minh could repeat the strategy and tactics of the Dien Bien Phu campaign elsewhere, to which the French had no effective response.

1538:-2 an hour later, though the strong point was not entirely taken until after 01:00 on 14 March. Roughly 350 French legionnaires were killed, wounded, or captured. About 100 managed to escape and rejoin the French lines. The French estimated that Viet Minh losses totaled 600 dead and 1,200 wounded. According to the Viet Minh, they lost 193 killed and 137 wounded The victory at 1279:. Navarre believed that this left only the hedgehog option, which he characterized as "a mediocre solution". The French National Defense Committee ultimately agreed that Navarre's responsibility did not include defending Laos. However, its decision, which was drawn up on 13 November, was not delivered to him until 4 December, two weeks after the Điện Biên Phủ operation began. 1908:

Viet Minh prisoners in French hands said that they were told to advance or be shot by the officers and non-commissioned officers behind them. Worse still, the Viet Minh lacked advanced medical treatment and care, leading a US general commenting on the war to observe that "Nothing strikes at combat-morale like the knowledge that if wounded, the soldier will go uncared for".

1584:, held by an elite Algerian battalion. The attack began with a concentrated artillery barrage at 17:00. This was very effective and stunned the defenders. Two regiments from the crack 308th Division attacked starting at 20:00. At 04:00 the following morning, an artillery shell hit the battalion headquarters, severely wounding the battalion commander and most of his staff. 1675: 2471:, the French Ambassador to the United States. The role of CIA controlled airlines in Indochina and their role at Điện Biên Phủ was little known until they were published by Robbins after the end of the Vietnam War, and not officially acknowledged until the 21st century. A generation later the U.S. historian Erik Kirsinger researched the case for more than a year. 1349:, began transforming their anchoring point into a fortress by setting up seven satellite positions. (Each was said to be named after a former mistress of de Castries, although the allegation is probably unfounded, as the eight names begin with letters from the first nine of the alphabet.) The fortified headquarters was centrally located, with positions 1688:

the arrangement without protest, although he did exercise some command functions thereafter. Phillip Davidson stated that the "truth would seem to be that Langlais did take over effective command of Dien Bien Phu, and that Castries became 'commander emeritus' who transmitted messages to Hanoi and offered advice about matters in Dien Bien Phu".

1016:. As key positions were overrun, the perimeter contracted, and the air resupply on which the French had placed their hopes became impossible. As the Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire took its toll and artillery bombarded the airstrip, effectively preventing takeoffs and landings, fewer and fewer of those supplies reached the French. 2274:, was stranded there when her plane was destroyed by shellfire while it was being repaired on the airfield. She remained on the ground providing medical services in the field hospital until the surrender. She was referred to as the "Angel of Điện Biên Phủ". Historians disagree regarding the moniker with 2215:

The event itself was in fact, both in terms of public opinion and of the military conduct of the war and operations, merely the end result of a long process of degradation of a faraway enterprise which, not having the assent of the nation, could not receive from the authorities the energetic impulse,

1687:

records, based on Langlais' memoirs, that Colonel Langlais and his fellow paratroop commanders, all fully armed, confronted de Castries in his bunker on 24 March. They told him he would retain the appearance of command, but that Langlais would exercise it. De Castries is said by Fall to have accepted

1665:

and its 1,809 personnel to the south. During this lull, the French suffered from a serious crisis of command. Senior officers with the garrison and Cogny in Hanoi began to feel that de Castries was incompetent in defending Dien Bien Phu. After the loss of the northern outposts, he isolated himself in

1514:-1 was swiftly conquered by the 141st Regiment's 428th Battalion, but the defenders held out in corner of the position for a time because the attackers thought they had captured the entire strong point when they encountered an internal barbed wire barrier in the dark. In the southwest, the assault on 1389:

light tanks (each broken down into 180 individual parts, flown into the base, and then re-assembled) and numerous aircraft (attack and supply types) were committed to the garrison. A number of quadruple 0.50 calibre machine guns were present and used in the ground role. This included France's regular

1162:

and his senior commanders and staff officers. They were going home, not as victors or heroes, but then, not as clear losers either. To them the important thing was that they were getting out of Indochina with their reputations frayed, but intact. They spared little thought or concern for the problems

2162:

Only around 200 French soldiers managed to escape, going through the Viet Minh line towards Luang Prabang in Laos on the famous "Pavie Trail". Of 10,863 prisoners (including Vietnamese fighting for the French), only 3,290 were repatriated four months later; however, the losses figure may include the

1944:

1, and overran the fort on the morning of 22 April. After this key advance, the Viet Minh took control of more than 90 percent of the airfield, making accurate French parachute drops impossible. This caused the landing zone to become perilously small, and effectively choked off much needed supplies.

1907:

At this point, the morale of the Viet Minh soldiers was greatly lowered due to the massive casualties they had received from heavy French gunfire. During a period of stalemate from 15 April to 1 May, the French intercepted enemy radio messages which told of whole units refusing orders to attack, and

1190:

by airlifting soldiers to positions adjacent to key Viet Minh supply lines to Laos. They would cut off Viet Minh soldiers fighting in Laos and force them to withdraw. "It was an attempt to interdict the enemy's rear area, to stop the flow of supplies and reinforcements, to establish a redoubt in the

2482:

Dien Bien Phu—or DBP—has become an acronym or shorthand symbol for defeat of the West by the East, for the triumph of primitive new doctrines and techniques of peoples' war over the sophisticated principles and maxims of the heritage of Napoleon Bonaparte. Dien Bien Phu resulted in severe political

2210:

The fall of Dien Bien Phu, in a strictly military perspective, represented a very serious failure but one that in the immediate, that is to say, spring of 1954, did not upset the balance of forces present in Indochina. It only assumed the aspect of a definitive defeat of our forces by reason of its

1880:

On 5 April, after a long night of battle, French fighter-bombers and artillery inflicted particularly devastating losses on one Viet Minh regiment, which was caught on open ground. At that point, Giáp decided to change tactics. Although Giáp still had the same objective – to overrun French defenses

1579:

Following a five-hour ceasefire on the morning of 14 March, Viet Minh artillery resumed pounding French positions. The airstrip, already closed since 16:00 the day before due to a light bombardment, was now put permanently out of commission. Any further French supplies would have to be delivered by

1380:

The arrival of the 316th Viet Minh Division prompted Cogny to order the evacuation of the Lai Chau garrison to Điện Biên Phủ, exactly as Giáp had anticipated. En route, they were virtually annihilated by the Viet Minh. "Of the 2,100 men who left Lai Chau on 9 December, only 185 made it to Điện Biên

2415:

in support of the French garrison. Moreover, Dulles reportedly mentioned the possibility of lending atomic bombs to the French for use at Điện Biên Phủ in April, Dulles tried to put more pressure on the British, and asked Eden for British support for American air action to save Diên Biên Phu. Eden

2220:

If, therefore, one wishes to establish objectively the responsibilities incurred in the final phase of the Indochina war one would have to examine its origins and evoke the acts and decisions of the various governments in power, that is to say their war policies, as well as the ways in which these

1968:

saw only light action until 30 March, when the Viet Minh isolated it and beat back the attempt to send reinforcements north. Following a massive artillery barrage on 30 March, the Viet Minh began employing the same trench warfare tactics that they were using against the central camp. By the end of

1454:

French dispositions at Điện Biên Phủ, as of March 1954. The French took up positions on a series of fortified hills. The southernmost, Isabelle, was dangerously isolated. The Viet Minh positioned their five divisions (the 304th, 308th, 312th, 316th, and 351st) in the surrounding areas to the north

2241:" of the colonized peoples. It's the affirmation of the Asian and the African vis-à-vis the European. It is the confirmation of the universality of human rights. At Dien Bien Phu, the French lost the only source of "legitimation" on which their presence turned, that is the right of the strongest . 1863:

2, only to be beaten back. Repeated attempts to reinforce the French garrison by parachute drops were made, but had to be carried out by lone planes at irregular times to avoid excessive casualties from Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. Some reinforcements did arrive, but not enough to replace French

1257:

Navarre decided to go ahead with the plan despite serious operational difficulties. These later became painfully obvious, but at the time may have been less apparent. He had been repeatedly assured by his intelligence officers that the operation carried very little risk of involvement by a strong

2543:

Khe Sanh received 18,000 tons of aerial resupplies during the 77-day battle, whereas during the 167 days that the French forces at Điện Biên Phủ held out, they received only 4,000 tons. Also, the U.S. Air Force dropped 114,810 tons of bombs on the North Vietnamese at Khe Sanh, roughly as many as

1201:

French staff officers failed to treat seriously several crucial differences between Điện Biên Phủ and Nà Sản: First, at Nà Sản, the French commanded most of the high ground with overwhelming artillery support. At Điện Biên Phủ, however, the Viet Minh controlled much of the high ground around the

1703:

French aerial resupply took heavy losses from Viet Minh machine guns near the landing strip. On 27 March, the Hanoi air transport commander, Nicot, ordered that all supply deliveries be made from 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or higher; losses were expected to remain heavy. The following day, De

1157:

On arrival, Navarre was shocked by what he found. There had been no long-range plan since de Lattre's departure. Everything was conducted on a day-to-day, reactive basis. Combat operations were undertaken only in response to enemy moves or threats. There was no comprehensive plan to develop the

2154:

On 8 May, the Viet Minh counted 11,721 prisoners, of whom 4,436 were wounded. This was the greatest number the Viet Minh had ever captured, amounting to one-third of the total captured during the entire war. The prisoners were divided into groups. Able-bodied soldiers were force-marched over

2048:

Dien Bien Phu was a serious defeat for the French and was the decisive battle of the Indochina war. The garrison constituted roughly one-tenth of the total French Union manpower in Indochina, and the defeat seriously weakened the position and prestige of the French; it produced psychological

982:. The French forces were a diverse mix of Foreign Legionnaires, former SS of the Russian Front (to whom, in 1945, the French had given the choice between Indochina and the firing squad), and all kinds of nationals from Dutch to Thai and Tahitians, out of which the French formed a minority. 1430:

After much debate, due to the French knowledge of the battle plan and along with other complications, the assault was canceled on 26 January, and Giáp went away and designed a new plan with a new start time. He said that this change of plan was the hardest decision of his military career.

2416:

refused, which enraged Dulles; however, Eisenhower relented. The President felt that, along with the political risks, airstrikes alone would not decide the battle, and did not want to escalate U.S. involvement by using American pilots. "Nobody is more opposed to intervention than I am".

1426:

The battle plan designed on the fast strike model was due to open at 17:00 on 25 January and to finish three nights and two days later. Nevertheless this start date was delayed to 26 January, because on 21 January Viet Minh's intelligence indicated that the French had grasped this plan.

1422:

Originally, the planned Viet Minh attack was based on the Chinese "Fast Strike, Fast Victory" model, which aimed to use all available power to thrust into the command center of the base to secure victory, but this was changed to the "Steady Fight, Steady Advance" model of siege tactics.

2563:

Dien Bien Phu today is a popular Vietnam historical tourist attraction. It has a modern museum and much of the battlefield is preserved, including several of the fortified French positions, the bunkered French headquarters, the Viet Minh headquarters complex and a number of memorials.

2027:

The last radio transmission from the French headquarters reported that enemy troops were directly outside the headquarters bunker and that all the positions had been overrun. The radio operator in his last words stated: "The enemy has overrun us. We are blowing up everything.

2350:, whether the United States would send naval or air units if the French were subjected to greater pressure there, but Wilson replied that "for the moment there is no justification for raising United States aid above its present level". On 31 March, following the fall of 1401:

In comparison, altogether the Viet Minh had moved up to 50,000 regular troops into the hills surrounding the French-held valley, totalling five divisions, including the 351st Heavy Division, which was an artillery formation equipped with medium artillery, such as the US

1384:

French military forces had committed 10,800 troops, together with yet more reinforcements, totalling nearly 16,000 men, to the defense of a monsoon-affected valley surrounded by heavily-wooded hills and high ground that had not been secured. Artillery as well as ten US

1023:. Among the 11,721 French troops captured, 858 of the most seriously wounded were evacuated via the Red Cross mediation in May 1954. Only 3,290 were returned four months later. The French government in Paris resigned. The new prime minister, the left-of-centre 2202:, which opposed the agreement, to the south. The partition was supposed to be temporary, and the two zones were meant to be reunited through national elections in 1956, which were never held. The last French forces withdrew from Vietnam in 1956. General 1670:

shirking his command of the situation. On 17 March, Cogny attempted to fly into Điện Biên Phủ to take command, but his plane was driven off by anti-aircraft fire. He considered parachuting into the encircled garrison, but his staff talked him out of it.

