592:
813:
2488:
warned on the one hand against delays and on the other hand against excessive enthusiasm for reforms, preferring compromise. He was keenly sensitive to public opinion, and indeed often shapes it through his dealings with newspaper editors. When he sensed that public demand had reached an unstoppable momentum, he would work for a watered-down reform. He routinely gave the same advice to foreign governments. Diplomats across Europe took careful note of his move from the Tories to the Whigs, and suspected him of sympathy with the reform movements which were setting off upheavals in France, Belgium and elsewhere, and which frightened the reactionary governments of the major powers Russia, Austria and Russia. In reality he drew his foreign policy ideals from
Canning. His main goals were to promote British strategic and economic interests worldwide, remain aloof from European alliances, mediate peace in Europe and use British naval power sparingly as needed. He worried most about France as an adversary, although he collaborated with them as in securing the
2466:
2458:
settle the intense and growing political unrest across
Britain. He believed that the respectable classes deserved to have their demands for greater representation met, but he refused to extend political power to the mass of the lower middle class and working class, saying that they were not ready to be trusted with it. He wanted to preserve the basic elements of the existing constitution by removing obvious abuses, thinking that this would strengthen aristocratic leadership. He persuaded the king to promise to create enough new peers to force the bill through the House of Lords. The king made the promise while also advising the peers to stop blocking the bill. The Reform Act was Grey's principal achievement; it reflects his pragmatic, moderate and conservative character, as well as his parliamentary skills of timing and persuasion. His cabinet was a coalition of diverse interests, so in 1834 when it divided over the
2561:, and the Corn Laws kept the price high. Bright was a powerful speaker, which boosted him to election to parliament in 1843. His radical program included extension of the suffrage, land reform and reduction of taxation. He opposed factory reforms, labour unions and controls on hours For workers, women and children, arguing that government intervention in economic life was always mistaken. He opposed wars and imperialism. His unremitting hostility to the Crimean war led to his defeat for reelection in 1857. He was soon reelected from Birmingham, leading a national campaign for parliamentary reform to enlarge the suffrage to reach the working man. He was intensely moralistic and distrusted the integrity of his opponents. He loathed the aristocracy that continued to rule Britain. He held a few minor cabinet positions, but his reputation rests on his organising skills and his rhetorical leadership for reform.
2346:
reforms laid the structural foundation for a new kind of State in
Britain: a State in which the electoral rights and civil rights of citizens were extended and given greater legal protection, but in which the ordinary citizen was subjected to a much greater degree of administrative interference, direction, and control from the centre. The most spectacular element in this whole process—the Reform Bill of 1832—ensured that the state should also be partially democratized at the centre. The full significance of 1832 in the history of the country is appreciated only if it is seen as the central change in this mini-sided transformation of an agricultural nation ruled by squires, parsons, and the wealthy landowners into an industrial nation dominated by the classes produced by industrial expansion and commercial enterprise.
2365:"interests" by the "misconduct" of the government. In 1838, Chartists issued the People's Charter demanding manhood suffrage, equal-sized election districts, voting by ballots, payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could serve), annual Parliaments, and abolition of property requirements. The ruling class saw the movement as dangerous. Multiple large peaceful meetings across England demanded change but the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate. In July 1839, however, the House of Commons rejected, by 235 votes to 46, a motion to debate the Chartists' national petition, bearing 1.3 million signatures. Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society.
2206:, with only a few dozen voters under the control of a local magnate. Industrial cities gained many of the seats but were still significantly underrepresented in Parliament. The 1831–1832 battle over parliamentary reform was, "a year probably unmatched in English history for the sweep and intensity of its excitement." Every few years an incremental enlargement of the electorate was made by Parliament, reaching practically all male voters by the 1880s, and all the women by 1928. Both parties introduced paid professional organisers who supervised the mobilisation of all possible support in each constituency; about 80% of the men voted. The Tories discovered that their conservatism had an appeal to skilled workers, and also to women, hundreds of thousands of whom were organised by the
1943:, and expressed its strong hostility toward Catholics and nonconformist Protestants by restricting their political and civil rights. The Catholic started to organise in Ireland, threatening instability or even civil war, and the moderates in Parliament emancipated them. The Nonconformists were similarly freed from their restrictions. In addition to reforms at the Parliamentary level, there was a reorganisation of the governmental system in the rapidly growing cities, putting a premium on modernisation and expertise, and large electorates as opposed to small ruling cliques. A rapidly growing middle class, as well as active intellectuals, broaden the scope of reform to include humanitarian activities such as a new poor law and factory laws to protect women and children workers.
3301:
2446:, who defeated Napoleon, served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords, 1828–1846. Some writers have belittled him as a befuddled reactionary, but a consensus reached in the late 20th century depicts him as a shrewd operator who hid his cleverness behind the facade of a poorly-informed old soldier. Wellington worked to transform the Lords from unstinting support of the Crown to an active player in political manoeuvring, with a commitment to the landed aristocracy. He used his London residence as a venue for intimate dinners and private consultations, together with extensive correspondence that kept him in close touch with party leaders in the Commons and with leading figures in the Lords. He gave public rhetorical support to
1536:
2830:
493:
3007:
11921:
479:
1900:
3148:". Salisbury was "a great foreign minister, essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs". Another historian's estimate is more favourable; he portrays Salisbury as a leader who "held back the popular tide for twenty years." "nto the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit." One historian pointed to "the narrow cynicism of Salisbury". One admirer of Salisbury agrees that Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as "perhaps less objectionable than he had expected—succeeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness."
4032:
3098:
62:
12046:
3123:, were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and the lower middle class. The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria, who strongly favoured Disraeli), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal party. His
1775:
3073:
political status quo by sustaining an establishment viewpoint that emphasised the greatness of monarchy, empire and tradition as they created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo." Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured
Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor
2538:, forms the cornerstone of Bentham's thought. By "happiness", he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain". He is best known for his inspiration of the radical forces, helping them define those reforms that were most urgently needed and how they could be implemented. His intellectual leadership helped achieve many of the key legal, political, economic and social reforms of the 1830s and 1840s. He especially influenced the reform of education, prisons, poor laws, legal procedures and Parliamentary representation.
2330:, which now for the first time had a significant voice in Parliament. However, at this point the great majority of manual workers, clerks and farmers did not have enough property to qualify to vote. Many of them received the vote in 1867. The aristocracy continued to dominate the Church of England, the most prestigious military and naval posts, and high society, but not business, industry or finance. In terms of national governmental policy, the democratic wishes of the entire people had become decisive.
746:
518:
2589:
3017:
11268:
13490:
2037:, presented petitions assembled by the main Nonconformist pressure group, the United Committee, which represented Congregationalist, Baptists and Unitarians. Their demand was the immediate repeal of the hated laws. Wellington and Peel originally were opposed, but then tried to compromise. They finally gave, splitting the Tory party, and signaling that the once unstoppable power of the Anglican establishment was now unexpectedly fragile and vulnerable to challenge.
1000:
3912:
13795:
13501:
1612:. Each operation proved a failure with the British commanding generals killed or in disgrace. The war was a stalemate without purpose. A negotiated peace was reached at the end of 1814 that restored the prewar boundaries. British Canada celebrated its deliverance from American rule, Americans celebrated victory in a "second war of independence," and Britain celebrated its defeat of Napoleon. The treaty opened up two centuries of peace and open borders.
13478:
532:
1706:
2255:
133:
812:
13511:
3620:, and the death of George III, led to the concession of Catholic emancipation in 1829, allowing Roman Catholics to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Catholic emancipation was not O'Connell's real goal, which was the repeal of the act of union with Great Britain. On 1 January 1843 O'Connell confidently, but wrongly, declared that repeal would be achieved that year. When
2218:, while often discussed, was never necessary because the upper house repeatedly retreated in the face of determined House of Commons action. After defeating the first two versions of the Reform Act of 1832, the Whigs got the King to agree to appoint as many new peers as was necessary to change the outcome. He promised to do so, but convinced the Lords it would be much wiser for them to approve the law.
1733:" in 1819. They prohibited drills and military exercises; facilitated warrants for the search for weapons; outlawed public meetings of more than 50 people, including meetings to organise petitions; put heavy penalties on blasphemous and seditious publications; imposing a fourpenny stamp act on many pamphlets to cut down the flow on news and criticism. Offenders could be harshly punished including
2505:
2011:
by trade, commerce and manufacturers, gentlemen of the professions of law and physic, and agriculturalists, of that class particularly who live upon their own freehold. The virtues of temperance, frugality, prudence and integrity promoted by religious
Nonconformity... assist the temporal prosperity of these descriptions of persons, as they tend also to lift others to the same rank in society.
3262:, and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament. At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Ireland. No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold. The political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914. The Liberals were in power with a
3038:. He was typical of the generation of British leaders who matured in the 1830s and 1840s. He was concerned with threats to established political, social and religious values and elites; he emphasised the need for national leadership in response to radicalism, uncertainty and materialism. Disraeli was especially noted for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the
2573:, and he headed the reform agitation in 1867 which brought the industrial working class within the pale of the constitution. It was Bright who made possible the Liberal party of Gladstone, Asquith and Lloyd George, and the alliance between middle-class idealism and trade unionism, which he promoted, still lives in the present-day Labour Party.
1725:, on 16 August 1819, when a local militia unit composed of landowners charged into an orderly crowd of 60,000 which had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The crowd panicked and eleven died and hundreds were injured. The government saw the event as an opening battle against revolutionaries. In reaction
3808:. Irish MPs would no longer vote in Westminster but would have their own separate Dublin parliament, which would control domestic issues. Foreign policy and military affairs would remain with London. Gladstone's proposals did not go as far as most Irish nationalists desired, but were still too radical for both
1766:, which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. That happened in 1829 using Whig support. Passage demonstrated that the veto power long held by the ultra-Tories no longer was operational, and significant reforms were now possible across the board. The stage was set for the Age of Reform.
2242:
came in 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman
Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland. The Duke of Wellington, as Tory prime minister, decided that the surging crisis in largely Catholic Ireland necessitated some relief for the Catholics, although he had long opposed the idea.
2032:
had to reject non-Anglican applicants. At the local level, everyone who lived in the boundaries of an
Anglican church was required to pay taxes to support the parish. The Test and Corporation laws required all national and local government officials had to attend Anglican church services. In February
2010:
Throughout
England a great part of the more active members of society, who have the most intercourse with the people have the most influence over them, are Protestant Dissenters. These are manufacturers, merchants and substantial tradesman, or persons who are in the enjoyment of a competency realised
1761:
was alarmed at the strength of the
Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views." The Duke of Wellington, Britain's most famous war
2695:
One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the
Ottoman Empire. It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war. To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over
1925:
came at a time of intense public and elite anxiety and broke the logjam. The parliamentary system, based on a very small electorate and large numbers of seats that were tightly controlled by a small elite, was radically reformed. For the first time the growing industrial cities had representation in
1624:
progressed, society changed, becoming more urban. The postwar period saw an economic slump, and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest. British leadership was intensely conservative, ever watchful of signs of revolutionary activity of the sort that had so deeply affected France.
3927:
was badly organised. The British army suppressed it after a week of fighting but the quick executions of 15 leaders alienated nationalist opinion. Overnight there was a movement away from home rule and toward Irish independence. The Cabinet decided that the 1914 Act should be brought into operation
3127:
goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by
3072:
patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain. After 1920, historical films helped maintain the
2487:
in Tory governments for two decades, but switched over to the Whig coalition in 1830. The Tories despised him thereafter as a turncoat, and many of the more radical Whigs were distrustful of his basically conservative views that saw him fainthearted about or opposed to reform measures. He typically
2333:
Most historians emphasise the central importance of the legislation of the 1830s–60s, although there was a dissenting minority of scholars in the 1960s and 1970s who argued against deep meanings of Whiggish progress because each of the reforms was relatively minor in itself. Historian Richard Davis
2313:
their signature measure. It sharply reduced the numbers of "rotten borough" and "pocket boroughs" (where elections were controlled by powerful families), and instead redistributed seats on the basis of population. It also broadened the franchise, adding 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 in
2160:
established free trade as the basic principle by which British merchants came to dominate the globe, and brought cheap food to British workers. A depoliticised civil service based on merit replaced patronage policies rewarding jobs for partisan efforts. Efficiency was a high priority in government,
2626:
The Queen played a small role in politics, but became the iconic symbol of the nation, the empire and proper, restrained behaviour. Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow,
2432:
in 1860; by 1837 they numbered 428; in 1901, there were 592. The number rose to 622 by 1910. Reform legislation in 1832, 1867, 1884 and 1918 weakened the aristocracy in terms of its control of the House of Commons. However, it ran the government: of the ten prime ministers under Victoria, six were
2345:
In all these ways—the organization of the new police (by Peel as Home Secretary in the 1820s), the new Poor Law, and in the new municipal councils—the pattern of government in England was changed fundamentally within a single decade. In conjunction with the removal of religious disabilities, these
4048:
Until 1927, the monarch's royal title included the words "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". In 1927, the words "United Kingdom" were removed from the royal title so that the monarch was instead styled as "King/Queen of Great Britain, Ireland...". The words "United Kingdom" were
3850:
in 1893, which this time was passed by the Commons, but was defeated in the Conservative-dominated House of Lords. The Conservatives came to power until 1906 and home rule became a dead issue, but the subsidised sale of farm land greatly reduced the Protestant presence in Ireland south of Ulster.
1870:
Britain from the 1820s to the 1860s experienced a turbulent and exciting "age of reform". The century started with 15 years of war against France, ending in Wellington's triumph against Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo. There followed 15 difficult years, in which the Tory Party, representing a small,
1469:
that Napoleon could draft into the French armies when they were needed. Although the Royal Navy effectively disrupted France's extra-continental trade—both by seizing and threatening French shipping and by seizing French colonial possessions—it could do nothing about France's trade with the major
2931:
a difficult fight, but their weight of numbers, superior equipment and often brutal tactics, eventually brought about a British victory. The war had been costly in human rights and was widely criticised by Liberals in Britain and worldwide. However, the United States gave London its support. The
2568:
John Bright was the greatest of all parliamentary orators. He had many political successes. Along with Richard Cobden, he conducted the campaign which led to the repeal of the Corn Laws. He did more than any other man to prevent the intervention of this country (Britain) on the side of the South
1740:
One historian would write: "Peterloo was a blunder; it was hardly a massacre." It was a serious mistake by local authorities who did not understand what was happening. Nevertheless, it had a major impact on British opinion at the time and on history ever since as a symbol of officialdom brutally
3162:
The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as
2812:
to ship arms to and built warships for the Confederacy at considerable profit. London ignored American complaints that it allowed the selling of arms and building of warships for the Confederacy. Both blockade runners and warships caused a major diplomatic row that was partially resolved in the
2457:
had promoted reform of Parliament since the 1790s, always to be defeated by the Ultra-Tories. The breakthrough came in his success in passage of the Reform Act of 1832. He sought this as the final step of reform, rather than a first step in a long process, emphasising the urgent need in 1832 to
2015:
The Nonconformists suffered under a series of disabilities, some of which were symbolic and others were painful, and they were all deliberately imposed to weaken the dissenting challenge to Anglican orthodoxy. The Nonconformists allied with the Whigs to demand for civil and religious equality.
2364:
was a large-scale popular protest movement that emerged in response to the failure of the 1832 Reform Bill to give the vote to the working class. It lacked middle-class support, and it failed repeatedly. Activists denounced the "betrayal" of the working classes and the "sacrificing" of their
2237:
After four decades of rule by Pittites and Tories the first breakthrough in reform came in the removal by a Tory government of restrictions on the careers of Protestant Nonconformists in the repeal in 1828 of the laws that required Anglican church membership for many academic and government
2496:. He much preferred liberal and reform-oriented nations to reactionary powers. He placed a high priority on building up British strength in India, He spoke often of pride in British nationalism, which found favour in public opinion and gave him a strong basis of support outside Parliament.
3328:
shrank 27%. The Great War saw a decline in civilian consumption, with a major reallocation to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943). The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the U.S.
1744:
The Ultra-Tories peaked in strength about 1819–1822 then lost ground inside the Tory Party. They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants. An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many
1135:
Beginning in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Imperial government granted increasing levels of autonomy to locally elected governments in colonies where white settlers had become demographically or politically dominant, with this process eventually resulting in
3254:, based on middle-class values and virtues. He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details, whether of uniforms, politics, or relations, to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects.
119:
591:
120:
2338:." That is, the Reform Act of 1832 was a response to mounting popular pressure. It was "the culmination of a long historical process, and an important turning point in the emergence of a more liberal and broadly based political system… it deserves its old designation of 'Great.'"
1689:
in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed. Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of
3858:
The Conservative government also felt that the demands in Ireland could be satisfied by helping the Catholics purchase their farms from Protestant owners. A solution by money not force was called "killing home rule with kindness". Reforms passed as a result included the
3402:
alongside the Allies in 1917, and provided the needed manpower, money and supplies to keep them going. On other fronts, the British, French, New Zealanders, Australians and Japanese occupied Germany's colonies. Britain fought the Ottoman Empire, suffering defeats in the
3355:. Along the Western Front the British and French launched repeated assaults on the German trench lines in 1915–1917, which killed and wounded hundreds of thousands, but made only limited gains. By early 1916, with number of volunteers falling off, the government imposed
3450:(RFC), was about the same size of the pre-war army. The almost three million casualties were known as the "lost generation", and such numbers inevitably left society scarred; but even so, some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain, with poems like
3083:. Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience… Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared.".
3867:. Between 1868 and 1908: spending on Ireland was generally increased, huge tracts of land were purchased from landlords and redistributed to smallholders, local government was democratised, and the franchise widely extended. Ireland remained calm until the eve of the
1961:
became wiser, better, more frugal, more honest, more respectable, more virtuous, than they ever were before." Wickedness still flourished, but the good were getting better, as frivolous habits were discarded for more serious concerns. The leading moralist of the era,
2623:. Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railways, photography and the telegraph. Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics.
2124:
In the 1825 to 1867 era, widespread public demonstrations, some of them violent, escalated to demand reform. The ruling Tories were dead set against anything smacking of democracy or popular rule and favoured severe punishment of demonstrators, as exemplified by the
122:
121:
1178:. The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry, trade and finance, in which Britain largely dominated the world economy. Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States. The
3635:
made worse by demand for funds for railways and food imports. The crisis prevented the expending of the loan if the pound was to remain convertible to gold and government funding was slashed in 1847 and the costs of relief transferred to local taxes in Ireland.
3065:, for as Perry notes, "When confronted with specific problems, he sought to reduce tension between town and country, landlords and farmers, capital and labour, and warring religious sects in Britain and Ireland—in other words, to create a unifying synthesis."
117:
1649:
the damage was irrevocable. The sovereign was increasingly a symbolic contradiction in his own age. Through madness, stupidity, and immorality Victoria's three predecessors lowered the stock of monarchy. Only thirty years of the narrow domestic virtues of
1484:
would end its economic hegemony. On the contrary Britain possessed the greatest industrial capacity in the world, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions and the United States. The
2450:
anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. Wellington's success was based on the 44 peers elected from Scotland and Ireland, whose election he controlled.
1274:, opted-out of joining the Free State and remained part of the Union under this limited form of self-government. In light of these changes, the British state was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927 with the
1405:
ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of
2552:
to promote all varieties of humanitarian and parliamentary reform. They started with a successful campaign against the Corn Laws. These were tariffs on imported food that kept up the price of grain to placate Tory landowners. The major factor in the
1160:. Although these dominions remained part of the British Empire, in practice, dominion governments were permitted to largely manage their own internal affairs without interference from London, which was primarily responsible only for foreign policy.
