1606:
1618:
97:
585:
914:
570:
1634:
550:
1014:
399:
1024:, who created the universe. He is worshipped in the main temple, but Caodaists also worship the Mother Goddess, also known as the Queen Mother of the West (Diêu Trì Kim Mẫu, Tây Vương Mẫu). The symbol of the faith is the Left Eye of God, representing the dương (masculine, ordaining, positive and expansive) activity of the male creator, which is balanced by the yin (âm) activity of the feminine, nurturing and restorative mother of humanity.
2791:
25:
607:
1664:
130:
937:. In its pure form it is rarely practiced in Vietnam, but can still be seen in places with Chinese communities such as Saigon, where there is a community of Cantonese/Vietnamese Taoist priest residing in the Khánh Vân Nam Viện Pagoda. Elements of its doctrines have also been absorbed into the Vietnamese folk religion. Taoist influence is also recognisable in the
1279:
The
Chinese authorities took little interest in these sects, since, at least until the early 20th century, they limited their activities to their temples. They were autonomous structures, focusing on worship, philanthropy and literature. Yet they had embryonic Vietnamese nationalistic elements, which
592:
In the project of nation-building, the public discourse encourages the worship of ancient heroes of the
Vietnamese identity, and gods and spirits with a long-standing presence in folk religion. The relationship between the state and the local communities is flexible and dialogical in the process of
1163:. It is possible that the concept of a Mother Goddess came to encompass the different spirits of nature as one only spirit manifesting itself in a variety of forms. Along history, various human heroines, emerged as protectors or healers, were deified as other manifestations of the Mother Goddess.
1651:
of the gods, as it is appropriated for social construction, is also appropriated in self-cultivation. It provides a locus for dialectical relations, between the individual and his or her social others, and between the self and the spirits, to intersect and overlap. This is especially true of the
1396:, who ordered him to build a shrine in his honor. Thu owned some land, where he built and inaugurated in 1996 a shrine to Khiêm. By 2016, it had attracted more than 10,000 visitors, and Thu had organized around the channeled messages of Khiêm a new religious movement with thousands of followers.
1089:
epidemic in 1849, which killed over a million people, Huyên was reputed to have supernatural abilities to cure the sick and the insane. His followers wore amulets bearing the
Chinese characters for Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương, a phrase that became identified, retrospectively, with the religion practiced by
560:
The
Vietnamese folk religion was suppressed in different times and ways in the 20th century. Debate and criticism of cultural destruction and loss began in the 1960s. In the beginning of the 1980s, the state returned to its policies of preserving religious culture, and the Vietnamese indigenous
834:
of the inchoate order of creation. More specifically, the linh power of an entity resides in mediation between the two levels of order and disorder which govern social transformation. The mediating entity itself shifts of status and function between one level and another, and makes meaning in
1748:
The practice of self-cultivation knits together the individual and the social in an orientation of discourse and action. The individual project gives rise to a matrix of potentials, with which the individual deals with personal crises by constructing new meanings, seen as modalities of
898:
implies the possibility of constructing various kinds of social times and history. In this way, the etho-political (ethnic) dimension is nurtured, regenerated by re-enactment, and constructed at first place, imagined and motivated in the process of forging a model of reality.
1617:
464:
Vietnamese folk religion is not an organized religious system, but a set of local worship traditions devoted to the "thần", a term which can be translated as "spirits", "gods" or with the more exhaustive locution "generative powers". These gods can be
948:
According to
Professor Liam Keelley, during the Tang dynasty native spirits were subsumed into Daoism and the Daoist view of these spirits completely replaced the original native tales. Buddhism and Daoism replaced native narratives surrounding Mount
1322:
was Âu Kiệt Lâm (1896–1941), an intellectual of half
Chinese and half Vietnamese blood, and a shaman, capable of transcending the cultural barriers of the two peoples. The primary deities of the pantheon of the sects are the Jade Emperor
995:
in southern
Vietnam in 1926.The full name of the religion is Đại Đạo Tam Kỳ Phổ Độ ("Great Way Third Time Redemption"). Followers also call their religion Đạo Trời ("Way of God"). Cao Đài has common roots and similarities with the
1425:(nhiên thần) of grottoes, rocks and trees, rivers and oceans, rain and lightning, generative or regenerative powers of the cosmos or a locality, with geo-physical or anthropomorphic representations (sometimes using
881:
Linh has also been described as the ability to set up spatial and temporal boundaries, represent and identify metaphors, setting apart and linking together differences. The boundary is crossed by practices such as
1605:
1824:
are shrines of deified heroes, emperors, and other virtuous historical persons. Actually, other terms, often of local usage, exist. For example, in middle
Vietnam one of the terms used is cảnh, and in
1015:
1846:. In English, in order to avoid confusion with Vietnamese Buddhist temples, đền and other words for of the Vietnamese folk religion's temples are commonly translated as "shrine".
3390:
3370:
2698:
3533:
3395:
2815:
1763:(meaning "temple") in Vietnamese language. In the northern regions, the miếu are temples hosting the "main worship" of a deity and usually located at secluded places, while
1453:
means the tutelary deity that is enshrined in each village's communal temple in
Vietnam. The deity is believed to guard the village against disasters and bring it fortune.
1222:
is an organised
Vietnamese folk religion founded in the late 1800s. It has roughly 80,000 followers scattered throughout southern Vietnam, but especially concentrated in
1470:, the immortals (tiên), the holy sages (thánh), including the local "divine ensembles" (chư vị). They are mostly Vietnamese formations, but often with sinicised motifs.