1762:

to zero elevation and firing directly on the Viet Minh attackers, blasting huge holes in their ranks. Another group of French soldiers, near the airfield, opened fire on the Viet Minh with anti-aircraft machine guns, forcing the Viet Minh to retreat.

2602: 2474:

Dulles, on hearing of the news of the fall of the garrison, was furious, placing heavy blame on Eden for his "inaction". Eden, however, doubted that intervention could have saved Diên Biên Phu, and felt "it might have far reaching consequences".

2155:

600 km (370 mi) to prison camps to the north and east, where they were intermingled with Viet Minh soldiers to discourage French bombing runs. Hundreds died of disease along the way. The wounded were given basic first aid until the

1682:

De Castries' seclusion in his bunker, combined with his superiors' inability to replace him, created a leadership vacuum in the French command. On 24 March, an event took place which later became a matter of historical debate. The historian

2586: 2989: 1738:, the two remaining outposts east of the Nam Yum River. Those two areas were held by five understrength battalions, composed of Frenchmen, Legionnaires, Vietnamese, North Africans, and Tais. Giáp planned to use the tactics from the 1931:

6 with water and ammunition. The attacks were repeated on the nights of the 14–15 and 16–17 April. While they did succeed in getting some supplies through, the French suffered heavy casualties, which convinced Langlais to abandon

2399:

refused, but agreed on a collective security arrangement for the region which could be agreed at the Geneva conference. For the Americans, in particular Dulles, this was not enough. Britain, already for some years involved in the

2016:

On 7 May, Giáp ordered an all-out attack against the remaining French units with over 25,000 Viet Minh against fewer than 3,000 garrison troops. At 17:00, de Castries radioed French headquarters in Hanoi and talked with Cogny:

1757:

3 the final outpost between the Viet Minh and the French general headquarters, as well as outflanking all positions east of the river. At this point, the French 4th Colonial Artillery Regiment entered the fight, setting its

1266:

line stretching to Laos, which was not feasible given the number of troops at Navarre's disposal; or placing troops in the Laotian provincial capitals and supplying them by air, which was unworkable due to the distance from

2539:

and mortars) was only sporadically effective. Furthermore, by 1968, the U.S. military presence in Vietnam dwarfed that of the French in 1954, and included numerous technological advances such as effective helicopters.

2443:

managed the operation. Following this, 39 American transport pilots, officially employed by CAT, a CIA owned company, flew 682 sorties over the course of the battle. Earlier, in order to succeed the pre-Điện Biên Phủ

959:-contracted American personnel participating in the battle. The People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union similarly provided vital support to the Viet Minh, including most of their artillery and ammunition. 2009:) mission, so that artillery rounds fired from different positions would strike on target at the same time. This barrage defeated the first assault wave, but later that night the Viet Minh detonated a mine under 978:(a French ally), and draw the Viet Minh into a major confrontation in order to cripple them. The plan was to resupply the French position by air, a strategy adopted based on the belief that the Viet Minh had no 2078:

Following the fall of Dien Bien Phu the French high command gave the order for any isolated positions to be abandoned, to avoid another disaster. The area of concern was the isolated defensive positions in the

1487:

mm mortars). French command was disrupted at 18:30 when a shell hit the French command post, killing the battalion commander, Major Paul Pégot, and most of his staff. A few minutes later, Lieutenant Colonel

1704:

Castries ordered an attack against the Viet Minh AA machine guns 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Điện Biên Phủ. Remarkably, the attack was a complete success, with 350 Viet Minh's casualties and seventeen

2070:. Theatres and restaurants closed and many social engagements were cancelled as a mark of respect. Public opinion in France registered shock that a guerrilla army had defeated a major European power. 1118:. The French were unable to slow the advance of the Viet Minh, who fell back only after outrunning their always-tenuous supply lines. In 1953, the French had begun to strengthen their defenses in the 1801:

1, but the Viet Minh launched their own renewed assault. The French, who were exhausted and without reserves, fell back from both positions late in the afternoon. Reinforcements were sent north from

2206:

presided over a commission of inquiry into the defeat. The commission's final report ("Rapport concernant la conduite des opérations en Indochine sous la direction du général Navarre") concluded:

1957: 1904:

1 changed hands several times that day, but by the next morning the French had control of the strong point. The Viet Minh attempted to retake it on the evening of 12 April, but were pushed back.

1595:, in forming the counterattack, chose to rely on the 5th Vietnamese Parachute Battalion, which had jumped in the day before and was exhausted. Although some elements of the counterattack reached 1254:

under worse conditions". Navarre rejected the criticisms of his proposal and concluded a 17 November conference by declaring that the operation would begin three days later, on 20 November 1953.

2993: 1518:-2 by the 141st Regiment's 11th Battalion did not fare well because its assault trenches were too shallow and portions of them had been flattened by French artillery. Its efforts to breach 1312:

It was at this time that Giáp began his countermoves. He had expected an attack, but had not foreseen when or where it would occur. Giáp realized that, if pressed, the French would abandon

2860: 2171:

The Vietnamese government reported its casualties in the battle as 4,020 dead, 9,118 wounded, and 792 missing. The French estimated Viet Minh casualties at 8,000 dead and 15,000 wounded.

2378:

against the Viet Minh heavy artillery. A proposal for direct intervention was unanimously voted down by the committee three days later, which "concluded that intervention was a positive

1492:, commander of the entire central subsector, was also killed by artillery fire. The Viet Minh 312th Division then launched an assault with its 141st and 209th Infantry Regiments, using 1158:

organization and build up the equipment of the Expeditionary force. Finally, Navarre, the intellectual, the cold and professional soldier, was shocked by the "school's out" attitude of

6257: 5933: 1625:

troops, members of an ethnic minority loyal to the French. For weeks, Giáp had distributed subversive propaganda leaflets, telling the Tais that this was not their fight. The fall of

2312:

The fall of Diên Biên Phu was a disaster not just for France but also for the United States who, by 1954, was underwriting 80% of French expenditures in Indochina. According to the

2225:

Outside of Indochina, the political significance of the battle was far-reaching, as news of the French defeat rapidly spread throughout the remainder of its colonies. The Algerian

2021:

De Castries: "The Viets are everywhere. The situation is very grave. The combat is confused and goes on all about. I feel the end is approaching, but we will fight to the finish."

6656: 1149:

forces in Indochina. Mayer had given Navarre a single order—to create military conditions that would lead to an "honorable political solution". According to military scholar

2279: 2570: 2270:

Many of the flights operated by the French Air force to evacuate casualties had female flight nurses on board. A total of 15 women served on flights to Điện Biên Phủ. One,

6374: 6616: 1848:

2. Just as it appeared the French were about to be overrun, a few French tanks arrived from the central garrison, and helped push the Viet Minh back. Smaller attacks on

6661: 6722: 6628: 6604: 6143: 2338:

The United States nevertheless intentionally avoided overt direct intervention. In February 1954, following the French occupation of Điện Biên Phủ, Democratic senator

1000:

In March, the Viet Minh began a massive artillery bombardment of the French defenses. The strategic positioning of their artillery made it nearly impervious to French

1178:

Navarre began searching for a way to stop the Viet Minh threat to Laos. Colonel Louis Berteil, commander of Mobile Group 7 and Navarre's main planner, formulated the

2431:

markings painted over with French Air Force roundels, before it was shot down. They were contract pilots flying over Diên Biên Phu as part of the CIA air operations.

655: 955:. The United States was officially not a party to the war, but it was secretly involved by providing financial and material aid to the French Union, which included 2463:, and Wallace Buford, were killed in action during the siege of Điện Biên Phủ. On 25 February 2005, the seven still-living American pilots were awarded the French 1455:

and east. From these areas, the Viet Minh artillery had a clear line of sight to the French fortifications and were able to accurately target the French positions.

6651: 2295:, ('mobile field brothels'), served by Algerian and Vietnamese women. When the siege ended, the Viet Minh sent the surviving Vietnamese women for "re-education". 1896:

4, and the French wanted to eliminate that threat. The dawn attack, which Bigeard devised, began with a short, massive artillery barrage, followed by small unit

2211:

profound psychological effects on French public opinion, which, tired of a war that was unpopular and seemingly without end, demanded in a way that it be ended.

410: 5577: 2159:

arrived, extracted 858 prisoners, and provided better aid to the remainder. Those wounded who were not evacuated by the Red Cross were sent into detention.

6737: 1567: 6666: 1633:

had demoralized them. On the morning of 17 March, under the cover of fog, the bulk of the Tais left or defected. The French and the few remaining Tais on

5527: 2404:, was concerned at the American alarmism in the region, but was unaware of the scale of U.S. financial aid and covert involvement in the Indochina war. 276: 1463:, which was held by the 3rd Battalion, 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade. Viet Minh artillery opened a fierce bombardment with two batteries each of 105 5514: 2608:

The massive explosion crater at the top of Eliane 2, created by Viet Minh sappers who successfully blew up the fortified outpost during the battle.

2175:

stated that "In 2018 Hanoi has still not credibly enumerated its Dien Bien Phu losses, surely a reflection of their immensity." Mark Moyar's book

6757: 3041:

Nash, Gary B., Julie Roy Jeffrey, John R. Howe, Peter J. Frederick, Allen F. Davis, Allan M. Winkler, Charlene Mires, and Carla Gardina Pestana.

2439:

bomber aircraft and crew personnel to support the French. However not the Pentagon but the CIA under the leadership of Secretary Dulles' brother

5554: 2551:

It is also possible that Giáp never intended to capture Khe Sanh in the first place, and that Khe Sanh was used as a diversion for the upcoming

1131: 6136: 1940:

6 made a daring break out, but only a few managed to make it to French lines. The Viet Minh repeated the isolation and probing attacks against

399: 6247: 5923: 6592: 6110: 4293: 4253: 4076: 1726:

Central French positions at Điện Biên Phủ, late-March 1954. The positions in Eliane saw some of the most intense combat of the entire battle.

648: 1645:

A lull in fighting occurred from March 17 to March 30. The Viet Minh further encircled the French central area (formed by the strong points

6742: 5938: 2577: 6671: 5629:

Archive footages of Colonel Sassi and his 2,000 strong Hmong partisans en route to Dien Bien Phu for a rescue mission in April 1954 (2000)

2138:

on July 17, just four days before the armistice suffering further heavy losses and the almost complete destruction of Bataillon de Corée.

88: 2919: 2370:, about the possibility of U.S. involvement. Radford concluded it was too late for the U.S. Air Force which had the potential to use its 1333: 3131: 1599:, most were paralyzed by Viet Minh artillery and took heavy losses. At 08:00 the next day, the Algerian battalion fell back, abandoning 5707: 4580: 2435:

The United States did covertly participate in the battle. Following a request for help from Navarre, Radford provided two squadrons of

2191:

opened on 8 May 1954, the day after the surrender of the garrison. The resulting agreement in July partitioned Vietnam into two zones:

5642:

Archive radio calls between General Cogny & Colonel de Castries (1954) + 2 commented scenes from Schoendoerffer's docudrama (1992)

5491: 6762: 6690: 6129: 5798: 4310: 2614: 1553:, distraught at his inability to silence the well-camouflaged Viet Minh batteries, went into his dugout and committed suicide with a 1250:, the initial airborne assault on Điện Biên Phủ) – protested. Cogny pointed out, presciently, that "we are running the risk of a new 1730:

The next phase of the battle saw more massed Viet Minh assaults against French positions in central Điện Biên Phủ – particularly at

6685: 1793:

1, using virtually "everybody left in the garrison who could be trusted to fight". The counterattacks allowed the French to retake

1246:(commander of the French Air transport fleet), Cogny, and Generals Jean Gilles and Jean Dechaux (the ground and air commanders for 641: 4406:

The Geneva conference actually opened on 26 April 1954, discussed Korea, and reached the second agenda item, Indo-China, on 8 May.