3282:. The coalition lacked a long-term plan, because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s. The sociological basis was non-Anglicanism and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasised by the Labour Party.
1938:
and based in the industrial cities; they demanded cheap food. There were a series of reforms of the electoral laws, expanding the number of male voters and reducing the level of corruption. The reactionary Tory element was closely linked to the
2991:
Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century, Britain's golden age of parliamentary government. They long were idolised, but historians in recent decades have become much more critical, especially regarding Disraeli.
1182:
was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia. The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally, while democratic institutions began to develop.
1261:
in 1922. Although the Free State was explicitly governed under dominion status and thus was not a fully independent polity, as a dominion it was no longer considered to be part of the United Kingdom and ceased to be represented in the
3851:
Having been rejected by the Conservatives, the Irish nationalist forces had little choice but to support the minority Liberal Party. New groups split off and they finally all merged in 1900 into the Irish Parliamentary Party led by
3458:
criticising the war as a human failure. The literary legacy focused on mass death, mechanised slaughter, fallacious propaganda and deep disillusionment, thereby annihilating long-standing romanticised images of the glories of war.
1640:
so that he could marry his favourite lover. Public and elite opinion strongly favoured the Queen and ridiculed the king. The fiasco helped ruin the prestige of the monarchy and it recovered a fraction of the power wielded by King
1762:
hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later." Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass
3686:
Parnell's movement campaigned for "Home Rule", by which they meant that Ireland would govern itself as a region within the United Kingdom. Two home rule Bills (1886 and 1893) were introduced by the Liberal Prime Minister
3257:
The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control. Multiple crises hit simultaneously in 1910–1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis, labour unrest, the
2674:
of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world". Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe and the empire, especially in
3397:
in May 1915, drowning over 100 American passengers, protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare. In spring 1917 it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning.
1875:
that was fearful of a popular revolution along the French model, employed severe repression. In the mid-1820s, however, as popular unrest increased, the government made a series of dramatic changes. The more
3225:
became king, inaugurating the Edwardian era, which was characterised by great and ostentatious displays of wealth in contrast to the sombre Victorian Era. With the advent of the 20th century, things such as
2611:. Scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of the
2091:", whereby no nation would be powerful enough to threaten the conquest of Europe the way Napoleon had. Vienna ushered in a century of peace, with no great wars and few important localised ones until the
2082:
to pay 700 million livre in indemnities and lose the territory seized after 1791. He realised that harsher terms would lead to a dangerous reaction in France, and now that the conservative old-fashioned
1824:
in a few short years, mostly to Britain and to the United States. The trend of emigration would continue in Ireland for decades and Ireland's population has never recovered to its pre-famine levels. The
2306:. The government purchased all the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, most of whom were in the Caribbean sugar islands.
3042:, in contrast to Gladstone's negative attitude toward imperialism. Gladstone denounced Disraeli's policies of territorial aggrandisement, military pomp and imperial symbolism (such as making the Queen
1801:
in the 1850s. That war was strictly limited in terms of scope and impact. The major result was the realisation that military medical services needed urgent reform, as advocated by the nursing leader
1218:. Although not formally allied with any of these powers, by 1914 British policy had all but committed to declaring war on Germany if the latter attacked France. This was realized in August 1914 when
116:
2267:
commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords:
2103:
in 1815, but relented and broke ranks with the absolute monarchies by 1820. Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of
3390:, despite the risk of war by the powerful neutral power the United States. The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship, neutral or otherwise, was a target. After the liner
1957:
In the 1790–1815 period there was an improvement in morals caused by the religious efforts by evangelicals inside the Church of England, and Dissenters or Nonconformist Protestants as people:
4170:
Due to George III's inability to carry out his duties as King after 1811, his son acted as Prince Regent from then until George III's death in 1820 when he acceded to the throne as George IV.
13711:
3928:
immediately and a Government established in Dublin. Negotiations were stalemated as Ulster mobilised. London made a second attempt to implement Home Rule in 1917, with the calling of the
1793:
The era of reform came in a time of peace, guaranteed in considerable part by the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy. Britain engaged in only one serious war between 1815 and 1914, the
2880:
was useless as large-scale alliances emerged. It restored good relations with France and the United States, and ended tensions with Russia, while the confrontation with Germany became a
1685:, which controlled the government. Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the
1246:. The deadliest conflict in human history up to that point, the war ended in an Allied victory in November 1918 but inflicted a massive cost to British manpower, materiel and treasure.
3274:. The coalition was committed to free trade (as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought), free collective bargaining for trades unions (which Conservatives opposed), an
2164:
Foreign policy became moralistic and hostile to the reactionary powers on the continent, teaming up with the United States to block European colonialism in the New World through the
1359:
believed that agreeing to Catholic Emancipation would violate his Coronation Oath to uphold the Protestant faith, and his lack of support for the initiative led the Prime Minister,
1278:. The modern-day United Kingdom is the same state, that is to say a direct continuation of what remained after the Irish Free State's secession, as opposed to being an entirely new
2156:
and Peel, rationalised the tariff system, and culminated in the great repeal of the tariffs on imported grain in 1846, much to the dismay of grain farmers. The 1846 repeal of the
3627:
While government funds were supplemented by private individuals and charities, and aid from the United States, it was not enough to avert a major catastrophe. The government of
17:
2483:
played the dominant role in shaping British foreign-policy as Foreign Secretary (1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851) and as prime minister (1855–1858, 1859–1865). He served as
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
2845:, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. The second half of the 19th century saw a
2230:
let his ministers take full charge of government affairs. He was a deeply unpopular playboy. When he tried to get Parliament to pass a law allowing him to divorce his wife
2171:
Municipal reform was a necessity for the rapidly growing industrial cities still labouring under a hodgepodge of centuries-old laws and traditions. When Peel took over the
11235:
1852:
2860:
after 1871 posed a new challenge, for it (along with the United States), threatened to usurp Britain's place as the world's foremost industrial power. Germany acquired a
2636:
3175:. However, new research using computerised matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation then were quite low—under 5%—for the working class and the poor.
3046:), saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation. However, Gladstone himself did not turn down attractive opportunities to expand the empire in Egypt.
3983:
which by this time was operating under the remit of Dáil Éireann. In mid 1921 a truce was agreed between the British government and Sinn Féin and this resulted in the
1820:
when the potato crop failed in the 1840s. The Government did little to help the starving poor in Ireland. Along with the one million deaths, another one million would
1580:
was a minor sideshow to the British, but the American army performed very poorly, and was unable to successfully attack Canada. In 1813, the Americans took control of
661:
1588:, knocking most of the Indian tribes out of the war. When Napoleon surrendered for the first time in 1814, three separate forces were sent to attack the Americans in
12400:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12360:
12355:
12350:
12345:
12340:
12335:
12330:
12325:
12320:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12300:
12295:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
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12265:
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12255:
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12235:
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12225:
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12165:
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12145:
12140:
12135:
4145:
seceded from the Union in 1922 but continued as the same country, renamed under its current name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" under
4007:), immediately exercised its right under the Anglo-Irish Treaty to opt out of the new state. This treaty created a division in Irish nationalism and resulted in the
1991:
3757:
in Ireland. The wider the franchise was expanded, the better anti-union parties were able to do in Ireland. Running on a platform that advocated something like the
3543:
which allowed people to move out of decrepit inner-city slums. The slums remained for several more years, with trams being electrified long before many houses. The
2465:
636:
10086:
2002:), They proclaimed a devotion to hard work, temperance, frugality and upward mobility, with which historians today largely agree. A major Unitarian magazine, the
11183:
10106:
2195:. Elections were to be based on registered voters, city finances had to be audited in a uniform fashion, and city officials were elected by the local taxpayers.
2145:. Much more controversial was the repeal of severe discrimination against Roman Catholics after the Irish Catholics organised, and threatened rebellion, forcing
774:
666:
3431:
on 11 November 1918. It was actually tantamount almost to a surrender with Germany handing over her fleet and heavy weapons, and her army retreating behind the
3238:
were coming into use. The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism. The social reforms of the last century continued into the 20th with the
1632:
The major constitutional changes included a reform of Parliament, and a sharp decline in the power and prestige of the monarchy. The Prince regent, on becoming
13889:
2046:
1339:
and came into effect on 1 January 1801. The Irish had been led to believe by the British that their loss of legislative independence would be compensated with
10203:
1867:, other parts of Asia, and Africa. There was little friction with other colonial powers until the 1890s. British foreign policy avoided entangling alliances.
13909:
13582:
3473:
The war had been won by Britain and its allies, but at a terrible human and financial cost, creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again. The
6013:
118:
6557:
6424:
3936:
in April 1918 that attempted to link implementing Home Rule with extending conscription to Ireland. Irish nationalists rejected conscription and a wave of
1423:
3351:, and dismantling the overseas German Empire. The romantic notions of warfare that everyone had expected faded as the fighting in France bogged down into
13884:
6113:
2762:
2198:
By far the most important of the reforms was the democratisation of Parliament, which began in a small but highly controversial fashion in 1832 with the
8124:
4344:
13904:
11909:
11188:
9655:
1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.
2660:(1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830).
1470:
continental economies and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the
701:
13706:
10199:
9528:
2781:
of the Confederacy shut down 95% of Southern exports to Britain. Trade flourished with the Union and many young men crossed the Atlantic to join the
656:
155:
13859:
13854:
13668:
8103:
7548:
Carolyn, Augspurger (2017). "National identity, religion, and Irish unionism: the rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian opposition to Home Rule in 1912".
3975:
followed. London's attempted solution was the establishment of two Irish parliaments to pave the way for the Fourth Home Rule Bill, enacted as the
3291:
3141:
3049:
Disraeli drummed up support by warnings of a supposed Russian threat to India that sank deep into the Conservative mindset. His reputation as the "
2981:
696:
8748:
5253:
4251:
The Irish Pound 1797–1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency
12130:
11448:
11304:
11045:
2074:
in 1814–1815. It successfully broke Napoleon's comeback attempt in 1815. Castlereagh played a central role at Vienna, along with Austrian leader
1903:
8978:
4282:
3893:
for the duration. There was no conscription in Ireland; military service was optional. Large numbers of both Protestant and Catholic young men
3509:
2940:
in 1910; this had internal self-government, but its foreign policy was controlled by London and it was an integral part of the British Empire.
711:
1564:, seizing merchant ships suspected of trading with France, and impressing sailors (conscription) born in Britain, regardless of their claimed
13829:
12631:
12519:
10265:
3846:) won a majority. In 1890 a divorce case showed Parnell was an adulterer; he was forced from power, and died in 1891. Gladstone introduced a
1461:
remained a minimal threat to France; it maintained a standing strength of just 220,000 men at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas the
646:
2111:
in 1824. British merchants and financiers and, later, railway builders, played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations.
13648:
12741:
11362:
11217:
9090:
2965:
1028:
13613:
2133:(1788–1830) broke away on several critical issues. Nevertheless, the Whig party gets most of the credit. The middle classes, often led by
13879:
13874:
13824:
12905:
10384:
9720:
9146:
767:
691:
13899:
13653:
11231:
9100:
8338:
3359:(but was not able to do so in Ireland where nationalists of all stripes militantly opposed it) in order to keep up the strength of the
2969:
2809:
2480:
2469:
2414:
2168:
of 1823. Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire. The Royal Navy stepped up efforts to stop international trade in slaves.
2088:
2060:
1889:
1806:
1195:, which enabled British financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America.
3320:
successfully mobilised its manpower, industry, finances, empire and diplomacy, in league with the French and Americans, to defeat the
2137:
Protestants, turned against the Tories and scored the greatest gains. For example, symbolic restrictions on nonconformists called the
1888:
took over. The Tory coalition fell apart, and it was reassembled under the banner of the Conservative Party. Numerous Tories, such as
11458:
10152:
10030:
4043:
3259:
3124:
2876:
in 1888, he discarded Bismarck, began using bellicose language, and planned to build a navy to rival Britain's. Britain realised its
2794:
2744:
2433:
peers. The seventh was the son of a duke. Two (Peel and Gladstone) emerged from the business community and only one (Disraeli) was a
2087:
were back in power, they were no longer a threat to attempt to conquer all of Europe. Indeed, Castlereagh emphasised the need for a "
1816:
It was a time of prosperity, population growth and better health, except in Ireland where over one million deaths were caused by the
731:
716:
706:
13716:
13673:
13643:
13504:
12915:
12616:
11957:
11050:
9686:
8983:
4012:
2985:
2961:
2443:
2402:
2276:
2176:
1884:"Ultra Tory" faction. The party split, key leaders switched sides, the Tories lost power, and the more liberally minded opposition
1490:
7614:
13894:
13547:
11887:
11313:
11222:
10246:
10035:
8812:
4146:
3112:
3092:
2390:
1930:
in 1846—ending the tariff on imported grain that kept prices high for the landed aristocracy. Repeal was heavily promoted by the
1726:
1376:
1275:
1105:
2895:, it had co-existed with Dutch settlers who had migrated further away from the Cape and created two republics of their own: the
12925:
11902:
10396:
10280:
9940:
3825:
3035:
2758:
2735:
with some distrust, especially as the emperor built up his navy, expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy.
2378:
1498:
1163:
760:
726:
721:
686:
574:
392:
345:
3068:
In the popular culture, Disraeli was a great political hero, a status that persisted for decades after his death. For British
13590:
11653:
11198:
10229:
9521:
9110:
8726:
8690:
8662:
8517:
8493:
8369:
8347:
8307:
8285:
8249:
8211:
8187:
8148:
8112:
8088:
8067:
8048:
8012:
7993:
7971:
7949:
7930:
7911:
7889:
7870:
7851:
7829:
7807:
7785:
7763:
7741:
7717:
7695:
7673:
7654:
7539:
7499:
7409:
7380:
7358:
7287:
7250:
7222:
7161:
7136:
7108:
7068:
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7022:
6997:
6972:
6944:
6891:
6866:
6841:
6813:
6763:
6728:
6682:
6654:
6628:
6600:
6512:
6496:
6397:
6369:
6232:
6203:
6156:
6047:
5977:
5952:
5905:
5788:
5698:
5673:
5609:
5535:
5406:
5369:
5243:
5112:
5012:
4873:
4833:
4695:
4595:
4451:
4405:
4378:
4320:
4258:
4016:
3980:
3544:
2398:
2108:
614:
1855:
joined by iron and steel, coal mining, railroads and shipbuilding. The second British Empire, founded after the loss of the
1509:, peace appeared to have returned. Napoleon suddenly reappeared in 1815. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and
13849:
13844:
13628:
13514:
12514:
12125:
11100:
10483:
10369:
8968:
6804:
5846:
4101:
4096:
3839:
3774:
3773:. A wider franchise also changed the ideological mix among non-Irish MPs, making them more receptive to Irish demands. The
3552:
3540:
3427:
at the rate of 10,000 a day by May 1918, the Germans realised they were being overwhelmed. Germany gave up, agreeing to an
2949:
2410:
2272:
2052:
1915:
1810:
1754:
1717:
In industrial districts in 1819, factory workers demanded better wages, and demonstrated. The most important event was the
1462:
13595:
3940:
signalled growing support for the demand for total independence. The old Irish Party collapsed and a new political force,
3300:
1457:. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. The
13839:
12920:
11297:
10438:
10351:
10308:
7196:
C. Read. (2019). 'Taxes, tariffs and the economics of nationalism in 1840s Ireland', in D. Kanter & P. Walsh (eds.),
5422:
Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England".
4623:
Ditchfield, Grayson M. (1974). "The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790".
4049:
restored to the monarch's title in 1953 with the reference to "Ireland" replaced with a reference to "Northern Ireland".
3860:
3383:
3054:
2024:
was the only legally accepted birth documentation. The Anglican parish controlled the only religious burial grounds. The
1431:
1206:
increasingly came to be seen as an existential threat to the British Empire. In response, London began to cooperate with
13603:
13185:
12774:
12769:
11734:
11610:
11203:
10967:
10870:
10364:
10275:
10050:
9853:
9813:
9801:
9796:
9784:
9712:
9178:
9105:
8389:
5579:
4106:
3945:
3564:
3356:
1994:
and smaller groups. They were all outside the established Church of England (except in Scotland, where the established
1569:
919:
862:
857:
852:
847:
407:
12045:
4510:
Gaunt, R. A. (2003). "The fourth duke of Newcastle, the ultra-tories and the opposition to Canning's administration".
3324:. The economy grew by about 14% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services; by contrast the
61:
13788:
13701:
12118:
11895:
11789:
11717:
11683:
10060:
9779:
3964:
3743:
3340:
3031:
3001:
2720:
2323:
2187:
modernised urban government, which previously had been controlled by closed bodies dominated by Tories. Over 200 old
1576:. The Americans felt humiliated and demanded war to restore their honour, despite their complete unpreparedness. The
976:
842:
8550:
3415:
were growing worse in 1917, as the fighting in France continued with no end in sight. With Russia collapsing in the
2731:
on the Ottoman Empire. Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War, Britain viewed the Second Empire of
13869:
13864:
13257:
12734:
12531:
12028:
11984:
11226:
10250:
9882:
9825:
9765:
9514:
8837:
6784:
5092:
4116:
3988:
3864:
3816:: his first home rule hill was defeated in the House of Commons following a split in his own party. Liberal leader
3797:
leader Gladstone was considering home rule, the IPP ousted the Conservatives and brought the Liberals into office.
3735:
3731:
3605:
3477:
was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully, but these hopes were unfounded.
1877:
1682:
1565:
1263:
1116:, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited. However, the United Kingdom did engage in extensive wars in
1021:
837:
315:
6009:
4232:
3885:
ready to fight; senior leaders of the British army indicated they would not move to suppress the Protestants (the
2829:
2247:, who suddenly reversed himself on the Catholic issue and was roundly denounced and permanently distrusted by the
1737:. In practice the laws were designed to deter troublemakers and reassure conservatives; they were not often used.
1510:
1493:
gradually pushed the French out of Spain, and in early 1814, as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the
13252:
13197:
12862:
12526:
12023:
10863:
10490:
9936:
3847:
3669:
3360:
3057:
fell away as historians showed that Disraeli had few proposals for social legislation in 1874–1880, and that the
2287:
2227:
2184:
2017:
1885:
1535:
651:
8538:
4338:"Foreign policy considerations for the UK and Scotland in the event of Scotland becoming an independent country"
13638:
12621:
12509:
11627:
11622:
11290:
10495:
10391:
10065:
10045:
10000:
9698:
9411:
8321:
3976:
3872:
3813:
3628:
3497:
3332:
2957:
2440:
2146:
2034:
1702:
of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.
1271:
971:
209:
6099:
12708:
12595:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12447:
12442:
12437:
12432:
12427:
12422:
12417:
12412:
12001:
11637:
10473:
10182:
10096:
9183:
4774:
4337:
4208:
4111:
3782:
3765:, home rulers won a majority of both county and borough seats in Ireland in 1874. By 1882, leadership of the
3428:
3424:
2754:
2134:
1952:
986:
583:
3820:
led the battle against home rule in Parliament. He broke with Gladstone and in 1886 formed a new party, the
3246:, who reigned 1910–1936. Scandal-free, hard working and popular, George V was the British monarch who, with
3061:
did not reflect a vision of Conservatism for the unenfranchised working man. However, he did work to reduce
13761:
13435:
13272:
13189:
13157:
12837:
12068:
11698:
11543:
11417:
11130:
10448:
10374:
10224:
10157:
10081:
9955:
9912:
9679:
9141:
4530:
3828:
to build a base for the new party among "Orange" nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.