894:). Spiritual mediumship makes the individual the center of actualising possibilities, acts and events indicative of the will of the gods. The association of linh with
2855:
1159:) and the various mother goddesses, constituting a central feature of Vietnamese folk religion. The worship of female goddesses by the Vietnamese dates back to
1881:
3385:
96:
3375:
3360:
3355:
1626:
71:
1775:
are temples for "emissary" or "secondary worship" located nearer or within habitation places. In southern regions the two categories tend to blur.
584:
3614:
3596:
3191:
3746:
1570:
2763:
3468:
1264:
means the "Way of Light". They are part of the broad milieu of Chinese-Vietnamese religious sectarianism. After the 17th century, when the
429:
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2116:
4172:
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2141:
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New Religions and State's Response to Religious Diversification in Contemporary Vietnam: Tensions from the Reinvention of the Sacred
4113:
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3501:
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religious renewal; both the state and the common people are mutual protagonists in the recent revival of Vietnamese folk religion.
200:
1103:
3158:
2822:
353:
3804:
3146:
2981:
2737:"The Karma of Love: Buddhist Karmic Discourses in Confucian and Daoist Voices in Vietnamese Tales of the Marvelous and Uncanny"
850:
who crows at the crack between night and morning, but also rivers dividing landmasses, and other "liminal" entities. There are
3538:
3151:
3054:
2576:
2417:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2255:
2236:
2217:
2102:
2081:
913:
4226:
4135:
3496:
3491:
3196:
2903:
182:
3039:
1392:. A local carpenter known simply as "Master Thu" claimed to have been visited at night by the spirit of 16th-century sage
3609:
3604:
3591:
3365:
934:
2325:
1190:
is viewed as the supreme, originating god, but he is regarded as abstract and rarely worshipped. The supreme goddess is
1443:(nhân thần), originally either consecrated by villagers or installed by the Vietnamese or Chinese rulers. They include
1447:, founding patriarchs, able men and founders of arts and crafts. This category can include impure spirits (dâm thần).
1289:
movements appeared in southern Vietnam in the 19th and 20th centuries: Minh Sư Đạo ("Way of the Enlightened Master"),
878:
is a "cultural logic of symbolic relations", that mediates polarity in a dialectic governing reproduction and change.
4313:
4278:
3982:
3731:
3687:
3124:
3044:
2965:
2773:
2726:
2708:
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2648:
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3034:
1094:
movement associated with the latter. The faith has roughly 15,000 adherents mostly concentrated in the provinces of
569:
3989:
3433:
1633:
422:
3858:
3741:
3736:
3114:
1550:
549:
4096:
3763:
3719:
3201:
3021:
2765:
Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese
1679:
Within the field of self-cultivation, action of self-empowering is expressed in a cluster of Vietnamese terms:
1042:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương ("Way of the Strange Fragrance from the Precious Mountain") is a religious tradition with
838:
This attribute is often associated with goddesses, animal motifs such as the snake (an amphibious animal), the
177:
1510:
4155:
3753:
3576:
3109:
2881:
2554:
1882:"Completed results of the 2019 Viet Nam population and housing census - General Statistics Office of Vietnam"
1530:
4323:
3910:
3875:
3456:
3320:
2986:
2945:
1534:
1348:
sects were shared with the Caodaist religion. From 1975 onwards, the activities and temples of some of the
786:
3029:
1393:
4238:
3841:
3797:
3677:
3554:
3315:
3256:
3092:
3001:
2996:
2991:
1099:
918:
415:
100:
3922:
3905:
3882:
3704:
3511:
3483:
3347:
3211:
3136:
3119:
1546:
1176:
was revived since the 1970s in North Vietnam and then in the newly unified country. In the pantheon of
930:) are temples devoted to the worship of Confucius that in imperial times also functioned as academies.
869:
645:
383:
1829:
1786:
Another categorisation proposed by observing the vernacular usage is that miếu are temples enshrining
1518:
4091:
3827:
3792:
3428:
3416:
3186:
3181:
3102:
561:
religion was soon promoted as the backbone of "a progressive culture, imbued with national identity".
2518:
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3822:
3709:
3699:
3682:
3571:
3141:
3011:
144:
50:
1385:
4318:
4231:
4054:
4024:
3942:
3900:
3325:
3310:
3168:
2938:
1410:
1119:
1111:
761:
378:
260:
238:
2621:
1067:
4194:
3787:
3775:
3694:
3644:
3330:
2808:
2513:
2499:"From Spiritual Homes to National Shrines: Religious Traditions and Nation-Building in Vietnam"
1825:
478:
466:
167:
67:
3664:
2071:
4214:
4204:
4179:
4123:
3915:
3440:
3423:
3305:
2876:
2498:
1840:("palace") refers to a templar complex of multiple buildings, while one single building is a
588:
Religious ceremonial objects used by Vietnamese people during the reign of the Nguyễn dynasty
500:
321:
274:
1776:
1622:
1610:
1115:
554:
485:
preserves narratives telling of the actions of many of the cosmic gods and cultural heroes.