6328: 5479: 4712: 1510:

mm mountain guns firing at point-blank range, was quickly overrun by the 209th Regiment's 130th Battalion. In the north, most of

1219: 2419: 5819: 2787: 2023:

Cogny: "Of course you will fight to the end. It is out of the question to run up the white flag after your heroic resistance."

6323: 6207: 5918: 5878: 5457: 4895: 4820: 4789: 4693: 4484: 4391: 4239: 4126: 3570: 2843: 2363: 2309:

Before the battle started both British and American missions visited Diên Biên Phu to complete an assessment, and then left.

604: 6222: 5898: 4441: 1406:

105mm howitzer, supplied by the neighbouring People's Republic of China (PRC) from captured stocks obtained from defeated

6318: 5680: 4167: 3614:

Một số trận đánh trong kháng chiến chống Pháp và chống Mỹ 1945-1975. Viện lịch sử quân sự Việt Nam, 1992. Tập 2. Trang 71

2257:(CVL-48) in the South China Sea, in 1954. The Corsairs were drawn from Marine Attack Squadron VMA-324 and flown from the 2226: 2134:

began - 'Groupement Mobile No. 42' (GM.42) in an armoured convoy was sent to relieve the units, but were ambushed at the

1575:

porters on their way to the battle; thousands were used to handle supplies, food, weapons and ammunition to the besiegers

1019:

The garrison was overrun in May after a two-month siege, and most of the French forces surrendered. A few men escaped to

942: 3537: 2052:

News of Dien Bien Phu's fall was announced in France several hours after the surrender, around 16:45, by Prime Minister

6772: 6767: 6732: 5380: 5109: 2096: 1778:

7, and nearly succeeded in breaking through, but a French sergeant took charge of the defenders and sealed the breach.

2667: 1502:

comprised three separate strong points forming a triangle with the point facing north. In the southeast, strong point

6727: 6712: 5485: 5427: 5399: 5357: 5326: 5298: 5279: 5181: 5135: 4981: 4942: 4878: 4509: 4425: 4366: 3671: 2889: 2626: 6480: 5665: 5641: 4613: 4502:

The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans: nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam

1398:(colonial troops from North Africa) and locally-recruited Indochinese (Laotian, Vietnamese and Cambodian) infantry. 6777: 5908: 5560:

Field Guide to ..Dien Bien Phu for Historians, Wargamers and the More Discerning Type of Tourist by Peter Hunt 2002

1079: 6054: 776: 766: 5783: 2343: 1696:

argues that the "paratrooper putsch" is unlikely to have ever happened. Both historians record that Langlais and

1106:, who were fighting for independence. During their 1952–1953 campaign, the Viet Minh had overrun vast swathes of 6787: 1545:

Much to French disbelief, the Viet Minh had employed direct artillery fire, in which each gun crew does its own

6404: 6090: 5700: 5599: 4722: 1043: 684: 209: 127: 5829: 5745: 5649: 5622: 5524: 2316:, the United States provided the French with material aid during the battle – aircraft (supplied by the 2313: 2013:

2, with devastating effect. The Viet Minh attacked again, and within a few hours the defenders were overrun.

1440: 1407: 1039: 708: 620: 6611: 6475: 6044: 5773: 5740: 5372: 5349: 4585: 1981:

The Viet Minh launched a massed assault against the exhausted defenders on the night of 1 May, overrunning

5071: 2150:

Captured French soldiers from Dien Bien Phu, escorted by Vietnamese troops, walk to a prisoner-of-war camp

6599: 6288: 6182: 5969: 5788: 5778: 5511: 4904: 4870: 4842: 2680: 2291: 2105: 2080: 739: 6202: 6064: 6747: 6338: 6100: 5868: 5834: 5750: 5633: 5610: 5540: 4838: 1239: 1095: 963: 73: 6485: 6409: 5824: 5217: 734: 6460: 6424: 6414: 6242: 6217: 6212: 6024: 5999: 5888: 5883: 5730: 5693: 5623:

English subtitled (Closed Captions) scene from the "Dien Bien Phu" docudrama by Schoendoerffer (1992)

5473: 5145: 2375: 882: 5657: 2179:

lists Viet Minh casualties as 22,900 (as of French's estimate), out of an original force of 50,000.

2116:, suffering heavy losses in men and vehicles by 29 June and the remnants struggled back to Pleiku. 1824:". The Viet Minh countered these with heavy artillery and rocket-propelled grenade launchers (RPGs). 1459:

The Viet Minh assault began in earnest on 13 March 1954 with an attack on the northeastern outpost,

432: 6717: 6520: 5994: 5989: 5979: 2188: 2113: 1329: 1321: 1031: 910: 6359: 6232: 6034: 4311:"Battle of Dien Bien Phu | Chemins de Mémoire – Ministère de la Défense – Ministère de la Défense" 4290: 4257: 2245: 1859:

Fighting continued in this manner over the next several nights. The Viet Minh repeatedly attacked

1534:-1 were eliminated by 22:30, and the 141st Regiment's 11th and 16th Battalions finally broke into 756: 6470: 6384: 6237: 6095: 6029: 5984: 5974: 5893: 5873: 5127: 4781: 2718: 2412: 2135: 1766:

The Viet Minh's simultaneous attacks elsewhere were more successful. The 316th Division captured

1717: 915: 901: 771: 761: 751: 6419: 6389: 6369: 6192: 5594: 1251: 1195: 1173: 1024: 788: 421: 246: 6752: 6272: 6187: 6004: 5861: 5735: 4518:

Rapport concernant la conduite des opérations en Indochine sous la direction du général Navarre

1325: 703: 169: 4966:

Burns, Robert. "Covert U.S. aviators will get French award for heroism in epic Asian battle".

4318: 2923: 2271: 2060:

ordered a mass, while radio performances were cancelled and replaced by solemn music, notably

1083: 986: 443: 388: 377: 6455: 6445: 5244:

Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution: In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives

4812: 4685: 3523:

Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution, In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives

3508:

Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution, In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives

3493:

Ho Chi Minh's Blueprint for Revolution, In the Words of Vietnamese Strategists and Operatives

3139: 2879: 2833: 2650: 2508: 2460: 2424: 1844:

4. Otherwise, Dien Bien Phu is done for." The night of 31 March, the 316th Division attacked

1785:

2, and recaptured it. Langlais ordered another counterattack the following afternoon against

1391: 1346: 1298: 979: 819: 257: 6646: 6440: 4775: 4590: 4121:. Internet Archive. Barnsley, South Yorkshire : Pen & Sword Military. p. 112. 6782: 6500: 6177: 5953: 5844: 5495: 4957:"France honors U.S. pilots for Dien Bien Phu role". Agence France-Presse. 25 February 2005. 4864: 4142: 2644: 2347: 1897: 1001: 826: 45:

Viet Minh troops planting their flag over the captured French headquarters at Dien Bien Phu

6465: 6450: 6364: 2033: 1313: 8: 6399: 6262: 6227: 6049: 6039: 5943: 5903: 5231: 2453: 2328: 2317: 2057: 1915:

1, on the other side of camp, the Viet Minh entrenchments had almost entirely surrounded

1258:

enemy force. Navarre had previously considered three other approaches to defending Laos:

1075: 934: 814: 665: 32: 6525: 6505: 6394: 2959: 2391:

then pressed the British and other allies in a joint military operation. Prime Minister

2237:

Dien Bien Phu was more than just a military victory. This battle is a symbol. It's the "

2124: 6623: 6495: 6313: 6308: 5768: 5600:

U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles on the fall of Dien Bien Phu (May 7th, 1954)

5170: 2498: 2468: 2388: 2250: 1546: 1055: 994: 833: 793: 781: 727: 713: 6561: 6510: 6490: 6298: 5565: 4728: 4116: 2146: 1126:

in northwest Vietnam. They set up fortified towns and outposts in the area, including

1058: 454: 366: 6303: 6252: 6197: 6172: 5928: 5453: 5423: 5413: 5395: 5376: 5353: 5332: 5322: 5312: 5294: 5275: 5258: 5196: 5177: 5131: 5105: 4938: 4874: 4816: 4785: 4718: 4689: 4505: 4480: 4421: 4387: 4362: 4122: 3667: 3566: 2885: 2839: 2520: 2401: 2392: 2367: 2304: 2065: 1091: 974:. The operation's purpose was to cut off Viet Minh supply lines into the neighboring 894: 875: 847: 840: 807: 691: 40: 6541: 6379: 6121: 3190: 6587: 6105: 5839: 5803: 5716: 5571: 5236:

Valley of Death: The Tragedy at Dien Bien Phu That Led America Into the Vietnam War

5119: 4714:

Britain and the Crisis over Dien Bien Phu, April 1954: The Failure of United Action

2798: 2445: 2199: 2002: 1892:

1, which had been lost eleven days earlier. The loss posed a significant threat to

1557:. He was buried there in secret to prevent loss of morale among the French troops. 1338: 1320:

at Điện Biên Phủ. On 24 November, Giáp ordered the 148th Infantry Regiment and the

1288: 1259: 1243: 1183: 1150: 1035: 861: 854: 350: 297: 182: 77: 6354: 5559: 4908: 4418:

Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)

4208: 2673: 1030:

The Battle of Điện Biên Phủ was decisive. The war ended shortly afterward and the

720: 334: 329: 317: 281: 262: 6551: 6167: 6059: 5913: 5856: 5849: 5666:

Testimonial of Corporal Schoendoerffer, 50 years after the battle (May 5th, 2004)

5544: 5531: 5518: 5447: 5318: 5222: 5165: 4806: 4679: 4297: 4099: 4081: 4048: 3661: 2945: 2713: 2464: 2449: 2238: 2203: 1592: 1580:

parachute. That night, the Viet Minh launched an attack on the northern outpost

975: 952: 312: 1812: 6577: 6515: 6074: 5409: 4453: 4449: 3028:

History of the General Staff in the Resistance War against the French 1945–1954

2705: 2536: 2532: 2339: 2332: 2275: 2092: 2006: 1882: 1829: 1697: 1693: 1622: 1550: 1317: 1263: 1005: 967: 346: 5627: 5604: 2666:

showed the battle towards its end. The film was adapted from the French novel

2411:, that Admiral Radford had discussed with the French the possibility of using 1840:

4. Bigeard refused, saying "As long as I have one man alive I won't let go of

1390:

troops (notably elite paratrooper units, plus those of the artillery), French

6706: 6333: 6069: 5550: 5419: 5250: 4937:. GB & USA: MacMillan (London) & G P Putnam's (USA). pp. 59–63. 2663: 2552: 2528: 2195: 2053: 1781:

Just after midnight on 31 March, the French launched a counterattack against

1759: 1708:

destroyed (French estimate), while the French lost 20 killed and 97 wounded.

1489: 1403: 1272: 1228: 1142: 1115: 1111: 1087: 1051: 293: 195: 123: 103: 90: 5262: 4542: 2687:

mentions the battle ('Dien Bien Phu Falls') in the second verse of the song.

1231: 1138: 1012:. At times, the French repulsed Viet Minh assaults on their positions while 6293: 5793: 2658: 2545: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2396: 2283: 2230: 2172: 1684: 1572: 1146: 1123: 1034:

were signed. France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in

938: 937:

that took place between 13 March and 7 May 1954. It was fought between the

153: 5551:

Vietnam War Bibliography: The End: Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference

5336: 6582: 5658:

Testimonial of General Bigeard, 50 years after the battle (May 3rd, 2004)

2593: 2592:

Captured French artillery guns and other military vehicles, including an

2516: 2504: 2380: 2371: 2278:

maintaining that de Galard was referred to by name only by the garrison;

1817: 1386: 1159: 1099: 1047: 1009: 6546: 4866:

Perilous Missions: Civil Air Transport and CIA Covert Operations in Asia

4477:

Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam

3025: 2881:

Tragic Mountains: The Hmong, the Americans, and the Secret Wars for Laos

1936:

6. Following a failed attempt to link up, on 18 April, the defenders at

1856:

7, only to be pushed back by a French counterattack at dawn on 1 April.