3399:
3391:
3263:
2881:
941:
13540:
13193:
12727:
12108:
11814:
11573:
11504:
10468:
9841:
9193:
9120:
8805:
8393:
3959:
did not send its elected MPs to Westminster, deciding to set up its own separatist parliament in Dublin;
3952:
3937:
3624:
hit the island in 1846, much of the rural population, especially in Catholic districts, began to starve.
3525:
3348:
3145:
2473:
2454:
2406:
2283:
2268:
2099:, tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur. Britain first took a Reactionary position at the
1382:
1014:
981:
923:
792:
601:
2334:
concludes that the scholarship of the 1970s represented "a vindication of the main outlines of the old "
1829:
was almost wiped out. The failure of the British government to respond to the crisis in the eyes of the
13773:
13451:
13282:
13213:
12857:
12407:
12085:
11972:
11605:
11578:
11173:
10812:
10478:
10172:
9476:
9220:
9115:
9095:
8832:
8273:
6191:
5276:
3906:
3364:
2869:
2802:
2770:
2493:
2303:
2259:
2203:
2078:. While many Europeans wanted to punish France heavily, Castlereagh insisted on a mild peace, with the
1860:
420:
68:
5986:
3551:
was achieved. Labour displaced the Liberal Party for second place and achieved major success with the
2302:
refashioned the British electoral system. In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the
1166:
that began in the decades prior to the state's formation continued up until the mid-19th century. The
13443:
12910:
12872:
12866:
12802:
12764:
12672:
12080:
11994:
11443:
10880:
10736:
10456:
10270:
10192:
10177:
10162:
10010:
9945:
9907:
9897:
9887:
9747:
8973:
7899:
6616:
3972:
3770:
3665:
3489:
3419:
Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front. The massive
3411:, while arousing the Arabs who helped expel the Turks from Mesopotamia and Palestine. Exhaustion and
2790:
2653:
2142:
1324:
1257:
almost immediately after the conclusion of World War I, which resulted in British recognition of the
1254:
867:
10898:
4274:
3006:
1226:, whose neutrality had been guaranteed by London. The ensuing First World War eventually pitted the
13834:
13176:
12876:
12504:
12499:
11925:
11804:
11470:
11405:
11125:
10255:
9869:
9253:
9125:
8759:
7705:
7683:
6588:
6272:
3727:
3676:
3587:
3192:
2927:(which certain other British territories would later employ to attain independence). This gave the
2374:
1741:
suppressing a peaceful demonstration thinking mistakenly that it was the start of an insurrection.
1620:
Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793. As the
1360:
1344:
1328:
1250:
1188:
1149:
1058:
951:
484:
222:
13000:
11917:
5399:
The price of emancipation: slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery
4719:
3077:(1868–1946) was famous for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the Oscar as best actor for 1929's
2670:("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914). By the time of
1926:
Parliament. This opened the way for another decade of reform that culminated in the repeal of the
1899:
13721:
13663:
13371:
13203:
12882:
12847:
12687:
12626:
11867:
11857:
11799:
11739:
11585:
11412:
11395:
11193:
11142:
10858:
10610:
10359:
10219:
10025:
9970:
9960:
9927:
9760:
9672:
9537:
7773:
7550:
7468:
3824:. It helped defeat home rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used
3786:
3688:
3680:
3568:
3443:
3420:
3295:
3275:
3108:
3102:
3050:
2977:
2161:
with the goal of low taxation. Overall, taxation was about 10%, the lowest in any modern nation.
2029:
1466:
1465:
exceeded a million men—in addition to the armies of numerous allies and several hundred thousand
1320:
1145:
961:
832:
215:
13819:
13798:
13533:
13420:
13237:
13232:
13170:
12930:
12852:
12827:
12817:
12636:
12018:
11989:
11962:
11658:
11595:
11378:
11213:
11090:
10716:
10236:
10091:
9980:
9931:
8798:
6670:
4038:, the last British king to be styled as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
3829:
3821:
3805:
3762:
3716:
3645:
3621:
3579:
3481:
2896:
2861:
2842:
2723:
in 1877 led to another European intervention, although this time at the negotiating table. The
2075:
2016:
Grievances included a 1753 law that to be legally recognised marriage had to take place in the
1910:
Constitutionally, the 1830s marks a watershed: the end of Crown control over the cabinet. King
1834:
1817:
1691:
1386:
1167:
956:
13064:
7491:
7401:
6936:
6177:
5856:
5104:
3363:. Industry turned out munitions in large quantities, with many women taking factory jobs. The
13746:
13482:
13404:
13222:
13162:
12812:
12703:
12600:
11967:
11744:
11600:
11422:
11332:
10875:
10846:
10379:
9606:
9401:
9246:
8942:
7372:
7350:
6224:
5714:
Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855".
5168:
Good, Kenneth (2009). "The drive for participatory democracy in nineteenth century Britain".
4784:
3742:
of Isaac Butt. Ireland was no closer to home rule by the mid-19th century, and rebellions in
3601:
3184:
2937:
2728:
2604:
2327:
2239:
2231:
2188:
1975:
1918:
who had a majority in Parliament, and the Crown ever since has gone along with the majority.
1848:
1763:
1734:
1637:
1621:
1609:
1546:
1502:
1411:
1340:
1332:
1227:
1211:
1153:
750:
132:
6675:
Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–1883
6172:
Parry, Jonathan Philip (2001). "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880".
4540:
4031:
13362:
13226:
13166:
12945:
12935:
12831:
12035:
11749:
11668:
11663:
11383:
11245:
11012:
10783:
10760:
10545:
10431:
10285:
10260:
10129:
9950:
9922:
9020:
8862:
6746:
6484:
3801:
3597:
3375:
3344:
3251:
3079:
2928:
2713:
2671:
2535:
2238:
positions. Much more intense was the long battle over the civil rights of Roman Catholics.
2025:
1931:
1802:
1746:
1585:
1506:
1486:
1435:
1279:
1076:
The United Kingdom, having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the
966:
3097:
2708:
against Russia. Despite mediocre generalship, they managed to capture the Russian port of
2051:
Three men shaped British foreign policy from 1810 to 1860, with only a few interruptions,
1474:, but it was smaller in terms of industry, finance, mercantile marine and naval strength.
30:
This article is about the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1922. For the modern state, see
8:
13766:
13741:
13608:
13412:
13292:
13267:
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12841:
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11492:
11463:
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10918:
10806:
10651:
10341:
10331:
10241:
9917:
9774:
9755:
9709:
9629:
9571:
9546:
9486:
9406:
9263:
9210:
9198:
8899:
8486:
Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain
7425:
Heyck, Thomas William (1974). "Home Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886–1895".
7342:
7124:
5940:
5325:
Davis, Richard W. (1982). "The Tories, the Whigs, and Catholic Emancipation, 1827–1829".
3894:
3890:
3790:
3696:
3649:
3617:
3493:
3279:
2846:
2211:
1963:
1809:, promoted British nationalism, opposed reactionary regimes on the continent, helped the
1750:
1443:
1175:
1050:
890:
827:
558:
10947:
8474:
4651:
Machin, G. I. T. (1979). "Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828".
3695:. The issue was a source of contention throughout Ireland, as a significant majority of
3631:
attempted to raise a loan of £8 million and intended a further loan but this provoked a
13756:
13751:
13427:
13333:
13208:
13056:
12950:
12822:
12807:
12750:
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11794:
11673:
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10903:
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9641:
9577:
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9241:
9188:
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8934:
8763:
8623:
8615:
8507:
8263:
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8159:
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7442:
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6534:
6517:
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6080:
5835:
5758:
5638:
5597:
5474:
5439:
5342:
5185:
5138:
4902:
4668:
4640:
4311:
Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power
3984:
3878:
3817:
3794:
3691:, but neither became law, mainly due to opposition from the Conservative party and the
3613:
3593:
3548:
3517:
3447:
3416:
3404:
3371:
replaced him in December 1916 Britain gained a powerful and successful wartime leader.
3368:
3325:
3317:
3305:
3200:
3172:
3157:
2877:
2750:
2724:
2570:
2489:
2341:
David Thompson has stressed the revolutionary nature of the entire package of reforms:
2100:
2071:
2070:
The coalition that defeated Napoleon was financed by Britain, and held together at the
1995:
1893:
1881:
1787:
1514:
1481:
1454:
1336:
1316:
1310:
1199:
1097:
1062:
1054:
895:
801:
498:
379:
366:
11282:
7731:
3668:
as it had become known, was turned into a major political force under the guidance of
13731:
13726:
13658:
13326:
13218:
12677:
11849:
11834:
11710:
11678:
11632:
11178:
11108:
10828:
10690:
10555:
10461:
10411:
10326:
10187:
10101:
9466:
9357:
9215:
8722:
8705:
8686:
8658:
8627:
8513:
8489:
8422:
8365:
8357:
8343:
8303:
8281:
8245:
8225:
8207:
8201:
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8144:
8108:
8084:
8078:
8063:
8044:
8038:
8008:
7989:
7967:
7945:
7926:
7907:
7885:
7866:
7847:
7825:
7803:
7781:
7759:
7737:
7713:
7691:
7669:
7650:
7535:
7495:
7454:
7405:
7376:
7354:
7283:
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7218:
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7157:
7132:
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7046:
7018:
6993:
6968:
6940:
6887:
6862:
6837:
6809:
6759:
6724:
6678:
6650:
6647:
The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury's Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902
6624:
6596:
6538:
6492:
6393:
6365:
6343:
6276:
6228:
6199:
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5239:
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5008:
4869:
4829:
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4591:
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4401:
4374:
4316:
4254:
3960:
3882:
3843:
3712:
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3474:
3451:
3379:
3271:
3267:
3239:
3129:
3027:
3010:
2973:
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2900:
2865:
2459:
2315:
2291:
2192:
2153:
2126:
2096:
2079:
2064:
1940:
1856:
1838:
1718:
1710:
1686:
1668:
1605:
1573:
1415:
1171:
446:
106:
82:
10684:
10421:
6357:
4636:
1774:
13388:
13088:
13008:
12075:
12011:
11844:
11724:
11519:
11453:
11400:
11342:
11037:
11017:
10838:
10793:
10167:
9848:
9830:
9717:
9635:
9589:
9550:
9461:
9327:
9319:
9304:
9236:
9203:
8913:
8782:
8607:
8295:
7527:
7434:
6562:
6526:
6429:
6323:
6072:
5825:
5750:
5723:
5634:
5466:
5457:
Davis, Richard W. (1980). "Toryism to Tamworth: The Triumph of Reform, 1827–1835".
5431:
5334:
5268:
5177:
5134:
5130:
5000:
4928:
4898:
4660:
4632:
4519:
4158:
Monarch of the separate Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 until 1800.
4142:
4000:
3996:
3929:
3886:
3739:
3661:
3632:
3536:
3513:
3468:
3043:
2903:. The British imperial vision called for control over these new countries, and the
2850:
2484:
2386:
2382:
2084:
1783:
1597:
1589:
1402:
1398:
1299:
1267:
1258:
1231:
1066:
914:
641:
525:
190:
6574:
6448:
6063:
McLean, David (1976). "Finance and "Informal Empire" before the First World War".
1629:
strongly encouraged conservative support for the political and social status quo.
1505:, Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the
13736:
13380:
12662:
12063:
11977:
11824:
11819:
11487:
11347:
11327:
11137:
11065:
11060:
10890:
10768:
10695:
10336:
10020:
9995:
9481:
9370:
9332:
9074:
9015:
8891:
8503:
8235:
8098:
8022:
7959:
7238:
6716:
6385:
5996:
4970:
4441:
4395:
4236:
4008:
3778:
3758:
3637:
3609:
3439:
3387:
3116:
3058:
2916:
2892:
2868:
succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy. When
2818:
2786:
2684:
2661:
2657:
2612:
2425:
2310:
2299:
2207:
2199:
2165:
2104:
2021:
1999:
1971:
1966:, saw everywhere "new proofs presenting themselves of the diffusion of religion".
1922:
1872:
1695:
1540:
1530:
1394:
1372:
1239:
1207:
1077:
1046:
13680:
13494:
13354:
13318:
13136:
12797:
12657:
12113:
11768:
11615:
11497:
11482:
11390:
11352:
11272:
11168:
11007:
10995:
10773:
9836:
9820:
9770:
9612:
9565:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9347:
9337:
9309:
9057:
9040:
9035:
8904:
8778:
8136:
7981:
7210:
6960:
6566:
6413:
6390:
1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill
6311:
6293:
6035:
5101:
English Local Government: From the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act
4975:
A world restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–1822
4889:
Davis, Richard W. (1990). "The Politics of the Confessional State, 1760–1832".
4304:
4179:
Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State until 1936.
4086:(1910–1922; title used until 1927 but remained monarch until his death in 1936)
4071:
4020:
3809:
3720:
3692:
3583:
3505:
3352:
3321:
3188:
3062:
3039:
2933:
2873:
2834:
2814:
2778:
2701:
2666:
2647:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2554:
2549:
2531:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2429:
2394:
2215:
2056:
1935:
1842:
1826:
1821:
1798:
1651:
1419:
1335:
resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by
1243:
1235:
1179:
1113:
1085:
1070:
1004:
909:
885:
553:
511:
441:
330:
277:
202:
31:
13104:
9375:
8611:
7171:
6530:
6433:
6327:
5754:
5181:
4664:
2805:, and any possibility of its intervention on behalf of the Confederacy ended.
2534:
as a working philosophy of action. The "greatest happiness principle", or the
2129:
in Manchester in 1819. The Tory ranks were cracking, however, especially when
1694:(allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial).
13813:
13620:
13572:
13556:
12562:
12541:
11761:
11756:
11427:
11337:
10823:
10656:
10530:
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9990:
9342:
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6698:
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6464:
6418:
6281:
6104:
5776:
5096:
4861:
4121:
3956:
3924:
3920:
3747:
3726:
Irish demands ranged from the "repeal" of O'Connell, the "federal scheme" of
3711:") parliament in Dublin would discriminate or retaliate against them, impose
3412:
3216:
3196:
3120:
3074:
2920:
2857:
2774:
2676:
2620:
2583:
2434:
2319:
2264:
1779:
1561:
1494:
1471:
1450:
1348:
1219:
1215:
1203:
631:
626:
170:
157:
35:
8709:
5727:
5272:
4523:
3968:
3438:
By 1918, there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling
2843:
Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada
2683:. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an
2588:
2437:. Of the 227 cabinet members between 1832 and 1905, 139 were sons of peers.
13567:
13277:
13128:
13080:
13040:
12546:
10977:
10913:
10908:
10818:
10801:
10626:
10565:
10055:
10040:
9491:
9456:
8461:
8333:
8317:
8259:
8197:
7038:
6756:
Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England
5830:
5817:
4309:
3852:
3521:
3247:
3168:
3164:
2766:
2732:
2447:
2335:
2295:
2248:
1830:
1699:
1678:
1664:
1625:
Historians have found very few signs, noting that social movements such as
1489:
in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent. The
1458:
1439:
1390:
1291:
1129:
609:
13032:
9506:
8582:
Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939
4335:
3941:
3512:
in Mesopotamia; the latter of which became fully independent in 1932. The
3016:
2254:
1813:
to free themselves and worked to shut down the international slave trade.
13633:
13346:
13338:
13181:
12992:
11876:
11839:
11809:
11773:
11704:
11689:
11533:
11114:
11027:
10726:
10670:
10631:
9892:
9471:
9052:
8952:
8034:
7727:
6462:
Diamond, Michael (1990). "Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall".
5741:
Brown, David (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865".
5121:
Finlayson, G. B. A. M. (1966). "The Politics of Municipal Reform, 1835".
4711:
4583:
3868:
3832:
3673:
3529:
3408:
3309:
2953:
2888:
2705:
2616:
2558:
2541:
2527:
2418:
2244:
2183:—who in London to this day are still called "Bobbies" in his honour. The
2172:
2130:
2092:
1864:
1794:
1758:
1577:
1526:
1295:
1184:
1109:
1101:
946:
619:
339:
324:
9380:
8637:
Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966
5042:
All the textbooks cover the main developments, and for more details see
2603:'s rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British
13459:
13302:
13247:
13120:
13096:
13016:
12940:
12667:
12536:
12090:
12006:
11509:
11475:
11208:
10731:
10641:
10605:
10595:
10401:
9451:
9385:
8619:
8221:
7751:
6335:
6084:
5478:
5443:
4826:
Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s
4229:
4077:
4065:
4053:
3657:
3641:
3222:
3069:
3020:
2912:
2782:
2709:
2512:
1911:
1841:. The famine is remembered in Ireland to this day as oppression by the
1722:
1642:
1427:
1356:
1192:
1125:
1089:
1081:
289:
265:
241:
10852:
7446:
6515:(2013). "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938".
5839:
5346:
5142:
4644:
4371:
George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch
3911:
3715:, and impose tariffs on industry. While most of Ireland was primarily
3547:
gave women householders the vote, but it would not be until 1928 that
2849:
among the European powers. There was talk of war with France over the
1446:, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars.
13310:
13112:
12719:
11524:
11240:
10961:
10745:
10600:
10575:
10550:
9975:
9365:
4059:
3766:
3708:
3704:
3204:
2904:
2157:
2138:
1983:
1927:
1745:
restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the
1633:
1626:
1601:
1581:
1170:, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to
1141:
253:
12984:
10926:
10646:
8530:
In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815
7800:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
6076:
5818:"Nineteenth-Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History"
5470:
5435:
3113:
prime minister four times (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894)
1705:
1092:
for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of
12572:
11152:
11085:
10750:
10636:
10580:
9985:
9067:
9030:
8918:
8872:
8743:
7438:
4935:. Vol. 2: The Liberal Awakening (1815–1830). pp. 263–266.
4083:
4035:
3992:
3754:
3485:
3243:
3235:
2697:
2361:
2356:
1979:
1730:
1672:
1658:
1593:
1477:
1157:
1093:
301:
7077:
5306:
5294:
5049:
4738:
4200:
3664:, in the 1870s. After Butt's death the home rule movement, or the
1426:
failed, chiefly due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805 a
13048:
12968:
12567:
11070:
11055:
10954:
10741:
10721:
9695:
9664:
9047:
8908:
8857:
8598:
Parry, J. P. (1983). "The State of Victorian Political History".
8540:
A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815
8278:
A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War
8227:
Victorian people; a reassessment of persons and themes, 1851–1867
6196:
A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War
5691:
The Most English Minister: The Policies and Politics of Pamerston
4019:. The union of Great Britain with most of Ulster was renamed the
3336:
2798:
2769:. The mostly working-class British people generally favoured the
2545:
2309:
The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform by making the
1987:
1407:
1352:
1223:
1202:
until the early 20th century when the growing naval power of the
197:
13525:
8867:
8790:
8060:
The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire
7964:
Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization Of Victory; 1793–1815
12976:
10940:
10933:
10778:
10711:
10570:
9416:
9062:
8947:
8847:
5005:
British policy and the independence of Latin America, 1804–1828
4004:
3835:
coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."
3700:
3608:
blocked emancipation, arguing that to grant it would break his
3501:
3280:
constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords
2821:
only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.
2180:
1572:
tribes in Canada that were raiding American settlements on the
1137:
1117:
149:
3753:
O'Connell's campaign was hampered by the limited scope of the
3242:
being formed in 1900. Edward died in 1910, to be succeeded by
2175:, he abolished the espionage and cruel punishments, ended the
1422:
with the United Kingdom. In May 1803, war was declared again.
12577:
10990:
10560:
8923:
8852:
8077:
Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas (2013).
7822:
Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832
7647:
The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War
6705:. Vol. X: January 1881 – June 1883. pp. cxxxix–cxl.
5945:
Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective
5507:
Chase, Malcolm (November 2013). "Recognising the Chartists".
