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6662:: The coup came at a time when promised Soviet aid was being slowed and later halted. Vietnamese Communists decided to not embrace a multi-party system in Vietnam due to the experience of Perestroika. An unnamed official said that "Vietnam would probably not feel sorry to see because Gorbachev has made many mistakes... too many compromises with the West. He has also made the position and the role of the Soviet Union in the world weaker." The official also said that Vietnam would benefit from a return to Communist rule in the Soviet Union. "These changes would also affect positively Vietnam’s economy because the West would carry out a hard policy towards the Soviet Union, then the latter would look for trade relations with such countries as Vietnam and China." After the coup, top Communist Party official Thai Ninh was asked by foreign press if Vietnam felt betrayed by Gorbachev and Yeltsin. He answered, "It's better to let the Soviet people decide that". The failed coup prompted Vietnam to
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relations between the two were dismal. By the time the USSR collapsed, the problem of
Yugoslavia had become a part of the Russian political landscape. Yeltsin and liberal elites would publicly take an even-handed approach and encourage international cooperation to solve the crisis. In contrast, post-Soviet conservatives looked to create advantages for Russia by supporting Orthodox Serbs in their struggle to control the remaining Yugoslav nations. Sociology Professor Veljko Vujačić assessed the similarities and differences between the breakup of Yugoslavia and dissolution of the Soviet Union. Both nations were multi-national Marxist–Leninist states with Slavic rulers facing major secessionist movements. In Serbia, patriotism was linked with statehood. Milošević told his nationalist followers that every generation of Serbs has had their own "
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very serious stake in the events currently taking place in the Soviet Union. The reform process there is of vital importance to the world and of most vital importance of course to the Soviet people themselves and I hope that is fully clear. There is a great deal of information we don't yet have, but I would like to make clear above all that we would expect the Soviet Union to respect and honor all the commitments that
President Gorbachev has made on its behalf." The British Government froze $ 80 million in economic aid to Moscow, while the
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6129:"I can't believe that the Soviet people will allow a reversal in the progress that they have recently made toward economic and political freedom. Based on my extensive meetings and conversations with him, I am convinced that President Gorbachev had the best interest of the Soviet people in mind. I have always felt that his opposition came from the communist bureaucracy, and I can only hope that enough progress was made that a movement toward democracy will be unstoppable."
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disappointed and nervous after the meeting with
Gorbachev. Gorbachev is said to have insulted Varennikov by pretending to forget his name, and to have told his former trusted advisor Boldin "Shut up, you prick! How dare you give me lectures about the situation in the country!" With Gorbachev's refusal, the conspirators ordered that he remain confined to the dacha. Additional KGB security guards were placed at the dacha gates with orders to stop anybody from leaving.
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5357:) delegated by the legislatures of the union republic. Russia, with 52 delegates, was an exception. However, the delegation of each union republic was to have only one vote in the Soviet of Republics. The laws were to be first adopted by the Soviet of the Union and then by the Soviet of Republics, which would set procedures for the central government, approve the appointment of central ministers and consider inter-republic agreements.
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6067:." He called the overthrow "very disturbing" and put a hold on U.S. aid to the Soviet Union until the coup was ended. The Bush statement, drafted after a series of meetings with top aides, was much more forceful than the President's initial reaction that morning in Maine. It was in keeping with a Western effort to apply both diplomatic and economic pressure on the Soviet officials seeking to gain control of the country. On 2
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5625:, the upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet, formally voted the Soviet Union out of existence (the lower chamber, the Council of the Union, had been left without a quorum after the Russian deputies withdrew), thus ending the life of the world's first and oldest socialist state. All former Soviet embassies became Russian embassies, and Russia received all nuclear weapons located in other former republics by 1996. A
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6466:(CCP) released no immediate comment. Confidential Chinese documents have indicated that China's hardline leaders strongly disapproved of Gorbachev's program of political liberalization, blaming him for "the loss of Eastern Europe to capitalism." Western scholarship has alleged that Beijing had foreknowledge of the planned coup. This hypothesis is supported by two events: firstly, General
6620:: As the coup began, newspapers published documents from the GKChP without comment or statements of support. Privately, the regime instructed its officials to support the coup to "defend Socialist achievements". North Korean diplomats were present in Moscow and kept informal contacts with Russians as events unfolded, including soldiers on the ground. By the end of the first day,
6527:
After the coup failed, Gorbachev suspended exchanges with China; allegedly the coup plotters attempted to flee to China, but this was flatly denied by both governments. Several
Chinese people said that a key difference between the Soviet coup leaders' failed attempts to use tanks to crush dissent in Moscow and the hardline Chinese leaders' successful use of tank-led
6825:. However, Havel said "It is not possible to reverse the changes that have already happened in the Soviet Union. We believe democracy will eventually prevail in the Soviet Union." Interior Ministry spokesman Martin Fendrych said an unspecified number of additional troops had been moved to reinforce the Czechoslovak border with the Soviet Union.
10708:
6025:
think it was terribly well-handled from the point of view of those organising the coup. I think the enormous and unanimous condemnation of the rest of the world publicly of the coup was of immense encouragement to the people resisting it. That is not just my view; that is the view that has been expressed to me by Mr. Shevardnadze,
4824:, who was in the crowd defending the White House, "those deaths played a crucial role: both sides were so horrified that it brought a halt to everything." Alpha Group and Vympel did not move to the White House as planned, and Yazov ordered the troops to pull out of Moscow. Reports also surfaced that Gorbachev had been placed under
6063:. He then issued a strongly-worded statement that followed a day of consultations with other Western alliance leaders amid a concerted effort to squeeze the new Soviet leadership by freezing economic aid programs. Bush decried the coup as a "misguided and illegitimate effort" that "bypasses both Soviet law and the will of the
6029:, President Yeltsin and many others as well to whom I have spoken to the last 48 hours. The moral pressure from the West and the fact that we were prepared to state unequivocally that the coup was illegal and that we wanted the legal government restored, was of immense help in the Soviet Union. I think that did play a part."
4602:. Yeltsin climbed one of the tanks and addressed the crowd. Unexpectedly, this episode was included in the state media's evening news. Soviet Armed Forces officers loyal to the GKChP tried to prevent defections by confining soldiers to their barracks, but this only limited the availability of forces to carry out the coup.
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said in scripted remarks that he hoped the Soviet Union's reforms would survive
Gorbachev's fall. "I particularly appreciated the sincere desire that guided him and the lofty inspiration that animated him in the promotion of human rights and dignity, as well as in his commitment for the well-being of
7022:
said that "Iraq’s right and steadfastness was one of the main reasons behind the fall ... because exposed policy of treason and conspiracy. It is natural that we welcome such change like the states and people who were affected by the policies of the former regime." In other words, Hussein seemingly
6591:
20, the Cuban
Government issued a statement insisting on its neutrality, saying that the conflict was "not Cuba's to judge". In the same statement, Cuba also criticized the West for inciting divisions within the Soviet Union. A Western diplomat alleged that in private, Cuba's officials hoped the coup
6189:
of
Gorbachev and Yeltsin, who was "Gorbachev's rival in the changing Soviet Union." Mitterrand added that "France attaches a high price to the life and liberty of Messrs. Gorbachev and Yeltsin being guaranteed by the new Moscow leaders. These will be judged by their acts, especially on the fashion in
6024:
scheduled an emergency meeting to suspend a $ 1.5 billion aid program. In a 1991 interview, Major said he thought that "there are many reasons why failed and a great deal of time and trouble will be spent on analysing that later. There were, I think, a number of things that were significant. I don't
5030:
flew in the presidential plane, under police custody (according to
Rutskoy, "they definitely not be shot down with him on board"). Upon arrival, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Tizyakov were arrested on the airfield, which was illegal under Soviet law as officials representing the central government could only
3916:
August, to form a State
Emergency Committee, and require Gorbachev to sign the relevant decrees or to resign and transfer powers to Vice President Yanayev. They believed the pact would pave the way for the Soviet Union's breakup, and decided it was time to act. The next day, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin,
4744:
mingled with the crowds near the White House and assessed the possibility of such an operation. Afterwards, Karpukhin and Vympel commander
Colonel Boris Beskov tried to convince Ageyev that the operation would result in bloodshed and should be cancelled. Lebed, with the consent of his superior Pavel
4593:
Meanwhile, the Soviet forces carrying out the coup began to suffer from mass defections to the RSFSR as well as soldiers refusing to obey orders to shoot civilians. Yeltsin asked his followers not to harass the soldiers and offered amnesty for any military servicemen who defected to oppose the coup.
4552:
pm press conference that Gorbachev was "resting". He said: "Over these years he has got very tired and needs some time to get his health back." Yanayev's shaking hands led some people to think he was drunk, and his trembling voice and weak posture made his words unconvincing. Victoria E. Bonnell and
3956:
of the KGB, allowed the group into Gorbachev's dacha. Gorbachev realized what was happening after discovering the telephone outages. Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov demanded that Gorbachev either declare a state of emergency or resign and name Yanayev as acting president to allow the members
3852:
discussed the possibility of replacing hardliners such as Pavlov, Yazov, Kryuchkov and Pugo with more liberal figures, with Nazarbayev as Prime Minister (in Pavlov's place). Kryuchkov, who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier, eventually got wind of the
6938:
voiced concern that the coup could encourage the FMLN to end negotiations, or that Cuba's relationship with the Soviet Union would be restored. Cuba had long been a supplier to the FMLN. Ernesto Altschul, Cristiani's deputy chief of staff, said, "Obviously, this can affect our situation." After the
6872:
union helped prompt the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe, appealed for calm. "May unity and responsibility for our state gain the upper hand." The statement, read on Polish radio by spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski, continued, "The situation in the USSR is significant for our country. It
6526:
to request full recognition and support. Deng met with Belonogov and asked "what do you plan to do with Gorbachev" to measure the probability of the coup's success. After hesitating for a day, China was moments away from an official declaration of support for the GKChP when news of its end arrived.
3960:
Gorbachev has always claimed that he refused point-blank to accept the ultimatum. Varennikov has insisted that Gorbachev said: "Damn you. Do what you want. But report my opinion!" However, those present at the dacha at the time testified that Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov had been clearly
6725:
had begun the previous year. Political actors in both nations realized the similarities of their political situations. On the anti-communist side, separatists in the USSR were building relations with Yugoslavia's breakaway republics. At the end of July, Lithuania recognized Slovenia and in August,
6019:
August to deal with the crisis and said "There seems little doubt that President Gorbachev has been removed from power by an unconstitutional seizure of power. There are constitutional ways of removing the president of the Soviet Union; they have not been used. I believe that the whole world has a
5675:
November 1991, Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 213 "On the Liberalization of Foreign Economic Activity on the Territory of the RSFSR", whereby all Russian companies were allowed to import and export goods and acquire foreign currency (all foreign trade had previously been tightly controlled by the
5526:
ratified the accords and recalled the Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Although this has been interpreted as the moment that Russia seceded from the Union, Russia took the position that it was not possible to secede from a state that no longer existed. The lower chamber of the
5348:
and would only consider issues concerning civil rights and freedoms and other issues which did not fall under the jurisdiction of the Soviet of Republics. Its decisions would have to be reviewed by the Soviet of Republics. The Soviet of Republics was to include 20 deputies from each union republic
4922:, as well as Soviet Security Council members Yevgeny Primakov and Vadim Bakatin, flew to Gorbachev's dacha in Foros. They were accompanied by 36 officers of the RSFSR Ministry of Internal Affairs armed with machine guns, under the command of RSFSR Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Andrei Dunaev.