4199:
4189:
4184:
4074:
3977:
3853:
3814:
3782:
3564:
3473:
3411:
3176:
3080:
1861:
1590:
1574:
1123:
924:
The Vietnamese folk religion fosters Confucian values; For example, Temples of Literature (
683:
538:
482:
151:
1498:
1020:, literally the "Highest Lord" or "Highest Power"), is the highest deity, the same as the
8:
4209:
4145:
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4014:
4004:
3972:
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3960:
3895:
3870:
3758:
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3268:
3251:
3246:
3234:
3229:
3131:
1856:
1558:
1008:
980:
534:
511:
as a form of Vietnamese indigenous religion, since it brings together the worship of the
446:
228:
210:
172:
4049:
1223:
4271:
4248:
4243:
4140:
4086:
4041:
3955:
3770:
3726:
3649:
3632:
3097:
2973:
2609:
2531:
1506:
193:
137:
120:
76:
3654:
1542:
1139:
942:
490:
4128:
4108:
4069:
4019:
3999:
3950:
3865:
3714:
3672:
2898:
2893:
2769:
2722:
2704:
2684:
2644:
2613:
2572:
2077:
1670:
1655:
1538:
1522:
1280:
evolved along the development of their political activity in the early 20th century.
1194:
1095:
908:
454:
326:
287:
282:
233:
2569:
The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism
2545:"God's Chosen People": Race, Religion and Anti-Colonial Struggle in French Indochina
2535:
1566:
1467:
1185:
4287:
4221:
4162:
4150:
4103:
4029:
3932:
3890:
3263:
3219:
3006:
2850:
2748:
2601:
2523:
1780:
1638:
1554:
1514:
1450:
1107:
611:
518:
337:
316:
308:
298:
111:
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1389:
4118:
3994:
3927:
3241:
3224:
2919:
2638:
530:
373:
1486:
1170:
capable of merging the material and the spiritual world), temples, and rituals,
1075:
1021:
741:
728:
715:
4292:
4059:
3337:
2845:
1815:
1432:
1199:. The pantheon of the religion includes many other gods, both male and female.
1156:
496:
474:
403:
252:
2527:
1354:
religions have been absorbed into sects of Caodaism, while others, especially
1071:
625:
4307:
3064:
3059:
2831:
2605:
1779:
are family shrines of northern and middle Vietnam, equivalent to the Chinese
1578:
1490:
1482:
1078:
range on the Vietnamese-Cambodian border, where Huyên claimed to be a living
40:
3273:
2753:
2736:
1526:
1478:
1426:
1265:
1051:
801:
794:
790:
522:
506:
470:
223:
60:
2659:"Worshipping the Mother Goddess. The Dao Mao movement in Northern Vietnam"
1582:
1474:
1269:
1268:
saw its power decline, a large number of Minh sects started to emerge in
1251:
1091:
997:
992:
2860:
1787:
1502:
1440:
1422:
1160:
988:
895:
887:
481:
of a specific family. Ancestral gods are often deified heroic persons.
458:
785:, meaning "constitutive principle of a being", "essence of a thing", "
774:
696:
677:
663:
631:
495:
is a distinct form of Vietnamese shamanism, giving prominence to some
2623:
Pew Forum: The Global Religious Landscape 2010 - Indigenous religions
1795:
1791:
1459:
1330:
1063:
1059:
891:
883:
2930:
2543:
1799:
1562:
1436:
1255:
1043:
974:
938:
933:
Taoism is believed to have been introduced into Vietnam during the
2178:
644:, that is the power of a deity to affect the world of the living.
2961:
2548:, Asia Research Institute of the National University of Singapore
1586:
1086:
847:
831:
703:
2800:
2587:"Divination and Politics in Southern Vietnam: Roots of Caodaism"
846:
which bears aspects associated with both birds and mammals, the
2790:
1463:
1273:
1167:
1079:
1047:
637:
526:
453:) is a group of spiritual beliefs and practices adhered by the
4167:
2069:
991:
Vietnamese folk religion formally established in the city of
641:
2117:"The Daoist Appropriation/Subordination of Bạch Hạc Spirits"
1384:("School of Teaching Goodness") emerged in the 1990s in the
606:
2700:
Caodai Spiritism: A Study of Religion in Vietnamese Society
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
1663:
1594:
1444:
1418:
2640:
Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the southern region
129:
2393:
1055:
843:
839:
2371:
2369:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2159:
1652:
experiences provided through shamanic practices such as
1254:
roots in common with, yet pre-date and have influenced,
1166:
As a distinct movement with its own priesthood (made of
598:
2142:"Elephant Mountain and the Erasure of Việt Indigeneity"
800:
Linh is the mediating bivalency, the "medium", between
2562:, Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University
2405:
1941:
1905:
457:. About 86% of the population in Vietnam are reported
2381:
2366:
2343:
2331:
2070:
Bryan S. Turner; Oscar Salemink (25 September 2014).
1895:
1893:
1891:
1342:
Symbolic, liturgical and theological features of the
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2003:
2619:
2300:
2224:
2207:
2205:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1972:
1929:
1917:
1481:, and other Southeast Asian ethnic origin, such as
1149:("Way of the Mother") refers to the worship of the
2190:
2063:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1888:
2465:
2453:
2436:
2044:
2027:
2015:
1600:
1409:A rough typological identification of Vietnamese
963:
66:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
4305:
2424:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2202:
2090:
1984:
1841:
1835:
1819:
1809:
1803:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1668:
1653:
1646:
1613:'s period are performing a ritual at the temple.
1379:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1317:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1259:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1150:
1144:
1130:
1028:
955:
950:
925:
873:
863:
857:
851:
825:
815:
805:
780:
772:
767:
751:
739:
734:
726:
721:
713:
708:
693:
687:
674:
669:
660:
655:
649:
629:
619:
512:
504:
488:
2676:
2184:
1953:
1597:telling the actions of many of these Deities.