4909:
3528:, although British troops remained stationed there until the
3432:
2908:
2504:
1132:, to extend its overseas territorial holdings and influence.
8454:
Britain's Century: A Political and Social History, 1815–1905
8322:"High Minds: The Victorians and the Birth of Modern Britain"
7615:"The King's style and titles in the UK and the Commonwealth"
6241:
4939:
2765:
was effective in defusing a war scare in late 1861 over the
2318:. The main effect of the act was to weaken the power of the
8842:
7582:
7570:
7558:
6884:
The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War
6221:
The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War
6174:
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)
5378:
3875:
and Protestants in Ulster mobilised to oppose it by force.
3227:
2680:
1331:'s fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with
1121:
8141:
Modern England: from the eighteenth century to the present
7154:
The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's financial crisis
5254:"Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828"
5061:
5028:
Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl, eds. (2004).
3250:, established the modern pattern of exemplary conduct for
2472:
addressing the House of Commons during the debates on the
2202:. The main impact was to drastically reduce the number of
1892:, switched over to the Whig opposition, and it became the
1713:
of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.
10678:
7508:
7301:
7299:
5797:
4951:
4604:
4336:
House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee (1 May 2013).
3231:
2526:(1748–1832) was an intellectual who focused on reforming
2226:
A weak ruler as regent (1811–1820) and king (1820–1830),
1270:
in Ireland, which since 1920 were being governed under a
7594:
7178:
6253:
5196:
5030:
Britain and the Americas: culture, politics, and history
4790:
4479:
4023:
in 1927, and is known by this name to the present time.
2690:
2286:, prime minister from 1830 to 1834, and his rejuvenated
1681:
were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the
11312:
10107:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
8300:
History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century
7688:
A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present
7043:
A war imagined: the First World War and English culture
3480:
Following the war, Britain gained the German colony of
3276:
active social policy that was forging the welfare state
2637:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
2065:
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1654:
finally retrieved the symbolic luster of the sovereign.
1187:, by far the most important overseas possession, saw a
8414:
Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820
7296:
7198:
Taxation, Politics, and Protest in Ireland, 1692–2016.
6933:
With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918
6419:"Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)"
4981:
3769:
movement had passed to Charles Stewart Parnell of the
3723:
and would be affected by any tariff barriers imposed.
3374:
The Navy continued to dominate the seas, fighting the
2047:
History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom
7532:
The Ulster crisis: resistance to home rule, 1912–1914
7323:
7311:
5877:
5645:
4842:
3889:). Suddenly war with Germany broke out and home rule
3719:, six of the counties in Ulster were the location of
3423:
of 1918 failed, and with arrival of a million of the
2179:
for most crimes, and inaugurated the first system of
1520:
1304:
1069:
in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the
9837:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
8779:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
8721:. Vol. 12, pt. 2: 1874–1914. Psychology Press.
8076:
7863:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846
7259:
6912:
6900:
6744:
Probert, Rebecca (September 2012). "Living in Sin".
5852:
5073:
4750:
4021:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
3167:
decried the slums for their supposed high levels of
3111:
was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli, serving as
2753:(1861–1865), British leaders and elite favoured the
1560:
To defeat France, Britain put heavy pressure on the
1191:
in 1857. In overseas policy, the central policy was
1071:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
8080:
A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present
7986:
The Deluge: British Society and the First World War
7156:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 131–183.
5149:
4726:
4491:
3967:. The British government attempted to suppress the
1636:in 1820 asked Parliament to divorce his wife Queen
6417:
5544:
4762:
4421:
4308:
3979:while also attempting to defeat Sinn Féin and the
3804:was closely modelled on the self-government given
2424:The aristocracy remained dominant: there were 200
1401:claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the
1106:was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers
10200:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
8241:Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906
7780:(2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press.
7280:British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876–1906
6482:
6128:
5421:
5091:
5027:
4467:
4343:. London: The Stationery Office. p. Ev 106.
3660:, built a new moderate nationalist movement, the
3524:since 1914, became independent in 1922 after the
3132:system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms.
3115:. His financial policies, based on the notion of
2063:(especially 1830–1865). For a complete list, see
1355:. Despite personal sympathy for Roman Catholics,
987:History of the Irish language
13811:
13712:Mathematics, science, technology and engineering
8700:Young, George M.; Handcock, W. D., eds. (1956).
8563:A history of modern Britain: 1714 to the present
6555:(2004). "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)".
6298:The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli
5238:. Faber & Faber, Limited. pp. 460–465.
4017:Anti-Treaty faction of the Irish Republican Army
3781:in which the Irish Parliamentary Party held the
3386:and was increasingly short of food. It tried to
3292:History of the United Kingdom during World War I
2936:were merged with Cape Colony and Natal into the
2817:in 1872, in the Americans' favour by payment of
2704:. In 1853, Britain and France intervened in the
2564:One historian summarised Bright's achievements:
1659:Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts
1645:in his saner days. Historian Eugene Black says:
11046:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
8362:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852
7101:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852
6362:Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914
3955:in Ireland and in keeping with their policy of
3644:soared during what is known in Ireland as the "
3640:(or farm labourers) were largely wiped out and
3573:
3343:, and quickly assumed the role of fighting the
1904:Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway
1337:legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms
1315:A brief period of limited independence for the
18:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
8681:Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony, eds. (1959).
8655:A companion to early twentieth-century Britain
7921:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith Terrance (2003).
7369:Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist
6721:Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England
4275:"Act of Union | United Kingdom [1801]"
3838:Gladstone took the issue to the people in the
2887:Ever since Britain had wrested control of the
2095:(1853–1856). Prussia, Austria, and Russia, as
1615:
1345:civil disabilities placed upon Roman Catholics
1230:including the British Empire, France, Russia,
13890:States and territories disestablished in 1922
13541:
12735:
11903:
11298:
9680:
9636:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
9522:
8806:
8699:
8680:
8104:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918
7942:Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905–1920
7467:
7398:The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918
7123:
6621:The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill
5215:Baker Kenneth (2005). "George IV: a Sketch".
5214:
4688:Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds
4443:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815
2773:. What little cotton was available came from
2191:were abolished and replaced with 179 elected
1022:
768:
13910:1922 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
8770:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
8548:
8536:
8378:
7920:
6561:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6428:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6259:
6100:"The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople"
5562:
4868:. A. & Charles Black. pp. 370–439.
3842:, but the Unionists (Conservatives plus the
2862:number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific
2214:was not on the agenda. The abolition of the
1946:
79:
13686:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9809:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9584:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
9536:
9269:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
8294:
6798:
6491:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14.
6149:Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–1878
4147:The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
4141:The state did not cease to exist after the
3210:
2664:, British dominance was later described as
2275:(1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and
1863:of the 1770s, was dramatically expanded in
1769:
1174:in much of Ireland and increased calls for
1043:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
47:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
13885:States and territories established in 1801
13548:
13534:
12742:
12728:
11910:
11896:
11305:
11291:
11232:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
9687:
9673:
9529:
9515:
8979:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference
8813:
8799:
8451:
8407:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
8339:The Age of Decadence: Britain 1880 to 1914
8062:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press.
7666:British politics in the nineteenth century
7473:A History of the Irish Parliamentary party
7395:
7341:
6314:(September 2000). "Disraeli and England".
6218:
4915:
4823:
4622:
4588:Aristocracy and people: Britain, 1815–1865
3144:was a "talented leader who was an icon of
2808:British companies built and operated fast
2481:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
1513:defeated Napoleon once and for all at the
1385:(1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the
1029:
1015:
775:
761:
131:
13905:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom
8634:
8483:
8476:English thought in the nineteenth century
8472:
8420:
8234:
8021:
7606:
7485:
7282:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
7083:
6930:
6219:Merli, Frank J.; Fahey, David M. (2004).
5829:
5688:
5666:Charles, Earl Grey: Aristocratic Reformer
5120:
4969:
4249:Fetter, Frank Whitson (3 November 2005).
4044:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom
3871:, when the Liberal government passed the
3761:successfully enacted in Canada under the
2745:United Kingdom and the American Civil War
2641:
2234:, public opinion strongly supported her.
12916:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543
11051:Association football in Northern Ireland
8716:
8643:
8388:
8203:From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885
8157:
7490:. Manchester University Press. pp.
7200:London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 199–226.
6959:
6828:
6623:. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 132.
6511:
5967:
5895:
5871:John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator
5625:Davis, Richard W. (2003). "Wellington".
5596:
5578:
5491:
5384:
5300:
5067:
4999:
4860:
4756:
4716:Sir Robert Peel: From His Private Papers
4590:. Harvard University Press. p. 95.
4397:Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle 1803–1805
4303:
4030:
3910:
3378:to a draw in the only great battle, the
3299:
3221:Queen Victoria died in 1901 and her son
3096:
3015:
3005:
2948:Prime ministers of the period included:
2828:
2797:a war goal. Britain was long opposed to
2793:would be issued in 90 days, thus making
2587:
2503:
2464:
2444:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
2373:Prime ministers of the period included:
2279:(1769–1852) and the Tories on the right.
2277:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
2253:
1898:
1773:
1704:
1534:
1424:Napoleon's plans to invade Great Britain
13860:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
13855:History of the United Kingdom by period
10247:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
8652:
8466:A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918
8402:
8356:
8272:
8007:. Challenging History. Nelson Thornes.
7980:
7898:
7778:The Oxford Companion to British History
7644:
7588:
7576:
7564:
7547:
7526:
7317:
7277:
7265:
7245:. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405.
7231:
7095:
7061:British Culture and the First World War
6918:
6906:
6881:
6856:
6785:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6778:
6743:
6715:
6697:
6558:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6551:
6461:
6425:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6384:
6271:
6190:
6146:
5939:
5920:
5569:, provides a short scholarly biography.
5170:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
4552:
4368:
3932:. Prime Minister Lloyd George sought a
3592:Part of the agreement which led to the
3306:Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment
3093:Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone
2727:blocked Russia from imposing the harsh
2290:enacted a series of major reforms: the
1480:expected that cutting Britain off from
1449:In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of
1377:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars
14:
13812:
12926:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
12749:
8588:
8580:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin, ed. (1966).
8579:
8560:
8502:
8460:
8432:
8332:
8316:
8220:
8196:
8097:
8057:
8002:
7958:
7939:
7882:The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886
7879:
7860:
7772:
7750:
7710:The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon
7366:
7329:
7305:
7237:
7012:
6834:Parties and People: England, 1914–1951
6587:
6525:(2): 487–511, quotes on 488, 509–510.
6292:
6247:
6097:
6062:
6034:
5992:
5883:
5803:
5775:
5651:
5550:
5494:England in the 19th century: 1815–1914
5396:
5312:
5055:
5043:
4957:
4945:
4927:
4848:
4808:
4768:
4744:
4650:
4610:
4427:
4248:
4211:from the original on 22 September 2020
4124:, covers social & cultural history
3699:(largely but not exclusively based in
3146:traditional, aristocratic conservatism
2544:(1811–1889) built on his middle-class
27:Historical sovereign state (1801–1922)
13529:
12723:
11891:
11286:
10516:
10306:
10127:
9733:
9668:
9510:
8794:
8597:
8527:
8379:McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill (2007).
8258:
8177:
8122:
8033:
7904:Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000
7865:. Clarendon Press. pp. 664–723.
7838:
7816:
7794:
7736:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
7726:
7704:
7682:
7663:
7600:
7514:
7424:
7209:
7103:. Gill & Macmillan. p. 354.
7037:
6987:
6753:
6669:
6644:
6615:
6593:Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography
6412:
6310:
6171:
6134:
5740:
5713:
5663:
5624:
5525:
5506:
5456:
5359:
5324:
5251:
5202:
5079:
4987:
4888:
4796:
4780:
4685:
4536:
4509:
4497:
4485:
4473:
4393:
4350:from the original on 18 December 2020
3900:
3703:), opposed home rule, fearing that a
3545:Representation of the People Act 1918
3178:
2738:
2691:Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire
1543:ending the war with the United States
1325:British war with revolutionary France
1108:. The most notable exception was the
13830:Modern history of the United Kingdom
8984:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly
8441:
8411:
8405:Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)
8158:Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn (1962) .
8135:
7612:
7184:
7151:
7058:
6935:. Harvard University Press. p.
6805:The Strange Death of Liberal England
6489:A critical history of British cinema
6223:. Indiana University Press. p.
6016:from the original on 15 October 2018
5868:
5853:Roberts, Roberts & Bisson (2013)
5815:
5233:
5167:
5155:
4732:
4710:
4582:
4567:
4439:
4102:Historiography of the United Kingdom
4097:Historiography of the British Empire
3923:of 1916, using arms supplied by the
2919:. Outgunned by a mighty empire, the
2599:The Victorian era was the period of
2548:heritage and his collaboration with
2298:restricted and, most important, the
2273:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne
2221:
2119:
1214:and Russia, and moved closer to the
13510:
12921:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556
11314:International relations (1814–1919)
8646:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain
8040:Britain between the wars: 1918–1940
7129:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849
6990:Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918
6356:
5921:Vallone, Lynne (2002). "Victoria".
4166:
4164:
4026:
3861:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898
3600:in Ireland were to be repealed and
3183:Prime ministers from 1900 to 1923:
2630:
1272:much more limited form of home rule
34:. For the geographical region, see
24:
13880:20th century in the United Kingdom
13875:19th century in the United Kingdom
12044:
10276:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
10051:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
9849:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
9694:
8704:. Vol. 12, pt. 1: 1833–1874.
8673:
8170:
7131:. Penguin Publishing. p. 31.
6040:The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism
5639:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x
4903:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1990.tb00552.x
3915:The Irish Free State (red) in 1922
3648:". A significant minority elected
3316:After a rough start Britain under
3032:prime minister in 1868 and 1874–80
2652:After the defeat of France in the
2368:
1568:. British government agents armed
1521:War of 1812 with the United States
1393:, the Netherlands having become a
1366:
1305:Union of Great Britain and Ireland
1276:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
584:History of the United Kingdom
25:
13921:
13900:1922 disestablishments in Ireland
13555:
10061:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
8820:
8737:
8591:Reader's guide to British history
8572:
8180:Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era
7884:. New Oxford History of England.
7756:The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867
6861:(2nd ed.). Pearson/Longman.
5604:. Vol. 2. Harper & Row.
5586:(4th ed.). pp. 157–158.
4285:from the original on 21 July 2017
4013:Provisional Government of Ireland
3400:The United States entered the war
3002:Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli
2824:
2702:threatening India via Afghanistan
2040:
1414:, a German-speaking duchy of the
393:Irish Free State Constitution Act
13794:
13793:
13509:
13500:
13499:
13488:
13476:
12632:Scottish 18th-century literature
11919:
11266:
10230:Tallest buildings and structures
8969:Ireland–United Kingdom relations
8635:Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1984).
7712:. University of Oklahoma Press.
7520:
7479:
7461:
7418:
7389:
7371:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp.
7335:
7271:
7203:
7190:
7145:
7117:
7089:
7031:
7006:
6981:
6953:
6924:
6875:
6850:
6822:
6792:
6788:(January 2008 on-line ed.).
6782:(2004). "George V (1865–1936)".
6772:
6737:
6709:
6691:
6663:
6649:. Harvester Press. p. 326.
6638:
6609:
6581:
6545:
6505:
6476:
6455:
6406:
6378:
6350:
6304:
6116:from the original on 11 May 2021
6098:Golicz, Roman (September 2003).
5565:The Companion to British History
4161:
4117:Terminology of the British Isles
3938:anti-conscription demonstrations
3865:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903
3034:, remains an iconic hero of the
2891:from the Netherlands during the
2577:
2114:
1914:in 1834 was obliged to accept a
1453:, which brought into effect the
998:
811:
744:
590:
530:
516:
491:
477:
114:
60:
12863:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
8125:"The English and their History"
7944:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
7015:Britain and the First World War
6758:. Manchester University Press.
6364:. Routledge. pp. 203–204.
6265:
6212:
6184:
6165:
6140:
6091:
6056:
6028:
6002:
5961:
5933:
5914:
5889:
5862:
5809:
5783:. Constable. pp. 146–153.
5769:
5734:
5707:
5682:
5657:
5618:
5590:
5572:
5556:
5530:. Manchester University Press.
5519:
5500:
5485:
5450:
5415:
5390:
5353:
5318:
5227:
5208:
5161:
5085:
5036:
5021:
4993:
4963:
4933:A History of the English People
4921:
4882:
4854:
4817:
4802:
4704:
4679:
4616:
4576:
4561:
4546:
4503:
4433:
4387:
4362:
4329:
3785:. They initially supported the
3763:British North America Act, 1867
3488:in Africa. Britain was granted
2785:. In September 1862, President
2530:. He was a leading promoter of
2322:, and enlarge the power of the
2243:The other main Tory leader was
2185:Municipal Corporations Act 1835
1934:, grass roots activists led by
1285:
13895:1801 establishments in Ireland
13825:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
13695:Economy, society and knowledge
12775:History of Ireland (1691–1800)
12770:History of Ireland (1536–1691)
12622:Romantic literature in English
10066:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
9412:Northern Ireland Sign Language
8549:Walpole, Spencer (1904–1908).
8537:Walpole, Spencer (1878–1886).
8479:. Methuen And Company Limited.
8230:. University of Chicago Press.
8182:. Grolier Academic Reference.
8027:Contemporary England 1914–1964
7664:Black, Eugene C., ed. (1969).
7637:
6967:. Penguin Press. p. 249.
6886:. Cambridge University Press.
6392:. Cambridge University Press.
6042:. Cambridge University Press.
5970:Navies in Modern World History
5563:Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001).
5424:The American Historical Review
5401:. Cambridge University Press.
5339:10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXII.89
4811:Democracy and Reform 1815–1885
4297:
4267:
4242:
4223:
4193:
4173:
4152:
4135:
4107:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
4056:(1801–1820; monarch from 1760)
3977:Government of Ireland Act 1920
3873:Government of Ireland Act 1914
3652:, who championed the Union. A
3565:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
3518:occupied by Britain since 1882
3308:following up the Germans near
2615:. The era was preceded by the
1880:among the Tories rejected the
13:
1:
12049:Floral Badge of Great Britain
11684:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
11638:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
11628:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
10128:
8717:Handcock, W. D., ed. (1977).
8644:Williams, Chris, ed. (2007).
5972:. Reaktion Books. p. 9.
5123:The English Historical Review
4824:Bebbington, David W. (2003).
4809:Wright, David Gordon (2014).
4637:10.1093/ehr/lxxxix.ccclii.551
4186:
4112:History of the United Kingdom
3948:, united Irish nationalists.
3425:American Expeditionary Forces
2943:
2801:, itself having abolished it
2755:Confederate States of America
2627:and grandmotherly matriarch.
1953:Nonconformist (Protestantism)
1550:
1511:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
1343:, that is, by the removal of
1319:came to an end following the
13707:Economy, industry, and trade
13158:Dublin Castle administration
11985:Anglo-French War (1778–1783)
11544:Second Industrial Revolution
11418:League of the Three Emperors
11131:Northern Ireland flags issue
10307:
10082:List of conflicts in Ireland
9826:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
8719:English Historical Documents
8702:English Historical Documents
8683:English Historical Documents
8653:Wrigley, Chris, ed. (2008).
8552:History of Twenty-Five Years
8484:Steinbach, Susie L. (2012).
8161:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
8058:Porter, Andrew, ed. (1998).
7880:Hoppen, K. Theodore (2000).
7347:The Nonconformist Conscience
7278:Biagini, Eugenio F. (2010).
6723:. Vol. I. p. 387.
6575:UK public library membership
6449:UK public library membership
5896:Arnstein, Walter L. (2003).