4711:
In the afternoon, Kryuchkov, Yazov and Pugo finally decided to attack the White House. This decision was supported by other GKChP members (with the exception of Pavlov, who had been sent to his dacha due to drunkenness). Kryuchkov's and Yazov's deputies, KGB general Gennady Ageyev and Army general
4518:
ordered the formation of an emergency committee for the city, chaired by Leningrad First Secretary Boris Gidaspov, to circumvent Sobchak's democratically elected municipal government. Samsonov's troops were ultimately blocked by hundreds of thousands of demonstrators supported by the police, which
6730:
between traditional communists and ultranationalists to maintain the territorial integrity of both the USSR and Yugoslavia. In the weeks leading up to the coup, conservatives in the USSR were using the precedence of Yugoslavia as an excuse to violently suppress uprisings of non-Russians. In fact,
6712:
reported reactions from ordinary Yugoslavs including economist Dragan Radic who said "Gorbachev has done a lot for world peace and helped replace hard-line communist regimes in the past few years.Yet, the West failed to support Gorbachev financially and economically and he was forced to step down
6497:
cursed Gorbachev. Deng then said "The Soviet coup is a good thing but we must not visibly be pleased but only delighted at the bottom of our hearts." China pronounced a policy of non-interference but hoped 'stability' (i.e. a restoration of Communist rule) would return to the Soviet Union. Behind
4910:
pm, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, chaired by the heads of the chambers of the union parliament, adopted a resolution in which it declared illegal the removal of the Soviet President from his duties and their transfer to the Vice President, and in this vein demanded that Yanayev
4815:
veteran, was shot and crushed trying to cover a moving IFV's observation slit. Usov, a 37-year-old economist, was killed by a stray bullet while coming to Komar's aid. The crowd set fire to an IFV and Krichevsky, a 28-year-old architect, was shot dead as the troops pulled back. The three men were
4089:
Yanayev signed the decree naming himself acting Soviet President, using the pretense of Gorbachev's inability to perform presidential duties due to "illness". However, Russian investigators later identified Kryuchkov as the key planner of the coup. Yanayev later claimed that he had been forced to
5786:
On the 26th of August, Nikolay Kruchina was found dead near his residence in the morning, having jumped from the window of his apartment a few hours prior. He served as the Managing Director of the Central Committee of the CPSU. His predecessor Georgiy Pavlov followed the same fate on the 6th of
4898:
pm, Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Pugo signed the last GKChP order – a cypher telegram to the regional departments of internal affairs with a demand to strengthen the security of television and radio organizations and report on all violations of the GKChP Resolution on
4024:
after Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov returned from Crimea. Yanayev (who had only just been persuaded to join the plot), Pavlov and Baklanov signed the so-called "Declaration of the Soviet Leadership", which declared a state of emergency in the entirety of the USSR and announced that the
5968:
said, "I strongly hope that the leadership change will not influence the positive policies of Perestroika and new-thinking diplomacy." In addition, Japanese aid and technical loans to the Soviet Union were frozen. Japan left open the question of the coup's legitimacy; government spokesman Taizo
5842:
said that "The developments in the Soviet Union ... raise the question as to whether the purpose is to reverse the political and economic reforms which have been taking place. Australia does not want to see repression, persecution or vindictive actions against Gorbachev or those associated with
3813:
that a coup against Gorbachev was being planned. When Matlock tried to warn him, Gorbachev falsely assumed that his own Cabinet was not involved and underestimated the risk of a coup. Gorbachev reversed Pavlov's request for more powers and jokingly told his Cabinet "The coup is over," remaining
4929:
pm, the GKChP delegation arrived at the presidential dacha. President Gorbachev refused to receive it and demanded that communication to the outside world be restored. At the same time, Yanayev signed a decree dissolving the State Emergency Committee and declaring all of its decisions invalid.
6354:
came to resent the Soviets for abandoning him, writing to former Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze "I didn't want to be president, you talked me into it, insisted on it, and promised support. Now you are throwing me and the Republic of Afghanistan to its fate." In the winter of 1992, newly
4331:
am. Together with Silayev and Khasbulatov, Yeltsin issued a declaration "To the Citizens of Russia" that condemned the GKChP's actions as a reactionary anti-constitutional coup. The military was urged not to take part in the coup, and local authorities were asked to follow laws from the RSFSR
4130:
August; the prohibition of rallies, demonstrations and strikes; suspension of the activities of political parties, public organizations and mass movements that impede the normalization of the situation; and the allocation of up to 1,500 square metres (0.4 acres) of land to all interested city
7166:: The alliance held an emergency meeting in Brussels condemning the Soviet coup. "If indeed this coup did fail, it will be a great victory for the courageous Soviet people who have tasted freedom and who are not prepared to have it taken away from them," said United States Secretary of State
6739:
claimed in October that "Communist Yugoslav Generals" had openly supported the coup and that they had received instructions from Moscow. The victory of the democrats in the USSR had major implications for Yugoslavia. Yeltsin knew that Milošević had secretly supported Soviet conservatives and
6977:
wholeheartedly endorsed the coup. When the coup failed, India's government changed course, celebrating "the reassertion of democratic values and a triumph for the will of the people." Despite official support for Yeltsin's victory, Indian politicians feared that a spill-over effect from the
11252:"World Report Extra : The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev. : Cuba : 'Option Zero' in Havana"
11284:"World Report Extra: The Coup and Beyond : World View : Holding Out for Hammer and Sickle : There are still several orthodox Communist states in the world. Their reaction to the sudden fall – and return – of Mikhail Gorbachev : North Korea : Pyongyang's Odd Drama"
4553:
Gregory Frieden noted that the press conference allowed spontaneous questioning from journalists who openly accused the GKChP of carrying out a coup, as well as the lack of censorship by news crews, who did not hide Yanayev's erratic motions the way they had with past leaders such as
6274:
released a statement saying, "I'm surprised, embittered and worried. We all know the difficulties that Gorbachev encountered. But I don't know how a new president, who, at least for now, doesn't have (Gorbachev's) prestige and international connections, can overcome the obstacles."
5864:
huddled with top advisers over the toppling of Mikhail Gorbachev, but officials said the Prime Minister would likely react cautiously to the stunning development. Mulroney condemned the coup and suspended food aid and other assistance to the Soviet Union. External Affairs Minister
6596:
with their country. In September 1991, three-quarters of Cuba's consumer goods came from the USSR, underlining the importance of Soviet events to Cuba's leaders. As the Soviet coup unfolded, Cuban officials did not believe its leaders would prevail. While Gorbachev was in power,
5474:
By November, the only Soviet Republics that had not declared independence were Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. That same month, seven republics (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan) agreed to a new union treaty that would form a
6287:, called the ouster of Gorbachev "a most dramatic event of world proportions (which) will have immense repercussions on international life. I am personally and strongly struck, not only for the incalculable burden of this event, but also for the fate of comrade Gorbachev."
7152:
the country and of the international community. May the process initiated by him not fall into decline." The Pope also prayed for the Soviet Union itself, asking that "our prayers become even more intense to ask God that that great country may be spared further tragedy."
3473:. The coup collapsed in two days, and Gorbachev returned to office while the plotters all lost their posts. Yeltsin subsequently became the dominant leader and Gorbachev lost much of his influence. The failed coup led to both the immediate collapse of the CPSU and the
6087:
issued a statement warning "The whole world is watching. Legitimacy in 1991 flows not from the barrel of a gun but from the will of the people. History cannot be reversed. Sooner or later your effort will fail." The coup also led several members of Congress such as
6535:
was that the Soviet people had a powerful leader like Russian President Boris Yeltsin to rally around, whereas the Chinese protesters did not. The Soviet coup collapsed in three days without any major violence by the Soviet Army against civilians in June 1989, the
4118:
am, Yanayev signed documents on the formation of the State Committee for the State of Emergency (GKChP), consisting of himself, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo, Baklanov, Tizyakov and Starodubtsev. Included in the documents was the "Appeal to the Soviet people".
15540:
10132:
5597:
as the Soviet Union itself was not constitutionally succeeded by the Russian Federation, but merely dissolved. Others argued that the international community had already established the precedent of recognizing the Soviet Union as the legal successor of the
4229:
and Vladimir Federovski later alleged that the KGB was planning to carry out a much larger wave of arrests two weeks after the coup, after which it would have abolished almost all legislative and local administrative structures under a highly centralized
6058:
made a blunt demand for Gorbachev's restoration to power and said the United States did not accept the legitimacy of the self-proclaimed new Soviet government. Bush rushed to the White House from his vacation home, receiving a letter from Kozyrev aboard
2307:
10077:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 21.08.1991 № 1626-I О дополнительных полномочиях Президента РСФСР по обеспечению законности деятельности Советов народных депутатов в условиях ликвидации последствий попытки государственного переворота в СССР"
10330:
4281:, later alleged that he had received an order from Kryuchkov to arrest Yeltsin but disobeyed it, although his account has been questioned. The failure to arrest Yeltsin proved fatal to the plotters' plans. After the announcement of the coup at 6:30
4883:
pm, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov, Lukyanov and CPSU Central Committee Deputy General Secretary Vladimir Ivashko left for the airport, getting stuck in a traffic jam created by the Taman Division armored vehicles returning to their base.
6748:
drew a distinction between 'patriotic' Russian people and the 'oppressive' Russian state. Boris Yeltsin and his followers saw the USSR as an oppressor of Russia, thereby accelerating the mostly peaceful division of the former Soviet Union. On
5123:
was dismantled, while thousands of Moscow citizens took part in the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov and Ilya Krichevsky, the three citizens who had died in the tunnel incident. Gorbachev posthumously awarded them with the title of
5885:
said Canada must join with other Western governments to back Russian President Boris Yeltsin, former Soviet Foreign Minister and Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze and others fighting for Soviet democracy." McDougall met with the
5316:
August, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dismissed Prime Minister Pavlov and entrusted the functions of the Soviet government to the Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy. The next day, Supreme Soviet Chairman
4691:
The defenders of the White House prepared themselves, most being unarmed. Evdokimov's tanks were moved from the White House in the evening. The makeshift White House defense headquarters was headed by General Kobets, a Russian SFSR
5368:
and the presidents of union republics. The "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" was replaced by the USSR Inter-republic Economic Committee (Межреспубликанский экономический комитет СССР), also headed by
4373:
under Boldin sent coded telegrams to local party committees to assist the coup. Yeltsin's authorities later discovered that nearly 70 percent of the committees either backed it or attempted to remain neutral. Within the RSFSR, the
5009:
forces of Estonia) members barricaded themselves in the tower's broadcasting studio. That evening, as news from Moscow about the coup's failure reached Tallinn, the Russian paratroopers left the TV tower and the Estonian capital.
3983:
pm, they were joined by Baklanov, Shenin, Boldin, Varennikov and Plekhanov. It was decided to publicly declare Gorbachev ill. Yanayev hesitated, but the others convinced him that leadership and responsibility would be collective.
6300:
A Soviet Stamp promoting Perestroika. For some Communist States, Gorbachev's reforms resulted in a drastic cutting of Soviet Aid. The coup's failure led to the abrupt end of any remaining Russian support for its former Communist
6774:
pro-Soviet governments deposed or elected out of office. As a result, all criticized or expressed weary sentiments about events in Moscow. Some former Warsaw Pact members deployed armed forces to strategically important areas.
6601:
never agreed with Perestroika and in July 1991 had reiterated his position that there would be no changes in Cuba, saying "In this revolution there will be no changes of name or ideas." The end of Soviet assistance sparked the
83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
7091:
said, "I very much hope that will neither give rise to large-scale turbulence within the Soviet Union itself or more widely in Europe, nor jeopardize the era of hard-won international cooperation upon which the world has
3534:
to buy even essential goods, fuel stocks were as much as 50% lower than the estimated amount needed for the approaching winter, and inflation exceeded 300% per year, with factories lacking the cash needed to pay salaries.
6546:
Fidel Castro at East Berlin 1972. Cuba relied upon the Soviet Union and throughout the Cold War was a steadfast ally. Castro systemically opposed Gorbachev's perestroika but he did not publicly support the August Coup in
6367:
provided food aid to Mohammad Najibullah's of their own accord in an attempt to save the regime, also establishing contacts with the Mujahideen. The end of Soviet weapons deliveries caused the defection of militia leader
6565:: Congo was already moving away from Marxism–Leninism and had organized a democratic conference in June. All references to Communism were removed from the Congolese Constitution in April 1992, yet former Soviet protégé
3568:
15314:
7662:
10128:
11400:
11164:
9727:
5929:
arriving from the Soviet Union, called an emergency meeting to assess how the coup would affect Jewish immigration. "We are closely following what is happening in the Soviet Union with concern," Foreign Minister
5732:, but the Russian Supreme Soviet refused to lift his immunity. Additionally, the Procuracy refrained from charging numerous other individuals accused of complicity in the coup, including the Army Chief of Staff.
6163:
said the process of change in the Soviet Union could not be reversed. In a statement, he said "So much has happened and so many people have been involved in the changes in Soviet Union that I cannot see a total
4142:
surrounded Gorbachev's presidential dacha in Foros. By order of Soviet Air Defense Chief of Staff Colonel-General Igor Maltsev, two tractors blocked the runway on which the President's aircraft were located: a
6964:
said "Mr. Gorbachev's ouster was a warning to people who favored reforms without controls." Likewise, India's ambassador in Moscow remarked that Gorbachev had "brought about the disintegration of the party".
5898:
defense network, the government acknowledged that any US-Soviet nuclear confrontation would directly impact Canada as well. Canadian leaders believed both the US and Canada would be treated as a single set of
5562:) having agreed that the Union no longer existed, Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable and said he would resign as soon as the CIS became a reality (Georgia joined the CIS in 1993, only to withdraw in 2008 after
4527:
went on strike in support of Yeltsin. Moscow First Secretary Yuri Prokofev attempted a similar maneuver in the capital but was rebuffed when Boris Nikolskii refused to accept the office of Mayor of Moscow. At
6448:
became less relevant to both countries after the coup. Angola's ability to enforce its rule on some of its territories diminished due to the end of Soviet weapons deliveries and departures of Cuban personnel.
11477:
5934:
said. "One might say that this is an internal issue of the Soviet Union, but in the Soviet Union ... everything internal has an influence for the entire world." The Soviet Union restored ties with Israel on
5306:
12953:
11705:
10326:
7113:
visited the Soviet Union before the coup and its subsequent dissolution, continuing the good relations maintained since diplomatic ties were established in 1946. In December 1991, Argentina recognized the
6847:
has collapsed but this has not been the result of Gorbachev's policy but of the paralyzing influence of conservatives," adding, "Suddenly, the likelihood of a civil war in the Soviet Union has increased."
6235:"to speak with one voice" on the situation and said, "the West should not exclude the possibility of imposing economic and political sanctions on the Soviet Union to avoid a jolt to the right, in Moscow."