804:, that is "disorder" and "order", with order (
2946:
2816:
2677:Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David A. (2011),
1066:Đoàn Minh Huyên (1807–1856) and continued by
578:Singing on Occasions of Sacrifice to the Gods
423:
987:"Way of the Highest Power") is an organised
756:"spirit of a dead person that has 'gone over
2552:
2541:
2172:
1911:
1462:or court-like pantheons inherited from the
746:"spirit of a dead person before 'going over
2953:
2939:
2823:
2809:
1757:Vietnamese temples are generically called
1427:iconographic styles of Buddhist derivation
902:
842:which forgoes day in favour of night, the
461:, but are associated with this tradition.
430:
416:
2752:
2517:
2571:, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press,
2556:What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?
2416:sfn error: no target: CITEREFHoàng2017 (
1662:
1632:
1616:
1604:
1307:("Way of the Foreseeable Kindness") and
917:Altars to disciples of Confucius at the
912:
605:
583:
548:
95:
16:Ethnic religion of the Vietnamese people
3020:
2666:Explorations in Southeast Asian Studies
2566:
2073:Routledge Handbook of Religions in Asia
1899:
1505:, gave rise to the Vietnamese people),
1413:categorises them into four categories:
1369:
1250:is a group of five religions that have
1202:
1027:
760:". These concepts derived from Chinese
4306:
2696:
2680:The Religious Question in Modern China
2584:
2496:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2360:
2337:
2196:
1947:
1935:
1923:
1497:Some of the most popular Deities are:
1062:elements, originally practiced by the
103:– a symbol of Vietnamese folk religion
3539:National Defense and Security Council
2934:
2804:
2716:
2411:
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1874:
1697:"to cultivate gentleness/wisdom", or
1007:
814:in Chinese) preferred over disorder (
553:Symbol of Vietnamese folk religion –
2960:
2904:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
2761:
1752:
1703:"to correct", "to repair"; the word
1074:sect. The name itself refers to the
18:
3366:Permanent Member of the Secretariat
2734:
2636:
2480:
2459:
2447:
2430:
2146:Le Minh Khai's SEAsian History Blog
2121:Le Minh Khai's SEAsian History Blog
2057:
2038:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1978:
1966:
1691:"self-perfecting with meditation",
1295:("Way of the Enlightened Reason"),
935:first Chinese domination of Vietnam
13:
2656:
2553:Hoskins (a), Janet Alison (2012),
2542:Hoskins (b), Janet Alison (2012),
2306:
2287:
2268:
2249:
2230:
2211:
2096:
1685:"to correct", "to improve", as in
596:
56:for transliterated languages, and
36:of its non-English content, using
14:
4335:
2830:
2784:
1709:"to repair", "to correct", as in
1493:, and the rocks Neak Ta (Ông Tà).
654:indicate a large semantic field:
3371:History of central officeholders
2789:
1625:are making offerings to the god
1301:("Way of the Temple of Light"),
682:"prodigious manifestation" (see
568:
397:
128:
23:
4173:Traditional musical instruments
2683:, University of Chicago Press,
2326:Đôi nét về đạo tứ ân hiếu nghĩa
2319:
2134:
2109:
1721:"to cure an illness"; the word
2567:Hoskins, Janet Alison (2015),
1601:Forms of worship and practices
1388:, a rural area of the city of
964:Indigenous religious movements
646:Compound Sino-Vietnamese words
636:) has a meaning equivalent to
72:multilingual support templates
1:
3391:Central Inspection Commission
2882:Northeast China folk religion
2741:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
2076:. Routledge. pp. 240ff.
1868:
919:Temple of Literature of Hanoi
618:In Vietnamese folk religion,
2768:. Cornell University Press.
2620:Pew Research Center (2012),
451:tín ngưỡng dân gian Việt Nam
7:
3534:Central Military Commission
3396:Central Military Commission
2185:Goossaert & Palmer 2011
1849:
1715:"correction", "repair", or
1399:
1229:
968:
824:in Chinese). As bivalency,
599:
10:
4340:
3502:Supreme People's Procuracy
2697:Oliver, Victor L. (1976),
2489:
1404:
1366:, have remained distinct.
1313:("Way of the New Light").
1137:
1129:
1035:
972:
906:
544:
477:or ancestral gods and the
4265:
4040:
3941:
3849:
3840:
3813:
3640:
3631:
3590:
3547:
3524:
3482:
3449:
3404:
3346:
3301:
3292:
3210:
3167:
3088:
3079:
2972:
2912:
2869:
2838:
2717:Hoang, Chung Van (2017),
2528:10.1007/s12140-011-9156-x
1733:"to cure", "to heal", in
1637:Ceremonial procession of
1621:Vietnamese people of the
1553:, Thiều Dương Thánh Mẫu,
956:
779:is itself a variation of
773:
740:
727:
714:
701:(to prayers, etc.)" (see
694:
675:
661:
630:
610:Ceremonial procession of
529:, as well as elements of
4314:Vietnamese folk religion
2889:Vietnamese folk religion
2796:Vietnamese folk religion
2762:Dror, Olga, ed. (2002).
2606:10.1177/0037768610375520
1466:patterns, headed by the
1331:Queen Mother of the West
443:Vietnamese folk religion
219:Vietnamese folk religion
2585:Jammes, Jerémy (2010),
1832:a native term is khom.
1745:"to save the country".
903:Confucianism and Taoism
499:into its pantheon. The
473:, community or kinship
261:Vietnamese martial arts
3983:Language and computers
3732:Science and Technology
3492:Supreme People's Court
3434:Deputy Prime Ministers
3225:Hong (Red) River Delta
2754:10.1525/vs.2021.16.3.1
2735:Mai, Cuong T. (2021).