5315:, pp. 195–200, 232–233.
5135:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXXI.673
5058:, pp. 256–343, 489–523.
4747:, pp. 384–391, 668–671.
3881:began to arm themselves and
3793:, but when news leaked that
3574:Campaign for Irish Home Rule
3367:proved ineffective but when
3285:
3140:Conservative Prime Minister
3135:
3086:
2687:based on the British pound.
2499:
2004:Christian Monthly Repository
1805:. British diplomats, led by
1323:, which occurred during the
1228:Allied and Associated Powers
1053:that was established by the
7:
13850:History of Northern Ireland
13845:Former monarchies of Europe
11939:Constitutional development
11574:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
10517:
10102:Gaelic clothing and fashion
9734:
8685:. Vol. 11: 1783–1832.
8589:Loades, David, ed. (2003).
8421:Paul, Herbert (1904–1906).
8280:. Random House Publishing.
8178:Adams, James, ed. (2004) .
8005:Britain in the 19th Century
7906:. Oxford University Press.
7824:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
6857:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007).
6198:. Random House Publishing.
6010:"The Workshop of the World"
5968:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004).
5602:Wellington: Pillar of state
5046:, pp. 372–436, 493–558
4090:
3616:. A campaign by the lawyer
3526:Egyptian Revolution of 1919
3151:
2995:
2455:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
2350:
2269:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
2059:(especially 1807–1829) and
1616:Postwar reaction: 1815–1822
1608:to a massive defeat at the
1383:War of the Second Coalition
1065:. The establishment of the
652:Post-war period (political)
10:
13926:
13840:Former kingdoms in Ireland
12858:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
11623:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
8452:Rubinstein, W. D. (1998).
8435:The Irish Famine 1845–1852
8381:British History: 1815–1914
7844:The Crimean War: A History
7645:Beckett, Ian F.W. (2006).
7488:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921
7427:Journal of British Studies
7367:Crosby, Travis L. (2011).
7013:Turner, John, ed. (1988).
6808:. Transaction Publishers.
6260:Judd & Surridge (2003)
5900:. Macmillan Education UK.
5689:Southgate, Donald (1966).
5303:, pp. 76–77, 342–345.
5252:Gaunt, Richard A. (2014).
4041:
3946:force to achieve its goals
3907:Irish revolutionary period
3904:
3577:
3562:
3558:
3496:, which was turned into a
3490:League of Nations mandates
3466:
3462:
3388:fight back with submarines
3289:
3260:women's suffrage movements
3214:
3155:
3090:
2999:
2803:some three decades earlier
2742:
2645:
2634:
2595:reigned from 1837 to 1901.
2581:
2494:Kingdom of the Netherlands
2354:
2304:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
2260:The House of Commons, 1833
2044:
1970:Nonconformists, including
1950:
1861:American Revolutionary War
1833:would lead to a growth in
1729:'s government passed the "
1662:
1524:
1391:Dutch overseas possessions
1370:
1308:
1289:
662:Modern history (political)
137:The United Kingdom in 1914
29:
13784:
13694:
13669:The Marquess of Salisbury
13581:
13563:
13483:British Empire portal
13471:
13291:
13148:
12959:
12911:Crown of Ireland Act 1542
12896:
12803:Tudor conquest of Ireland
12783:
12765:Timeline of Irish history
12757:
12696:
12673:Proclamation of Rebellion
12645:
12609:
12588:
12555:
12101:
12056:
12042:
11932:
11782:
11646:
11559:
11444:European balance of power
11436:
11371:
11320:
11262:
11161:
11099:
11036:
10976:
10889:
10837:
10792:
10759:
10704:
10669:
10619:
10538:
10529:
10525:
10512:
10447:
10350:
10319:
10315:
10302:
10212:
10140:
10136:
10123:
10074:
9862:
9746:
9742:
9729:
9705:
9651:
9622:
9599:
9558:
9544:
9429:
9394:
9356:
9318:
9295:
9288:
9281:
9229:
9171:
9155:
9140:
9083:
9008:
9001:
8961:
8933:
8890:
8883:
8828:
8775:
8768:
8756:
8657:. John Wiley & Sons.
8612:10.1017/S0018246X00024201
8509:English History 1914–1945
8473:Somervell, D. C. (1929).
8424:History of Modern England
8023:Medlicott, William Norton
7802:(2nd ed.). Longman.
7396:Cunningham, Hugh (2014).
6931:Stevenson, David (2011).
6754:Frost, Ginger S. (2008).
6531:10.1017/S0018246X12000465
6328:10.1017/S0018246X99001326
6277:"Was Disraeli a failure?"
6147:Millman, Richard (1979).
5755:10.1080/09592290600942918
5584:Modern England: 1885–1945
5397:Draper, Nicholas (2010).
5327:English Historical Review
5182:10.1080/14662040903132526
4897:(1): 38–49, quote at 41.
4665:10.1017/s0018246x00016708
4625:English Historical Review
4446:. Yale University Press.
3973:Irish War of Independence
3771:Irish Parliamentary Party
3666:Irish Parliamentary Party
3508:, created from the three
2791:Emancipation Proclamation
2204:very small constituencies
2152:Financial reform, led by
2147:major concessions in 1829
2105:Spain's American colonies
1947:Protestant Nonconformists
1268:Six northeastern counties
1255:Irish War of Independence
1234:and the U.S. against the
904:Great Britain and Ireland
868:Timeline of Irish history
751:United Kingdom portal
546:
456:
434:
430:
417:
413:
406:
402:
389:
376:
363:
359:
351:
336:
321:
311:
307:
295:
283:
271:
259:
247:
235:
231:
221:
208:
196:
186:
142:
130:
97:
80:
75:
57:
52:
45:
13177:Privy Council of Ireland
11926:Kingdom of Great Britain
11735:Venezuela Naval Blockade
11406:Anglo-Russian Convention
9254:Kingdom of Great Britain
8760:Kingdom of Great Britain
8403:Matthew, H.C.G. (2004).
8364:. Gill & Macmillan.
7619:House of Commons Library
6882:Gregory, Adrian (2008).
6859:The Great War: 1914–1918
6645:Marsh, Peter T. (1978).
6176:. Vol. 11. p.
5743:Diplomacy and Statecraft
5492:Thompson, David (1950).
4553:Ziegler, Philip (1965).
4369:Roberts, Andrew (2021).
4253:. Taylor & Francis.
4201:"The Royal Coat of Arms"
4128:
3728:William Sharman Crawford
3588:Irish Home Rule movement
3535:In domestic affairs the
3442:, newly formed from the
3421:German spring offensives
3211:Edwardian era: 1901–1914
3193:Henry Campbell-Bannerman
2515:prison (1791 drawing by
2375:William Pitt the Younger
2055:(especially 1812–1822).
1982:and the rapidly-growing
1770:Age of Reform: 1820–1837
1600:but getting repulsed at
1434:decisively defeated the
1361:William Pitt the Younger
1329:Kingdom of Great Britain
1156:becoming self-governing
1059:Kingdom of Great Britain
657:Post-war period (social)
485:Kingdom of Great Britain
13870:20th century in Ireland
13865:19th century in Ireland
13664:William Ewart Gladstone
13654:The Viscount Palmerston
13204:Court of Castle Chamber
12883:Irish Rebellion of 1798
12873:Williamite–Jacobite War
12848:Irish Rebellion of 1641
12688:Welsh Methodist revival
12627:Romanticism in Scotland
12024:Agricultural Revolution
11990:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784)
11740:Alaska boundary dispute
11413:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
11396:Franco-Russian Alliance
11223:Prostitution (Republic)
9538:Irish states since 1171
8433:Purdon, Edward (2000).
8412:Mori, Jennifer (2000).
8003:Martin, Howard (1996).
7690:. Bloomsbury Academic.
7649:. Bloomsbury Academic.
7551:Irish Political Studies
7215:Charles Stewart Parnell
6065:Economic History Review
5728:10.1111/1468-229X.00176
5664:Derry, John W. (1992).
5528:Chartism: A New History
5526:Chase, Malcolm (2007).
5273:10.1111/1750-0206.12096
5007:. Textbook Publishers.
4524:10.1111/1468-229X.00280
4279:Encyclopedia Britannica
3713:Roman Catholic doctrine
3689:William Ewart Gladstone
3681:Charles Stewart Parnell
3569:British rule in Ireland
3444:Royal Naval Air Service
3357:conscription in Britain
3333:Britain entered the war
3296:Ireland and World War I
3109:William Ewart Gladstone
3103:William Ewart Gladstone
2978:William Ewart Gladstone
2490:independence of Belgium
1786:before the erection of
1397:of France in 1796, but
1321:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1164:Rapid industrialisation
1088:to become the foremost
717:History of the monarchy
667:Modern history (social)
216:constitutional monarchy
187:Official languages
107:God Save the King/Queen
13629:The Viscount Melbourne
13583:Politics and diplomacy
13238:Trinity College Dublin
13233:Grand Lodge of Ireland
13171:Irish House of Commons
13129:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh
12931:Act of Settlement 1662
12853:Irish Confederate Wars
12828:Plantations of Ireland
12818:Reformation in Ireland
12637:Blue Stockings Society
12050:
11973:American Revolutionary
11659:Unification of Germany
11606:Taft–Katsura agreement
10092:List of Irish kingdoms
8744:British History Online
8561:Wasson, Ellis (2016).
8395:England Since Waterloo
8123:Tombs, Robert (2014).
7925:. Palgrave Macmillan.
7733:Nationalism in Ireland
7400:. Routledge. pp.
7152:Read, Charles (2022).
7063:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6567:10.1093/ref:odnb/10787
6316:The Historical Journal
5816:Hart, Jenifer (1965).
5465:(2): 132–146, at 132.
5234:Gash, Norman (2011) .
5103:. Routledge. pp.
4948:, pp. 64–66, 108.
4039:
3987:. On 6 December 1922,
3953:1918 general elections
3916:
3822:Liberal Unionist Party
3580:Great Famine (Ireland)
3313:
3105:
3053:" and promoter of the
3024:
3013:
2915:") fought back in the
2897:South African Republic
2838:
2721:next Russo-Ottoman war
2642:Free trade imperialism
2596:
2520:
2477:
2462:question he resigned.
2280:
2251:faction of die-hards.
2076:Klemens von Metternich
2026:Universities of Oxford
2018:Anglican parish church
1984:Methodist denomination
1968:
1907:
1790:
1714:
1557:
1499:Imperial Austrian Army
1264:Westminster Parliament
214:Unitary parliamentary
13163:Parliament of Ireland
12813:Surrender and regrant
12048:
11745:First Moroccan Crisis
11459:Spread of nationalism
11423:Eight-Nation Alliance
11199:Mass media (Republic)
11143:National coat of arms
10031:IRA Northern Campaign
9402:British Sign Language
9247:Principality of Wales
9091:Bailiwick of Guernsey
8974:British–Irish Council
8962:Political cooperation
8943:Bailiwick of Guernsey
8528:Uglow, Jenny (2015).
8442:Read, Donald (1979).
7940:Kendle, John (1992).
7861:Hilton, Boyd (2006).
7621:. UK House of Commons
7349:. Routledge. p.
7059:Robb, George (2014).
6485:Bhattacharya, Bhabani
6434:10.1093/ref:odnb/7689
6038:(1970). "Chapter 1".
5627:Parliamentary History
5360:Smith, E. A. (1990).
5261:Parliamentary History
4891:Parliamentary History
4718:. Routledge. p.
4686:Hinde, Wendy (1992).
4570:The Peterloo Massacre
4568:Reid, Robert (2017).
4235:24 April 2020 at the
4042:Further information:
4034:
3981:Irish Republican Army
3965:declared independence
3914:
3848:Second Home Rule Bill
3656:(Anglican) barrister
3602:Catholic emancipation
3553:1922 general election
3384:Germany was blockaded
3303:
3185:Marquess of Salisbury
3171:without marriage and
3100:
3019:
3009:
2938:Union of South Africa
2832:
2729:Treaty of San Stefano
2619:and succeeded by the
2605:Industrial Revolution
2591:
2507:
2468:
2328:business middle-class
2257:
2240:Catholic emancipation
1959:
1902:
1849:Industrial Revolution
1835:resentment of Britain
1777:
1764:Catholic emancipation
1708:
1692:Habeas Corpus in 1817
1638:Caroline of Brunswick
1622:Industrial Revolution
1610:Battle of New Orleans
1538:
1503:Imperial Russian Army
1371:Further information:
1341:Catholic emancipation
1290:Further information:
1251:Irish self-governance
982:Economic history
977:British monarchs
13674:The Earl of Rosebery
13649:The Earl of Aberdeen
13167:Irish House of Lords
12946:Constitution of 1782
12036:Financial Revolution
11995:French Revolutionary
11750:Algeciras Conference
11730:Annexation of Hawaii
11669:Great Eastern Crisis
11664:Unification of Italy
11654:Formation of Romania
11471:French–German enmity
11121:County coats of arms
11013:List of Irish people
10087:List of Irish tribes
9937:Cromwellian conquest
9923:Plantation of Ulster
9854:Ireland (since 1922)
9607:Republic of Connacht
9021:Islands of the Clyde
7486:O'Day, Alan (1998).
7125:Woodham-Smith, Cecil
6988:Grigg, John (2002).
6747:BBC History Magazine
5941:Tellier, Luc-Normand
5831:10.1093/past/31.1.39
5362:Lord Grey, 1764–1845
5001:Kaufmann, William W.
4866:The Victorian Church
4394:Schom, Alan (1990).
3895:volunteered to fight
3802:First Home Rule Bill
3705:Catholic Nationalist
3672:and a radical young
3596:stipulated that the
3376:Imperial German Navy
3345:Imperial German Army
3264:progressive alliance
2929:British Armed Forces
2795:abolition of slavery
2757:, a major source of
2672:the Great Exhibition
2607:and the apex of the
2536:principle of utility
2109:wars of independence
2053:Viscount Castlereagh
1932:Anti-Corn Law League
1803:Florence Nightingale
1755:Catholics in England
1753:, with support from
1747:Catholic Association
1566:American citizenship
1507:Principality of Elba
1463:French Imperial Army
1436:French Imperial Navy
1333:Revolutionary France
1200:remained non-aligned
1172:demographic collapse
1080:, developed a large
967:Gaelic monarchs
880:Peoples and polities
13717:Society and culture
13243:Order of St Patrick
13065:Mac William Íochtar
12842:Flight of the Earls
12793:Lordship of Ireland
12683:Speenhamland system
12131:Acts of Parliament:
12126:List of parliaments
11815:Philippine–American
11800:First Sino-Japanese
11633:Racconigi agreement
11579:Treaty of Frankfurt
11539:Great Rapprochement
11493:Scramble for Africa
11236:in Northern Ireland
11227:in Northern Ireland
10968:Legendary creatures
10881:Traditional singing
10717:Saint Patrick's Day
10352:Republic of Ireland
10281:Tourist attractions
10266:ROI–UK border
10251:of Northern Ireland
10204:in Northern Ireland
10036:IRA Border Campaign
10011:War of Independence
9981:Second Great Famine
9966:Act of Union (1800)
9918:Flight of the Earls
9775:Lordship of Ireland
9710:Republic of Ireland
9630:Confederate Ireland
9572:Lordship of Ireland
9547:Republic of Ireland
9407:Irish Sign Language
9264:Kingdom of Scotland
9101:Bailiwick of Jersey
9084:Lists of islands of
8639:. pp. 197–374.
8584:. pp. 206–319.
8385:university textbook
8107:. Clarendon Press.
8035:Mowat, Charles Loch
7728:Boyce, David George
7591:, pp. 227–230.
7579:, pp. 212–213.
7567:, pp. 193–195.
7517:, pp. 281–294.
7243:A History of Ulster
7187:, pp. 184–228.
6800:Dangerfield, George
6151:. Clarendon Press.
5869:Cash, Bill (2011).
5806:, pp. 719–720.
5598:Longford, Elizabeth
5387:, pp. 354–357.
5364:. Clarendon Press.
5282:on 23 February 2020
5032:. pp. 265–468.
4971:Kissinger, Henry A.
4960:, pp. 250–251.
4918:, pp. 551–577.
4799:, pp. 257–258.
4613:, pp. 208–214.
4488:, pp. 455–458.
4440:Muir, Rory (1996).
4207:. 15 January 2016.
4003:" (six counties in
3791:minority government
3549:full equal suffrage
3407:and (initially) in
3173:illegitimate births
3128:the Germans with a
2847:scramble for Africa
2761:for textile mills.
2662:Unchallenged at sea
2336:Whig interpretation
2181:professional police
2097:absolute monarchies
2061:Viscount Palmerston
1964:William Wilberforce
1570:Indigenous American
1539:The signing of the
1495:Royal Prussian Army
1249:Growing desire for
1222:invaded France via
1100:to the outbreak of
1051:Northwestern Europe
920:Republic of Ireland
891:Lordship of Ireland
559:Republic of Ireland
167: /
13495:Ireland portal
13273:Catholic Committee
13209:Peerage of Ireland
13017:Clann Aodha Buidhe
12951:Acts of Union 1800
12823:Desmond Rebellions
12751:Kingdom of Ireland
12653:East India Company
12051:
12019:Panic of 1796–1797
11674:Congress of Berlin
11591:Reinsurance Treaty
11569:Congress of Vienna
11549:Industrial warfare
11515:Scramble for China
11273:Ireland portal
10591:Skirts and kidneys
10097:List of High Kings
10016:Anglo-Irish Treaty
9956:First Great Famine
9941:Settlement of 1652
9913:Tyrone's Rebellion
9903:Desmond Rebellions
9792:Kingdom of Ireland
9642:Patriot Parliament
9578:Kingdom of Ireland
9259:Kingdom of Ireland
9242:Kingdom of England
8989:Common Travel Area
8935:Crown Dependencies
8764:Kingdom of Ireland
8600:Historical Journal
8557:, covers 1856–1880
8545:, covers 1815–1855
8358:Kinealy, Christine
7603:, pp. 57–108.
7469:O'Donnell, F. Hugh
7097:Kinealy, Christine
6518:Historical Journal
5822:Past & Present
5205:, p. 509-512.
5070:, pp. 52–192.
4653:Historical Journal
4040:
3985:Anglo-Irish Treaty
3951:Sinn Féin won the
3917:
3901:Irish independence
3879:Ulster Protestants
3818:Joseph Chamberlain
3604:granted. However,
3539:led to affordable
3448:Royal Flying Corps
3405:Gallipoli Campaign
3369:David Lloyd George
3365:Asquith government
3318:David Lloyd George
3314:
3272:Irish nationalists
3201:David Lloyd George
3179:Early 20th century
3158:Victorian morality
3106:
3036:Conservative Party
3025:
3014:
2841:Starting in 1867,
2839:
2751:American Civil War
2739:American Civil War
2725:Congress of Berlin
2716:to ask for peace.