10830:
4955:
pm, Rutskoy and his delegation went to see Gorbachev. According to eyewitnesses, the meeting was cordial and joyful, allowing them to momentarily forget divisions between Soviet and Russian authorities.
8445:
5581:
December 1991, the Russian SFSR – now renamed the Russian Federation – with the concurrence of the other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States, informed the
11816:
5790:
On the 17th of October, former Deputy Head of the International Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU Dmitriy Lisovolik was found dead, having also jumped from the window of his apartment.
4586:
acre) to combat winter shortages by growing fruits and vegetables. Due to the illness of Valentin Pavlov, the duties of the Soviet head of the government were entrusted to First Deputy Prime Minister
15565:
4561:
so he and his family could watch the press conference. After viewing the conference, Gorbachev expressed confidence that Yeltsin would be able to stop the coup. That night, his family smuggled out a
11724:
6190:
which the two high personalities in question will be treated." After the coup ended, Mitterrand was criticized for his hesitant reaction; this may have helped right wing opposition parties win the
10991:
10327:"Закон Республики Беларусь от 25 августа 1991 г. №1017-XII "О придании статуса конституционного закона Декларации Верховного Совета Белорусской ССР о государственном суверенитете Белорусской ССР""
5271:
August 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev created the so-called "Committee for the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy" (Комитет по оперативному управлению народным хозяйством СССР), to replace the
9156:
10800:
7170:. Baker also stated, "t will also, to some extent, be a victory, too, for the international community and for all those governments who reacted strongly to these events." NATO Secretary-General
4183:, the only independent political radio station, were taken off the air. However, the latter station later resumed its broadcasts and became a source of reliable information during the coup. The
7972:
15687:
5969:
Watanabe said that " the right to decide whether it is constitutional or unconstitutional. Japan notably differed from western states by not announcing an outright condemnation of the coup. "
11776:
7209:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, went on to head the Department of History and International Relations for the Russian International Academy of Tourism and died in 2010.
5663:) was granted the right to issue decrees required for economic reform even if they contravened existing laws. Such decrees entered into force if they were not repealed within 7 days by the
3731:
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expressed "grave concern" saying, "We hope that the progress toward world peace... achieved under the leadership of President Gorbachev will continue to be preserved and enhanced further."
3861:. Yeltsin also prepared for a coup by establishing a secret defense committee, ordering military and KGB commands to side with RSFSR authorities and establishing a "reserve government" in
15666:
1071:
11861:
6253:
issued statements condemning the coup. However, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Greece condemned Gorbachev for dismantling the Soviet State and reestablishing Capitalism.
11624:
9696:
7935:
3610:
of residents in the other republics expressed the desire to retain the renewed Soviet Union, with 77.85% voting in favor. Following negotiations, eight of the remaining nine republics (
3454:
949:
12112:
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be returned to Moscow. Although Gorbachev discovered that the GKChP's actions had cut off communications with the nuclear duty officers, the Cheget was returned to the capital by 2:00
11197:
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can affect our bilateral relations. We want them to be friendly." But Wałęsa emphasized that Poland would keep its hard-won sovereignty while pursuing economic and political reforms.
11690:
10609:
5990:
welcomed the coup's collapse as a symbolic victory for the Soviet people. He said "It was a triumph of the courage and resolve of the Soviet citizens towards freedom and democracy."
3530:
might secede. In 1991, the Soviet Union was in a severe economic and political crisis. Scarcity of food, medicine, and other consumables was widespread, people had to stand in long
15309:
13987:
6797:
stated that "Such anti-democratic methods can never lead to anything good neither for the Soviet Union, nor for Eastern Europe, nor for the democratic developments in the world."
12078:(August 1991), (M.E. Sharpe, 1994). Includes the chronology of the coup, photos, and accounts from a broad cross-section of participants and eyewitnesses, including the editors.
10157:[Decree of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of August 29, 1991 No. 2371-I "On the situation that arose in the country in connection with the coup d'état that took place"]
6108:
in existing unstable conditions. Despite public opposition to further aid to the Soviet Union and ambivalence from the Bush administration, they oversaw the ratification of the
11074:
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5700:
in the form of a conspiracy aimed at capturing power. However, by January 1993, they had all been released from custody pending trial. The trial in the Military Chamber of the
15673:
15432:
10242:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 6, 1991 No. 169 "On the activities of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 6 November 1991.
5617:
December, Gorbachev announced his resignation as President of the Soviet Union. The red hammer and sickle flag of the Soviet Union was lowered from the Senate building in the
7669:
15592:
10106:
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am, all of the GKChP documents were broadcast over state radio and television. The KGB immediately issued an arrest list that included newly elected Russian SFSR President
7193:
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5180:
5149:
4859:
4544:
That afternoon, Moscow citizens began gathering around the White House, erecting barricades around it. In response, Yanayev declared a state of emergency in Moscow at 4:00
4097:
The GKChP banned all Moscow newspapers except for nine party-controlled newspapers. It also issued a populist declaration which stated that "the honour and dignity of the
3493:
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2421:
55:
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10216:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 25, 1991 No. 90 "On the property of the CPSU and the Communist Party of the RSFSR"] (in Russian). 25 August 1991.
7909:
3779:
resigned in protest and rejected an offered appointment as vice president, warning that "a dictatorship is coming." Gorbachev was forced to appoint Yanayev in his place.
11156:
7215:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, subsequently served as a financial expert for several banks and other financial institutions and became chairman of
6982:
would encourage secessionist movements at home. The loss of an economic partner and ideological friend upset the Rao Administration and India's leftist movement, as the
4657:
told Yazov that they would not follow orders for a nuclear launch. After the coup, Gorbachev refused to admit that he had lost control of the country's nuclear weapons.
4122:
The GKChP members present signed GKChP Resolution No. 1, which introduced the following: a state of emergency "in certain areas of the USSR" lasting six months from 4:00
3669:
that followed. Many feared the consequences of Gorbachev's German policies above all, not just for leaving officers unemployed but for sacrificing gains achieved in the
9719:
15535:
12948:
5388:
4176:
2495:
8586:
6142:
supported the coup, causing division within an already shrinking party. The CPSU had broken ties with the CPUSA in 1989 over the latter's condemnation of Perestroika.
15652:
13392:
10574:"Постановление Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации от 23 февраля 1994 г. № 65-1 ГД «Об объявлении политической и экономической амнистии»"
8114:
5444:
5381:
11473:
10131:[Statement by M. S. Gorbachev on the resignation of the duties of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU] (in Russian). 24 August 1991.
5179:
all CPSU assets in the Russian SFSR (these included not only party committee headquarters but also assets such as educational institutions and hotels). The party's
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15319:
10162:
5105:
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615:
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Yugoslavia may have been a major cause for the Gang of Eight to believe their actions were necessary to prevent the USSR's collapse. When Yugoslav Prime Minister
5336:. Two new legislative chambers – the Soviet of the Union (Совет Союза) and the Soviet of Republics (Совет Республик) – replaced the
15606:
15392:
12310:
10822:
6462:: The Chinese government appeared to tacitly support the coup when it issued a statement saying the move was an internal affair of the Soviet Union and when the
5456:
5392:
5026:
At one minute past midnight, Gorbachev, his family and assistants flew to Moscow on Rutskoy's plane. The GKChP members were sent back on a different plane; only
4978:
3465:, who had been both an ally and critic of Gorbachev. The GKChP was poorly organized and met with effective resistance by both Yeltsin and a civilian campaign of
3998:
be sent to Moscow, also ordering 300,000 arrest forms. Kryuchkov doubled the pay of all KGB personnel, called them back from holiday, and placed them on alert.
15680:
5676:
state). Following the issuance of Decree No. 213, on 3 December 1991 Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 297 "On the Measures to Liberalize Prices", whereby from 2
4891:
pm, the CPSU Central Committee Secretariat issued a statement demanding that the GKChP clarify the fate of the head of the Communist Party, Mikhail Gorbachev.
4775:, which the GKChP blamed on increasing trade with the West. Draft decrees were later discovered which would have allowed military and police patrols to shoot "
4370:
3758:
11825:
Gibson, James L. "Mass opposition to the Soviet putsch of August 1991: Collective action, rational choice, and democratic values in the former Soviet Union."
13002:
12144:
11919:
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6249:: Greece described the situation in the Soviet Union as "alarming". The Greek left was divided- the Alliance of the Left and former Socialist Prime Minister
4471:
August showed that 23.6 percent of Russians believed the GKChP could improve living standards, while 41.9 percent had no opinion. However, separate polls by
3365:
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2976:
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9831:"Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета СССР от 21 августа 1991 года № 2352-I «О неотложных мерах по восстановлению конституционного порядка в стране»"
9601:
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589:
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10155:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 29 августа 1991 г. № 2371-I «О ситуации, возникшей в стране в связи с имевшим место государственным переворотом»"
15811:
15645:
13051:
10983:
7231:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, became adviser to the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Academy of General Staff; he died in 2020.
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3968:
pm, Baklanov, Boldin, Shenin and Varennikov flew to Moscow, accompanied by Plekhanov. His deputy, Vyacheslav Generalov, remained "on the farm" in Foros.
893:
627:
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14825:
11970:
Saar, Andrus, and Liivi Joe. "Polling, Under the Gun: Political Attitudes in Estonia, Surveyed at the Height of the Soviet Coup Attempt, August 1991."
11673:
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6296:
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667:
317:
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Vogt, William Charles. "The Soviet coup of August 1991: why it happened, and why it was doomed to fail. (MA thesis. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991).
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first person accounts and documents from both sides of the barricades. Compiled and edited by Anya Chernyakhovskaya, Dr John Jirik and Nikolai Lamm.
4033:) had been created "to manage the country and effectively maintain the regime of the state of emergency". The GKChP included the following members:
86:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
13017:
12347:
11293:
11261:
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10757:"Pope Fears the Loss of Hard-Won Church Gains in Soviet Union : Reaction: John Paul's enthusiastic tour of Eastern Europe ends on a glum note"
5793:
Said deaths have faced extensive scrutiny by historians and contemporaries, who noted the similarities with which the figurants ended their lives.
4460:
officers seized control of city halls and government buildings around the country claiming to be in control, as well as television stations in the
2268:
832:
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8219:Союз можно было сохранить. Белая книга: Документы и факты о политике М. С. Горбачёва по реформированию и сохранению многонационального государства
4811:. Three men were killed in the ensuing clash: Dmitry Komar, Vladimir Usov, and Ilya Krichevsky; several others were wounded. Komar, a 22-year-old
3575:
June 1990 and thereafter limited the application of Soviet laws, in particular those governing finance and the economy, on Russian territory. The
15736:
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5510:. The Accords declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist "as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality." It repudiated the
2769:
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5527:
Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, was forced to halt its operations, as the departure of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum.
2460:
15831:
13214:
12881:
12573:
10103:"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 22 августа 1991 года № 1627/1-1 «Об официальном признании и использовании Национального флага РСФСР»"
2792:
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9688:
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7247:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, later served as chairman of the board of directors for "Rosobshchemash"; he died in 2021.
6721:, was silent. Unofficially, there were numerous interactions between Yugoslavia and the USSR leading up to the start of the coup. The violent
6636:
said "The invincible might of our own style of socialism is being highly demonstrated," and the "North is basically stable" in a reference to
5720:. They all accepted the amnesty, except for General Varennikov, who demanded the continuation of the trial and who was finally acquitted on 11
15806:
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12990:
11315:
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6334:
government in Afghanistan. At the time, the Afghan regime was still completely dependent on the Soviet Union for its survival in the ongoing
15125:
7992:
3771:, Gorbachev attempted to appease him by issuing a presidential decree enhancing the powers of the KGB and appointing Pugo to the Cabinet as
15816:
13231:
11187:
10599:
10353:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2366-I «Об освобождении Павлова В. С. от обязанностей Премьер-министра СССР»"
3627:
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993:
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249:
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that the coup would not succeed. At the time, there were changing attitudes in the north toward South Korea and a brief shootout at the
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7196:, said he hoped the putsch "will permit resolution in the best interests of the Palestinians of the problem of Soviet Jews in Israel."
5100:
did not empower the president with such authority. The Russian Supreme Soviet passed another decision the following day declaring the
3979:
gathered in the Kremlin cabinet of the Prime Minister, discussing and editing the documents of the State Emergency Committee. At 10:15
3790:, members of Gorbachev's Cabinet hoped that he could be persuaded to declare a state of emergency and "restore order," and formed the
15357:
15352:
10922:
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7341:
7272:
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4336:, Yeltsin also subsequently took command of all Soviet military and security forces in the RSFSR. The joint declaration called for a
4091:
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3791:
3415:
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363:
270:
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4557:, making the coup leaders appear more incompetent to Soviet audiences. Gorbachev's security detail managed to construct a makeshift
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also said, "We should see how the situation in the Soviet Union develops. Our own plans will take into account what happens there."