1127: 962:

The French began an operation to insert, and support, their soldiers at

5200: 5146:"Ðiên Biên Phú – The "official and historical site" of the battle" 4143:"Battle of Dien Bien Phu | History, Outcome, & Legacy | Britannica" 2684: 2407:

There were already suggestions at the time, notably from French author

2286:

also maintained that the nickname was added by outside press agencies.

2037: 1607:, and the Viet Minh between 1,000 and 2,000 attacking the strongpoint. 1411: 1395: 1381:

Phủ on 22 December. The rest had been killed, captured, or "deserted".

993:

the French. They brought in vast amounts of heavy artillery (including

6556: 5650:

Testimonial of General Giáp, 50 years after the battle (May 7th, 2004)

633: 5308: 5291:

Khe Sanh (1967–1968): Marines battle for Vietnam's vital hilltop base

3043:

The American People, Concise Edition Creating a Nation and a Society,

3030:(in Vietnamese). Ha Noi: People's Army Publishing House. p. 799. 2408: 2192: 2156: 1774:

2 by midnight. On the west side of Điện Biên Phủ, the 308th attacked

1722: 1689: 1377:

6 km (3.7 mi) to the south, covering the reserve airstrip.

1276: 1122:

delta region to prepare for a series of offensives against Viet Minh

1103: 1061:, preventing Ho Chi Minh from gaining control of the entire country. 1038:, while stipulating that Vietnam would be temporarily divided at the 949: 946: 223: 3017: 2221:

policies were translated by the military commanders into operations.

1450: 1102: – had proven incapable of suppressing the insurrection of the 5685: 2524: 2362:, a panel of U.S. Senators and Representatives questioned the U.S. 1872: 1305:

Operations at Điện Biên Phủ began at 10:35 on 20 November 1953. In

1293: 1203: 6258:

Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

5934:

Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

4808:

Groupthink or deadlock: when do leaders learn from their advisors?

4345:

1954–2004: La Bataille de Dien Bien Phu, entre Histoire et Mémoire

4211:[There was another Dien Bien Phu in 5th Military Region]. 2091:("Group Mobile 100" or G.M. 100) which included the elite veteran 1997:

2. On 6 May, the Viet Minh launched another massed attack against

1820:

light tanks (US supplied) during the battle which they nicknamed "

6152: 4535:

The Road to Dien Bien Phu: A History of the First War for Vietnam

2253:

fighters on the deck of the U.S. Navy light aircraft carrier USS

2112:, GM.100, however were hit in a series of deadly ambushes at the 2061: 1973:

had exhausted its water supply and was nearly out of ammunition.

1554: 1187: 1078:

was not going well for France. A succession of commanders –

1013: 81: 5671: 4442:"The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954" 3020:

Lịch sử Bộ Tổng tham mưu trong kháng chiến chống Pháp 1945-1954

2101: 2084: 1493: 1345:

Starting in December, the French, under the command of Colonel

1235: 971: 3579: 3538:"General Vo Nguyen Giap's most difficult decision in his life" 2478:

Colonel William F. Long stated twelve years after the defeat:

1700:

were known to be on good terms with their commanding officer.

1522:-2's barbed wire were stalled for hours by flanking fire from 1134:

to the west of Hanoi, and the Plain of Jars in northern Laos.

1004:. Tenacious fighting on the ground ensued, reminiscent of the 5149: 2512: 1821: 1674: 1603:

to the Viet Minh. The French lost around 1,000 men defending

1268: 1119: 990: 5537: 2216:

and the size and continuity of efforts required for success.

2163:

3,013 prisoners of Vietnamese origin whose fate is unknown.

1749:

At 19:00 on 30 March, the Viet Minh 312th Division captured

1530:-2 that had been spared by the bombardment. The holdouts on 1194:

The hedgehog concept was based on French experiences at the

5606:

Dien Bien Phu Episode From Ten Thousand Day War Documentary

5525:"Peace" in a Very Small Place: Dien Bien Phu 50 Years Later 2731: 2289:

The French forces came to Điện Biên Phủ accompanied by two

2032:!" That night the garrison made a breakout attempt, in the 1705: 1107: 1020: 4104:. Association of the United States Army. 1965. p. 39. 3988: 3892: 3797: 3460: 3250: 3238: 3170: 2838:. Denton TX: University of North Texas Press. p. 14. 1042:, with control of the north given to the Viet Minh as the 5272:

Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm

4042: 3773: 3228: 3226: 2884:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. p. 62. 2748: 2746: 2653:, who had been present at the battle as a war cameramen. 2324: 1678:

Viet Minh soldiers launching an assault during the battle

956: 4632: 2797:. French Embassy to the US. 2 March 2005. Archived from 1852:

4 were also pushed back. The Viet Minh briefly captured

1186:') concept. The French army would establish a fortified 4777:

Like Rolling Thunder: The Air War in Vietnam, 1964–1975

4118:

Dien Bien Phu : the first Indochina War, 1946-1954

4056: 4021: 4000: 3976: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3853: 3809: 3785: 3761: 3710: 3617: 3472: 3433: 3382: 3370: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3262: 3211: 3111: 3045:

Combined Volume (6th Edition). New York: Longman, 2007.

1993:

5, although the French managed to beat back attacks on

1262:, which was impossible given the terrain in Vietnam; a 594:

13,930 casualties (of which 4,020 dead and 792 missing)

5172:

Hell in a Very Small Place. The Siege of Dien Bien Phu

5043: 4189: 4177: 3421: 3223: 3199: 3158: 3022:. Ha Noi: Nhà xuất bản Quân Đội Nhân Dân. p. 799. 2743: 1050:. With huge support by the U.S., the south became the 6151: 5004: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2233:, post-colonial Algeria's first president, declaring: 544:~80,000 men including logistics and support personnel 5016: 4773: 4755: 4548: 4272: 4227: 2695: 2127:

open and withdraw the units posted there. Operation

2073: 1828:

Shortly after dark on 31 March, Langlais told Major

4743: 4659: 3964: 3952: 3749: 3722: 5570:is available for free viewing and download at the 5547:(National Association of Former POWs in Indochina) 5307: 5169: 3643: 3641: 3146: 3099: 3072: 3048: 2773: 1927:, launched an attack with the goal of resupplying 1282: 1223:An aerial view of the Dien Bien Phu valley in 1953 1167: 1110:, Vietnam's western neighbor, advancing as far as 6723:Battles and operations of the First Indochina War 3450: 3448: 3301: 3289: 3060: 3026:History Study Board of The General Staff (1991). 2643:The battle was a subject in the 1992 French film 2100:was ordered to abandon the area and fall back to 1542:"galvanized the morale" of the Viet Minh troops. 1014:supplies and reinforcements were delivered by air 6704: 5102:Valley of the Shadow: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu 4347:, Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer, 2004 3409: 3399: 3397: 2877: 2721:, known as "the Aerial Dien Bien Phu" in Vietnam 2672:written by French journalist and former soldier 1526:-1 and several previously-undetected bunkers on 3638: 2920:"Breakdown of losses suffered at Dien Bien Phu" 2858: 1692:, however, makes no mention of this event, and 1587:De Castries ordered a counterattack to relieve 611: 5033: 5031: 4671: 4415: 4386:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–29. 4040:"INDO-CHINA: The Fall of Dienbienphu [ 3445: 1805:, but were attacked en route and fell back to 1711: 1027:, supported French withdrawal from Indochina. 6137: 5701: 5369:Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot 5099: 4811:(illustrated ed.), SUNY Press, pp. 3663:Dien Bien Phu: the epic battle America forgot 3585: 3455:Dien Bien Phu: The Epic Battle America Forgot 3394: 3018:Ban tổng kết-biên soạn lịch sử, BTTM (1991). 2831: 2737: 649: 5939:French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon 5672:War reports (Picture galleries and captions) 5190: 4980:Long, Colonel William F. Jr (October 1966). 4767: 4649: 4647: 4572: 4541:. Princeton University Press. Available at: 4300:. Dienbienphu.org. Retrieved 12 January 2009 4201: 4114: 2423:A painting commemorating the last flight of 2261:to Da Nang and delivered to the French navy. 2229:viewed it as an epoch-changing moment, with 1961:Viet Minh storming across Muong Thanh Bridge 1888:On 10 April, the French attempted to retake 1417: 63:(1 month, 3 weeks and 3 days) 6738:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 5820:French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820) 5028: 4684:(illustrated ed.), Routledge, p. 4614:"MEANWHILE : Au revoir, Dien Bien Phu" 4384:Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War 1954–1965 2788:"U.S. Pilots Honored For Indochina Service" 2511:under Võ Nguyên Giáp's command initiated a 2492: 2387:Both Eisenhower and the Secretary of State 1770:1 from its Moroccan defenders, and half of 1361:to the northeast. The other positions were 6144: 6130: 5708: 5694: 5595:The News Magazine of the Screen (May 1954) 2427:and Wallace Buford's Fairchild C-119 with 2182: 2040:(probably a handkerchief) from his rifle. 1145:, a trusted colleague, to take command of 656: 642: 5799:Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 5616: 5242:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 2018. 4644: 4543:https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1t8q8v6 4504:. Indiana University Press. p. 233. 4074: 3563:General Võ Nguyên Giáp's Hardest Decision 2914: 2912: 2910: 1881:east of the river – he decided to employ 6248:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 5924:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 5118: 4474: 4420:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 11. 4356: 4213:baobinhdinh.com.vn (Bình Định Newspaper) 4171: 4062: 4027: 4006: 3982: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3898: 3886: 3859: 3847: 3830: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3767: 3743: 3716: 3704: 3689: 3623: 3602: 3478: 3439: 3415: 3403: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3328: 3283: 3268: 3217: 3117: 3093: 3013: 3011: 2835:Hell in An Loc: The 1972 Easter Invasion 2819: 2767: 2596:, displayed at the Dien Bien Phu Museum. 2580:used by the Viet Minh during the battle. 2418: 2244: 2145: 1956: 1876:French troops seeking cover in trenches. 1871: 1811: 1721: 1673: 1566: 1449: 1292: 1218: 566:11,721 captured(including 4,436 wounded) 160: 5445: 5436: 5408: 5366: 5288: 5249: 5207: 5049: 5037: 5010: 4932: 4833: 4831: 4774:Ronald Bruce Frankum (1 January 2005). 4706: 4704: 4638: 4611: 4578: 4566: 4238:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFall2004 ( 4195: 4183: 4094: 4092: 3994: 3882: 3880: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3826: 3824: 3779: 3739: 3737: 3700: 3698: 3685: 3683: 3659: 3647: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3526:, McFarland & Co Inc, 2018, p. 171. 3511:, McFarland & Co Inc, 2018, p. 170. 3496:, McFarland & Co Inc, 2018, p. 166. 3466: 3427: 3279: 3277: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3205: 3195:. Internet Archive. Paris, R. Julliard. 3176: 3164: 3132:"1954 battle changed Vietnam's history" 3089: 3087: 2975: 2973: 2861:"What The French Lost At Dien Bien Phu" 2544:dropped on all of Japan in 1945 during 1336:divisions assaulted Điện Biên Phủ from 663: 530:~15,000 logistics and support personnel 6705: 5446:Piehler, G. Kurt, ed. (24 July 2013). 5230: 5191:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). 5124:Vietnam at War: The History, 1946–1975 4804: 4710: 4677: 4499: 4077:"A battle for 'the fate of the world'" 3865: 3535: 2982: 2907: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2763: 2761: 2005:. The French artillery fired a "TOT" ( 1816:The French deployed a small number of 1130:near the Chinese border to the north, 985:The Viet Minh, however, under General 502:~2,000 logistics and support personnel 482:~1,800 logistics and support personnel 16:1954 battle of the First Indochina War 6324:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 6125: 5919:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 5689: 5389: 5269: 5218:"INDO-CHINA: The Fall of Dienbienphu" 5176:. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company. 4973: 4897:CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974 4893: 4862: 4381: 3008: 2752: 2637: 2364:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 2298: 1919:1 and 6. On 11 April the garrison of 1191:enemy's rear and disrupt his lines". 1069: 933:was a climactic confrontation of the 637: 6111:Governor-General of French Indochina 5715: 5588: 5578:French military images of the battle 5512:"Dien Bien Phu: A Battle Assessment" 5164: 5100:Boylan, Kevin; Olivier, Luc (2018). 5022: 4979: 4828: 4761: 4701: 4554: 4278: 4233: 4089: 4033: 3970: 3958: 3877: 3836: 3821: 3755: 3734: 3728: 3695: 3680: 3591: 3457:by Howard R. Simpson (a US diplomat) 3358: 3274: 3152: 3105: 3084: 3078: 3066: 3054: 2992:. 文教大学. 23 July 2009. Archived from 2970: 2632:The Viet Minh memorial of the battle 2558: 1479:mm recoilless rifles and numerous 60 1214: 6743:Battles involving the United States 5343: 5193:Vietnam Past and Present: The North 4749: 4665: 4653: 4524:, volume 2, annex 1, pages 641–722. 4359:Vietnam: An Epic Tragedy, 1945–1975 4209:"Có một Điện Biên Phủ ở Liên Khu 5" 4168:French Far East Expeditionary Corps 3871: 3520:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 3505:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 3490:Morris, Virginia and Hills, Clive. 3307: 3295: 3188: 3129: 2808: 2758: 1475:mm mountain guns (plus seventeen 57 1301:, French commander at Điện Biên Phủ 13: 5293:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing (UK). 4170:numbered 175,000 soldiers" – 2946:"French Air Force in Vietnam text" 2825: 2620:The French memorial of the battle. 2535:batteries and one battery of four 14: 6799: 5467: 5195:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. 4256:. dienbienphu.org. Archived from 2922:. dienbienphu.org. Archived from 2852: 2578:37mm automatic air-defense cannon 2452:made available twelve additional 2074:Disaster in the Central Highlands 1867: 1832:, who was leading the defense at 6763:Vietnamese independence movement 6173:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon 5874:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936) 5486:An interview with Võ Nguyên Giáp 5449:Encyclopedia of Military Science 5439:The French Indochina War 1946–54 5064: 5055: 4960: 4951: 4926: 4887: 4856: 4798: 4605: 4560: 4527: 4493: 4468: 4434: 4409: 4400: 4375: 4350: 4333: 4303: 4284: 4246: 2859:Geoffrey Norman (January 2010). 2698: 2625: 2613: 2601: 2585: 2569: 1976: 1496:to breach the French obstacles. 1080:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 610: 603: 573: 555: 538: 522: 505: 492: 472: 448: 437: 426: 415: 404: 393: 382: 371: 360: 340: 333: 323: 316: 306: 287: 280: 270: 261: 251: 240: 217: 202: 188: 176: 162: 146: 39: 5567:Victory at Dien Bien Phu (1964) 5553:Last revised 10 November 2015; 5508:, an article by Bernard B. Fall 4612:Pringle, James (1 April 2004). 4579:Pringle, James (1 April 2004). 4160: 4135: 4108: 4068: 4012: 3660:Simpson, Howard R. (May 1994). 3653: 3629: 3608: 3555: 3529: 3514: 3499: 3484: 3319:Windrow, pp. 211, 212, 228, 275 3313: 3182: 3123: 3035: 2952: 2938: 2878:Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1999). 2656:The beginning of the 1966 film 2344:United States Defense Secretary 2119:The French then needed to keep 1949:1 later that day was repulsed. 1923:1, supported by artillery from 1283:Establishment of air operations 1168:Nà Sản and the hedgehog concept 6091:Paris Foreign Missions Society 5845:Cochinchina campaign (1858–62) 5583: 4982:"The Specter of Dien Bien Phu" 4115:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2017). 4075:Schreiber, Mark (2 May 2004). 2898: 2871: 2001:2, using, for the first time, 1900:, then mopping-up operations. 1637:were then forced to withdraw. 1506:-3, its defenses smashed by 75 1324:to attack Lai Chau, while the 1234:, the French commander in the 1044:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 210:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 128:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1: 6758:History of Điện Biên province 6612:French protectorate of Tonkin 5830:Bombardment of Tourane (1847) 5350:Carroll & Graf Publishers 5093: 4933:Robbins, Christopher (1979). 4522:Histoire de la IVe République 4479:. Random House. p. 650. 3565:. Thế Giới Publishers. 2014. 2904:Of which ~3,000 will survive. 2314:Mutual Defense Assistance Act 2166: 1610: 1441:Dien Bien Phu order of battle 1064: 970:up in the hills northwest of 568:62 aircraft and 10 tanks lost 6624:French colony of Cochinchina 6600:French protectorate of Annam 6183:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 6045:Charles Rigault de Genouilly 5869:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) 5825:Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35) 5373:University of Nebraska Press 5208:Grauwin, Paul-Henri (1955). 4968:Associated Press Worldstream 4717:. SR Books. pp. 55–77. 4586:International Herald Tribune 4315:www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr 3192:La bataille de Dien Bien Phu 2503:In January 1968, during the 2459:Two of the American pilots, 2141: 2043: 1560: 1137:In May 1953, French Premier 943:Far East Expeditionary Corps 7: 5970:Treaty of Versailles (1787) 5914:French–Thai War (1940–1941) 5857:Sino-French War (1884–1885) 5850:Tonkin campaign (1883–1886) 5681:The battle of Dien Bien Phu 5289:Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). 4907:. p. 5. Archived from 4905:Central Intelligence Agency 4871:University of Alabama Press 4843:Central Intelligence Agency 4839:"Earthquake's Final Flight" 4520:as reproduced in G. Elgey, 4215:(in Vietnamese). 3 May 2004 2691: 2292:bordels mobiles de campagne 1952: 1712:30 March – 5 April assaults 1661:), effectively cutting off 1445: 10: 6804: 6339:Communist Party of Vietnam 6101:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps 5835:French conquest of Vietnam 5311:; Baldick, Robert (1984). 5257:(in French). Paris: Plon. 4894:Leary, William R. (2007). 4863:Leary, William R. (2006). 4581:"Au revoir, Dien Bien Phu" 4500:Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). 4475:Logevall, Fredrik (2012). 2496: 2448:of November 1953, General 2323:), weapons, mechanics, 24 2302: 2104:, some 50 miles away over 1715: 1438: 1286: 1209: 1171: 1096:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 6773:April 1954 events in Asia 6768:March 1954 events in Asia 6733:Battles involving Vietnam 6680: 6639: 6570: 6534: 6433: 6347: 6281: 6243:1940 Cochinchina uprising 6213:1916 Cochinchina uprising 6160: 6083: 6025:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 6013: 6000:Treaty of Tientsin (1885) 5962: 5884:1916 Cochinchina uprising 5812: 5759: 5746:France–Thailand relations 5723: 5534:, an article by Bob Seals 5492:"Battle of Dien Bien Phu" 5346:The Battle of Dienbienphu 5314:The Battle of Dienbienphu 5274:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 5246:, McFarland & Co Inc. 5238:. New York: Random House. 