2700:, as well as from
2597:
2571:American Civil War
2521:
2478:
2403:Duke of Wellington
2311:Reform Act of 1832
2281:
2200:Reform Act of 1832
2101:Congress of Vienna
2072:Congress of Vienna
2033:1828, Whig leader
2006:asserted in 1827:
1996:Church of Scotland
1976:Congregationalists
1908:
1873:landed aristocracy
1851:accelerated, with
1791:
1735:exile in Australia
1715:
1558:
1515:Battle of Waterloo
1491:Duke of Wellington
1482:Continental Europe
1467:national guardsmen
1455:Continental System
1440:Royal Spanish Navy
1317:Kingdom of Ireland
1311:Acts of Union 1800
1189:short-lived revolt
1168:Great Irish Famine
1098:Battle of Waterloo
1063:Kingdom of Ireland
1005:Ireland portal
896:Kingdom of Ireland
499:Kingdom of Ireland
380:Anglo-Irish Treaty
93:"God and my right"
13807:
13806:
13659:Benjamin Disraeli
13644:The Earl of Derby
13639:Lord John Russell
13523:
13522:
13219:Church of Ireland
13081:Bréifne Uí Ruairc
12717:
12716:
12678:South Sea Company
11968:French and Indian
11885:
11884:
11854:Albanian Revolts
11711:German Naval Laws
11695:Naval arms races
11679:Berlin Conference
11611:Hague Conventions
11280:
11279:
11258:
11257:
11254:
11253:
10665:
10664:
10556:Bacon and cabbage
10508:
10507:
10504:
10503:
10375:Foreign relations
10298:
10297:
10294:
10293:
10225:Notable buildings
10119:
10118:
10115:
10114:
9662:
9661:
9586: (1801–1922)
9504:
9503:
9500:
9499:
9425:
9424:
9277:
9276:
9136:
9135:
8997:
8996:
8789:
8788:
8776:Succeeded by
8749:Act of Union 1800
8728:978-0-4151-4375-2
8692:978-0-2031-9915-2
8664:978-0-4709-9881-6
8519:978-0-1402-1181-8
8495:978-0-4157-7408-6
8444:England 1868–1914
8371:978-1-5709-8034-3
8349:978-1-4735-0758-6
8309:978-0-5102-7101-5
8287:978-0-3757-5696-2
8265:England 1870–1914
8251:978-0-5255-5789-0
8213:978-0-3930-0367-3
8189:978-0-7172-5860-4
8150:978-0-0604-6975-7
8114:978-0-1988-1270-8
8090:978-1-3155-0960-0
8069:978-0-1992-4678-6
8050:978-0-4162-9510-8
8014:978-0-1743-5062-0
7995:978-7-0700-0496-1
7973:978-0-1419-7702-7
7951:978-0-7735-0908-5
7932:978-1-4039-6150-1
7913:978-0-1952-2048-3
7891:978-0-1982-2834-9
7872:978-0-1982-2830-1
7853:978-1-2500-0252-5
7831:978-1-1348-1603-3
7809:978-0-5820-8953-2
7787:978-0-1986-0872-1
7765:978-0-5823-6960-3
7743:978-0-4151-2776-9
7719:978-0-8061-4078-0
7697:978-0-2759-9039-8
7675:978-0-8027-2002-3
7656:978-1-9033-6581-6
7613:Torrance, David.
7541:978-0-5710-8066-3
7501:978-0-7190-3776-4
7411:978-1-3178-8328-9
7382:978-1-8488-5753-7
7360:978-1-3177-9655-8
7343:Bebbington, D. W.
7289:978-0-5218-4176-4
7252:978-0-8564-0498-6
7224:978-0-0021-1682-4
7163:978-1-8001-0627-7
7138:978-0-1401-4515-1
7110:978-0-7171-1832-8
7070:978-0-3337-1572-7
7052:978-0-3703-0451-9
7024:978-0-0444-5108-2
6999:978-0-7139-9343-1
6974:978-0-7139-9246-5
6946:978-0-6740-6226-9
6893:978-0-5217-2883-6
6868:978-1-4058-1252-8
6843:978-0-1995-8469-7
6815:978-1-4128-4815-2
6765:978-0-7190-7736-4
6730:978-0-5212-3289-0
6703:Gladstone Diaries
6684:978-0-5210-8386-7
6656:978-0-3910-0874-8
6630:978-0-4132-7200-3
6602:978-0-2035-0014-9
6573:(Subscription or
6498:978-0-1952-0043-0
6447:(Subscription or
6399:978-0-5210-1958-3
6371:978-0-4150-9006-3
6234:978-0-2533-4473-1
6205:978-0-3757-5696-2
6158:978-0-1982-2379-5
6049:978-0-5210-7725-5
5979:978-1-8618-9202-7
5954:978-2-7605-2209-1
5907:978-0-3336-3806-4
5790:978-0-0945-5930-1
5700:978-7-0800-1035-8
5675:978-0-6311-6522-4
5611:978-0-0601-2671-1
5537:978-0-7190-6086-1
5408:978-0-5211-1525-4
5371:978-0-1982-0163-2
5245:978-0-5712-7961-6
5236:Mr Secretary Peel
5114:978-0-7146-1373-4
5014:978-0-7581-0176-1
4990:, pp. 74–77.
4916:Ditchfield (1974)
4875:978-0-0649-1025-5
4835:978-0-4151-0464-7
4697:978-0-6311-6783-9
4597:978-0-6740-4491-3
4453:978-0-3001-9757-0
4407:978-0-7181-3199-9
4380:978-0-2414-1333-3
4322:978-0-4650-2328-8
4260:978-0-4153-8211-3
4230:"National Anthem"
3944:which called for
3844:Liberal Unionists
3814:British unionists
3738:as such), to the
3654:Church of Ireland
3629:Lord John Russell
3594:1800 Act of Union
3516:, which had been
3510:Ottoman provinces
3475:League of Nations
3452:Siegfried Sassoon
3380:Battle of Jutland
3341:German aggression
3270:and, off and on,
3028:Benjamin Disraeli
3011:Benjamin Disraeli
2974:Benjamin Disraeli
2958:Lord John Russell
2901:Orange Free State
2866:Otto von Bismarck
2864:, but Chancellor
2316:England and Wales
2222:Political process
2154:William Huskisson
2143:abolished in 1828
2127:Peterloo Massacre
2120:Main achievements
2080:Kingdom of France
2035:Lord John Russell
1941:Church of England
1882:ultraconservative
1857:Thirteen Colonies
1839:Irish nationalism
1749:in Ireland under
1719:Peterloo Massacre
1711:Peterloo Massacre
1687:French Revolution
1669:Peterloo Massacre
1606:Mississippi River
1416:Holy Roman Empire
1410:, capital of the
1399:tropical diseases
1176:Irish land reform
1084:that enabled the
1039:
1038:
902:United Kingdom of
785:
784:
702:Mass surveillance
567:
566:
542:
541:
538:
537:
504:
503:
297:• 1910–1922
285:• 1901–1910
273:• 1837–1901
261:• 1830–1837
249:• 1820–1830
237:• 1801–1820
123:
83:Dieu et mon droit
16:(Redirected from
13917:
13797:
13796:
13625:Prime ministers
13550:
13543:
13536:
13527:
13526:
13513:
13512:
13503:
13502:
13493:
13492:
13491:
13481:
13480:
13479:
13464:
13456:
13448:
13440:
13432:
13425:
13417:
13409:
13401:
13393:
13389:Richard Cromwell
13385:
13377:
13367:
13359:
13351:
13343:
13331:
13323:
13322:(1553; disputed)
13315:
13307:
13141:
13133:
13125:
13117:
13109:
13101:
13093:
13085:
13077:
13069:
13061:
13053:
13045:
13037:
13029:
13021:
13013:
13005:
12997:
12989:
12981:
12973:
12744:
12737:
12730:
12721:
12720:
12119:House of Commons
12012:Jacobite risings
11924:
11923:
11922:
11912:
11905:
11898:
11889:
11888:
11805:Spanish–American
11725:Fashoda Incident
11601:Treaty of Björkö
11586:Treaty of Berlin
11520:Open Door Policy
11454:Eastern question
11401:Entente Cordiale
11307:
11300:
11293:
11284:
11283:
11271:
11270:
11269:
10948:Tuatha Dé Danann
10536:
10535:
10527:
10526:
10514:
10513:
10449:Northern Ireland
10427:
10417:
10407:
10317:
10316:
10304:
10303:
10138:
10137:
10125:
10124:
10001:Home Rule crisis
9831:Northern Ireland
9744:
9743:
9731:
9730:
9718:Northern Ireland
9689:
9682:
9675:
9666:
9665:
9590:Irish Free State
9559:Governing states
9551:Northern Ireland
9549:(from 1937) and
9531:
9524:
9517:
9508:
9507:
9462:Irish Travellers
9293:
9292:
9289:Modern languages
9286:
9285:
9237:Irish Free State
9194:Northern Ireland
9153:
9152:
9006:
9005:
8914:Northern Ireland
8892:Sovereign states
8888:
8887:
8815:
8808:
8801:
8792:
8791:
8783:Irish Free State
8757:Preceded by
8754:
8753:
8732:
8713:
8696:
8668:
8649:
8640:
8631:
8594:
8585:
8566:
8556:
8544:
8533:
8523:
8504:Taylor, A. J. P.
8499:
8480:
8469:
8457:
8447:
8438:
8428:
8417:
8408:
8399:
8384:
8375:
8353:
8342:. Random House.
8329:
8313:
8291:
8269:
8255:
8236:Cannadine, David
8231:
8217:
8193:
8165:
8154:
8132:
8118:
8099:Taylor, A. J. P.
8094:
8073:
8054:
8030:
8018:
7999:
7977:
7955:
7936:
7917:
7895:
7876:
7857:
7835:
7813:
7791:
7769:
7747:
7723:
7701:
7679:
7660:
7631:
7630:
7628:
7626:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7568:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7545:
7524:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7505:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7364:
7339:
7333:
7327:
7321:
7315:
7309:
7303:
7294:
7293:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7239:Bardon, Jonathan
7235:
7229:
7228:
7207:
7201:
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7121:
7115:
7114:
7093:
7087:
7084:Medlicott (1967)
7081:
7075:
7074:
7056:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7010:
7004:
7003:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6796:
6790:
6789:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6751:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6717:Cowling, Maurice
6713:
6707:
6706:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6570:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6513:Fielding, Steven
6509:
6503:
6502:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6421:
6410:
6404:
6403:
6386:Cowling, Maurice
6382:
6376:
6375:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6290:
6275:(October 1981).
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6238:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6188:
6182:
6181:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6006:
6000:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5893:
5887:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5866:
5860:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5833:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5668:. B. Blackwell.
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5580:Marriott, J.A.R.
5576:
5570:
5568:
5560:
5554:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5523:
5517:
5516:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5394:
5388:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5281:
5275:. Archived from
5258:
5249:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5129:(321): 673–692.
5118:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5025:
5019:
5018:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4967:
4961:
4955:
4949:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4925:
4919:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4648:
4631:(352): 551–577.
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4550:
4544:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4518:(292): 568–586.
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4314:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4246:
4240:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4205:The Royal Family
4197:
4180:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4143:Irish Free State
4139:
4027:List of monarchs
4001:Northern Ireland
3999:. As expected, "
3997:Irish Free State
3989:Southern Ireland
3930:Irish Convention
3887:Curragh incident
3830:Liberal Unionist
3826:anti-Catholicism
3783:balance of power
3740:Home Rule League
3662:Home Rule League
3633:financial crisis
3618:Daniel O'Connell
3537:Housing Act 1919
3520:, and a British
3514:Kingdom of Egypt
3469:Interwar Britain
3417:1917 Revolutions
3119:, low taxes and
3117:balanced budgets
3063:class antagonism
3044:Empress of India
2917:War in 1899–1902
2878:isolation policy
2856:The rise of the
2851:Fashoda Incident
2810:blockade runners
2698:Bosphorus Strait
2621:Edwardian period
2485:Secretary at War
2474:Treaty of France
2426:hereditary peers
2387:Spencer Perceval
2383:Duke of Portland
2212:Women's suffrage
2193:borough councils
2089:balance of power
1811:Spanish colonies
1784:Trafalgar Square
1751:Daniel O'Connell
1590:upstate New York
1555:
1552:
1547:Amédée Forestier
1487:Spanish uprising
1403:Treaty of Amiens
1300:Georgian society
1259:Irish Free State
1067:Irish Free State
1031:
1024:
1017:
1003:
1002:
1001:
924:Northern Ireland
915:Irish Free State
815:
805:
787:
786:
777:
770:
763:
749:
748:
747:
727:Military history
687:Economic history
647:Second World War
632:Edwardian period
627:Victorian period
594:
569:
568:
534:
533:
526:Irish Free State
520:
519:
508:
507:
495:
494:
481:
480:
474:
473:
458:
457:
346:House of Commons
182:
181:
179:
178:
177:
172:
171:51.500°N 0.117°W
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
145:and largest city
135:
125:
124:
91:
87:
86:
64:
43:
42:
21:
13925:
13924:
13920:
13919:
13918:
13916:
13915:
13914:
13835:Former kingdoms
13810:
13809:
13808:
13803:
13780:
13690:
13634:Sir Robert Peel
13577:
13573:Edwardian era →
13559:
13554:
13524:
13519:
13489:
13487:
13477:
13475:
13467:
13462:
13454:
13446:
13438:
13430:
13423:
13415:
13407:
13399:
13391:
13383:
13381:Oliver Cromwell
13375:
13365:
13357:
13349:
13336:
13329:
13321:
13313:
13305:
13295:
13287:
13283:United Irishmen
13150:
13144:
13139:
13131:
13123:
13115:
13107:
13099:
13091:
13083:
13075:
13067:
13059:
13051:
13043:
13035:
13027:
13019:
13011:
13003:
12995:
12987:
12979:
12971:
12961:
12955:
12898:
12892:
12838:Nine Years' War
12785:
12779:
12753:
12748:
12718:
12713:
12692:
12663:Longitude prize
12641:
12605:
12584:
12551:
12097:
12052:
12040:
11978:Boston Massacre
11928:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11886:
11881:
11820:Boxer Rebellion
11778:
11642:
11596:Treaty of Paris
11561:
11555:
11488:New Imperialism
11449:Ottoman decline
11432:
11379:Triple Alliance
11367:
11328:Austria-Hungary
11316:
11311:
11281:
11276:
11267:
11265:
11250:
11218:outside Ireland
11189:Historic houses
11157:
11138:Irish Wolfhound
11109:Brighid's Cross
11095:
11066:Gaelic handball
11061:Gaelic football
11032:
11003:Hiberno-Normans
10972:
10885:
10833:
10788:
10769:Hiberno-English
10755:
10700:
10661:
10615:
10521:
10500:
10443:
10425:
10415:
10405:
10346:
10337:Ulster loyalism
10311:
10290:
10208:
10132:
10111:
10070:
9996:Dublin lock-out
9932:Confederate War
9883:Norman invasion
9870:Battles of Tara
9858:
9814:1801–1923
9802:1691–1800
9797:1536–1691
9785:1169–1536
9738:
9725:
9701:
9693:
9663:
9658:
9647:
9618:
9600:Declared states
9595:
9554:
9540:
9535:
9505:
9496:
9452:English Gypsies
9421:
9390:
9352:
9333:Scottish Gaelic
9314:
9273:
9225:
9167:
9144:
9132:
9079:
9075:Isles of Scilly
9016:Channel Islands
8993:
8957:
8929:
8879:
8824:
8819:
8785:
8781:
8772:
8766:
8762:
8740:
8735:
8729:
8693:
8676:
8674:Primary sources
8671:
8665:
8575:
8570:
8565:(2nd ed.).
8520:
8496:
8383:(2nd ed.).
8372:
8350:
8310:
8288:
8274:Foreman, Amanda
8252:
8214:
8190:
8173:
8171:Further reading
8168:
8164:(2nd ed.).
8151:
8115:
8091:
8070:
8051:
8015:
7996:
7988:. Bodley Head.
7982:Marwick, Arthur
7974:
7952:
7933:
7914:
7892:
7873:
7854:
7832:
7810:
7788:
7766:
7744:
7720:
7698:
7676:
7657:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7611:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7542:
7528:Stewart, A.T.Q.
7525:
7521:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7484:
7480:
7466:
7462:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7361:
7340:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7316:
7312:
7304:
7297:
7290:
7276:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7236:
7232:
7225:
7211:Lyons, F. S. L.
7208:
7204:
7195:
7191:
7183:
7179:
7164:
7150:
7146:
7139:
7122:
7118:
7111:
7094:
7090:
7086:, Chapters 2–4.
7082:
7078:
7071:
7053:
7045:. Bodley Head.
7036:
7032:
7025:
7011:
7007:
7000:
6986:
6982:
6975:
6965:The Pity of War
6961:Ferguson, Niall
6958:
6954:
6947:
6929:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6905:
6901:
6894:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6855:
6851:
6844:
6827:
6823:
6816:
6797:
6793:
6780:Matthew, H.C.G.
6777:
6773:
6766:
6742:
6738:
6731:
6714:
6710:
6699:Matthew, H.C.G.
6696:
6692:
6685:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6643:
6639:
6631:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6595:. p. 383.
6586:
6582:
6572:
6553:Matthew, H.C.G.
6550:
6546:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6481:
6477:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6438:
6436:
6414:Parry, Jonathan
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10546:List of dishes
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10462:D'Hondt method
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10423:Seanad Éireann
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10163:Extreme points
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10153:Climate change
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9971:1803 Rebellion
9968:
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9961:1798 Rebellion
9958:
9953:
9948:
9946:Williamite War
9943:
9934:
9928:1641 Rebellion
9925:
9920:
9915:
9910:
9908:Spanish Armada
9905:
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9898:Tudor conquest
9895:
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9888:Bruce campaign
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9857:
9856:
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9833:(1921–present)
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9821:Irish Republic
9818:
9817:
9816:
9806:
9805:
9804:
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9780:800–1169
9771:Gaelic Ireland
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9477:Northern Irish
9474:
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9251:
9250:
9249:
9239:
9233:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9207:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9184:United Kingdom
9181:
9175:
9173:
9172:Current states
9169:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9159:
9157:
9150:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9111:United Kingdom
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9087:
9085:
9081:
9080:
9078:
9077:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9065:
9058:Northern Isles
9055:
9050:
9045:
9044:
9043:
9038:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9012:
9010:
9003:
8999:
8998:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8939:
8937:
8931:
8930:
8928:
8927:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8905:United Kingdom
8902:
8896:
8894:
8885:
8881:
8880:
8878:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8835:
8829:
8826:
8825:
8818:
8817:
8810:
8803:
8795:
8787:
8786:
8777:
8774:
8767:
8758:
8752:
8751:
8746:
8739:
8738:External links
8736:
8734:
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8727:
8714:
8697:
8691:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8669:
8663:
8650:
8641:
8632:
8606:(2): 469–484.
8595:
8586:
8576:
8574:
8573:Historiography
8571:
8569:
8568:
8558:
8546:
8534:
8525:
8518:
8500:
8494:
8481:
8470:
8458:
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8439:
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8409:
8400:
8390:Marriott, John
8386:
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8314:
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8286:
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8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8155:
8149:
8143:. Dodd, Mead.
8133:
8120:
8113:
8095:
8089:
8074:
8068:
8055:
8049:
8031:
8019:
8013:
8000:
7994:
7978:
7972:
7966:. Penguin UK.
7956:
7950:
7937:
7931:
7918:
7912:
7900:Jackson, Alvin
7896:
7890:
7877:
7871:
7858:
7852:
7840:Figes, Orlando
7836:
7830:
7818:Evans, Eric J.
7814:
7808:
7796:Evans, Eric J.
7792:
7786:
7776:, ed. (2002).
7770:
7764:
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7702:
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7680:
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7661:
7655:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7605:
7593:
7589:Jackson (2003)
7581:
7577:Jackson (2003)
7569:
7565:Jackson (2003)
7557:
7540:
7519:
7507:
7500:
7478:
7475:. Vol. 2.
7460:
7439:10.1086/385659
7417:
7410:
7388:
7381:
7359:
7334:
7322:
7318:Biagini (2010)
7310:
7308:, p. 567.
7295:
7288:
7270:
7266:Jackson (2003)
7258:
7251:
7230:
7223:
7202:
7189:
7177:
7162:
7144:
7137:
7116:
7109:
7088:
7076:
7069:
7051:
7030:
7023:
7005:
6998:
6992:. Allen Lane.