6735:
visited Moscow in early August, Gorbachev pointed out the parallels between problems looming in both countries. Croatian President
6705:
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5895:
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Mark Kramer, "The Dialectics of Empire: Soviet Leaders and the Challenge of Civil Resistance in East-Central Europe, 1968–91", in
5964:
to analyze developments. Kaifu himself said that it was highly likely that the coup was unconstitutional. Chief Cabinet Secretary
15826:
15267:
12340:
12325:
10639:
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6727:
4985:
declared its sovereignty officially completed with a law passed by its deputies, confirming the independence restoration act of 4
4963:
pm, Gorbachev received Lukyanov and Ivashko in the presence of Rutskoy and Primakov, accusing the USSR Supreme Soviet Speaker of
2692:
2633:
14139:
10662:
9468:
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4369:, mostly still dominated by the Communist Party, to support the coup by forming emergency committees to repress dissidence. The
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13455:
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12249:
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6313:) had supported the coup, while others left ambivalent or unofficial support and reversed their position when the coup failed.
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or its Presidium. Five days later, Boris Yeltsin, in addition to his duties as president, assumed those of the prime minister.
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Yeltsin initially wanted to remain at the dacha and organize a rival government, but Kobets advised his group to travel to the
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6330:: The failure of the coup resulted in the removal of Soviet political and military officers that favored continued aid to the
4327:, Russia's parliament building, to maintain communications with coup opponents. They arrived and occupied the building at 9:00
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On the 24th of August 1991, Sergey Akhromeyev was found dead in his office, serving as the Advisor to the President of USSR.
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adopted Soviet Law No. 2392-1 "On the Authorities of the Soviet Union in the Transitional Period", replacing itself with the
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5344:(both elected by the USSR Congress of People's Deputies). The Soviet of the Union was to be formed by the popularly elected
5056:
Boris Pugo and his wife died by suicide after being contacted by the RSFSR for a meeting over his role in the coup attempt.
3901:
August, the text of the draft treaty was published, which would have stripped the coup planners of much of their authority.
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10190:[Decree of the President of the RSFSR of August 24, 1991 No. 83 "On Party Archives"] (in Russian). 24 August 1991.
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5502:(which had adopted the name in August 1991) – as well as the prime ministers of the three republics, met in
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Georgia recognized Slovenia and Croatia's independence. On the side of hardliners, both nations had factions embracing a
6640:. Pyongyang would later blame Perestroika for the fall of the USSR, calling "Gorbachev's wrong anti-socialist policy" a "
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Grachev, returned to the White House and secretly informed the defense headquarters that the attack would begin at 2:00
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held a press conference for foreign journalists and diplomats, and gained the support of most of the West for Yeltsin.
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Bonnell, Victoria E., and Gregory Freidin. "Televorot: The role of television coverage in Russia's August 1991 coup."
7275:, founder of series of enterprises such as "Antal" (machine manufacturing), "Severnaya kazna" (insurance), "Vidikon" (
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were also able to provide continuous coverage. Gorbachev and his family heard the news from a BBC bulletin on a small
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wearing a knitted sweater. Later, he would be criticized for not going to the White House, but to rest at his dacha.
4340:, with the demand to let Gorbachev address the people. This declaration was distributed around Moscow in the form of
3543:
3480:
Following the capitulation of the GKChP, popularly referred to as the "Gang of Eight", both the Supreme Court of the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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8292:"Заключение по материалам расследования роли и участии должностных лиц КГБ СССР в событиях 19–21 августа 1991 года"
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that had not been seized. For the next several days, he refused to take food from outside the dacha to avoid being
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guesthouse in Moscow and studied the treaty document. Decisions were made to introduce a state of emergency from 19
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In 1991, a parliamentary commission tasked with investigating causes for the attempted coup was established under
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am, Rutskoy, Silayev, and Khasbulatov delivered a letter to Lukyanov demanding a medical exam of Gorbachev by the
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7997:. Professor Gerhard Rempel, Department of History, Western New England College, 1996-02-02, accessed 2008-07-12"
6486:, which ignored the activities of Boris Yeltsin. When the coup began, top CCP leaders had gathered to celebrate
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am, the session of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR opened in the White House, at which President Yeltsin spoke.
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participate in the coup under the threat of arrest. The eight aforementioned GKChP members became known as the "
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The coup was the last gasp of those who were astonished at and felt betrayed by the precipitous collapse of the
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5001:. But while television broadcasts were cut for a time, the radio signal was kept on the air after a handful of
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with some conditions. The treaty was to make the Soviet Union a federation of independent republics called the
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5558:. They also pre-emptively accepted Gorbachev's resignation. With 11 of the 12 remaining republics (all except
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pm, RSFSR Prosecutor General Valentin Stepankov signed an arrest warrant for the Emergency Committee members.
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11474:"Why the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia Collapsed the Way They Did: Reexamining Russian and Serbian Nationalism"
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Pavlov, Starodubtsev, Baklanov, Boldin, and Shenin would all be taken into custody within the next 48 hours.
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4217:. Around 4,000 soldiers, 350 tanks, 300 armoured personnel carriers and 420 trucks were sent to Moscow. Four
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10464:"INFCIRC/397 – Note to the Director General from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation"
10379:"Постановление Верховного Совета СССР от 28 августа 1991 г. № 2367-I «О недоверии Кабинету Министров СССР»"
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cancel the decrees and emergency orders based on them as legally invalid from the moment they were signed.
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pm, the Soviet Cabinet of Ministers circulated a statement about its non-involvement in the putsch. At 1:20
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of the Saint Petersburg Documentary film studio to tell the story of the coup as it unfolded in Leningrad.
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April 1992, Yugoslavia formally disintegrated and with it vanished any mention of Marxist–Leninism in its
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for an emergency meeting. He said he was sure Moscow would withdraw its remaining 272,000 troops from the
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August 1991 that "Canada could work with any Soviet junta that promises to carry on Gorbachev's legacy".
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4514:, and convinced him to declare support for Yeltsin. Meanwhile, in Leningrad, Military District Commander
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and a meeting between themselves, Yeltsin, Gorbachev, and Yanayev within 24 hours. Rutskoy later visited
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at the time. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials, including Vice President
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Meyer, Stephen M. "How the threat (and the coup) collapsed: the politicization of the soviet military."
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McNair, Brian. "Reform and restructuring in the Soviet media before and after the August 1991 coup." in
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issued Decision No. 1831-1 "On the Legal Support of the Economic Reform" whereby the Russian president (
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State Committee on the State of Emergency (Государственный Комитет по Чрезвычайному Положению, ГКЧП, or
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television station. That day, he asked two KGB officers to prepare measures to be taken in the event a
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10214:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 90 «Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР»"
7018:, and relations between the two countries had grown tense. One Iraqi spokesman quoted by the official
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Hamburg, Roger. "After the Abortive Soviet Coup and ‘What Is To Be Done?" The Post Soviet Military."
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Dan Stone, Goodbye to all that? The story of Europe since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 23.
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In a decree, Yeltsin ordered the transfer of the CPSU archives to the state archive authorities, and
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newspaper workers threatened to go on strike unless Yeltsin's proclamation was printed in the paper.
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had already declared the restoration of their independence from the Soviet Union. In January 1991, a
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Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
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be arrested and tried under Soviet law, which prevailed over the laws of the constituent republics.
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of the time to relieve the housing shortage. All city dwellers were each given 1,000 square metres (
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Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union § The Dissolution of the Soviet Union and Bloc
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Thousands of people attended the funeral of Dmitry Komar, Ilya Krichevsky, and Vladimir Usov on 24
3508:(openness). These moves prompted resistance and suspicion on the part of hard-line members of the
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10823:"Soviet Turmoil ; Excerpts From Bush's Conference: 'Strong Support' for Baltic Independence"
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Matthee, Heinrich. "A breakdown of civil-military relations: the Soviet coup of 1991." Scientia
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6957:: As the coup was ongoing, Indian leaders indicated a degree of sympathy for Soviet hardliners.
6408:. Encouraged by the coup's unraveling, three opposition parties demanded expedited reforms. The
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Soviet stamps commemorating (from left to right) Ilya Krichevsky, Dmitry Komar and Vladimir Usov
5593:. No member state of the UN formally objected to this step. The legitimacy of this act has been
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in 1985, Gorbachev had embarked on an ambitious reform program embodied in the twin concepts of
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pm the full reinstatement of the independent status of the Republic of Estonia after 51 years.
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opposed it. However, some of the soviets faced internal resistance against emergency rule. The
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President rather than the GKChP. Although he initially avoided the measure to avoid sparking a
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base near the capital. However, almost no other arrests were made by the KGB during the coup.
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Chronology of the Coup The USSR in 1991: The Implosion of a Superpower by Dr Robert F. Miller
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9083:""Novaya Gazeta" No. 57 of 13 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)"
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The Soviet public was divided on the coup. A poll in the RSFSR by Mnenie on the morning of 19
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9057:""Novaya Gazeta" No. 55 of 6 August 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)"
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to be cautious because the coup could fail. The GKChP was also interested in resolving the
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and street cleaning machines were used to barricade a tunnel against arriving Taman Guards
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8801:"Варенников Валентин Иванович/Неповторимое/Книга 6/Часть 9/Глава 2 – Таинственная Страна"
7550:Ольга Васильева, «Республики во время путча» в сб.статей: «Путч. Хроника тревожных дней».
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felt an ideological affinity with one another and a mutual desire to resist American-led
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residents, feared the return of mass repression. The GKChP enjoyed strong support in the
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took credit for inspiring the coup. This position was echoed by the Jordanian Newspaper
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12067:. New York: HarperPerennial. Includes transcript of the videotaped statement made 19/20
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August emphasize a hardline approach against crime, especially economic crimes and the
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Personal account and photographs of historian Douglas Smith, an eyewitness to the coup
11862:"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshevik Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality"
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and was not interested in protecting a 'Soviet Legacy'. In the aftermath of the coup,
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called the Union of Sovereign States. However, this confederation never materialized.
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August. This was understood as a sign that an attack on the White House was imminent.
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July 1991, several party functionaries and literati published a piece in the hardline
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8352:"The 1991 Soviet and 1917 Bolshewk Coups Compared: Causes, Consequences and Legality"
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The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future
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for their bravery in "blocking the way to those who wanted to strangle democracy.".
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became deputy prime minister and simultaneously economic and finance minister. On 15
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The GKChP conspirators considered detaining Yeltsin upon his return from a visit to
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11712:"Vasily Starodubtsev: Politician who tried to topple Gorbachev in 1991", March 2015
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and, not knowing what to do, decided to send Kryuchkov, Yazov, Baklanov, Tizyakov,
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10240:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»"
10129:"Заявление М. С. Горбачева о сложение обязанностей генерального секретаря ЦК КПСС"
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force" despite its leaders' participation in the coup. Gorbachev resigned as CPSU
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11743:""ЛЕБЕДИНОЕ ОЗЕРО" ВЫСОХЛО Новый телесезон начался с юбилея ГКЧП — но без балета"
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An Unsustainable Arrangement: The Collapse of the Republic of Afghanistan in 1992
10984:"Soviet Turmoil ; French Communist Chief Attacked for Stance on Soviet Coup"
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9149:"How the 1991 Soviet Internet Helped Stop a Coup and Spread a Message of Freedom"
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A party led by the politician Vladimir Zhirinovsky – Accessed 13 September 2009.
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September, the newly created Soviet State Council recognized the independence of
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10704:
9349:
9036:
6817:
warned that his nation could potentially face a "wave of refugees" crossing its
6814:
6744:", dating back to the 14th century. In contrast, Russian nationalists including
5716:
for all GKChP members and their accomplices, along with the participants of the
4736:, three tank companies and a helicopter squadron. Alpha Group commander General
3681:– after all, this had been the Kremlin's greatest fear since the end of the war.
15760:
15720:
15531:
Ural Federal University named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
14790:
14382:
14286:
13802:
13782:
13561:
13342:
13259:
13086:
12849:
12839:
12216:
12005:
11894:
Lepingwell, John W. R. "Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the August Coup."
11801:
Breslauer, George W. "Reflections on the Anniversary of the August 1991 Coup."
11516:
10265:
8621:
8423:
The Dead Hand: The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and its Deadly Legacy
7477:
7271:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, was later a member of the
7067:
7007:
6603:
6001:
5874:
5861:
5765:
5681:
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that came into force at the end of the year abolished the last vestiges of the
5621:
and replaced with the tricolour flag of Russia. The next day, 26 December, the
5618:
5599:
5582:
5567:
5287:
5101:
4918:
pm, a group of Russian deputies and public figures led by RSFSR Vice President
4533:
4415:
4399:
4391:
4383:
4337:
4285:
am, Yeltsin began inviting prominent Russian officials to his dacha, including
4243:
4180:
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pm, Yanayev, Pavlov, Kryuchkov, Yazov, Pugo and Soviet Supreme Soviet Chairman
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9998:
9562:"Ukraine war: Sergei Surovikin removed as commander of Ukraine invasion force"
9490:
9008:
6990:
wrote that "India feels orphaned – ideologically, strategically, economically"
6083:
when Bush delivered the press conference in Kennebunkport. Secretary of State
4807:, who years later rose to army general and commander of Russian forces in the
4649:
opposed the coup and claimed in his memoirs that he and the commanders of the
4073:, First Deputy Chairman of the Defense Council under the President of the USSR
3767:
When Kryuchkov complained about the Soviet Union's growing instability to the
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15554:
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12694:
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11220:"The Last Days of the Soviet Lifeline : Now Cuba faces a midlife crisis"
10944:
10692:
9882:
9266:
9195:
8441:
8375:
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7244:
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6670:
of the 1980s. In a major political victory for China, Vietnam recognized the
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and other senior unit officers, together with Airborne deputy commander Gen.