2497:Roszko, Edyta (2012),
1842:
1836:
1820:
1810:
1804:
1802:), or family chapels (
1771:
1765:
1759:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1675:ritual being performed
1669:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1630:
1614:
1551:Sơn Tinh and Thủy Tinh
1380:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1260:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1218:
1212:
1204:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1151:
1145:
1131:
1029:
984:
951:
926:
921:
874:
864:
858:
852:
826:
816:
806:
781:
768:
752:
735:
733:"spirit of a person",
722:
709:
688:
670:
656:
650:
620:
615:
589:
557:
517:or local spirits with
513:
505:
489:
450:
104:
4215:Person Dignity Theory
2877:Chinese folk religion
2798:at Wikimedia Commons
2657:Vu, Tu Anh T (2006),
1739:"to save souls", and
1666:
1636:
1620:
1609:Vietnamese people of
1608:
916:
907:Further information:
609:
587:
552:
501:government of Vietnam
99:
3737:Traditional medicine
3615:Self-Defence Militia
3159:World Heritage Sites
3115:Environmental issues
2643:, Psychology Press,
1862:Vietnamese mythology
1766:đình, đền, điện, đài
1591:Vietnamese mythology
1501:(who, with his wife
1381:Minh Đường Trung Tân
1372:Minh Đường Trung Tân
1326:Ngọc Hoàng Thượng Đế
1272:, especially around
1213:Đạo Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
1205:Đạo Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa
1038:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
1030:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
835:different contexts.
648:containing the term
483:Vietnamese mythology
354:World Heritage Sites
34:specify the language
32:This article should
4324:Religion in Vietnam
4210:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3386:Central Secretariat
2637:Đõ̂, Thiện (2003),
2402:, pp. 364–365.
2187:, pp. 100–102.
1857:Indigenous religion
1830:Quảng Ngãi province
1727:"to rescue", as in
979:The Cao Đài faith (
4249:Vietnamese studies
3961:Overseas community
3754:Telecommunications
3507:Procurator-General
3462:Standing Committee
3152:Endangered species
1826:Quảng Nam province
1677:
1643:
1641:in Vân Côn village
1631:
1623:Revival Lê dynasty
1615:
1511:Tản Viên Sơn Thánh
1507:The Four Immortals
1417:Heavenly Deities (
1009:[kāːwɗâːj]
922:
616:
590:
558:
404:Vietnam portal
121:Culture of Vietnam
105:
4301:
4300:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4227:Traditional games
3911:Human trafficking
3836:
3835:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3520:
3519:
3457:National Assembly
3376:National Congress
3361:General Secretary
3356:Central Committee
3321:Foreign relations
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3257:Central Highlands
3075:
3074:
3040:Chinese dominated
2928:
2927:
2899:Yao folk religion
2894:Tai folk religion
2794:Media related to
2578:978-0-824-85140-8
2414:, pp. 59–85.
2309:, pp. 33–34.
2233:, pp. 28–30.
2083:978-1-317-63646-5
2012:, pp. 12–13.
1981:, pp. 10–11.
1950:, pp. 35–36.
1781:ancestral shrines
1753:Places of worship
1394:Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm
1386:Vĩnh Bảo District
1070:, founder of the
909:Taoism in Vietnam
503:also categorises
455:Vietnamese people
440:
439:
288:Vietnamese poetry
283:Vietnamese comics
94:
93:
74:may also be used.
4331:
4281:
4274:
3939:
3938:
3847:
3846:
3678:Renewable energy
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3637:
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3344:
3343:
3316:Fatherland Front
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3298:
3165:
3164:
3086:
3085:
3018:
3017:
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2948:
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2913:General concepts
2870:Asian traditions
2851:Folk Catholicism
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2173:Hoskins (b) 2012
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2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1912:Hoskins (a) 2012
1909:
1903:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1818:of a place; and
1816:tutelary Deities
1813:
1807:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1749:perfectibility.
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1674:
1659:
1650:
1589:and others. The
1531:Mẫu Thượng Thiên
1483:Po Yan Inu Nagar
1433:Tutelary Deities
1383:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1338:
1328:
1321:
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1306:
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1224:Tri Tôn District
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497:mother goddesses
494:
475:tutelary deities
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3923:Public holidays
3906:Sex trafficking
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3809:
3705:Five-Year Plans
3666:
3658:
3619:
3594:
3592:Public Security
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3512:Military Courts
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3348:Communist Party
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3202:Electoral units
3163:
3120:Protected areas
3071:
3050:French colonial
3016:
2968:
2959:
2929:
2924:
2920:Lower mythology
2908:
2865:
2834:
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2782:
2776:
2729:
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2661:
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2589:
2579:
2559:
2519:10.1.1.467.6835
2501:
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2100:
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2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1852:
1814:are shrines of
1755:
1603:
1593:is the body of
1535:Mẫu Thượng Ngàn
1407:
1402:
1376:
1316:The founder of
1236:
1209:
1142:
1136:
1104:Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu
1090:Huyên, and the
1040:
1034:
1013:
1012:
1004:
977:
971:
966:
911:
905:
757:
747:
720:"efficacious",
604:
582:
581:
580:
579:
575:
574:
573:
547:
436:
398:
396:
389:
388:
384:National anthem
369:
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266:
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214:
213:
188:
187:
163:
162:
119:
90:
84:
81:
75:
63:
57:
53:
51:transliteration
47:
43:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4337:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4319:Folk religions
4316:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4267:
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4262:
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4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Folk religions
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3947:
3945:
3936:
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3930:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3885:hybrid variant
3873:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3828:Rail transport
3825:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3688:Power stations
3685:
3680:
3670:
3662:
3659:("Renovation")
3652:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
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3536:
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3522:
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3518:
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3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
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3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3429:Prime Minister
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:Vice President
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
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3352:
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3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
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3302:
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3279:
3278:
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3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3192:District-level
3189:
3184:
3182:Municipalities
3179:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3125:National parks
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3103:Climate change
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2935:
2926:
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2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Folk Orthodoxy
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2786:
2785:External links
2783:
2781:
2780:
2774:
2759:
2732:
2727:
2714:
2709:
2694:
2689:
2674:
2654:
2649:
2634:
2617:
2600:(3): 357–371,
2594:Social Compass
2582:
2577:
2564:
2550:
2539:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2464:
2452:
2435:
2423:
2404:
2392:
2390:, p. 360.