5072:"Battle of Dien Bien Phu" 4711:Warner, Geoffrey (1989). 3586:Boylan & Olivier 2018 2960:"Battle of Dien Bien Phu" 2738:Boylan & Olivier 2018 2487: 2227:National Liberation Front 2089:Groupement Mobile No. 100 1617:The northwestern outpost 1434: 1418:Giáp's change of strategy 966:, deep in the autonomous 675: 598: 548: 528:~49,500 combat personnel 460: 231: 138: 49: 38: 30: 25: 6728:Battles involving France 6713:1954 in French Indochina 6065:Ernest Doudart de Lagrée 6005:Geneva Conference (1954) 5741:France–Vietnam relations 5538:ANAPI's official website 5437:Windrow, Martin (2013). 5394:. London: Brassey's UK. 5367:Simpson, Howard (2005). 5270:Riley, Jonathon (2014). 5104:. Oxford: Osprey Press. 4782:Rowman & Littlefield 4678:Tucker, Spencer (1999), 2725: 2681:We Didn't Start the Fire 2649:written and directed by 2493:Comparison with Khe Sanh 2413:tactical nuclear weapons 2265: 2114:Battle of Mang Yang Pass 1945:A French attack against 1883:entrenchment and sapping 1394:, Algerian and Moroccan 980:anti-aircraft capability 500:~12,000 combat personnel 6778:May 1954 events in Asia 6319:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 6268:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6096:Tirailleurs indochinois 6030:Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau 5985:Treaty of Saigon (1874) 5975:Treaty of Saigon (1862) 5949:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 5840:Siege of Tourane (1858) 5210:Doctor at Dien-Bien-Phu 5128:Oxford University Press 4935:The Invisible Air Force 4416:Ang Cheng Guan (1997). 4339:Jean-Jacques Arzalier, 2719:Operation Linebacker II 2679:The 1989 pop rock song 2456:flown by French crews. 2183:Political ramifications 2136:Battle of Chu Dreh Pass 1911:During the fighting at 1718:Operation Condor (1954) 1640: 931:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ 624:Location within Vietnam 480:~9,000 combat personnel 26:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6329:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 6188:Pacification of Tonkin 6155:independence movements 5862:Pacification of Tonkin 5751:France–China relations 5736:French colonial empire 5617:Retrospectives (video) 5480:Memorial-Indochine.org 4569:, p. 673, Note 53 4361:. Harper. p. 63. 4357:Hastings, Max (2018). 4296:21 August 2001 at the 2832:Lam Quang Thi (2009). 2485: 2432: 2395:and Foreign Secretary 2262: 2243: 2223: 2151: 2025: 1962: 1877: 1825: 1727: 1706:12.7mm AA machine guns 1679: 1576: 1456: 1302: 1224: 1165: 232:Commanders and leaders 104:21.38694°N 103.01556°E 6691:independence movement 6035:Jean-Baptiste Cécille 5731:France–Asia relations 5530:9 August 2007 at the 5517:8 August 2007 at the 5452:. SAGE Publications. 5390:Stone, David (2004). 5255:Agonie de l'Indochine 5212:. London: Hutchinson. 4805:Kowert, Paul (2002), 4446:The Wars for Viet Nam 3536:Golden (7 May 2014). 2651:Pierre Schoendoerffer 2537:155 mm howitzers 2509:North Vietnamese Army 2480: 2425:James B. McGovern Jr. 2422: 2303:Further information: 2248: 2235: 2208: 2149: 2019: 1960: 1875: 1836:2, to fall back from 1815: 1760:105 mm howitzers 1725: 1716:Further information: 1677: 1570: 1453: 1439:Further information: 1410:as well as US forces 1347:Christian de Castries 1299:Christian de Castries 1296: 1287:Further information: 1222: 1172:Further information: 1155: 586:8,000 dead or missing 549:Casualties and losses 511:37 transport aircraft 258:Christian de Castries 6218:Thái Nguyên uprising 6203:Yên Thế Insurrection 6178:Cochinchina Campaign 5995:Treaty of Huế (1884) 5990:Treaty of Huế (1883) 5980:Treaty of Huế (1863) 5954:Partition of Vietnam 5894:Vue Pa Chay's revolt 5889:Thái Nguyên uprising 5543:20 July 2011 at the 4382:Moyar, Mark (2006). 3142:on 19 December 2008. 2454:C-119 Flying Boxcars 2348:Charles Erwin Wilson 1898:infiltration attacks 1392:Foreign Legionnaires 1163:of their successors. 1025:Pierre Mendès France 1002:counter-battery fire 621:class=notpageimage| 570:167 aircraft damaged 247:Henri Eugène Navarre 6263:First Indochina War 6223:Bazin assassination 6040:Charles de Montigny 5944:First Indochina War 5899:Bazin assassination 5521:by David Pennington 5498:on 16 December 2007 5344:Roy, Jules (2002). 5078:. 27 September 2021 4533:Goscha, C. (2022). 4341:Les Pertes Humaines 3997:, pp. 532–533. 3469:, pp. 303–308. 3259:, pp. 294–295. 3247:, pp. 291–292. 3189:Roy, Jules (1963). 3179:, pp. 216–217. 2996:on 7 September 2023 2683:by American artist 2335:maintenance crews. 2272:Geneviève de Galard 2251:Vought AU-1 Corsair 2123:between Pleiku and 2110:opération Églantine 2058:Archbishop of Paris 1591:. However, Colonel 1084:Jean Étienne Valluy 1076:First Indochina War 1032:1954 Geneva Accords 935:First Indochina War 815:Upper Laos campaign 667:First Indochina War 591:Vietnamese figures: 109:21.38694; 103.01556 100: / 33:First Indochina War 6481:Nguyễn Thượng Hiền 6405:Nguyễn Thiện Thuật 6314:Tonkin Free School 5555:archive 2004-09-12 5152:on 5 December 2006 4970:. 16 February 2005 4618:The New York Times 4593:on 8 February 2008 4147:www.britannica.com 3901:, pp. 254–55. 3806:, pp. 244–45. 3782:, pp. 441–44. 3746:, pp. 240–241 3666:. Brassey's (US). 2804:on 11 August 2011. 2755:, pp. 194–95. 2638:In popular culture 2499:Battle of Khe Sanh 2469:Jean-David Levitte 2461:James McGovern Jr. 2433: 2389:John Foster Dulles 2299:U.S. participation 2263: 2152: 2121:Route Coloniale 14 2106:Route Coloniale 19 2097:Bataillon de Corée 1963: 1878: 1826: 1728: 1680: 1577: 1547:artillery spotting 1471:mm mortars, and 75 1457: 1373:to the north, and 1369:to the northeast, 1365:to the northwest, 1357:to the south, and 1303: 1225: 1070:Military situation 1054:, nominally under 995:anti-aircraft guns 6748:Conflicts in 1954 6700: 6699: 6425:Nguyễn Trung Trực 6360:Nguyễn Quang Bích 6304:Empire of Vietnam 6273:Geneva Conference 6253:August Revolution 6233:Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets 6198:Hanoi Poison Plot 6119: 6118: 5929:August Revolution 5589:Newsreels (video) 5459:978-1-5063-1081-7 5120:Davidson, Phillip 4822:978-0-7914-5249-3 4791:978-0-7425-4302-7 4695:978-1-85728-922-0 4486:978-0-679-64519-1 4393:978-0-521-86911-9 4321:on 19 August 2016 4128:978-1-5267-0798-7 3588:, pp. 78–83. 3572:978-604-77-1102-4 2845:978-1-57441-276-5 2559:Battlefield today 2521:U.S. Marine Corps 2402:Malayan Emergency 2393:Winston Churchill 2368:Arthur W. Radford 2340:Michael Mansfield 2305:Operation Vulture 2189:Geneva Conference 2081:Central Highlands 2034:Camarón tradition 1467:mm howitzers, 120 1408:Nationalist China 1314:Lai Châu Province 1215:Lead up to Castor 1092:Marcel Carpentier 989:, surrounded and 924: 923: 632: 631: 134: 133: 6795: 6695: 6657:Nguyễn Trọng Hợp 6593:Governor-General 6588:French Indochina 6476:Nguyễn Thần Hiến 6461:Huỳnh Thúc Kháng 6348:Uprising Leaders 6193:Bãi Sậy uprising 6146: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6106:Tonkinese Rifles 5804:State of Vietnam 5717:French Indochina 5710: 5703: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5664: 5656: 5648: 5640: 5630: 5607: 5572:Internet Archive 5507: 5505: 5503: 5494:. Archived from 5476:, battle website 5463: 5442: 5433: 5405: 5386: 5363: 5340: 5319:Harper & Row 5304: 5285: 5266: 5239: 5227: 5213: 5204: 5187: 5175: 5166:Fall, Bernard B. 5161: 5159: 5157: 5148:. Archived from 5141: 5115: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4977: 4971: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4913: 4902: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4835: 4826: 4825: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4727:. Archived from 4708: 4699: 4698: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4620:. New York Times 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4589:. Archived from 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4525: 4515: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4456:on 7 August 2011 4452:. Archived from 4438: 4432: 4431: 4413: 4407: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4354: 4348: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4317:. Archived from 4307: 4301: 4291:"The Long March" 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4260:on 9 August 2011 4254:"The Long March" 4250: 4244: 4243: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4018:Davidson, p. 261 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3693: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3518: 3512: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3138:. Archived from 3130:Kennedy, Bruce. 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3023: 3015: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2968: 2967: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2916: 2905: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2856: 2850: 2849: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2795:News From France 2792: 2784: 2771: 2765: 2756: 2750: 2741: 2735: 2708: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2629: 2617: 2605: 2589: 2573: 2446:Operation Castor 2200:State of Vietnam 2177:Triumph Forsaken 2003:Katyusha rockets 1753:1 and 2, making 1621:was defended by 1509: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1307:Operation Castor 1289:Operation Castor 1248:Operation Castor 1244:Jean-Louis Nicot 1238:Delta, proposed 1196:Battle of Nà Sản 1174:Battle of Nà Sản 1151:Phillip Davidson 1052:State of Vietnam 1036:French Indochina 670: 668: 658: 651: 644: 635: 634: 614: 613: 607: 583:French estimate: 578: 577: 576: 562:1,571–2,293 dead 560: 559: 558: 543: 542: 541: 527: 526: 525: 510: 509: 508: 497: 496: 495: 477: 476: 475: 453: 452: 451: 442: 441: 440: 431: 430: 429: 420: 419: 418: 409: 408: 407: 398: 397: 396: 387: 386: 385: 376: 375: 374: 365: 364: 363: 355: 345: 344: 343: 337: 328: 327: 326: 320: 311: 310: 309: 302: 292: 291: 290: 284: 275: 274: 273: 266: 265: 256: 255: 254: 245: 244: 243: 222: 221: 220: 207: 206: 205: 194: 192: 191: 183:State of Vietnam 181: 180: 179: 172: 168: 166: 165: 151: 150: 149: 115: 114: 112: 111: 110: 105: 101: 98: 97: 96: 93: 78:French Indochina 60: 51: 50: 43: 23: 22: 6803: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6718:1954 in Vietnam 6703: 6702: 6701: 6696: 6686:Wars in Vietnam 6682: 6676: 6635: 6566: 6530: 6521:Phan Văn Trường 6486:Nguyễn Thái Học 6434:Revolutionaries 6429: 6420:Đinh Công Tráng 6410:Tôn Thất Thuyết 6390:Phan Đình Phùng 6375:Nguyễn Hữu Huân 6343: 6277: 6168:Siege of Saigon 6156: 6150: 6120: 6115: 6079: 6060:Francis Garnier 6018: 6016: 6009: 5958: 5808: 5761: 5755: 5719: 5714: 5677: 5674: 5662: 5654: 5646: 5638: 5628: 5619: 5605: 5591: 5586: 5564:The short film 5545:Wayback Machine 5532:Wayback Machine 5519:Wayback Machine 5501: 5499: 5490: 5470: 5460: 5430: 5415:The Last Valley 5410:Windrow, Martin 5402: 5383: 5360: 5329: 5301: 5282: 5216: 5184: 5155: 5153: 5144: 5138: 5112: 5096: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5061:Palmer, p. 219. 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4986:Military Review 4978: 4974: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4945: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4914:on 26 July 2023 4911: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4873:. p. 217. 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4784:. pp. 5–. 4772: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4731:on 27 June 2019 4725: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4645: 4641:, p. 1574. 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4610: 4606: 4596: 4594: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4532: 4528: 4512: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4473: 4469: 4459: 4457: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4355: 4351: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4298:Wayback Machine 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4252: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4198:, pp. 628. 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4113: 4109: 4101:Army, Volume 15 4098: 4097: 4090: 4082:The Japan Times 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3696: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3639: 3635:Navarre, p. 225 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3546: 3544: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3163: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3040: 3036: 3016: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966:. 12 June 2006. 2958: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2857: 2853: 2846: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2809: 2801: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2774: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2714:Rats of Nam Yum 2704: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2621: 2618: 2609: 2606: 2597: 2590: 2581: 2574: 2561: 2501: 2495: 2490: 2465:Legion of Honor 2450:Chester McCarty 2384:(act of war)". 