4705:
4488:
4461:
4425:
4387:
4379:
4277:, but for undisclosed reasons did not apprehend him. The commanding officer,
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1994:
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10730:
Jockel, J.T.; J.J. Sokolsky (1999). "Canada's Cold War Nuclear Experience".
8367:
7685:
6506:
should be strengthened. However, Deng also encouraged CCP General Secretary
3562:
was engineered by local pro-Soviet forces to overthrow Latvian authorities.
15502:
15481:
14251:
13870:
13797:
13752:
13486:
13377:
13352:
12975:
12499:
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12220:
12106:
8641:
The KGB surveillance logbook included every move of Gorbachev and his wife
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7435:
7228:
7081:
6598:
6479:
6417:
6364:
5668:
5555:
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August, Latvia the following day, while Lithuania had already done so on 11
5370:
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5006:
4993:, just a day after the restitution of the country's full independence, the
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4403:
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system. Eight minutes later Lieutenant General Yuri Plekhanov, Head of the
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286:
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11808:
Dunlop, John B. "The August 1991 coup and its impact on Soviet politics."
10292:
10266:"Указ Президента СССР от 24.08.1991 N УП-2461 "О Кабинете Министров СССР""
9749:
8421:
7857:
7608:
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13737:
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13606:
13476:
13081:
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12731:
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12494:
10793:"The Soviet Crisis; Bush Condemns Soviet Coup and Calls For Its Reversal"
10076:
9776:"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР, ТАСС: 21 августа 1991 года"
9308:
9243:"Televorot: The Role of Television Coverage in Russia's August 1991 Coup"
7258:
7060:
6920:
6891:
6767:
6741:
6617:
6507:
6467:
6212:
6084:
5987:
5980:
4937:
pm, the plane of the Russian delegation led by Rutskoy landed in Crimea.
4865:
to Crimea to meet Gorbachev, who refused to meet them when they arrived.
4776:
4717:
4650:
4524:
4345:
4270:
4222:
3991:
pm, Yanayev signed a decree entrusting himself with presidential powers.
3930:
3801:
June 1991, Soviet Premier Pavlov requested extraordinary powers from the
3761:
3678:
3662:
3580:
3515:
3498:
3484:(RSFSR) and President Gorbachev described its actions as a coup attempt.
3419:
3133:
3012:
2863:
2853:
2638:
2512:
1550:
1511:
1190:
419:
197:
Barricade on Smolenskaya Street that reads "Ban, dissolve, prosecute the
12151:
Vadim Anatov, a programmer for Relcom (the first public ISP in the USSR)
12109:(captured from short-wave radio transmissions, contains decoding errors)
11992:
11847:
11524:
11500:
11447:
11423:
11364:
11348:
10188:"Указ Президента РСФСР от 24 августа 1991 г. № 83 «О партийных архивах»"
9938:
9203:
9179:
8743:
8291:
7443:
5812:
5435:
from the Soviet Union. Also in September, over 99% percent of voters in
5018:
4598:
guarding the White House, declared his loyalty to the leadership of the
4265:
southwest of the city. Afterwards, they considered capturing him at his
3994:
GKChP members ordered that 250,000 pairs of handcuffs from a factory in
15541:
Tennis Academy, named after the first President of Russia Boris Yeltsin
14352:
14226:
13840:
13626:
13571:
13541:
13471:
13116:
13066:
12985:
12854:
12039:
Zlotnik, Marc. "Yeltsin and Gorbachev: the politics of confrontation."
11975:
11951:
11899:
11830:
11041:
11017:
10631:
9628:
9592:"Calls for recognition of 1991 Soviet coup martyrs on 20th anniversary"
9372:
9274:
9242:
7234:
7188:: The Palestinian Liberation Organization was satisfied with the coup.
6974:
6401:
6360:
6356:
6008:
5709:
5551:
5432:
5239: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4796:
4615:
4411:
4064:
3866:
3735:
3674:
3531:
3037:
2712:
2553:
2480:
2402:
2336:
1766:
1022:
863:
215:
105:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
13285:
11987:
Varney, Wendy, and Brian Martin. "Lessons from the 1991 Soviet coup."
11121:
11097:
10547:
10496:"Ъ-Власть – Стародубцев на воле. С Лениным в башке и подпиской в руке"
9908:
9856:
6482:, and secondly, the rapid and mostly positive coverage of the coup in
6440:, in its party congress changed its ideology from Marxism–Leninism to
4202:, and took long outdoor strolls to dispute reports of his ill health.
3695:
The KGB began considering a coup in September 1990. Soviet politician
2858:
166:
15222:
15201:
14454:
14449:
14392:
14186:
13905:
13845:
13727:
13337:
12704:
10521:
7482:
7103:
7088:
6899:
6895:
6625:
6093:
6080:
5926:
5839:
5832:
5589: – including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the
5412:
5081:
5072:
4906:
pm, the plane with the GKChP delegation landed in Crimea. Around 4:00
4610:
4562:
4333:
3944:
August, the GKChP cut communications to Gorbachev's dacha, including
3787:
3108:
2614:
2475:
1316:
1077:
11439:
9406:
9258:
8771:[Gorbachev: "I am for the union, but not the union state"].
6943:
were signed in January 1992, ending twelve years of brutal conflict.
6713:
because he could not feed the Soviet people." Officially, President
5214:
13742:
13717:
13674:
13508:
13491:
13415:
13269:
13131:
10913:
10911:
8942:
8773:
7663:"Solving Transnistria: Any Optimists Left? by Cristian Urse. p. 58"
7144:
7140:
7015:
7010:
was a close ally of the Soviet Union until Gorbachev denounced the
6787:
6139:
6089:
5539:
5534:
December accords, since only three republics took part. Thus, on 21
5294:
and called for a referendum on support of the Act of Independence.
5172:
suspended the activities of the party throughout the Soviet Union.
5043:
4472:
4358:
4341:
4274:
4148:
3945:
3921:
flew to Crimea for a meeting with Gorbachev. Yazov ordered General
3523:
3504:
3387:
3007:
2702:
1418:
1329:
148:
12162:
Adventures of the "Nuclear Briefcase": A Russian Document Analysis
11098:"The Chinese Communist Party and the Collapse of Soviet Communism"
10239:
10213:
10187:
9125:
7225:, granted amnesty by the Russian State Duma in 1994, died in 2007.
6309:(not former Warsaw Pact members that had begun transitioning to a
5640:
13669:
12158:
talking about the role of the Internet in resistance to the coup.
10378:
10352:
9933:
9805:
9803:
9775:
8936:
7403:
TV series, the coup succeeds and Mikhail Gorbachev is overthrown.
6884:
6836:
6770:
had dissolved in July, and its members had rapidly changed, with
6675:
6659:
6523:
6502:
agreed the coup should be recognized as a 'Marxist' act and that
6494:
6205:
6153:
6072:
5713:
5697:
5547:
5499:
5404:
4990:
4964:
4753:
3666:
3526:
minorities to grow, and there were fears that some or all of the
2369:
2347:
1846:
1770:
1694:
1537:
1431:
1405:
1367:
1241:
1055:
1033:
307:
292:
15245:
12076:
Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the Moscow Coup
10908:
9689:"The Soviet Crisis; Gorbachev Reportedly Arrested in the Crimea"
8228:. – 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: АСТ, 2007. – С. 316 – 567 с.
7322:
is a co-production film between Russia and the United States by
5092:
adopted Decision No. 1626-1, which authorized Russian President
3556:
violent attempt to return Lithuania to the Soviet Union by force
80:
13596:
12208:
10000:Евгений Спицын о предателях народа или "ГКЧП. Как рушили СССР".
8948:
8489:
8028:. New Delhi: Atlantic publishers and distributors. p. 94.
7429:
6858:
6246:
6175:
6076:
6071:
September, the United States re-recognized the independence of
5910:
5854:
5603:
5408:
5191:
November, Yeltsin issued a decree banning the party in Russia.
4982:
4833:
4721:
4673:
4630:
4420:
4353:
4316:
4199:
3699:
began warning Gorbachev about the possibility of one after the
3470:
1576:
1563:
1524:
1444:
1392:
1342:
429:
296:
245:
12023:
State Continuity and Nationality: The Baltic States and Russia
11316:"North Korea Tries to Block Any Effects of Failed Soviet Coup"
10408:"Закон СССР от 05.09.1991 N 2392-1 об органах государственной"
9800:
8270:
KGB Maj. Gen. Vyacheslav Zhizhin and KGB Col. Alexei Yegorov,
7049:
praising the coup leaders for their "brave historical action."
6644:" one. The end of Soviet assistance was a direct cause of the
5053:
am, Soviet Vice President Yanayev was arrested in his office.
4724:
elite special forces units, supported by paratroopers, Moscow
425:
415:
405:
10600:"SOVIET TURMOIL; Moscow Mourns And Exalts Men Killed by Coup"
9327:
7932:"The Central Committee Chief of Administration Kills Himself"
7110:
6954:
6687:
6679:
6637:
6459:
6264:
5950:
5693:
5503:
4266:
4167:, his allies, and the leaders of the umbrella activist group
3995:
3882:
3450:
1470:
1457:
1228:
1203:
1124:
11501:"Russia and the Balkans: Pan-Slavism, Partnership and Power"
11188:"Congo Political Conference Gives Africa a Democratic Model"
9146:
8194:"Многоступенчатый запуск нового Союза намечен на 20 августа"
7701:
Hayward, Alker; Rupesinghe, Kumar; Gurr, Ted Robert (1999).
6120:
for the decommissioning of WMD stockpiles. Former President
5164:
replaced him as acting General Secretary, but resigned on 29
3494:
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
12172:
Map of Europe showing areas affected by Soviet Coup Attempt
9939:"Constitutional law on statehood of the Republic of Latvia"
9309:"Распоряжение Кабинета Министров СССР от 19.08.1991 № 943р"
7163:
7119:
6584:
6437:
6216:
5571:
5096:
to appoint heads of regional administrations, although the
4725:
4594:
Major Evdokimov, chief of staff of a tank battalion of the
4407:
4192:
1498:
1162:
1137:
15536:
Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University named after Boris Yeltsin
12168:, Volume III, Issue 9 (September 2004), by Mikhail Tsypkin
10866:"From Crisis to Split: The Communist Party USA, 1989–1991"
10845:
6540:
killed hundreds of people to crush the democracy movement.
5857:: Several government members quickly reacted to the coup;
5385:
declared the independence of Moldova from the Soviet Union
5353:
of each union republic (both Soviet people's deputies and
4257:
August but failed when Yeltsin redirected his flight from
3579:
adopted laws that contradicted Soviet laws (the so-called
13393:
Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe
13372:
12141:: Memories of an anonymous Russian in Wiki Memory Archive
9387:
9222:
8910:
8682:
8460:
7854:"Апресян Р.Г. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу"
7759:Р. Г. Апресян. Народное сопротивление августовскому путчу
7200:
7126:
6416:, leading to Alia's resignation as president in favor of
5042:, television showed live footage of him walking down the
4053:
3909:
3708:
3446:
409:
12113:
Andrew Coyne: Getting to the Roots of a Deserved Failure
10402:
10400:
10047:"What Happened To The August 1991 Soviet Coup Plotters?"
5735:
4568:
Yanayev and the rest of the State Committee ordered the
3831:", that called for decisive action to prevent calamity.
12103:: Transcript of internet chat from the time of the coup
9532:"Сергей Владимирович Суровикин. Биографическая справка"
6708:: The Coup was a profound event for all of Yugoslavia,
4828:
in Crimea. During the final day of her family's exile,
10632:"Самоубийства высокопоставленных советских чиновников"
9656:"Russia's Brightest Moment: The 1991 Coup That Failed"
8286:
8284:
8282:
8280:
6894:
said the coup was an attempt to re-establish hardline
6592:
would succeed because the plotters would continue the
5514:
that established the Soviet Union and established the
5498: – the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and
5194:
4967:, and the party deputy of inaction during the putsch.
4424:
to do so as well, while only three oblasts aside from
4027:
Gosudarstvenniy Komitet po Chrezvichaynomu Polozheniyu
13003:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
12129:
devoted to the tenth anniversary of the coup attempt.
10397:
9534:[Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin: Biography].
7700:
7526:
6412:
resulted in a crushing defeat for the now-democratic
5728:
also wanted to charge former Deputy Defense Minister
5144:
August press conference that it still represented a "
2676:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
11931:
Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies
7610:
The rise of Russia and the fall of the Soviet empire
7411:
6342:
in January 1992. Yeltsin hoped to repatriate Soviet
4523:
to broadcast a statement by Sobchak. Workers at the
4292:, Moscow Deputy Mayor Yury Luzhkov, Colonel-General
3649:
wrote the following about the plotters' motivation:
76:
15315:
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
10921:. Digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org. 24 August 1991.
10729:
8277:
7613:(1st pbk. printing, with new postscript ed.).
5915:
1991 Israeli-Palestinian peace conference in Madrid
5752:August 1991. Gorbachev posthumously made the three
4948:initiated a criminal case into the attempted coup.