2380:
2378:, p. 359.
2365:
2363:, p. 358.
2342:
2340:, p. 357.
2330:
2318:
2299:
2280:
2261:
2242:
2223:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2158:
2133:
2108:
2089:
2082:
2062:
2043:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1983:
1971:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1887:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1754:
1751:
1602:
1599:
1595:holy narrative
1547:Đức Thánh Trần
1495:
1494:
1489:), Cá Ông the
1471:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1430:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1375:
1368:
1357:Minh Đường Đạo
1304:Minh Thiện Đạo
1298:Minh Đường Đạo
1252:Tiên Thiên Đạo
1235:
1228:
1219:Đạo Hiếu Nghĩa
1208:
1201:
1157:Mother Goddess
1138:Main article:
1135:
1128:
1036:Main article:
1033:
1026:
998:Tiên Thiên Đạo
973:Main article:
970:
967:
965:
962:
904:
901:
859:Nguyễn Bá Linh
614:, 19th century
603:
595:
577:
576:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
546:
543:
479:ancestral gods
467:nature deities
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70:. Knowledge's
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2:
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4269:
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4264:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
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4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
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4201:
4198:
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4157:
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4149:
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4139:
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4134:
4130:
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4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4098:
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4090:
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4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
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4068:
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4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Ethnic groups
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
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3952:
3949:
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3926:
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3921:
3917:
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3912:
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3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
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3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Air transport
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
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3777:
3774:
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3772:
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3757:
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3745:
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3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:Manufacturing
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3700:Foreign trade
3698:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:Nuclear power
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3497:Chief Justice
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
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3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:South Central
3250:
3248:
3247:North Central
3245:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Commune-level
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3066:
3065:South Vietnam
3063:
3061:
3060:North Vietnam
3058:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2832:Folk religion
2826:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2777:
2775:9780877277323
2771:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2728:9783319584997
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2710:9789004045477
2706:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:9780226304168
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2650:9780415307994
2646:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2483:, p. 21.
2482:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2462:, p. 18.
2461:
2456:
2450:, p. 16.
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2427:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2303:
2295:
2290:, p. 32.
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:, p. 33.
2270:
2265:
2257:
2252:, p. 31.
2251:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2219:
2214:, p. 27.
2213:
2208:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2099:, p. 30.
2098:
2093:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2060:, p. 15.
2059:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2041:, p. 14.
2040:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2024:, p. 13.
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2000:, p. 11.
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1944:
1938:, p. 35.
1937:
1932:
1926:, p. 33.
1925:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:' Goddesses (
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1499:Lạc Long Quân
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1336:Tây Vương Mẫu
1332:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1016:
1010:
1001:
999:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
961:
953:
946:
944:
940:
936:
931:
928:
920:
915:
910:
900:
897:
893:
889:
885:
879:
876:
871:
870:Trần Hưng Đạo
868:gods such as
866:
860:
856:gods such as
854:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
783:
776:
770:
765:
764:
754:
743:
737:
730:
724:
717:
711:
706:
705:
698:
690:
685:
679:
672:
665:
658:
652:
647:
643:
639:
633:
627:
622:
613:
608:
601:
594:
586:
571:
562:
556:
551:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
509:
508:
502:
498:
493:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
433:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
413:
411:
410:
405:
395:
394:
393:
392:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
363:
362:
355:
352:
351:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
314:
310:
304:
303:
300:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
270:
269:
262:
259:
258:
254:
248:
247:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
212:
206:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
191:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
135:
131:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
113:
109:
108:
102:
98:
88:
85:November 2021
78:
73:
69:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4232:Martial arts
4055:Architecture
4025:Christianity
4009:
3943:Demographics
3901:Prostitution
3859:Universities
3805:Water supply
3655:
3565:Border Guard
3560:Ground Force
3548:Armed forces
3326:Human rights
3311:Constitution
3274:Mekong Delta
2888:
2839:Christianity
2788:
2764:
2744:
2740:
2721:, Springer,
2718:
2699:
2679:
2669:
2665:
2639:
2627:, retrieved
2622:
2597:
2593:
2568:
2555:
2544:
2509:
2505:
2455:
2433:, p. 3.
2426:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2333:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2245:
2226:
2192:
2180:
2175:, p. 3.
2150:. Retrieved
2148:. 2015-11-21
2145:
2136:
2125:. Retrieved
2123:. 2015-11-26
2120:
2111:
2092:
2072:
2065:
2017:
2005:
1974:
1969:, p. 9.