2307: 2301: 2268: 2217: 2212: 2204:Georges Catroux 2185: 2169: 2144: 2132:(Forget-Me-Not) 2076: 2046: 2022: 1979: 1955: 1885:to achieve it. 1870: 1720: 1714: 1643: 1615: 1593:Pierre Langlais 1565: 1507: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1420: 1291: 1285: 1217: 1212: 1176: 1170: 1072: 1067: 976:Kingdom of Laos 953:revolutionaries 927: 926: 925: 920: 671: 666: 664: 662: 628: 627: 626: 625: 623: 617: 616: 615: 593: 589: 588:15,000 wounded 587: 585: 574: 572: 571: 569: 567: 565: 563: 561: 556: 554: 539: 537: 536: 531: 529: 523: 521: 520: 512: 506: 504: 503: 501: 499: 493: 491: 490: 485: 483: 481: 479: 473: 471: 470: 449: 447: 446: 444:Hoàng Minh Thảo 438: 436: 435: 427: 425: 424: 416: 414: 413: 405: 403: 402: 394: 392: 391: 383: 381: 380: 372: 370: 369: 361: 359: 351: 341: 339: 338: 324: 322: 321: 313:Pierre Langlais 307: 305: 304: 298: 288: 286: 285: 271: 269: 267: 252: 250: 249: 241: 239: 238: 218: 216: 203: 201: 189: 187: 177: 175: 163: 161: 147: 145: 108: 106: 102: 99: 94: 91: 89: 87: 86: 85: 62: 58: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6801: 6791: 6790: 6788:Võ Nguyên Giáp 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6698: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6662:Huỳnh Công Tấn 6659: 6654: 6649: 6647:Hoàng Cao Khải 6643: 6641: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6585: 6580: 6578:Albert Sarraut 6574: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6516:Phan Chu Trinh 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6496:Nguyễn An Ninh 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6400:Hoàng Hoa Thám 6397: 6392: 6387: 6385:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn 6382: 6380:Phan Xích Long 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6309:Nguyễn dynasty 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Yên Bái mutiny 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6075:Albert Sarraut 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6050:Amédée Courbet 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6021: 6019: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5904:Yên Bái mutiny 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5712: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5625: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5602: 5597: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5562: 5557: 5548: 5535: 5522: 5509: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5469: 5468:External links 5466: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5406: 5400: 5387: 5382:978-1574888409 5381: 5364: 5358: 5341: 5327: 5305: 5299: 5286: 5280: 5267: 5251:Navarre, Henri 5247: 5240: 5228: 5226:. 17 May 1954. 5214: 5205: 5188: 5182: 5162: 5142: 5136: 5116: 5111:978-1472824370 5110: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5063: 5054: 5042: 5027: 5025:, p. 480. 5015: 5003: 4972: 4959: 4950: 4943: 4925: 4886: 4879: 4855: 4827: 4821: 4797: 4790: 4766: 4764:, p. 306. 4754: 4752:, p. 198. 4742: 4723: 4700: 4694: 4670: 4668:, p. 211. 4658: 4643: 4631: 4604: 4571: 4559: 4557:, p. 190. 4547: 4526: 4510: 4492: 4485: 4467: 4450:Vassar College 4433: 4426: 4408: 4399: 4392: 4374: 4367: 4349: 4332: 4302: 4283: 4281:, p. 429. 4271: 4245: 4236:, p. 240. 4226: 4200: 4188: 4186:, p. 633. 4176: 4159: 4134: 4127: 4107: 4088: 4067: 4065:, p. 269. 4055: 4052:. 17 May 1954. 4032: 4030:, p. 262. 4020: 4011: 4009:, p. 260. 3999: 3987: 3985:, p. 259. 3975: 3973:, p. 270. 3963: 3961:, p. 260. 3951: 3949:, p. 258. 3939: 3937:, p. 257. 3927: 3925:, p. 256. 3915: 3913:, p. 265. 3903: 3891: 3876: 3864: 3862:, p. 248. 3852: 3835: 3820: 3818:, p. 245. 3808: 3796: 3794:, p. 244. 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 243. 3760: 3758:, p. 177. 3748: 3733: 3731:, p. 279. 3721: 3719:, p. 239. 3709: 3694: 3679: 3672: 3652: 3637: 3628: 3626:, p. 227. 3616: 3607: 3590: 3578: 3571: 3554: 3528: 3513: 3498: 3483: 3481:, p. 220. 3471: 3459: 3444: 3442:, p. 203. 3432: 3430:, p. 312. 3420: 3408: 3393: 3391:, p. 193. 3381: 3379:, p. 194. 3369: 3357: 3355:, p. 187. 3345: 3343:, p. 186. 3333: 3331:, p. 189. 3321: 3312: 3300: 3288: 3273: 3271:, p. 182. 3261: 3249: 3237: 3235:, p. 258. 3222: 3220:, p. 147. 3210: 3208:, p. 222. 3198: 3181: 3169: 3167:, p. 125. 3157: 3145: 3122: 3120:, p. 173. 3110: 3098: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3034: 3007: 2990:"ディエンビエンフーの戦い" 2981: 2969: 2951: 2937: 2906: 2897: 2890: 2870: 2851: 2844: 2824: 2807: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2740:, p. 286. 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2706:Vietnam portal 2693: 2690: 2689: 2688: 2677: 2669:Les Centurions 2654: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2600: 2598: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2515:and artillery 2497:Main article: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2333:U.S. Air Force 2300: 2297: 2280:Michael Kenney 2276:Martin Windrow 2267: 2264: 2184: 2181: 2168: 2165: 2143: 2140: 2075: 2072: 2045: 2042: 2030:Vive la France 2007:time on target 1978: 1975: 1954: 1951: 1869: 1868:Trench warfare 1866: 1830:Marcel Bigeard 1713: 1710: 1698:Marcel Bigeard 1694:Martin Windrow 1642: 1639: 1614: 1609: 1564: 1559: 1551:Charles Piroth 1447: 1444: 1436: 1433: 1419: 1416: 1322:316th Division 1318:pitched battle 1284: 1281: 1264:static defense 1260:mobile warfare 1227:In June 1953, 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1169: 1166: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1006:trench warfare 987:Võ Nguyên Giáp 968:Tai Federation 922: 921: 919: 918: 913: 911:Mang Yang Pass 908: 907: 906: 899: 885: 880: 872: 871: 867: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 823: 822: 812: 804: 803: 799: 798: 791: 786: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 748: 747: 743: 742: 737: 732: 725: 718: 711: 706: 700: 699: 695: 694: 689: 681: 680: 676: 673: 672: 661: 660: 653: 646: 638: 630: 629: 619: 618: 609: 608: 602: 601: 600: 599: 596: 595: 580: 551: 550: 546: 545: 514: 463: 462: 458: 457: 411:Đặng Kim Giang 389:Hoàng Văn Thái 378:Võ Nguyên Giáp 357: 347:Charles Piroth 277:André Trancart 234: 233: 229: 228: 227: 226: 198: 186: 185: 173: 141: 140: 136: 135: 132: 131: 121: 117: 116: 71: 69: 65: 64: 55: 47: 46: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6800: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Dien Bien Phu 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6640:Collaborators 6638: 6630: 6629:Administrator 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6617:Administrator 6615: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6605:Administrator 6603: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571:French rulers 6569: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466:Vũ Hồng Khanh 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6451:Phan Bội Châu 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6441:Lương Văn Can 6439: 6438: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282:Organisations 6280: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084:Organisations 6082: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6070:Auguste Pavie 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Henri Rivière 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6017:personalities 6012: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474:Dien Bien Phu 5472: 5471: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5431: 5429:0-306-81386-6 5425: 5421: 5420:Da Capo Press 5417: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5401:1-85753-372-0 5397: 5393: 5392:Dien Bien Phu 5388: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5359:0-7867-0958-8 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5328:0-88184-034-3 5324: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5300:1-84176-863-4 5296: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5281:9781441126740 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5183:0-306-80231-7 5179: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5163: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5137:0-19-506792-4 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5052:, p. 10. 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5032: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4946: 4944:0-333-21847-7 4940: 4936: 4929: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4882: 4880:9780817353407 4876: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4758: 4751: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4674: 4667: 4662: 4656:, p. 140 4655: 4650: 4648: 4640: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4511:0-253-33854-9 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4427:0-7864-0404-3 4423: 4419: 4412: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4370: 4368:9780062405661 4364: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4241: 4235: 4230: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4174:, p. 163 4173: 4172:Davidson 1988 4169: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4111: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4093: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4063:Davidson 1988 4059: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4029: 4028:Davidson 1988 4024: 4015: 4008: 4007:Davidson 1988 4003: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3983:Davidson 1988 3979: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3948: 3947:Davidson 1988 3943: 3936: 3935:Davidson 1988 3931: 3924: 3923:Davidson 1988 3919: 3912: 3911:Davidson 1988 3907: 3900: 3899:Davidson 1988 3895: 3889:, p. 253 3888: 3887:Davidson 1988 3883: 3881: 3874:, p. 210 3873: 3868: 3861: 3860:Davidson 1988 3856: 3850:, p. 247 3849: 3848:Davidson 1988 3844: 3842: 3840: 3833:, p. 246 3832: 3831:Davidson 1988 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816:Davidson 1988 3812: 3805: 3804:Davidson 1988 3800: 3793: 3792:Davidson 1988 3788: 3781: 3776: 3769: 3768:Davidson 1988 3764: 3757: 3752: 3745: 3744:Davidson 1988 3740: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3717:Davidson 1988 3713: 3707:, p. 238 3706: 3705:Davidson 1988 3701: 3699: 3692:, p. 237 3691: 3690:Davidson 1988 3686: 3684: 3675: 3673:0-02-881047-3 3669: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3650:, p. 412 3649: 3644: 3642: 3632: 3625: 3624:Davidson 1988 3620: 3611: 3605:, p. 236 3604: 3603:Davidson 1988 3599: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3543: 3542:golden nguyen 3539: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3480: 3479:Davidson 1988 3475: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3440:Davidson 1988 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418:, p. 199 3417: 3416:Davidson 1988 3412: 3406:, p. 196 3405: 3404:Davidson 1988 3400: 3398: 3390: 3389:Davidson 1988 3385: 3378: 3377:Davidson 1988 3373: 3367:, p. 176 3366: 3365:Davidson 1988 3361: 3354: 3353:Davidson 1988 3349: 3342: 3341:Davidson 1988 3337: 3330: 3329:Davidson 1988 3325: 3316: 3310:, p. 33. 3309: 3304: 3298:, p. 21. 3297: 3292: 3286:, p. 184 3285: 3284:Davidson 1988 3280: 3278: 3270: 3269:Davidson 1988 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3219: 3218:Davidson 1988 3214: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3161: 3155:, p. 24. 3154: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3118:Davidson 1988 3114: 3108:, p. 44. 3107: 3102: 3096:, p. 165 3095: 3094:Davidson 1988 3090: 3088: 3081:, p. 48. 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3057:, p. 23. 3056: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3012: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2979:Stone, p. 109 2976: 2974: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2926:on 9 May 2007 2925: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2901: 2893: 2891:0-253-20756-8 2887: 2883: 2882: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2828: 2822:, p. 223 2821: 2820:Davidson 1988 2816: 2814: 2812: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2770:, p. 224 2769: 2768:Davidson 1988 2764: 2762: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2696: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2674:Jean Lartéguy 2671: 2670: 2665: 2664:Anthony Quinn 2661: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2646:Dien Bien Phu 2642: 2641: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2554: 2553:Tet Offensive 2549: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:South Vietnam 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2484: 2483:consequences. 