6980:
6973:
6952:
6945:
6923:
6919:Marwick (1965)
6911:
6907:Beckett (2006)
6899:
6892:
6874:
6867:
6849:
6842:
6836:. OUP Oxford.
6830:McKibbin, Ross
6821:
6814:
6791:
6771:
6764:
6736:
6729:
6708:
6701:, ed. (1990).
6690:
6683:
6662:
6655:
6637:
6629:
6608:
6601:
6580:
6544:
6504:
6497:
6475:
6454:
6405:
6398:
6377:
6370:
6349:
6322:(3): 699–728.
6303:
6264:
6252:
6240:
6233:
6211:
6204:
6183:
6164:
6157:
6139:
6127:
6090:
6071:(2): 291–305.
6055:
6048:
6027:
6001:
5985:
5978:
5960:
5953:
5932:
5913:
5906:
5898:Queen Victoria
5888:
5886:, p. 228.
5876:
5861:
5845:
5808:
5796:
5789:
5777:Ridley, Jasper
5768:
5749:(4): 675–692.
5733:
5722:(201): 41–61.
5706:
5699:
5681:
5674:
5656:
5654:, p. 436.
5644:
5617:
5610:
5589:
5571:
5555:
5543:
5536:
5518:
5499:
5484:
5449:
5430:(2): 411–436.
5414:
5407:
5389:
5377:
5370:
5352:
5333:(382): 89–98.
5317:
5305:
5293:
5267:(1): 243–262.
5244:
5226:
5207:
5195:
5176:(3): 231–247.
5160:
5158:, p. 198.
5148:
5113:
5084:
5082:, p. 499.
5072:
5060:
5048:
5035:
5020:
5013:
4992:
4980:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4920:
4908:
4881:
4874:
4862:Chadwick, Owen
4853:
4851:, p. 175.
4841:
4834:
4816:
4801:
4789:
4773:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4735:, p. 348.
4725:
4703:
4696:
4678:
4659:(1): 115–139.
4615:
4603:
4596:
4575:
4560:
4557:. p. 350.
4545:
4529:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4452:
4432:
4420:
4406:
4386:
4379:
4373:. Allen Lane.
4361:
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4296:
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4188:
4185:
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4109:
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4099:
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4089:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4063:
4057:
4028:
4025:
3905:Main article:
3902:
3899:
3806:Canada in 1867
3777:resulted in a
3721:heavy industry
3693:House of Lords
3612:to defend the
3584:Irish question
3575:
3572:
3560:
3557:
3467:Main article:
3464:
3461:
3353:trench warfare
3326:German economy
3322:Central Powers
3287:
3284:
3215:Main article:
3212:
3209:
3189:Arthur Balfour
3180:
3177:
3156:Main article:
3153:
3150:
3142:Lord Salisbury
3137:
3134:
3125:foreign policy
3091:Main article:
3088:
3085:
3040:British Empire
3000:Main article:
2997:
2994:
2982:Lord Salisbury
2950:Lord Melbourne
2945:
2942:
2934:Boer republics
2921:Boer Commandos
2874:German Emperor
2835:British Empire
2826:
2825:Empire expands
2823:
2815:Alabama Claims
2789:announced the
2779:Union blockade
2743:Main article:
2740:
2737:
2692:
2689:
2667:Pax Britannica
2648:Pax Britannica
2646:Main article:
2643:
2640:
2635:Main article:
2632:
2631:Foreign policy
2629:
2609:British Empire
2601:Queen Victoria
2593:Queen Victoria
2582:Main article:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2555:cost of living
2550:Richard Cobden
2532:utilitarianism
2524:Jeremy Bentham
2517:Willey Reveley
2509:Jeremy Bentham
2501:
2498:
2430:House of Lords
2411:Lord Melbourne
2395:George Canning
2391:Lord Liverpool
2379:Lord Grenville
2370:
2367:
2355:Main article:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2232:Queen Caroline
2223:
2220:
2216:House of Lords
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2057:George Canning
2045:Main article:
2042:
2041:Foreign policy
2039:
2013:
2012:
1951:Main article:
1948:
1945:
1936:Richard Cobden
1916:Prime Minister
1843:British Empire
1837:and a rise in
1827:Irish language
1799:Russian Empire
1778:A painting by
1771:
1768:
1727:Lord Liverpool
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:Queen Victoria
1634:King George IV
1617:
1614:
1604:), and up the
1522:
1519:
1451:Berlin Decrees
1420:personal union
1368:
1365:
1363:, to resign.
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1287:
1284:
1244:Ottoman Empire
1236:Central Powers
1180:British Empire
1124:, such as the
1114:Russian Empire
1096:following the
1086:British Empire
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1008:
1007:
994:
993:
990:
989:
984:
979:
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931:
930:
927:
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910:Irish Republic
907:
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886:Gaelic Ireland
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824:
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772:
765:
757:
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753:
740:
739:
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734:
729:
724:
719:
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709:
707:Jewish history
704:
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620:Regency period
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522:
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514:
512:United Kingdom
505:
502:
501:
496:
488:
487:
482:
470:
469:
464:
454:
453:
451:
450:
444:
442:Pound sterling
438:
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428:
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418:
415:
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411:
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400:
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390:
387:
386:
383:
377:
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372:1 January 1801
370:
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357:
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349:
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337:
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331:House of Lords
328:
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313:
309:
308:
305:
304:
299:
296:
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287:
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281:
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212:
206:
205:
200:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
176:51.500; -0.117
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
128:
127:
113:
111:
110:
102:
95:
94:
73:
72:
67:
59:
58:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
32:United Kingdom
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13922:
13911:
13908:
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13898:
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13868:
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13848:
13846:
13843:
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13838:
13836:
13833:
13831:
13828:
13826:
13823:
13821:
13820:Victorian era
13818:
13817:
13815:
13800:
13792:
13790:
13787:
13786:
13783:
13775:
13772:
13768:
13765:
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13672:
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13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
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13635:
13632:
13630:
13627:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13621:Pax Britannia
13619:
13615:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13601:
13599:
13597:
13594:
13592:
13589:
13588:
13586:
13584:
13580:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13565:
13562:
13558:
13557:Victorian era
13551:
13546:
13544:
13539:
13537:
13532:
13531:
13528:
13516:
13508:
13506:
13498:
13496:
13486:
13484:
13474:
13473:
13470:
13461:
13458:
13453:
13450:
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13442:
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13422:
13419:
13414:
13411:
13406:
13403:
13398:
13395:
13390:
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13379:
13374:
13373:
13369:
13364:
13361:
13356:
13353:
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13345:
13341:
13340:
13335:
13328:
13325:
13320:
13317:
13312:
13309:
13304:
13301:
13300:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13284:
13281:
13279:
13276:
13274:
13271:
13269:
13266:
13264:
13261:
13259:
13256:
13254:
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13239:
13236:
13234:
13231:
13228:
13224:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
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13199:
13195:
13191:
13187:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13172:
13168:
13164:
13161:
13159:
13156:
13155:
13153:
13147:
13138:
13135:
13130:
13127:
13122:
13119:
13114:
13111:
13106:
13103:
13098:
13095:
13090:
13087:
13082:
13079:
13074:
13071:
13066:
13063:
13058:
13055:
13050:
13047:
13042:
13039:
13034:
13031:
13026:
13023:
13018:
13015:
13010:
13007:
13002:
12999:
12994:
12991:
12986:
12983:
12978:
12975:
12970:
12969:Tuadhmhumhain
12967:
12966:
12964:
12958:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12906:Poynings' Law
12904:
12903:
12901:
12895:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12878:
12874:
12871:
12868:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12843:
12839:
12836:
12833:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12804:
12801:
12799:
12796:
12794:
12791:
12790:
12788:
12782:
12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12762:
12760:
12756:
12752:
12745:
12740:
12738:
12733:
12731:
12726:
12725:
12722:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12695:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12679:
12676:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12650:
12648:
12644:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12608:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12591:
12587:
12579:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12566:
12565:
12564:
12563:Great Britain
12561:
12560:
12558:
12554:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12542:Patriot Whigs
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12521:
12518:
12517:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12510:Privy Council
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12410:
12409:
12406:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12133:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12111:
12110:
12107:
12106:
12104:
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12078:
12077:
12074:
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12066:
12065:
12062:
12061:
12059:
12055:
12047:
12037:
12034:
12030:
12027:
12026:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12013:
12010:
12009:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11979:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11955:
11953:
11949:
11948:Union of 1801
11946:
11944:
11943:Union of 1707
11941:
11940:
11938:
11937:
11935:
11931:
11927:
11913:
11908:
11906:
11901:
11899:
11894:
11893:
11890:
11878:
11875:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11855:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11842:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11835:Italo-Turkish
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11796:
11793:
11791:
11790:Russo-Turkish
11788:
11787:
11785:
11781:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11763:
11762:Treaty of Fes
11760:
11759:
11758:
11757:Agadir Crisis
11755:
11751:
11748:
11747:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11719:
11716:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11702:
11701:
11700:
11697:
11696:
11694:
11692:
11691:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11651:
11649:
11645:
11639:
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11617:
11614:
11613:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11580:
11577:
11576:
11575:
11572:
11570:
11567:
11566:
11564:
11558:
11550:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11542:
11540:
11537:
11535:
11532:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11507:
11506:
11503:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11477:
11474:
11473:
11472:
11469:
11465:
11462:
11460:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11451:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11441:
11439:
11435:
11429:
11428:Balkan League
11426:
11424:
11421:
11419:
11416:
11414:
11411:
11407:
11404:
11402:
11399:
11397:
11394:
11393:
11392:
11389:
11385:
11384:Dual Alliance
11382:
11381:
11380:
11377:
11376:
11374:
11370:
11364:
11363:United States
11361:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11339:
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11308:
11303:
11301:
11296:
11294:
11289:
11288:
11285:
11275:
11274:
11261:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11241:Public houses
11239:
11237:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11224:
11221:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11166:
11164:
11160:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11144:
11141:
11139:
11136:
11132:
11129:
11128:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11116:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11102:
11098:
11092:
11089:
11087:
11084:
11082:
11079:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11035:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10997:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10989:
10987:
10984:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10975:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10945:
10943:
10942:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10901:
10900:
10897:
10896:
10894:
10892:
10888:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10865:
10862:
10861:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10854:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10840:
10836:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10810:
10808:
10805:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10795:
10791:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10758:
10752:
10749:
10747:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10709:
10707:
10703:
10697:
10694:
10692:
10689:
10687:
10686:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10668:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10650:
10648:
10645:
10643:
10640:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10618:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10543:
10541:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10520:
10515:
10511:
10497:
10496:Peace process
10494:
10492:
10489:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10458:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10450:
10446:
10440:
10437:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10426:(upper house)
10424:
10420:
10418:
10416:(lower house)
10414:
10410:
10409:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10332:Republicanism
10330:
10328:
10325:
10324:
10322:
10318:
10314:
10310:
10305:
10301:
10287:
10284:
10282:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10272:
10269:
10267:
10264:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10248:
10245:
10243:
10240:
10238:
10235:
10231:
10228:
10226:
10223:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10217:
10215:
10211:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10190:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10139:
10135:
10131:
10126:
10122:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10079:
10077:
10073:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10057:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10046:Peace process
10044:
10042:
10039:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10026:The Emergency
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10009:
10007:
10006:Easter Rising
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9991:Fenian Rising
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9952:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9919:
9916:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9875:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9865:
9861:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9847:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9835:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9807:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9766:Early history
9764:
9762:
9759:
9757:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9732:
9728:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9714:
9711:
9708:
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9690:
9685:
9683:
9678:
9676:
9671:
9670:
9667:
9654:
9653:
9650:
9643:
9640:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9628:
9627:
9625:
9621:
9614:
9611:
9608:
9605:
9604:
9602:
9598:
9591:
9588:
9585:
9582:
9579:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9563:
9561:
9557:
9552:
9548:
9543:
9539:
9532:
9527:
9525:
9520:
9518:
9513:
9512:
9509:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9428:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9399:
9397:
9393:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9355:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9317:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9280:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9248:
9245:
9244:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9234:
9232:
9230:Former states
9228:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9156:Island groups
9154:
9151:
9148:
9143:
9139:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9088:
9086:
9082:
9076:
9073:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9033:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9026:Great Britain
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9009:Island groups
9007:
9004:
9000:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8964:
8960:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8827:
8823:
8822:British Isles
8816:
8811:
8809:
8804:
8802:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8784:
8780:
8771:
8765:
8761:
8755:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8730:
8724:
8720:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8698:
8694:
8688:
8684:
8679:
8678:
8666:
8660:
8656:
8651:
8647:
8642:
8638:
8633:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8617:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8592:
8587:
8583:
8578:
8577:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8553:
8547:
8542:
8541:
8535:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8510:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8488:. Routledge.
8487:
8482:
8478:
8477:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8462:Searle, G. R.
8459:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8419:
8415:
8410:
8406:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8391:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8373:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8345:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8334:Heffer, Simon
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8318:Heffer, Simon
8315:
8311:
8305:
8301:
8298:(1949–1952).
8297:
8293:
8289:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8260:Ensor, R.C.K.
8257:
8253:
8247:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8228:
8223:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8198:Beales, Derek
8195:
8191:
8185:
8181:
8176:
8175:
8163:
8162:
8156:
8152:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8100:
8096:
8092:
8086:
8083:. Routledge.
8082:
8081:
8075:
8071:
8065:
8061:
8056:
8052:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8028:
8024:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8006:
8001:
7997:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7960:Knight, Roger
7957:
7953:
7947:
7943:
7938:
7934:
7928:
7924:
7919:
7915:
7909:
7905:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7887:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7864:
7859:
7855:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7771:
7767:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7706:Black, Jeremy
7703:
7699:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7684:Black, Jeremy
7681:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7658:
7652:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7602:
7597:
7590:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7566:
7561:
7553:
7552:
7543:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7523:
7516:
7511:
7503:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7482:
7474:
7470:
7464:
7456:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7413:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7392:
7384:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7362:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7332:, p. 45.
7331:
7330:Kendle (1992)
7326:
7319:
7314:
7307:
7306:Hoppen (2000)
7302:
7300:
7291:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7262:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7234:
7226:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7193:
7186:
7181:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7159:
7155:
7148:
7140:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7120:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7072:
7066:
7062:
7054:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7039:Hynes, Samuel
7034:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7009:
7001:
6995:
6991:
6984:
6976:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6956:
6948:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6915:
6908:
6903:
6895:
6889:
6885:
6878:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6817:
6811:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6795:
6787:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6767:
6761:
6757:
6749:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6686:
6680:
6677:. p. 1.
6676:
6672:
6666:
6658:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6632:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6617:Blake, Robert
6612:
6604:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6589:Steele, David
6584:
6576:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6500:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6479:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6465:History Today
6458:
6450:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6415:
6409:
6401:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6373:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6299:
6295:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6282:History Today
6278:
6274:
6273:Vincent, John
6268:
6261:
6256:
6250:, Chapter 12.
6249:
6248:Taylor (1953)
6244:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6215:
6207:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6179:
6175:
6168:
6160:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6136:
6131:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6106:
6105:History Today
6101:
6094:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5998:
5994:
5993:Porter (1998)
5989:
5981:
5975:
5971:
5964:
5956:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5936:
5928:
5924:
5923:History Today
5917:
5909:
5903:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5884:Taylor (1953)
5880:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5854:
5849:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5824:(31): 39–61.
5823:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5804:Cannon (2002)
5800:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5696:
5693:. Macmillan.
5692:
5685:
5677:
5671:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5652:Cannon (2002)
5648:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5575:
5566:
5559:
5552:
5551:Cannon (2002)
5547:
5539:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5509:History Today
5503:
5496:. p. 66.
5495:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
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5418:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5373:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5313:Briggs (1959)
5309:
5302:
5297:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5222:
5218:
5217:History Today
5211:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5157:
5152:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:Beatrice Webb
5094:
5088:
5081:
5076:
5069:
5064:
5057:
5056:Briggs (1959)
5052:
5045:
5044:Hilton (2006)
5039:
5031:
5024:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4989:
4984:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4959:
4958:Briggs (1959)
4954:
4947:
4946:Martin (1996)
4942:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4885:
4877:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4850:
4849:Briggs (1959)
4845:
4837:
4831:
4828:. Routledge.
4827:
4820:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4770:
4769:Briggs (1959)
4765:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4745:Hilton (2006)
4741:
4734:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4699:
4693:
4690:. Blackwell.
4689:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4611:Briggs (1959)
4607:
4599:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4500:, p. 32.
4499:
4494:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4470:
4455:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4436:
4429:
4428:Knight (2015)
4424:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4365:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4123:
4122:Victorian era
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:formed a new
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3925:German Empire
3922:
3921:Easter Rising
3913:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3891:was suspended
3888:
3884:
3883:form militias
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3840:1886 election
3836:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3795:Liberal Party
3792:
3788:
3787:Conservatives
3784:
3780:
3776:
3775:1885 election
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3622:potato blight
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:war-weariness
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3349:Western Front
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3217:Edwardian era
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:H. H. Asquith
3194:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3121:laissez-faire
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3075:George Arliss
3071:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:welfare state
3052:
3051:Tory democrat
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2986:Lord Rosebery
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:Lord Aberdeen
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2925:guerrilla war
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:German Empire
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2775:New York City
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:Prince Albert
2760:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2715:
2712:, compelling
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2677:Latin America
2673:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:Revolutionary
2649:
2638:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2584:Victorian era
2578:Victorian era
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:price of food
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2441:Field Marshal
2438:
2436:
2435:self-made man
2431:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:Lord Goderich
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2320:landed gentry
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:was updated,
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2274:
2271:(1764–1845),
2270:
2266:
2265:George Hayter
2262:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:death penalty
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:nonconformist
2132:
2128:
2115:Age of Reform
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:, as well as
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Presbyterians
1967:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:Liberal Party
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:textile mills
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1780:James Pollard
1776:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:United States
1548:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:British Isles
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:fleet led by
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:Great Britain
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:United States
1213:
1209:
1205:
1204:German Empire
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:British India
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:union in 1801
1052:
1048:
1044:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1006:
996:
995:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
939:
933:
932:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
819:
818:
814:
810:
809:
806:
800:
799:
794:
789:
788:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
758:
756:
755:
752:
742:
741:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
677:
676:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
607:
603:
598:
597:
593:
589:
588:
585:
582:
581:
576:
571:
570:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
547:Today part of
545:
529:
527:
524:
523:
515:
513:
510:
509:
506:
500:
497:
490:
489:
486:
483:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
463:
460:
459:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
388:
384:
381:
375:
371:
368:
367:Acts of Union
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
335:
332:
329:
326:
320:
317:
314:
310:
306:
303:
300:
294:
291:
288:
282:
279:
276:
270:
267:
264:
258:
255:
252:
246:
243:
240:
234:
230:
226:
224:
220:
217:
213:
211:
207:
204:
201:
199:
195:
192:
189:
185:
180:
151:
148:
141:
134:
129:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
84:
78:
74:
70:
63:
56:
51:
44:
41:
37:
36:British Isles
33:
19:
13789:Bibliography
13702:Demographics
13685:
13600:By location
13591:British Army
13397:Commonwealth
13396:
13372:Commonwealth
13370:
13337:
13278:Orange Order
13198:Common Pleas
13186:King's Bench
13097:Tír Chonaill
13057:Deasmhumhain
13041:Iar Connacht
12887:
12589:Architecture
12547:Kit-Cat Club
12057:Royal houses
11958:Seven Years'
11703:
11699:Anglo-German
11688:
11560:Treaties and
11357:
11321:Great powers
11264:
11234: /
11225: /
11216: /
11194:Homelessness
11113:
11081:Road bowling
11076:Martial arts
11023:Ulster Scots
10960:
10953:
10946:
10939:
10932:
10925:
10904:Mythological
10851:
10811:
10784:Ulster Scots
10744: /
10683:
10611:Three-in-One
10422:
10413:Dáil Éireann
10412:
10402:
10360:Constitution
10249: /
10220:Architecture
10202: /
10075:Other topics
10056:Celtic Tiger
10041:The Troubles
9939: /
9930: /
9876: /
9872: /
9808:
9773: /
9761:Protohistory
9583:
9568:(until 1607)
9487:Ulster-Scots
9268:
8769:
8718:
8701:
8682:
8654:
8645:
8636:
8603:
8599:
8590:
8581:
8562:
8551:
8539:
8529:
8508:
8485:
8475:
8465:
8453:
8443:
8434:
8423:
8413:
8404:
8394:
8380:
8361:
8337:
8326:The Guardian
8325:
8299:
8296:Halévy, Élie
8277:
8264:
8239:
8226:
8202:
8179:
8160:
8140:
8129:The Observer
8128:
8102:
8079:
8059:
8039:
8026:
8004:
7985:
7963:
7941:
7922:
7903:
7881:
7862:
7843:
7821:
7799:
7777:
7774:Cannon, John
7755:
7732:
7709:
7687:
7665:
7646:
7623:. Retrieved
7618:
7608:
7601:Mowat (1955)
7596:
7584:
7572:
7560:
7549:
7531:
7522:
7515:Boyce (1995)
7510:
7487:
7481:
7472:
7463:
7433:(2): 66–91.