1943:
1931:
1919:
1907:
1900:Hoskins 2015
1876:
1834:
1785:
1756:
1747:
1678:
1644:
1527:Four Palaces
1496:
1487:Thiên Y A Na
1460:hierarchical
1408:
1377:
1341:
1315:
1310:Minh Tân Đạo
1282:
1278:
1266:Ming dynasty
1237:
1210:
1165:
1143:
1084:
1068:Huỳnh Phú Sổ
1052:Confusianism
1041:
1002:
989:monotheistic
978:
947:
932:
923:
880:
837:
821:
811:
802:âm and dương
799:
795:perspicacity
791:intelligence
762:
702:
692:"responsive
617:
591:
559:
523:Confucianism
487:
463:
442:
441:
379:Coat of arms
239:Christianity
224:Confucianism
218:
82:
68:ISO 639 code
64:}}
58:{{
54:}}
48:{{
44:}}
38:{{
33:
4195:Nationalism
4146:News Agency
4097:Ingredients
3788:Expressways
3776:Visa policy
3742:Measurement
3695:Foreign aid
3645:Agriculture
3582:Coast Guard
3450:Legislative
3045:Monarchical
3030:Prehistoric
2747:(3): 1–76.
2400:Jammes 2010
2388:Jammes 2010
2376:Jammes 2010
2361:Jammes 2010
2338:Jammes 2010
2197:Oliver 1976
1948:Roszko 2012
1936:Roszko 2012
1924:Roszko 2012
1788:nature gods
1639:Thành hoàng
1575:Quán Thế Âm
1555:Bà Chúa Kho
1519:Chử Đồng Tử
1515:Thánh Gióng
1473:Deities of
1451:Thành hoàng
1441:progenitors
1435:or deified
1423:nature gods
1363:Minh Lý Đạo
1319:Minh Lý Đạo
1292:Minh Lý Đạo
1270:Cochinchina
1092:millenarian
1005:Vietnamese:
1000:doctrines.
985:Đạo Cao Đài
945:religions.
888:inspiration
710:linh-nghiệm
657:linh-thiêng
612:Thành hoàng
597:Concept of
531:Catholicism
459:irreligious
4308:Categories
4205:Trotskyism
4180:Philosophy
4156:Newspapers
4141:Television
4136:Mass media
4124:Literature
3916:Corruption
3764:Censorship
3747:Inventions
3720:Automotive
3667:(currency)
3424:Government
3306:Censorship
3110:Ecoregions
2861:Folk saint
2672:(1): 27–44
2412:Hoàng 2017
2152:2016-10-15
2127:2016-10-15
1869:References
1796:water gods
1792:earth gods
1777:Nhà thờ họ
1611:Revival Lê
1567:Ngọc Hoàng
1559:Bà Chúa Xứ
1468:Ngọc Hoàng
1419:thiên thần
1329:) and the
1193:Thánh Mẫu
1186:Ngọc Hoàng
1161:prehistory
1120:Tiền Giang
1022:Ngọc Hoàng
981:Vietnamese
896:liminality
753:hương-linh
668:"sacred",
555:Cờ ngũ sắc
447:Vietnamese
322:Television
275:Literature
161:Traditions
4200:Socialism
4190:Communism
4185:Anarchism
4114:Festivals
4075:Animation
3978:Phonology
3854:Education
3815:Transport
3783:Transport
3715:Standards
3577:Air Force
3484:Judiciary
3474:Elections
3441:Ministers
3412:President
3405:Executive
3381:Politburo
3269:Southeast
3235:Northwest
3230:Northeast
3177:Provinces
3169:Divisions
3081:Geography
2987:Dynasties
2856:Mormonism
2703:, BRILL,
2629:March 18,
2614:144754326
2514:CiteSeerX
2512:: 25–41,
2506:East Asia
1800:fire gods
1563:Thần Nông
1539:Mẫu Thoải
1523:Liễu Hạnh
1491:Whale God
1437:ancestors
1390:Hải Phòng
1195:Liễu Hạnh
1116:Vĩnh Long
1112:Sóc Trăng
1100:Đồng Tháp
1085:During a
1060:Yiguandao
1003:Cao Đài (
892:shamanism
884:sacrifice
832:metonymic
736:vong-linh
684:xian ling
671:linh-hiển
539:Theosophy
535:Spiritism
347:Monuments
201:Festivals
152:Languages
4288:Category
4082:Clothing
4015:Buddhism
4005:Religion
3973:Alphabet
3968:Language
3896:Gambling
3876:COVID-19
3871:HIV/AIDS
3798:Airports
3793:Railways
3759:Internet
3610:Security
3526:Military
3469:Chairman
3294:Politics
3264:Southern
3220:Northern
3147:Molluscs
3132:Wildlife
3055:Republic
3022:Timeline
3002:Monarchs
2997:Military
2992:Economic
2982:Capitals
2966:articles
2536:52084986
2481:Đõ̂ 2003
2460:Đõ̂ 2003
2448:Đõ̂ 2003
2431:Đõ̂ 2003
2328:. gov.vn
2058:Đõ̂ 2003
2039:Đõ̂ 2003
2022:Đõ̂ 2003
2010:Đõ̂ 2003
1998:Đõ̂ 2003
1979:Đõ̂ 2003
1967:Đõ̂ 2003
1850:See also
1805:gia miếu
1742:cứu nước
1730:cứu chữa
1718:chữa trị
1712:sửa chữa
1671:lên đồng
1656:lên đồng
1579:Táo Quân
1458:Various
1400:Features
1351:Minh Đạo
1345:Minh Đạo
1286:Minh Đạo
1261:Minh Đạo