2479: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:North Vietnam 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2108:. Code named 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054:Joseph Laniel 2050: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1977:Final attacks 1974: 1972: 1967: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1874: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1719: 1709: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1574: 1569: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1490:Jules Gaucher 1462: 1452: 1442: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353:to the west, 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1273:Luang Prabang 1270: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Điện Biên Phủ 1237: 1233: 1230: 1229:Major General 1221: 1207: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1164: 1161: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1143:Henri Navarre 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:staging areas 1121: 1117: 1116:Plain of Jars 1113: 1112:Luang Prabang 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:Roger Blaizot 1085: 1081: 1077: 1074:By 1953, the 1062: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:17th parallel 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Điện Biên Phủ 960: 958: 954: 951: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 917: 916:Chu Dreh Pass 914: 912: 909: 905: 904: 900: 898: 897: 893: 892: 891: 890: 889:Điện Biên Phủ 886: 884: 881: 879: 878: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 864: 860: 858: 857: 853: 851: 850: 846: 844: 843: 839: 837: 836: 832: 830: 829: 825: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 811: 810: 806: 805: 801: 800: 797: 796: 792: 790: 787: 785: 784: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 745: 744: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 730: 726: 724: 723: 719: 717: 716: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 701: 697: 696: 693: 690: 688: 687: 683: 682: 678: 677: 674: 669: 659: 654: 652: 647: 645: 640: 639: 636: 622: 606: 597: 592: 584: 581: 564:1,729 missing 553: 552: 547: 534: 518: 515: 513:~600 aircraft 488: 468: 465: 464: 459: 456: 445: 434: 433:Vương Thừa Vũ 423: 412: 401: 390: 379: 368: 358: 356: 354: 348: 336: 331: 330:André Lalande 319: 314: 303: 301: 295: 294:Jules Gaucher 283: 278: 268: 264: 259: 248: 236: 235: 230: 225: 215: 214: 213: 212: 211: 199: 197: 196:United States 184: 174: 171: 159: 158: 157: 156: 155: 143: 142: 137: 129: 125: 122: 119: 118: 113: 83: 80:(present day 79: 75: 74:Điện Biên Phủ 70: 67: 66: 56: 53: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 6526:Trần Cao Vân 6506:Nguyễn Thành 6501:Nguyễn Quyền 6446:Trần Quý Cáp 6415:Cầm Bá Thước 6395:Tống Duy Tân 6365:Võ Duy Dương 6267: 6238:World War II 5948: 5909:World War II 5794:Guangzhouwan 5566: 5500:. Retrieved 5496:the original 5482:(in English) 5448: 5438: 5418:. New York: 5414: 5391: 5368: 5348:. New York: 5345: 5317:. New York: 5313: 5290: 5271: 5254: 5243: 5235: 5221: 5209: 5192: 5171: 5154:. Retrieved 5150:the original 5126:. New York: 5123: 5101: 5080:. Retrieved 5075: 5066: 5057: 5050:Rottman 2005 5045: 5038:Rottman 2005 5018: 5013:, p. 8. 5011:Rottman 2005 5006: 4994:. Retrieved 4989: 4985: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4953: 4934: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4909:the original 4896: 4889: 4865: 4858: 4846:. Retrieved 4807: 4800: 4776: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733:. Retrieved 4729:the original 4713: 4680: 4673: 4661: 4639:Piehler 2013 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4617: 4607: 4595:. Retrieved 4591:the original 4584: 4574: 4567:Windrow 2004 4562: 4550: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4501: 4495: 4476: 4470: 4458:. Retrieved 4454:the original 4445: 4436: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4383: 4377: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4323:. Retrieved 4319:the original 4314: 4305: 4286: 4274: 4262:. Retrieved 4258:the original 4248: 4229: 4217:. Retrieved 4212: 4203: 4196:Windrow 2004 4191: 4184:Windrow 2004 4179: 4162: 4150:. Retrieved 4146: 4137: 4117: 4110: 4100: 4080: 4070: 4058: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4023: 4014: 4002: 3995:Windrow 2004 3990: 3978: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3867: 3855: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3780:Windrow 2004 3775: 3763: 3751: 3724: 3712: 3662: 3655: 3648:Windrow 2004 3631: 3619: 3610: 3581: 3562: 3557: 3545:. Retrieved 3541: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3507: 3501: 3492: 3486: 3474: 3467:Windrow 2004 3462: 3454: 3435: 3428:Windrow 2004 3423: 3411: 3384: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3264: 3257:Windrow 2004 3252: 3245:Windrow 2004 3240: 3233:Windrow 2004 3213: 3206:Windrow 2004 3201: 3191: 3184: 3177:Windrow 2004 3172: 3165:Windrow 2004 3160: 3148: 3140:the original 3135: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3074: 3069:, p. 9. 3062: 3050: 3042: 3037: 3027: 3019: 2998:. Retrieved 2994:the original 2984: 2963: 2954: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2924:the original 2900: 2880: 2873: 2864: 2854: 2834: 2827: 2799:the original 2794: 2733: 2668: 2659:Lost Command 2657: 2645: 2562: 2550: 2546:World War II 2542: 2502: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2458: 2441:Allen Dulles 2437:B-26 Invader 2434: 2429:US Air Force 2406: 2397:Anthony Eden 2386: 2379: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2337: 2331:pilots, and 2319: 2311: 2308: 2290: 2288: 2284:Bernard Fall 2269: 2258: 2254: 2236: 2231:Ferhat Abbas 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2186: 2176: 2173:Max Hastings 2170: 2161: 2153: 2131: 2128: 2125:Ban Mê Thuột 2120: 2118: 2109: 2095: 2088: 2077: 2066: 2051: 2047: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2015: 2010: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1887: 1879: 1864:casualties. 1860: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1746:skirmishes. 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1702: 1685:Bernard Fall 1681: 1667: 1666:his bunker, 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1644: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1561: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1483:mm and 81/82 1460: 1458: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1400: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1316:and fight a 1311: 1306: 1304: 1256: 1247: 1226: 1200: 1193: 1179: 1177: 1156: 1147:French Union 1136: 1073: 1029: 1018: 999: 984: 961: 941:'s colonial 939:French Union 930: 928: 902: 895: 888: 887: 876: 862: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 808: 794: 782: 777:2nd Nghĩa Lộ 767:1st Nghĩa Lộ 728: 721: 714: 685: 590: 582: 532: 516: 486: 466: 422:Lê Trọng Tấn 352: 299: 237: 208: 200: 154:French Union 152: 144: 139:Belligerents 72:Vicinity of 61:– 7 May 1954 31:Part of the 18: 6783:Ho Chi Minh 6667:Nguyễn Thân 6652:Trần Bá Lộc 6583:Jean Decoux 6511:Tạ Thu Thâu 6491:Hồ Chí Minh 6370:Trương Định 6299:Duy Tân Hội 6208:World War I 5879:World War I 5769:Cochinchina 5762:territories 5760:Constituent 5678:(in French) 5663:(in French) 5655:(in French) 5647:(in French) 5639:(in French) 5584:Media links 5232:Morgan, Ted 5040:, p. 9 4992:(10): 35–39 4597:23 February 4325:19 February 2594:M24 Chaffee 2533:105 mm 2517:bombardment 2505:Vietnam War 2381:casus belli 2372:Philippines 1818:M24 Chaffee 1396:tirailleurs 1387:M24 Chaffee 1100:Raoul Salan 1048:Ho Chi Minh 1010:World War I 820:Muong Khoua 455:Lê Quảng Ba 367:Hồ Chí Minh 107: / 6707:Categories 6552:Thành Thái 6471:Ngô Đức Kế 6153:Vietnamese 5724:Background 5309:Roy, Jules 5201:B006DCCM9Q 5156:8 December 5094:References 4724:0842023410 4219:6 November 2964:HistoryNet 2865:HistoryNet 2753:Riley 2014 2685:Billy Joel 2366:, Admiral 2360:Anne-Marie 2342:asked the 2167:Casualties 2038:white flag 1635:Anne-Marie 1619:Anne-Marie 1612:Anne-Marie 1571:Viet Minh 1363:Anne-Marie 1232:René Cogny 1141:appointed 1139:René Mayer 1065:Background 828:Hirondelle 95:103°0′56″E 92:21°23′13″N 6355:Phạm Bành 6334:Việt Minh 6289:Cần Vương 5441:. Osprey. 5023:Fall 1967 4762:Fall 1967 4555:Fall 1967 4279:Fall 1967 4264:24 August 4234:Fall 2004 3971:Fall 1967 3959:Fall 1967 3756:Fall 1967 3729:Fall 1967 3153:Fall 1967 3106:Fall 1967 3079:Fall 1967 3067:Fall 1967 3055:Fall 1967 3000:11 August 2930:24 August 2662:starring 2576:A Soviet 2409:Jules Roy 2356:Gabrielle 2318:USS 2249:Unmarked 2193:communist 2157:Red Cross 2142:Prisoners 2044:Aftermath 1987:Dominique 1795:Dominique 1787:Dominique 1755:Dominique 1751:Dominique 1744:Gabrielle 1736:Dominique 1690:Jules Roy 1651:Dominique 1631:Gabrielle 1605:Gabrielle 1601:Gabrielle 1597:Gabrielle 1589:Gabrielle 1582:Gabrielle 1562:Gabrielle 1371:Gabrielle 1359:Dominique 1277:Vientiane 1204:casemates 1104:Viet Minh 950:communist 947:Viet Minh 762:Đáy River 746:1951-1952 698:1946-1950 686:Masterdom 224:Viet Minh 124:Việt Minh 6547:Hàm Nghi 6535:Emperors 6456:Cường Để 5963:Treaties 5784:Cambodia 5541:Archived 5528:Archived 5515:Archived 5412:(2004). 5263:23431451 5253:(1958). 5234:(2010). 5168:(1967). 5122:(1988). 4750:Roy 2002 4666:Roy 2002 4654:Roy 2002 4294:Archived 4046:]". 3872:Roy 2002 3547:22 March 3308:Roy 2002 3296:Roy 2002 2692:See also 2525:Khe Sanh 2523:base at 2352:Beatrice 2198:and the 2129:Myosotis 1991:Huguette 1971:Isabelle 1966:Isabelle 1953:Isabelle 1947:Huguette 1942:Huguette 1938:Huguette 1934:Huguette 1929:Huguette 1925:Claudine 1921:Huguette 1917:Huguette 1854:Huguette 1807:Isabelle 1803:Isabelle 1776:Huguette 1740:Beatrice 1668:de facto 1663:Isabelle 1655:Claudine 1647:Huguette 1627:Beatrice 1540:Beatrice 1536:Beatrice 1532:Beatrice 1528:Beatrice 1524:Beatrice 1520:Beatrice 1516:Beatrice 1512:Beatrice 1504:Beatrice 1500:Béatrice 1461:Béatrice 1446:Béatrice 1412:in Korea 1375:Isabelle 1367:Beatrice 1355:Claudine 1351:Huguette 1339:Việt Bắc 1297:Colonel 1184:hedgehog 1180:hérisson 1128:Lai Châu 1114:and the 991:besieged 835:Camargue 795:Bretagne 783:Lorraine 772:Hòa Bình 752:Vĩnh Yên 735:Đông Khê 729:Ceinture 715:Papillon 709:Cao Bằng 692:Haiphong 517:13 March 498:~14,000; 484:10 tanks 478:~10,800; 467:13 March 461:Strength 68:Location 57:13 March 6672:Lê Hoan 6562:Bảo Đại 6557:Duy Tân 6294:Đông Du 5634:YouTube 5611:YouTube 5502:2 April 5082:7 April 5076:History 4996:29 June 4918:28 July 4848:28 July 4735:27 June 4681:Vietnam 4516:citing 4460:20 July 4152:18 July 2519:on the 2374:-based 2067:Requiem 2062:Berlioz 1989:3, and 1969:April, 1555:grenade 1494:sappers 1210:Prelude 1188:airhead 1059:Bảo Đại 1056:Emperor 896:Vulture 883:Đắk Đoa 877:Atlante 849:Mouette 842:Brochet 809:Adolphe 757:Mạo Khê 679:Prelude 400:Lê Liêm 353:† 300:† 130:victory 82:Vietnam 6542:Tự Đức 6161:Events 6015:French 5813:Events 5774:Tonkin 5456: 5426: 5398: 5379: 5356: 5337:263986 5335: 5325: 5297: 5278: 5261: 5199: 5180: 5134: 5108: 4941: 4877: 4819: 4788: 4721: 4692: 4508: 4483: 4424: 4390: 4365: 4125: 3670: 3569: 2888: 2842: 2507:, the 2488:Legacy 2358:, and 2320:Saipan 2259:Saipan 2255:Saipan 2102:Pleiku 2085:An Khe 2056:. The 2011:Eliane 1999:Eliane 1995:Eliane 1983:Eliane 1913:Eliane 1902:Eliane 1894:Eliane 1890:Eliane 1861:Eliane 1850:Eliane 1846:Eliane 1842:Eliane 1838:Eliane 1834:Eliane 1822:Bisons 1799:Eliane 1797:2 and 1791:Eliane 1789:2 and 1783:Eliane 1772:Eliane 1768:Eliane 1732:Eliane 1659:Eliane 1657:, and 1508: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1435:Battle 1332:, and 1252:Nà Sản 1236:Tonkin 1132:Nà Sản 1098:, and 1046:under 972:Tonkin 903:Condor 863:Pollux 856:Castor 789:Nà Sản 579:2 dead 349: 332: 315: 296: 279: 260: 193: 170:France 167: 120:Result 59: 5779:Annam 4912:(PDF) 4901:(PDF) 4813:67–68 4624:1 May 4539:JSTOR 4166:"The 2802:(PDF) 2791:(PDF) 2726:Notes 2513:siege 2376:B-29s 2266:Women 2239:Valmy 1573:Hmong 1334:351st 1330:312th 1326:308th 1269:Hanoi 1160:Salan 1120:Hanoi 704:Hanoi 533:7 May 487:7 May 126:-led 5789:Laos 5504:2017 5454:ISBN 5424:ISBN 5396:ISBN 5377:ISBN 5354:ISBN 5333:OCLC 5323:ISBN 5295:ISBN 5276:ISBN 5259:OCLC 5223:Time 5197:ASIN 5178:ISBN 5158:2006 5132:ISBN 5106:ISBN 5084:2024 4998:2019 4939:ISBN 4920:2023 4875:ISBN 4850:2023 4817:ISBN 4786:ISBN 4737:2019 4719:ISBN 4690:ISBN 4626:2022 4599:2008 4506:ISBN 4481:ISBN 4462:2011 4422:ISBN 4388:ISBN 4363:ISBN 4327:2017 4266:2006 4240:help 4221:2014 4154:2023 4123:ISBN 4049:Time 3668:ISBN 3567:ISBN 3549:2023 3002:2023 2932:2006 2886:ISBN 2840:ISBN 2282:and 2187:The 1742:and 1734:and 1641:Lull 1629:and 1404:M101 1275:and 1108:Laos 1021:Laos 945:and 929:The 870:1954 802:1953 54:Date 5632:on 5609:on 4545:. ‌ 4537:. 4043:sic 3136:CNN 2527:in 2467:by 2329:CAT 2325:CIA 2083:at 1985:1, 1623:Tai 1271:to 1008:of 957:CIA 740:RC4 722:Léa 6709:: 5422:. 5375:. 5371:. 5352:. 5331:. 5321:. 5220:. 5130:. 5074:. 5030:^ 4990:46 4988:. 4984:. 4903:. 4869:. 4841:. 4830:^ 4815:, 4780:. 4703:^ 4688:, 4686:76 4646:^ 4616:. 4583:. 4448:. 4444:. 4343:, 4313:. 4145:. 4091:^ 4079:. 3879:^ 3838:^ 3823:^ 3736:^ 3697:^ 3682:^ 3640:^ 3593:^ 3540:. 3447:^ 3396:^ 3276:^ 3225:^ 3134:. 3086:^ 3032:). 3010:^ 2972:^ 2962:. 2909:^ 2863:. 2810:^ 2793:. 2775:^ 2760:^ 2745:^ 2555:. 2548:. 2354:, 2346:, 2093:UN 2087:. 2064:' 1809:. 1653:, 1649:, 1342:. 1328:, 1182:(' 1153:: 1094:, 1090:, 1086:, 1082:, 76:, 6145:e 6138:t 6131:v 5709:e 5702:t 5695:v 5574:. 5506:. 5462:. 5432:. 5404:. 5385:. 5362:. 5339:. 5303:. 5284:. 5265:. 5203:. 5186:. 5160:. 5140:. 5114:. 5086:. 5000:. 4947:. 4922:. 4883:. 4852:. 4794:. 4739:. 4628:. 4601:. 4514:. 4489:. 4464:. 4430:. 4396:. 4371:. 4329:. 4268:. 4242:) 4223:. 4156:. 4131:. 4085:. 3676:. 3575:. 3551:. 3024:( 3004:. 2948:. 2934:. 2894:. 2867:. 2848:. 2676:. 2327:/ 657:e 650:t 643:v 535:: 519:: 489:: 469:: 84:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Index