7430:
7426:
7420:
7397:
7391:
7368:
7346:
7337:
7325:
7320:, p. 9.
7313:
7279:
7273:
7261:
7242:
7233:
7214:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7180:
7153:
7147:
7128:
7119:
7100:
7091:
7079:
7060:
7042:
7033:
7014:
7008:
6989:
6983:
6964:
6955:
6932:
6926:
6914:
6902:
6883:
6877:
6858:
6852:
6833:
6824:
6803:
6794:
6783:
6774:
6755:
6745:
6739:
6720:
6711:
6702:
6693:
6674:
6665:
6646:
6640:
6620:
6611:
6592:
6583:
6556:
6547:
6522:
6516:
6507:
6488:
6483:Armes, Roy;
6478:
6469:
6463:
6457:
6437:. Retrieved
6423:
6408:
6389:
6380:
6361:
6352:
6319:
6315:
6312:Parry, J. P.
6306:
6297:
6286:
6280:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6220:
6214:
6195:
6186:
6173:
6167:
6148:
6142:
6135:Figes (2012)
6130:
6118:. Retrieved
6112:(9): 39–45.
6109:
6103:
6093:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6039:
6030:
6018:. Retrieved
6004:
5988:
5969:
5963:
5944:
5935:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5897:
5891:
5879:
5870:
5864:
5848:
5821:
5811:
5799:
5780:
5771:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5719:
5715:
5709:
5690:
5684:
5665:
5659:
5647:
5633:(1): 43–55.
5630:
5626:
5620:
5601:
5592:
5583:
5574:
5564:
5558:
5546:
5527:
5521:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5487:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5398:
5392:
5380:
5361:
5355:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5308:
5296:
5284:. Retrieved
5277:the original
5264:
5260:
5235:
5229:
5223:(10): 30–36.
5220:
5216:
5210:
5203:Tombs (2014)
5198:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5151:
5126:
5122:
5100:
5093:Webb, Sidney
5087:
5080:Tombs (2014)
5075:
5063:
5051:
5038:
5029:
5023:
5004:
4995:
4988:Black (2006)
4983:
4974:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4932:
4929:Halévy, Élie
4923:
4911:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4865:
4856:
4844:
4825:
4819:
4810:
4804:
4797:Evans (1996)
4792:
4781:Evans (2008)
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4728:
4715:
4712:Peel, Robert
4706:
4687:
4681:
4656:
4652:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4606:
4587:
4584:Gash, Norman
4578:
4569:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4537:Evans (2008)
4532:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4498:Black (1969)
4493:
4486:Tombs (2014)
4481:
4474:Black (2009)
4469:
4459:13 September
4457:. Retrieved
4442:
4435:
4423:
4413:13 September
4411:. Retrieved
4396:
4389:
4370:
4364:
4352:. Retrieved
4331:
4310:
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4278:
4269:
4250:
4244:
4225:
4213:. Retrieved
4204:
4195:
4175:
4154:
4137:
4047:
4011:between the
3961:Dáil Éireann
3950:
3933:
3918:
3877:
3857:
3853:John Redmond
3837:
3800:Gladstone's
3799:
3752:
3725:
3717:agricultural
3685:
3670:William Shaw
3646:Great Hunger
3626:
3591:
3534:
3522:protectorate
3484:and part of
3479:
3472:
3455:
3437:
3392:
3373:
3331:
3315:
3312:, March 1917
3256:
3240:Labour Party
3220:
3182:
3169:cohabitation
3165:Henry Mayhew
3161:
3139:
3107:
3078:
3067:
3048:
3026:
2990:
2947:
2886:
2855:
2840:
2807:
2767:Trent Affair
2748:
2733:Napoleon III
2718:
2694:
2685:informal one
2665:
2651:
2625:
2598:
2563:
2540:
2522:
2479:
2460:Irish church
2453:
2439:
2423:
2372:
2360:
2340:
2332:
2324:professional
2308:
2296:child labour
2282:
2258:
2236:
2225:
2197:
2189:corporations
2170:
2163:
2151:
2123:
2107:after their
2069:
2050:
2014:
2003:
2000:Presbyterian
1969:
1960:
1956:
1920:
1909:
1869:
1847:
1831:Irish people
1818:Great Famine
1815:
1797:against the
1792:
1743:
1739:
1716:
1700:Gagging Acts
1679:Ultra-Tories
1676:
1665:Ultra-Tories
1631:
1619:
1592:, along the
1559:
1476:
1459:British Army
1448:
1380:
1314:
1292:Georgian era
1286:1801 to 1820
1248:
1238:of Germany,
1198:The British
1197:
1162:
1154:South Africa
1150:Newfoundland
1134:
1130:Qing dynasty
1075:
1042:
1040:
901:
833:Protohistory
712:LGBT history
467:Succeeded by
466:
461:
98:
77:Motto:
76:
40:
13747:Masculinity
13515:WikiProject
13463:(1760–1800)
13455:(1727–1760)
13447:(1714–1727)
13439:(1702–1714)
13431:(1689–1694)
13424:(1689–1702)
13421:William III
13416:(1685–1691)
13408:(1660–1685)
13400:(1659–1660)
13392:(1658–1659)
13384:(1653–1658)
13376:(1649–1653)
13366:(1625–1649)
13358:(1603–1625)
13350:(1558–1603)
13347:Elizabeth I
13342:(1554–1558)
13339:jure uxoris
13330:(1553–1558)
13314:(1547–1553)
13306:(1542–1547)
13182:Four Courts
13151:and society
13113:Fear Manach
13105:Tír Eoghain
13009:Uí Díarmata
12993:Clanricarde
12808:New English
12617:Periodicals
11963:Jenkins Ear
11877:World War I
11840:Balkan Wars
11825:Second Boer
11810:Banana Wars
11774:July Crisis
11705:Dreadnought
11690:Weltpolitik
11534:Pan-Slavism
11214:Place names
11091:Rugby union
10986:Anglo-Irish
10871:Instruments
10727:The Twelfth
10691:Set dancing
10491:LGBT rights
10397:LGBT rights
10327:Nationalism
9893:Black Death
9638:(1649–1660)
9632:(1642–1653)
9615:(1919–1922)
9592:(1922–1937)
9580:(1541–1800)
9574:(1171–1541)
9553:(from 1922)
9376:Guernésiais
9221:Isle of Man
9106:Isle of Man
9053:Isle of Man
8953:Isle of Man
8838:Terminology
8512:. Penguin.
8429:, 1855–1865
8302:. E. Benn.
8244:. Penguin.
8222:Briggs, Asa
8119:, diplomacy
8043:. Methuen.
7846:. Picador.
7758:. Longman.
7752:Briggs, Asa
7638:Works cited
7217:. Collins.
7185:Read (2022)
6671:Smith, Paul
6439:23 February
5929:(6): 46–53.
5286:13 November
5156:Webb (1968)
4783:, pp.
4733:Peel (1853)
4289:1 September
4215:19 November
4080:(1901–1910)
4074:(1837–1901)
4068:(1830–1837)
4062:(1820–1830)
3934:dual policy
3833:John Bright
3679:landowner,
3674:Anglo-Irish
3530:Suez Crisis
3433:river Rhine
3409:Mesopotamia
3335:to protect
3304:Men of the
3232:automobiles
3130:Bismarckian
2954:Robert Peel
2907:-speaking "
2889:Cape Colony
2819:reparations
2749:During the
2706:Crimean War
2617:Regency era
2569:during the
2542:John Bright
2528:English law
2419:Robert Peel
2245:Robert Peel
2173:Home Office
2131:Robert Peel
2093:Crimean War
1795:Crimean War
1759:Robert Peel
1578:War of 1812
1554: 1915
1527:War of 1812
1381:During the
1296:Regency era
1253:led to the
1146:New Zealand
1110:Crimean War
1102:World War I
1090:world power
802:History of
462:Preceded by
447:Irish pound
421:1911 census
340:Lower house
325:Upper house
312:Legislature
174: /
13814:Categories
13460:George III
13405:Charles II
13303:Henry VIII
13296:and rulers
13223:Ascendancy
13121:Uí Catháin
13025:Magh Luirg
13001:Uí Failghe
12941:Popery Act
12936:Penal Laws
12899:Parliament
12877:Wild Geese
12867:Barbadosed
12786:and events
12709:Royal arms
12668:Window tax
12610:Literature
12596:Queen Anne
12537:Whig Junto
12408:Elections:
12109:Parliament
12091:George III
12007:Jacobitism
12002:Whig plots
11562:agreements
11510:Great Game
11476:Revanchism
11115:Cláirseach
11018:Travellers
10876:Rock music
10859:Folk music
10794:Literature
10596:Soda bread
10479:Government
10406:parliament
10403:Oireachtas
10380:Government
10320:Ideologies
9951:Penal Laws
9842:since 1922
9756:Prehistory
9386:Sercquiais
8773:1801–1922
8567:, textbook
8206:. Norton.
8137:Webb, R.K.
7668:. Walker.
7172:1365041253
6577:required.)
6451:required.)
6289:(10): 5–8.
5995:, p.
5855:, p.
5515:(11): 6ff.
4539:, p.
4400:. Joseph.
4187:References
4078:Edward VII
4066:William IV
4054:George III
3995:named the
3969:First Dáil
3957:abstention
3736:federalism
3732:devolution
3730:(actually
3677:Protestant
3658:Isaac Butt
3642:emigration
3598:Penal Laws
3482:Tanganyika
3248:Queen Mary
3236:aeroplanes
3223:Edward VII
3070:music hall
3021:Lobby card
2962:Lord Derby
2944:Leadership
2913:Afrikaners
2882:naval race
2870:William II
2783:Union Army
2710:Sevastopol
2513:panopticon
2448:Ultra-Tory
2288:Whig Party
2249:Ultra Tory
1992:Unitarians
1921:The great
1912:William IV
1723:Manchester
1683:Tory Party
1643:George III
1598:Washington
1501:, and the
1428:Royal Navy
1412:Electorate
1193:free trade
1126:Opium Wars
1104:, Britain
1082:Royal Navy
828:Prehistory
822:Chronology
692:Labour law
426:45,221,000
408:Population
316:Parliament
290:Edward VII
266:William IV
242:George III
210:Government
198:Demonym(s)
13767:Burlesque
13742:Jewellery
13722:Cosmetics
13452:George II
13363:Charles I
13311:Edward VI
13268:Defenders
13248:Jacobites
13227:Recusancy
13190:Exchequer
13137:Uí Mháine
13089:Cairbrigh
13033:Airgíalla
12977:Uí Echach
12962:conquests
12556:Geography
12221:1760–1764
12216:1755–1759
12211:1750–1754
12206:1745–1749
12201:1740–1744
12196:1735–1739
12191:1730–1734
12186:1725–1729
12181:1720–1724
12176:1715–1719
12086:George II
11525:Meiji era
11372:Alliances
11246:Squatting
10962:Fomorians
10891:Mythology
10761:Languages
10746:Halloween
10722:Bealtaine
10705:Festivals
10696:Stepdance
10601:Spice Bag
10586:Irish fry
10576:Colcannon
10551:Barmbrack
10474:Education
10432:President
10370:Education
10286:Transport
10261:Provinces
10183:Mountains
10158:Coastline
10130:Geography
10021:Civil War
9976:Tithe War
9366:Auregnais
9002:Geography
8628:162264240
7798:(1996) .
7730:(1995) .
7534:. Faber.
7455:144314136
6539:154611014
6344:153932928
6296:(2007) .
5763:154025726
5190:144381265
4673:154680968
4555:Addington
4060:George IV
3942:Sinn Féin
3897:Germany.
3767:home rule
3759:self-rule
3755:franchise
3709:Rome Rule
3697:Unionists
3650:Unionists
3532:of 1956.
3494:Palestine
3456:Blighters
3429:Armistice
3393:Lusitania
3382:in 1916.
3286:Great War
3205:Bonar Law
3136:Salisbury
3087:Gladstone
2905:Afrikaans
2853:of 1898.
2777:, as the
2500:Reformers
2492:from the
2407:Lord Grey
2284:Earl Grey
2228:George IV
2158:Corn Laws
2139:Test Acts
2030:Cambridge
1928:Corn Laws
1627:Methodism
1602:Baltimore
1582:Lake Erie
1444:Trafalgar
1158:dominions
1142:Australia
1128:with the
1112:with the
1073:in 1927.
942:Conflicts
863:1801–1923
858:1691–1800
853:1536–1691
848:1169–1536
449:(1801–26)
254:George IV
53:1801–1922
13799:Category
13757:Painting
13752:Morality
13614:Scotland
13505:Category
13444:George I
13413:James II
13293:Monarchs
13194:Chancery
13149:Politics
12897:Acts of
12601:Georgian
12573:Scotland
12500:Monarchy
12102:Politics
12081:George I
12029:Scotland
11204:Monastic
11169:Calendar
11153:Shamrock
11148:Red Hand
11086:Rounders
10751:Wren Day
10685:Sean-nós
10637:Guinness
10581:Drisheen
10457:Assembly
10439:Taxation
10342:Unionism
10309:Politics
10242:Counties
9986:Land War
9878:Clontarf
9874:Glenmama
9748:Timeline
9623:See also
9482:Scottish
9381:Jèrriais
9297:Germanic
9211:Guernsey
9199:Scotland
9121:Scotland
9068:Shetland
9031:Hebrides
8919:Scotland
8884:Politics
8873:Hibernia
8710:33037858
8524:, survey
8506:(1965).
8464:(2005).
8448:, survey
8392:(1913).
8360:(1994).
8336:(2017).
8320:(2014).
8276:(2012).
8262:(1936).
8238:(2017).
8224:(1955).
8200:(1969).
8139:(1968).
8101:(1953).
8037:(1955).
8025:(1967).
7984:(1965).
7962:(2015).
7923:Boer War
7902:(2003).
7842:(2012).
7820:(2008).
7754:(1959).
7708:(2009).
7686:(2006).
7530:(1967).
7471:(1910).
7345:(2014).
7241:(1992).
7213:(1977).
7127:(1962).
7099:(1994).
7041:(2011).
6963:(1998).
6832:(2010).
6802:(1935).
6719:(1980).
6673:(1972).
6619:(1970).
6591:(2001).
6487:(1978).
6472:: 33–39.
6416:(2004).
6388:(1967).
6360:(1994).
6194:(2012).
6114:Archived
6020:28 April
6014:Archived
5943:(2009).
5779:(1970).
5600:(1969).
5582:(1948).
5099:(1908).
5003:(1951).
4973:(1954).
4931:(1949).
4864:(1966).
4714:(1853).
4586:(1979).
4345:Archived
4307:(2004).
4283:Archived
4233:Archived
4209:Archived
4091:See also
4084:George V
4072:Victoria
4036:George V
4015:and the
3993:dominion
3971:and the
3963:, which
3863:and the
3750:failed.
3638:Cottiers
3498:homeland
3486:Togoland
3395:was sunk
3244:George V
3152:Morality
3080:Disraeli
2996:Disraeli
2923:waged a
2899:and the
2557:was the
2362:Chartism
2357:Chartism
2351:Chartism
2292:poor law
2085:Bourbons
1980:Baptists
1822:emigrate
1782:showing
1731:Six Acts
1696:Sidmouth
1673:Six Acts
1594:Maryland
1574:frontier
1478:Napoleon
1347:in both
1242:and the
1094:Napoleon
1061:and the
957:Kingdoms
843:795–1169
793:a series
791:Part of
732:Taxation
602:Timeline
575:a series
573:Part of
435:Currency
302:George V
278:Victoria
90:(French)
13762:Theatre
13732:Fashion
13727:Erotica
13604:Ireland
13428:Mary II
13355:James I
13049:Umhaill
12784:General
12758:History
12697:Symbols
12568:England
12076:Hanover
11933:History
11505:In Asia
11338:Germany
11174:Castles
11101:Symbols
11071:Hurling
11056:Camogie
10955:Firbolg
10941:Immrama
10934:Echtrai
10864:session
10847:Ballads
10824:Theatre
10813:Gaeilge
10807:Fiction
10742:Samhain
10657:Whiskey
10531:Cuisine
10519:Culture
10469:Economy
10365:Economy
10173:Islands
10148:Climate
10141:Natural
9736:History
9696:Ireland
9447:English
9442:Cornish
9437:British
9358:Romance
9328:Cornish
9305:English
9282:Society
9189:England
9179:Ireland
9163:Ireland
9147:outline
9142:History
9116:England
9096:Ireland
9048:Ireland
8909:England
8900:Ireland
8863:Britain
8858:Prydain
8620:2638778
7554:: 1–23.
7492:178–186
6336:3020975
6178:147–175
6085:2594316
5716:History
5479:4048814
5444:2169005
5105:693–755
4512:History
4354:21 June
3559:Ireland
3463:Postwar
3347:on the
3337:Belgium
2911:" (or "
2872:became
2837:in 1910
2799:slavery
2428:in the
1988:Quakers
1906:in 1830
1878:liberal
1859:in the
1408:Hanover
1353:Ireland
1224:Belgium
1220:Germany
1057:of the
972:Judaism
952:Cuisine
838:400–795
804:Ireland
419:•
391:•
378:•
365:•
352:History
338:•
323:•
223:Monarch
203:British
191:English
159:51°30′N
143:Capital
99:Anthem:
13737:Houses
13609:London
13426:&
13334:Philip
13332:&
13327:Mary I
13258:Tories
13225:&
13140:(1611)
13132:(1607)
13124:(1607)
13116:(1607)
13108:(1607)
13100:(1607)
13092:(1606)
13084:(1605)
13076:(1603)
13073:Laigin
13068:(1602)
13060:(1596)
13052:(1593)
13044:(1589)
13036:(1585)
13028:(1585)
13020:(1574)
13012:(1574)
13004:(1550)
12996:(1544)
12988:(1543)
12985:Loígis
12980:(1543)
12972:(1543)
12960:Gaelic
12832:Ulster
12532:Tories
12064:Stuart
11863:Second
11850:Second
11647:Events
11437:Trends
11353:Russia
11333:France
11179:Cinema
10978:People
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