4820:. According to journalist and democracy campaigner
4475:showed that many Russians, including 71 percent of
3723:was declared in the USSR. Later, Kryuchkov brought
3434:(USSR). The treaty was to decentralize much of the
9969:"The August coup and Estonian independence (1991)"
8769:"Горбачев: "Я за союз, но не союзное государство""
8739:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8723:(extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)
8340:(extracts from the indictment of the conspirators)
7817:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7791:
5807:
5629:in late 1993 escalated into violence, and the new
2849:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests
823:
567:
318:Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic
11349:"North Korean Regime and Russian Political Power"
11018:"The Third World and the Dissolution of the USSR"
10663:"Canadian Is Attacked for Remarks on Soviet Coup"
9625:"Александр М. Кобринский, "Растянутое мгновение""
9147:Andrei Soldatov; Irina Borogan (19 August 2016).
8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8317:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7771:
6690:for new trading partners in the aftermath of the
6632:border. After the coup's failure, Vice President
6185:called on the new Soviet rulers to guarantee the
5778:Mysterious deaths of the participants of the coup
5364:(Государственный совет СССР), which included the
5330:Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
3889:. He planned to return to Moscow in time for the
15788:
13018:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
12348:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
9857:"Геннадий Янаев: Горбачёва никто не арестовывал"
6215:cut his Austrian vacation short and returned to
5696:members and their accomplices were charged with
4752:While the events were unfolding in the capital,
3957:of the GKChP "to restore order" to the country.
3430:, which was on the verge of being signed by the
3426:over Eastern European states and fearful of the
794:
540:
13431:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
13137:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
13052:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
12074:Bonnell, Victoria E. and Gregory Freidin, eds.
10786:
10784:
9241:Bonnell, Victoria E.; Freidin, Gregory (1993).
9027:
8726:
7392:is a BBC documentary television series in 2022.
6114:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
5641:Beginning of radical economic reforms in Russia
5587:inherit the Soviet Union's membership in the UN
4012:Timeline of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
808:
322:Power shift continued towards republic elites,
14212:Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria
10481:
10479:
10477:
9430:
9428:
9240:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9104:
9075:
9049:
8694:
8314:
8103:. India: Krishna Prakashan Media. p. 62.
7908:. United Press International. 26 August 1991.
7768:
7241:August 1991. His death was ruled as a suicide.
6986:felt it shared some of the CPSU's values. The
5443:. The immediate aftermath of the vote was the
5121:KGB building at Dzerzhinskiy Square (Lubianka)
738:
724:
710:
285:and seizure of its banks and buildings by the
177:Memorial to three citizens killed defying the
101:accompanying your translation by providing an
67:Click for important translation instructions.
54:expand this article with text translated from
15261:
14435:
13301:
12991:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
12192:
11844:Journal of Political & Military Sociology
11591:"Breakup of Soviet Union Leaves India Shaken"
11011:
11009:
9750:"Заседание Президиума Верховного Совета СССР"
8593:by Artem Krechnikov, Moscow BBC correspondent
7824:"World reacts with shock to Gorbachev ouster"
7730:"Би-би-си – Россия – Хроника путча. Часть II"
7545:
7543:
7514:
6761:
6317:
5530:Doubts remained about the legitimacy of the 8
3809:informed U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union
3359:
1101:
780:
766:
672:
518:
204:Pro-Yeltsin forces' barricades near Moscow's
10781:
9514:
9512:
9491:"The Soviet Coup: Day One, August 19th 1991"
9177:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8848:
8601:
8599:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8564:
8562:
8560:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8522:
6518:, dispatching Vice Foreign Affairs Minister
6380:, spelling the end of the DRA in April 1992.
6305:Many but not all of states still officially
5439:voted for independence of the republic in a
5415:. Estonia had declared re-independence on 20
3482:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
752:
15393:"Circling over Shannon" diplomatic incident
12944:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
12939:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
11424:"New Thinking in Vietnamese Foreign Policy"
10522:"Ъ-Газета – Пресс-конференция по делу ГКЧП"
10474:
9425:
9101:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
6493:birthday. Upon hearing the news, CCP elder
6110:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
5759:
3917:and Soviet Deputy Defense Minister General
3502:(economic and political restructuring) and
1050:All-National Congress of the Chechen People
686:
632:
15268:
15254:
14442:
14428:
13308:
13294:
12260:Military history of the Russian Federation
12199:
12185:
12107:TASS transmissions at the time of the coup
12065:The August Coup: The Truth and the Lessons
11913:Getting the message: news, truth and power
11859:
11391:"Vietnam Fears Effects Of Soviet Upheaval"
11006:
10981:
10851:
10660:
9883:"10-я годовщина событий августа 1991 года"
9393:
9333:
9228:
8916:
8688:
8466:
7540:
6100:to become concerned about the security of
5917:(co-sponsored by the US and USSR) or slow
5802:
5647:Economic history of the Russian Federation
4779:," including pro-democracy demonstrators.
4708:delivered speeches in support of Yeltsin.
4487:, while Yeltsin enjoyed strong support in
3908:August, the members of the GKChP met at a
3453:but failed to detain the recently elected
3366:
3352:
1475:
15358:State Committee on the State of Emergency
12510:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
11740:
10863:
10790:
9686:
9509:
9455:
9453:
9009:"Путч: день первый. 19 августа 1991 года"
8845:
8649:, such as "18:30. 111 is in the bathtub."
8596:
8153:
7821:
7705:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 119.
7342:State Committee on the State of Emergency
7273:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
7263:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
6906:
6383:
5687:
5279:, a GKChP member. Russian Prime Minister
5255:Learn how and when to remove this message
3881:August, Gorbachev went on holiday to his
3792:State Committee on the State of Emergency
3416:State Committee on the State of Emergency
364:State Committee on the State of Emergency
11965:The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party
11154:
10293:"Belarus – Prelude to Independence"
10044:
8499:
8141:
8129:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7761:(recuperato il 27 novembre 2010 tramite
7237:died from two gunshots to the head on 22
6541:
6444:and committed to multi-party democracy.
6423:
6295:
5925:, which coordinated the massive flow of
5811:
5739:
5136:Gorbachev initially tried to defend the
5104:Russia's national flag; it replaced the
5071:
5017:
4767:State-controlled TASS dispatches from 20
4609:
4539:
4310:
15183:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
14826:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2004)
13836:Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation
13315:
12471:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
12341:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
11346:
11157:"Chinese Dissidents Hail Moscow Events"
10661:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (25 August 1991).
9720:"Gorbachev Reported Under House Arrest"
8664:"Договор о Союзе суверенных государств"
8419:
7906:"Third Soviet official commits suicide"
7822:Ishërwood, Julian M. (19 August 1991).
7488:
7032:
6552:
5680:January 1992, most previously existing
5038:am, when Gorbachev arrived at Moscow's
4365:The GKChP relied on regional and local
3638:were to sign the Treaty in Moscow on 20
1167:
14:
15789:
13519:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
13456:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
13092:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
13023:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
12882:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
12860:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
12574:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
12250:Military history of the Russian Empire
11731:"The Jamestown Foundation", March 2015
11095:
11066:
11015:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10743:
10741:
9497:from the original on 23 September 2019
9450:
8928:The newspapers that were allowed were
8331:"Novaya Gazeta" No. 51 of 23 July 2001
8175:Самоопределение по ленинским принципам
8021:
7950:
7606:
7201:Subsequent fate of GKChP Gang of Eight
7127:Supranational bodies and organizations
6993:
5303:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR
4843:am, the troops began to leave Moscow.
4782:
4344:, and disseminated nationwide through
4238:to make a statement requesting formal
4234:. Yanayev instructed Foreign Minister
4005:
3749:, Soviet Defense Council deputy chief
2901:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2491:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2420:, the Administrator of Affairs of the
15249:
14423:
13866:Initiative for Peace and Human Rights
13289:
13242:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
12620:Russian colonization of North America
12180:
12095:Voices From An Attempted Soviet Coup.
11627:from the original on 11 November 2016
11601:from the original on 10 November 2021
11539:from the original on 14 November 2021
11498:
11480:from the original on 14 November 2021
11421:
11403:from the original on 20 December 2020
11232:from the original on 10 November 2021
11185:
11167:from the original on 10 November 2016
10982:Greenhouse, Steven (27 August 1991).
10925:from the original on 14 November 2021
10896:from the original on 10 November 2021
10769:from the original on 10 November 2021
10673:from the original on 10 November 2016
10502:from the original on 23 November 2017
10444:from the original on 27 November 2007
10290:
10284:
10272:from the original on 27 November 2020
9820:– М.: Алгоритм, Эксмо, 2010. – 240 с.
9788:from the original on 21 November 2020
9717:
9178:Varney, Wendy; Martin, Brian (2000).
8872:from the original on 26 December 2007
8415:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8240:
8096:
7987:
7985:
7872:
7724:
7722:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7265:(since 2007) until his death in 2011.
5736:Commemoration of the civilians killed
5183:headquarters were handed over to the
5013:
4434:Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics
4418:all supported the coup and pressured
4205:Under Yanayev's orders, units of the
3588:unionwide referendum on 17 March 1991
3449:agents who detained Gorbachev at his
3438:'s power and distribute it among its
2803:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
303:Ukraine's declaration of independence
27:Failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev
15812:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts
15807:Military history of the Soviet Union
15688:Boris Yeltsin. Retreat is Impossible
12255:Military history of the Soviet Union
11454:from the original on 9 November 2021
11371:from the original on 9 November 2021
11328:from the original on 9 November 2021
11296:from the original on 9 November 2021
11264:from the original on 9 November 2021
11136:from the original on 9 November 2021
11073:(MA thesis). Ohio State University.
11048:from the original on 9 November 2021
10963:from the original on 10 October 2017
10833:from the original on 13 January 2017
10791:Rosenthal, Andrew (20 August 1991).
10711:from the original on 10 October 2017
10485:Konsultant+ (Russian legal database)
10359:from the original on 31 January 2021
10333:from the original on 4 December 2021
10307:from the original on 10 October 2017
10220:from the original on 30 October 2020
10109:from the original on 4 December 2021
10007:from the original on 24 October 2022
9915:from the original on 21 January 2021
9889:from the original on 5 December 2020
9730:from the original on 4 December 2021
9699:from the original on 17 October 2020
9572:from the original on 11 January 2023
9542:from the original on 13 October 2016
9471:from the original on 9 December 2007
9413:from the original on 4 December 2021
8670:from the original on 4 December 2021
8448:from the original on 4 December 2021
7643:from the original on 4 December 2021
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7261:(1997–2005), and then member of the
6410:1992 Albanian parliamentary election
6406:1991 Albanian parliamentary election
5447:'s declaration of independence on 21
5237:adding citations to reliable sources
5208:
5080:Since several heads of the regional
4605:
4304:, and RSFSR Supreme Soviet Chairman
36:
15817:Attempted coups in the Soviet Union
12996:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
12139:Moscow Coup, August 1991, Anonymous
11741:ЖЕЛЕЗНОВА, Мария (23 August 2001).
11200:from the original on 8 October 2021
11155:Southerl, Daniel (23 August 1991).
11077:from the original on 25 August 2024
10738:
10642:from the original on 25 August 2024
10612:from the original on 22 August 2017
10580:from the original on 9 October 2018
10194:from the original on 10 August 2021
10083:from the original on 10 August 2021
9837:from the original on 10 August 2021
9687:Schmemann, Serge (21 August 1991).
9366:"Moskovskie Novosty", 2001, No. 33
9180:"Lessons from the 1991 Soviet Coup"
8898:from the original on 26 August 2019
8426:(1 ed.). New York: Doubleday.
7740:from the original on 28 August 2007
7397:season 4 episode of For All Mankind
7287:
6404:was still in power, having won the
6291:
5657:RSFSR Congress of People's Deputies
5195:The Dissolution of the Soviet Union
5059:
4104:
3805:. Several days later, Moscow Mayor
3620:Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics
3392:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
283:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
113:{{Translated|ru|Августовский путч}}
24:
15667:Boris Yeltsin. Farewell to the Era
15526:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library
15383:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
13042:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
12408:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
12057:
11621:"Nato's Response Covers All Bases"
11571:from the original on 31 March 2022
11186:Noble, Kenneth B. (25 June 1991).
10466:. 23 November 2003. Archived from
10385:from the original on 13 April 2021
9668:from the original on 20 March 2017
9622:A Russian site on Ilya Krichevsky
8781:from the original on 10 March 2007
8394:
8382:from the original on 3 August 2022
8302:from the original on 26 March 2021
7982:
7752:
7719:
7552:// Издательство «Прогресс», 1991.
7468:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
6971:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
6569:would later regain power and rule
6102:Soviet weapons of mass destruction
5665:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
5524:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
5516:Commonwealth of Independent States
5334:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
5131:
5090:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
4946:Soviet General Prosecutor's Office
4565:of Gorbachev condemning the coup.
4002:was emptied to receive prisoners.
3857:planted by Gorbachev's bodyguard,
3577:Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
3418:(GKChP). They opposed Gorbachev's
3023:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan
2569:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR
326:left with effectively no authority
32:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
25:
15858:
15521:Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center
15310:Moscow City Committee of the CPSU
15275:
13363:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda
13348:Criticism of communist party rule
12907:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
12083:
11827:American Political Science Review
11691:Coup Leader May Join Defense Team
11653:from the original on 8 March 2021
11353:The Journal of East Asian Affairs
10994:from the original on 22 July 2022
10554:from the original on 13 July 2021
10528:from the original on 5 April 2021
10246:from the original on 1 March 2021
10168:from the original on 14 July 2021
10135:from the original on 21 July 2018
9979:from the original on 15 June 2018
9935:Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR
9718:Dobbs, Michael (21 August 1991).