1256:Caodaism
1247:Đạo Minh
1241:Minh Đạo
1232:Minh Đạo
1216:or just
1096:An Giang
1076:Thất Sơn
1044:Buddhist
993:Tây Ninh
975:Caodaism
969:Caodaism
939:Caodaist
927:Văn Miếu
830:is also
723:linh-hồn
689:linh-ứng
519:Buddhism
471:national
229:Buddhism
211:Religion
178:Marriage
173:Clothing
112:a series
110:Part of
4272:Outline
4244:Theater
4239:Symbols
4087:Cuisine
4042:Culture
3956:Eunuchs
3842:Society
3771:Tourism
3727:Poverty
3656:Doi Moi
3650:Banking
3633:Economy
3597:Militia
3242:Central
3212:Regions
3137:Mammals
3098:Climate
3093:Borders
3035:Ancient
2974:History
2962:Vietnam
2490:Sources
2307:Vũ 2006
2288:Vũ 2006
2269:Vũ 2006
2250:Vũ 2006
2231:Vũ 2006
2212:Vũ 2006
2097:Vũ 2006
1736:cứu rỗi
1694:tu hiền
1688:tu thân
1627:Ông Địa
1587:Kim Quy
1543:Mẫu Địa
1525:), the
1405:Deities
1179:Đạo Mẫu
1173:Đạo Mẫu
1168:shamans
1146:Đạo Mẫu
1140:Đạo Mẫu
1132:Đạo Mẫu
1124:Bến Tre
1108:Long An
1087:cholera
1072:Hòa Hảo
943:Đạo Mẫu
848:rooster
704:ganying
626:chữ Hán
545:History
507:Cao Đài
491:Đạo Mẫu
367:Symbols
194:Cuisine
168:Kinship
138:History
77:See why
4293:Portal
4222:Sports
4129:Poetry
4109:Emblem
4092:Dishes
4070:Cinema
4065:Awards
4050:Anthem
4020:Taoism
4000:Racism
3951:People
3866:Health
3673:Energy
3605:Police
3187:Cities
2964:
2772:
2725:
2707:
2687:
2647:
2612:
2575:
2534:
2516:
2080:
1700:tu sửa
1581:, the
1571:Bà Đen
1541:, and
1521:, and
1464:Taoist
1445:heroes
1421:) and
1274:Saigon
1080:Buddha
1064:mystic
1048:Taoist
952:Yên Tử
862:, and
793:" or "
787:daemon
769:Thiêng
527:Taoism
327:Cinema
234:Taoism
145:People
114:on the
4279:Index
4168:V-pop
4163:Music
4151:Voice
4104:Dance
4030:Islam
3933:Women
3891:Crime
3880:Delta
3665:Đồng
3142:Birds
3012:Naval
3007:Names
2662:(PDF)
2610:S2CID
2590:(PDF)
2560:(PDF)
2532:S2CID
2502:(PDF)
1583:Bà mụ
1503:Âu Cơ
1479:Khmer
1283:Five
1155:(the
865:dương
807:dương
642:numen
338:Sport
317:Radio
309:Media
299:Music
183:Games
4119:Flag
3995:Name
3928:Time
3883:cron
3878:and
3595:and
3572:Navy
3555:Army
3331:LGBT
2770:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2685:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2631:2015
2573:ISBN
2418:help
2313:help
2294:help
2275:help
2256:help
2237:help
2218:help
2103:help
2078:ISBN
1828:and
1811:đình
1772:tịnh
1760:miếu
1706:chữa
1648:linh
1645:The
1475:Cham
1411:Gods
1378:The
1360:and
1238:The
1182:the
1122:and
941:and
886:and
875:Linh
827:linh
812:yang
789:", "
782:tinh
763:ling
651:linh
640:and
638:holy
621:linh
600:linh
537:and
525:and
514:thần
374:Flag
41:lang
4060:Art
3338:Law
2749:doi
2602:doi
2524:doi
1843:đền
1837:Phủ
1821:đền
1808:);
1769:or
1724:cứu
1545:),
1439:or
1339:).
1244:or
1152:Mẫu
1056:Zen
957:安子山
844:bat
840:owl
822:yin
797:".
750:",
707:),
686:),
469:or
253:Art
61:IPA
4310::
2745:16
2743:.
2739:.
2668:,
2664:,
2608:,
2598:57
2596:,
2592:,
2530:,
2522:,
2510:29
2508:,
2504:,
2467:^
2438:^
2368:^
2345:^
2204:^
2161:^
2144:.
2119:.
2046:^
2029:^
1986:^
1955:^
1890:^
1798:,
1794:,
1783:.
1682:tu
1667:A
1660:.
1585:,
1577:,
1573:,
1569:,
1565:,
1561:,
1557:,
1549:,
1537:,
1533:,
1517:,
1513:,
1477:,
1429:).
1276:.
1258:.
1226:.
1126:.
1118:,
1114:,
1110:,
1106:,
1102:,
1098:,
1082:.
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1046:,
983::
960:.
872:.
853:âm
820:,
817:âm
810:,
766:.
742:亡靈
729:靈魂
716:靈驗
628::
541:.
533:,
521:,
449::
46:,
2954:e
2947:t
2940:v
2824:e
2817:t
2810:v
2778:.
2757:.
2751::
2670:6
2604::
2526::
2420:)
2315:)
2296:)
2277:)
2258:)
2239:)
2220:)
2199:.
2155:.
2130:.
2105:)
2086:.
1914:.
1902:.
1884:.
1790:(
1629:.
1509:(
1485:(
1333:(
1323:(
890:(
775:聖
758:'
748:'
697:應
695:靈
678:顯
676:靈
664:聖
662:靈
632:靈
624:(
445:(
431:e
424:t
417:v
87:)
83:(
79:.
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