9604:from the original on 9 March 2018
9438:"Nezavisimoe Voiennoye Obozrenie"
9407:"Приказ Коменданта г. Москвы N 2"
9315:from the original on 11 July 2021
9210:from the original on 24 July 2020
9015:from the original on 4 March 2016
8062:"USSR: The food supply situation"
7938:from the original on 8 March 2019
7912:from the original on 8 March 2019
7563:
7186:Palestine Liberation Organization
7045:: Government radio quoted leader
6606:crisis that would last ten years.
6227:, leader of Germany's opposition
5595:questioned by some legal scholars
5518:(CIS) in the Union's place. On 12
5349:and one deputy to represent each
4850:am, the GKChP members met in the
4242:from foreign governments and the
3715:made a "call for order" over the
3661:and the swift destruction of the
2414:, a military advisor to Gorbachev
961:Communist Party of Estonia (CPSU)
937:International Movement of Donbass
15770:
15769:
15614:Boris Yeltsin: From Dawn to Dusk
15229:
15228:
14457:, and attempted coups since 1991
14409:Human rights in the Soviet Union
13368:Emigration from the Eastern Bloc
12961:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
12754:Russian conquest of Central Asia
12690:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
12486:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
12428:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
12017:
11734:
11715:
11696:
11693:, "The Moscow Times", March 2015
11683:
11665:
11639:
11613:
11583:
11551:
11492:
11466:
11415:
11383:
11340:
11308:
11276:
11244:
11212:
11179:
11148:
11089:
11060:
10975:
10937:
10857:
10815:
10723:
10685:
10654:
10638:(in Russian). 12 November 2004.
10624:
10592:
10566:
10540:
10514:
10488:
10456:
10430:
10057:from the original on 4 July 2018
10045:Synovitz, Ron (19 August 2016).
9863:from the original on 24 May 2021
9289:from the original on 27 May 2021
9159:from the original on 27 May 2021
8618:: The KGB in Europe and the West
8200:from the original on 2 June 2021
8159:
8147:
8135:
8117:from the original on 9 July 2021
8042:from the original on 9 July 2021
7968:, Oxford University Press, 2009
7834:from the original on 26 May 2019
7442:
7428:
7414:
7319:Three Days in August (1992 film)
7178:
7156:
7133:
7096:
7074:
7053:
7034:
6995:
6947:
6913:
6877:
6851:
6829:
6801:
6780:
6698:
6652:
6610:
6577:
6554:
6452:
6425:
6385:
6319:
6257:
6239:
6198:
6192:1993 French legislative election
6168:
6146:
6033:
5994:
5973:
5943:
5903:
5894:, Vasily Sredin. As part of the
5847:
5825:
5213:
5098:Constitution of the Russian SFSR
4211:Kantemirovskaya armored division
3759:CPSU Central Committee Secretary
3558:took place. About a week later,
3445:The GKChP hardliners dispatched
3335:
3087:End of communist rule in Hungary
3033:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration
2459:
2379:
2368:
2357:
2346:
2335:
2323:
2312:
2301:
2287:
2280:
2267:
2256:
2245:
2234:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2180:
2169:
2158:
2146:
2135:
2122:
2109:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2061:
2050:
2039:
2032:
2019:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1981:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1947:
1936:
1929:
1917:
1910:
1897:
1890:
1877:
1870:
1856:
1836:
1828:
1818:
1809:
1799:
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1780:
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1752:
1742:
1733:
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1684:
1676:
1665:
1636:
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1611:
1595:
1582:
1569:
1556:
1543:
1530:
1517:
1504:
1491:
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1463:
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1437:
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1335:
1322:
1309:
1276:
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1234:
1221:
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1196:
1183:
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899:
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839:
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461:
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404:
394:
383:
371:
355:
165:
41:
15832:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
15368:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
15073:Central African Republic (2021)
14967:Central African Republic (2013)
14781:Central African Republic (2003)
14761:Central African Republic (2001)
14467:List of coups and coup attempts
14317:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
14247:Fall of the inner German border
13247:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
12892:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
12833:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
12071:August 1991 as his Foros dacha.
12025:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
11974:56#4 (1992), pp. 519–523.
11898:44#4 (1992), pp. 539–572.
11769:
10919:"Wilson Center Digital Archive"
10803:from the original on 5 May 2019
10371:
10345:
10319:
10258:
10232:
10206:
10180:
10147:
10121:
10095:
10069:
10051:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
10038:
10018:
9991:
9961:
9949:from the original on 9 May 2009
9927:
9901:
9875:
9849:
9823:
9811:Август 91-го. А был ли заговор?
9768:
9756:from the original on 6 May 2021
9742:
9711:
9680:
9648:
9616:
9584:
9554:
9524:
9483:
9399:
9360:
9339:
9301:
9234:
9171:
9140:
9001:
8981:
8922:
8884:
8823:
8793:
8761:
8656:
8635:
8479:A Word to the People, full text
8472:
8343:
8264:
8231:
8212:
8186:
8165:
8090:
8054:
8015:
7999:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from
7924:
7898:
7507:
7495:
7458:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
7279:manufacturing) and "Fidelity" (
6980:dissolution of the Soviet Union
6839:: Deputy Speaker of Parliament
6622:North Korea's embassy in Moscow
6436:: In December 1991, the ruling
5808:Western Bloc and NATO countries
5768:, but was dissolved in 1992 at
5591:United Nations Security Council
5224:needs additional citations for
5205:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
4816:posthumously awarded the title
4213:rolled into Moscow, along with
4138:am, the Sevastopol regiment of
4079:, Chairman of the Peasant Union
3872:
3380:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
3104:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2671:Occupation of the Baltic states
330:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
159:dissolution of the Soviet Union
142:1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
15827:Rebellions in the Soviet Union
14307:Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact
13446:Terrorism and the Soviet Union
12929:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
12579:War of the Austrian Succession
10161:(in Russian). 29 August 1991.
9118:"Путч. Хроника тревожных дней"
8862:"Souz.Info Постановления ГКЧП"
8777:(in Russian). 16 August 2001.
8249:and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick.
8025:The rise and fall of communism
7846:
7694:
7679:
7655:
7356:) is a 2011 Russian film that
7118:as the successor state of the
6861:: A statement released by the
6664:normalize relations with China
5457:Supreme Soviet of Turkmenistan
5292:Act of Independence of Ukraine
4999:Soviet Russian airborne troops
4221:were detained by the KGB at a
4219:Russian SFSR people's deputies
4207:Tamanskaya mechanized infantry
4171:. The Russian SFSR-controlled
4109:
3685:
2923:Mozambican War of Independence
2620:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
447:Presidency of the Soviet Union
111:You may also add the template
13:
1:
15632:Yeltsin: Three Days in August
14327:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
13926:Inter-regional Deputies Group
13911:National League for Democracy
13152:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
13030:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
12781:Russian invasion of Manchuria
12771:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
12717:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
12712:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
12655:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
12645:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
12610:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
12605:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
12595:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
12585:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
12563:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
12558:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
12535:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
12530:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
12505:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
12481:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
12476:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
12461:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
12336:List of wars involving Russia
12331:Sino-Russian border conflicts
11860:Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991).
11067:Gibson, Joshua James (2015).
10882:10.1080/14743892.2019.1599627
10035:. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с.
9461:"Усов Владимир Александрович"
8998:. – М.: Эксмо, 2010. – 443 с.
8350:Kyriakodis, Harry G. (1991).
7349:Yeltsin: Three Days in August
7283:production); he died in 2019.
6967:Chief Minister of West Bengal
6396:: During the coup, Communist
6231:, urged member states of the
5704:began on 14 April 1993. On 23
5459:declared the independence of
5431:declared the independence of
5423:March the previous year. On 9
5389:Supreme Soviets of Azerbaijan
4803:(IFVs), commanded by Captain
4670:military commandant of Moscow
3769:Congress of People's Deputies
3753:, Gorbachev secretariat head
3518:agitation on the part of the
3487:
3408:General Secretary of the CPSU
2982:Death and funeral of Brezhnev
2422:Central Committee of the CPSU
491:Congress of People's Deputies
310:' declaration of independence
15847:August 1991 events in Russia
15837:Political scandals in Russia
15674:Boris Yeltsin. Life and Fate
15576:Boris Yeltsin Volleyball Cup
15138:São Tomé and Príncipe (2022)
14801:São Tomé and Príncipe (2003)
14640:São Tomé and Príncipe (1995)
14237:Alexanderplatz demonstration
14202:Polish Round Table Agreement
13876:People's Movement of Ukraine
13107:Eritrean War of Independence
13077:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
13072:East German uprising of 1953
13013:Eastern Front (World War II)
12902:Red Army invasion of Georgia
12897:Red Army invasion of Armenia
12865:Estonian War of Independence
12806:Russian occupation of Tabriz
12727:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
12685:War of the Seventh Coalition
12568:War of the Polish Succession
12515:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
9641:. Accessed 15 August 2009.
9371:(in Russian). Archived from
9037:another "Kommersant" article
8100:Collapse of the Soviet Union
8022:Sarker, Sunil Kumar (1994).
7885:Collapse of the Soviet Union
7389:Russia 1985–1999: TraumaZone
7376:that uses footage shot 19–24
7368:(Событие) is a 2015 Russian
7255:Federation Council of Russia
7143:: While celebrating Mass in
6281:Democratic Party of the Left
5546:expanded the CIS to include
5429:Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan
5355:republics' people's deputies
5067:
4925:Eight minutes later, at 5:00
4508:Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow
4131:residents for personal use.
3865:under Deputy Prime Minister
3773:Minister of Internal Affairs
2788:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2783:1956 Georgian demonstrations
2744:East German uprising of 1953
2686:Soviet invasion of Manchuria
1061:People's Movement of Ukraine
983:Communist Party of Lithuania
950:Communist Party of the RSFSR
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
15593:Confession on a Given Theme
15498:Soskovets campaign strategy
14282:January Events in Lithuania
14217:Hungarian Round Table Talks
13856:Democratic Party of Albania
13147:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
13097:Sino-Soviet border conflict
12966:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
12934:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
12870:Latvian War of Independence
12759:Russian conquest of Bukhara
12650:War of the Fourth Coalition
12635:War of the Second Coalition
12063:Gorbachev, Mikhail (1991).
12041:Journal of Cold War Studies
11810:Journal of Cold War Studies
11428:Contemporary Southeast Asia
11347:Mikheev, Vasily V. (1998).
9538:(in Russian). 7 July 2011.
9369:"MN.RU: Московские Новости"
9345:"Izvestia", 18 August 2006
8892:"УКАЗ вице-президента СССР"
7527:
7463:History of the Soviet Union
7407:
6594:special Soviet relationship
6573:through to the present day.
6470:Moscow visit between August
5837:Prime Minister of Australia
5787:October of the same year.
5463:from the Soviet Union. On 1
4989:May as an official act. In
4532:am, RSFSR Foreign Minister
3950:nuclear command and control
3690:
3622:, with a common president,
2913:Angolan War of Independence
2770:"On the Cult of Personality
2723:Death and funeral of Stalin
2453:History of the Soviet Union
1028:Popular Front of Azerbaijan
212:Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge
191:, waving the newly adopted
18:Soviet coup attempt of 1991
10:
15863:
15473:1996 presidential election
15461:1991 presidential election
13936:Hungarian Democratic Forum
13931:Alliance of Free Democrats
13921:Union of Democratic Forces
13142:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
12680:War of the Sixth Coalition
12670:War of the Fifth Coalition
12640:War of the Third Coalition
12245:Military history of Russia
12207:Armed conflicts involving
11517:10.1177/002070209404900405
10870:American Communist History
10864:Rosenberg, Daniel (2019).
8420:Hoffman, David E. (2009).
7828:United Press International
7619:Princeton University Press
7295:The Man Who Doesn't Return
7281:fast-moving consumer goods
7192:, who was a member of the
6762:Former Warsaw Pact members
6710:United Press International
6414:Socialist Party of Albania
6398:Party of Labour of Albania
5754:Heroes of the Soviet Union
5644:
5554:and the five republics of
5399:August, respectively. On 6
5307:Declaration of Sovereignty
5198:
5170:Supreme Soviet of the USSR
5084:supported the GKChP, on 21
4801:infantry fighting vehicles
4749:am the following morning.
4510:, spiritual leader of the
4456:all sided with the GKChP.
4273:surrounded his dacha with
4154:
4009:
3814:oblivious to their plans.
3732:Central Control Commission
3514:. The reforms also caused
3459:newly reconstituted Russia
3414:, who together formed the
3386:, was a failed attempt by
3114:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2698:Soviet famine of 1946–1947
2610:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
2579:Death and funeral of Lenin
75:Machine translation, like
29:
15748:
15697:
15623:
15584:
15513:
15446:
15388:Constitutional referendum
15353:Cabinet of Yeltsin–Gaidar
15333:
15320:28th Congress of the CPSU
15297:
15283:
15196:
15060:
14904:
14718:
14487:
14462:
14401:
14335:
14297:1991 protests in Belgrade
14177:
14102:
14011:
13953:
13944:
13826:
13688:
13635:
13532:
13464:
13401:
13323:
13255:
13190:
12981:Soviet invasion of Poland
12791:
12675:French invasion of Russia
12543:
12441:
12360:
12286:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
12278:
12235:
12228:
12133:The Collapse of Stalinism
11846:20#2 (1992) pp. 305–322.
11595:Christian Science Monitor
11499:Cohen, Lenard J. (1994).
11114:10.1017/S0305741000018178
11034:10.1080/01436599208420305
10031:17 September 2018 at the
8994:17 September 2018 at the
8719:29 September 2007 at the
7995:Gorbachev and Perestroika
7703:Journeys Through Conflict
7556:. Accessed 14 June 2009.
7515:
7354:Ельцин. Три дня в августе
6988:Christian Science Monitor
6941:Chapultepec Peace Accords
6668:Sino-Vietnamese conflicts
6332:People's Democratic Party
6283:, the direct heir of the
6116:and providing funding to
6043:: During his vacation in
5921:. The quasi-governmental
5919:Soviet Jewish immigration
5724:August 1994. The Russian
5467:December, Ukraine held a
5395:did the same on 30 and 31
5382:Supreme Soviet of Moldova
5309:as a constitutional law.
5286:That same day, Ukraine's
5273:USSR Cabinet of Ministers
4668:, whom Yanayev appointed
4548:pm. He declared at a 5:00
4504:World Health Organization
3614:abstaining) approved the
3436:central Soviet government
2391:
1656:
972:Communist Party of Latvia
346:
224:
164:
146:
141:
56:the corresponding article
15802:1991 in the Soviet Union
15561:Monument (Yekaterinburg)
15363:1991 Soviet coup attempt
14821:Equatorial Guinea (2004)
14287:January Events in Latvia
14277:Reunification of Germany
14262:1990s post-Soviet aliyah
14192:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest
13916:National Salvation Front
13901:Belarusian Popular Front
13891:Popular Front of Estonia
13660:Polish underground press
13421:List of socialist states
13122:South African Border War
13047:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
12949:Chechen uprising of 1932
12630:Russo-Persian War (1796)
12126:The St. Petersburg Times
12121:#696(63), 17 August 2001
12119:The St. Petersburg Times
11972:Public Opinion Quarterly
10297:Belarus: A Country Study
8714:No. 59 of 20 August 2001
8651:The State Within a State
8589:27 November 2007 at the
8336:15 February 2012 at the
8272:The State Within a State
8180:16 November 2020 at the
7607:Dunlop, John B. (1995).
6984:Indian National Congress
6843:said, "Undoubtedly, the
6686:. Vietnam would look to
6666:in November, ending the
6538:People's Liberation Army
6529:People's Liberation Army
6346:still being held by the
5760:Parliamentary commission
5126:Hero of the Soviet Union
4818:Hero of the Soviet Union
4809:2022 invasion of Ukraine
4662:Moscow military district
4481:Russian-majority regions
3569:declared its sovereignty
3492:Since assuming power as
3174:independence declaration
2945:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
2933:South African Border War
2600:Socialism in one country
2429:3 civilians killed on 21
1039:Belarusian Popular Front
994:Liberal Democratic Party
275:Failure of the proposed
269:Self-dissolution of the
172:Clockwise from top left:
15653:President of All Russia
15551:Street of Boris Yeltsin
15488:Loans for shares scheme
15325:Death and state funeral
15288:1st President of Russia
14363:Economic liberalization
14302:1991 Belarusian strikes
14242:Fall of the Berlin Wall
13896:Public Against Violence
13886:Popular Front of Latvia
13665:Political demonstration
13514:Chinese economic reform
13426:People Power Revolution
12764:Khivan campaign of 1873
12615:Russo-Polish War (1792)
12011:21 January 2021 at the
11881:10.1163/187633191X00137
11819:4 December 2021 at the
11708:10 October 2017 at the
8368:10.1163/187633191X00137
7257:(1993–95), governor of
7194:PLO Executive Committee
6755:Serbian and Montenegrin
6533:1989 Tiananmen Massacre
6478:12 to see GKChP member
6464:Chinese Communist Party
6446:Angola–Russia relations
6285:Italian Communist Party
6229:Social Democratic Party
5803:International reactions
5635:Soviet political system
5445:Armenian Supreme Soviet
5342:Soviet of Nationalities
5119:statue in front of the
5076:Victims' place of death
5003:Estonian Defence League
4655:Strategic Rocket Forces
4512:Russian Orthodox Church
4319:with 1980s street names
4300:, RSFSR Vice President
4296:, RSFSR Prime Minister
4261:northeast of Moscow to
3954:Ninth Chief Directorate
3725:Soviet Defense Minister
3475:dissolution of the USSR
3342:Soviet Union portal
3077:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3043:Lithuanian independence
2754:1954 transfer of Crimea
2656:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2549:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
122:For more guidance, see
15775:Category:Boris Yeltsin
15418:Monetary reform (1998)
15413:Monetary reform (1993)
15235:Plots and conspiracies
14741:Solomon Islands (2000)
13497:New political thinking
13237:Western Libya campaign
12912:East Karelian uprising
12433:Wagner Group rebellion
12368:Uprising of Bolotnikov
11948:International Security
11788:52.4 (1993): 810–838.
11680:"LA Times", March 2015
11676:25 August 2024 at the
10548:"Суд над членами ГКЧП"
9816:10 August 2021 at the
9443:7 January 2008 at the
9042:7 January 2008 at the
8751:7 January 2008 at the
8584:Timeline of the events
7473:Wagner Group rebellion
7395:In "House Divided", a
7340:, commissioned by the
7307:Three Days (1992 film)
6931:was being negotiated.
6907:Other sovereign states
6746:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
6548:
6302:
6131:
6104:and the potential for
5820:
5745:
5688:Trial of GKChP members
5606:as the Soviet Union's
5604:the Russian Federation
5506:, Belarus to sign the
5346:USSR people's deputies
5283:headed the committee.
5077:
5023:
4860:CPSU General Secretary
4635:Soviet nuclear weapons
4633:briefcase controlling
4618:
4320:
4240:diplomatic recognition
4236:Alexander Bessmertnykh
4067:, Minister of Interior
3927:Soviet Airborne Forces
3683:
3469:protesters, mainly in
3396:forcibly seize control
2997:: Decline and collapse
1657:Commanders and leaders
15607:Presidential Marathon
15423:1998 financial crisis
14605:Bophuthatswana (1994)
14368:Post-Soviet conflicts
14322:Tajikistani Civil War
14272:Revolution on Granite
14232:Monday Demonstrations
13758:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig
13592:Mengistu Haile Mariam
13358:Eastern Bloc politics
13232:Intervention in Syria
13167:Tajikistani Civil War
12875:Lithuanian–Soviet War
12816:Battle of Robat Karim
12265:Post-Soviet conflicts
12090:The August Coup texts
12050:25 March 2022 at the
12043:5.1 (2003): 128–164.
11505:International Journal
11324:. 13 September 1991.
11096:Garver, John (1993).
11022:Third World Quarterly
11016:Webber, Mark (1992).
10734:(Special Issue): 111.
10291:Fedor, Helen (1995).
10026:Последний бой за СССР
9354:10 March 2007 at the
8989:Последний бой за СССР
8830:Revolutionary Passage
8484:4 August 2021 at the
8224:10 March 2021 at the
7975:20 March 2017 at the
7217:Free Economic Society
6723:breakup of Yugoslavia
6674:(SOC). Increasingly,
6545:
6504:Sino-Soviet relations
6299:
6127:
6106:nuclear proliferation
6045:Walker's Point Estate
5815:
5743:
5702:Russian Supreme Court
5627:constitutional crisis
5602:, and so recognizing
5496:Stanislav Shushkevich
5360:Also created was the
5140:, proclaiming at a 22
5075:
5021:
4899:information control.
4846:Between 8:00 and 9:00
4791:am, not far from the
4702:Mstislav Rostropovich
4613:
4540:Afternoon and evening
4314:
4061:, Minister of Defence
3853:conversation from an
3834:Six days later, on 29
3827:newspaper, entitled "
3764:into the conspiracy.
3655:Soviet Union's empire
3651:
2749:Virgin Lands campaign
2574:National delimitation
2392:Casualties and losses
124:Knowledge:Translation
95:copyright attribution
15681:Boris Yeltsin. First
15438:Impeachment attempts
15178:Guinea-Bissau (2023)
15133:Guinea-Bissau (2022)
15117:Burkina Faso (2022)
14952:Guinea-Bissau (2012)
14927:Guinea-Bissau (2011)
14796:Guinea-Bissau (2003)
14771:Côte d'Ivoire (2002)
14746:Côte d'Ivoire (2001)
14710:Côte d'Ivoire (1999)
14695:Guinea-Bissau (1998)
13778:Vytautas Landsbergis
13773:Viacheslav Chornovil
13602:Denis Sassou Nguesso
13215:Annexation of Crimea
12919:Central Asian Revolt
12828:Ukrainian–Soviet War
12700:Russo-Circassian War
12383:Pugachev's Rebellion
12326:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
12270:Russian Armed Forces
12240:Early modern warfare
11998:24 July 2020 at the
11991:32.1 (2000): 52–68.
11957:24 July 2020 at the
11940:11 July 2020 at the
11922:29 June 2013 at the
11812:5.1 (2003): 94–127.
11805:8.2 (1992): 164–174.
11795:24 July 2020 at the
11753:on 29 September 2018
11727:2 April 2015 at the
11422:Yeong, Mike (1992).
11399:. 9 September 1991.
11228:. 8 September 1991.
10829:. 3 September 1991.
10470:on 23 November 2003.
10440:. 5 September 2005.
10412:pravo.levonevsky.org
9089:on 29 September 2007
8805:mysteriouscountry.ru
8496:website (in Russian)
8097:Gupta, R.C. (1997).
7860:on 11 September 2007
7675:on 8 September 2020.
7489:Notes and references
7277:electric arc furnace
7251:Vasiliy Starodubtsev
6925:Salvadoran Civil War
6567:Denis Sassou Nguesso
6516:diplomatic relations
6161:Uffe Ellemann-Jensen
6049:Kennebunkport, Maine
5631:Russian constitution
5362:Soviet State Council
5233:improve this article
5185:Government of Moscow
5082:executive committees
4676:in Moscow from 11:00
4647:Yevgeny Shaposhnikov
4627:Soviet General Staff
4570:Cabinet of Ministers
4521:Leningrad Television
4232:Council of Ministers
4126:am Moscow time on 19
3850:Nursultan Nazarbayev
3829:A Word to the People
3775:. Foreign Secretary
3422:, were angry at the
3398:of the country from
3382:, also known as the
3169:Ukrainian revolution
3097:German reunification
3055:Latvian independence
2970:1984 Olympic boycott
2965:1980 Olympic boycott
2955:1980 Summer Olympics
2928:Mozambican Civil War
2818:Cuban Missile Crisis
2798:Peaceful coexistence
2666:Operation Barbarossa
2407:Minister of Interior
2375:Viacheslav Chornovil
2330:Mykolas Burokevičius
2231:Vytautas Landsbergis
2198:Nursultan Nazarbayev
1013:Russian nationalists
501:Council of Ministers
236:August 1991 (4 days)
15754:← Mikhail Gorbachev
15639:Three August's Days
15427:1998 miners' strike
15348:Second inauguration
15173:Sierra Leone (2023)
15168:Burkina Faso (2023)
15022:Burkina Faso (2016)
15012:Burkina Faso (2015)
14776:Burkina Faso (2003)
14555:Sierra Leone (1992)
14520:Georgia (1991–1992)
14510:Soviet Union (1991)
14222:Pan-European Picnic
14197:1988 Polish strikes
13577:Wojciech Jaruzelski
13317:Revolutions of 1989
13275:Sphere of influence
13205:Russo-Ukrainian War
13062:First Indochina War
13035:Soviet–Japanese War
12971:Xinjiang War (1937)
12840:Kazakhstan Campaign
12625:Kościuszko Uprising
12525:Second Northern War
12403:Coup attempt (1991)
12296:Soviet-Finnish wars
11981:18 May 2021 at the
11950:16.3 (1991): 5–38.
11905:18 May 2021 at the
11890:on 4 December 2021.
11853:18 May 2021 at the
11836:18 May 2021 at the
11649:. 12 October 2010.
11567:. 13 October 2005.
11396:The Washington Post
11161:The Washington Post
11102:The China Quarterly
10524:. 27 January 1993.
10301:Library of Congress
9724:The Washington Post
9597:The Guardian Online
9568:. 11 January 2023.
9519:"Argumenty i Facty"
9375:on 27 November 2007
9063:on 24 December 2005
8839:16 May 2016 at the
7883:R.C. Gupta. (1997)
7422:Soviet Union portal
7310:is a drama film by
7298:is a drama film by
6962:P. V. Narasimha Rao
6927:with the Communist
6728:red-brown coalition
6648:that began in 1994.
6520:Alexander Belonogov
6374:Mohammad Najibullah
6370:Abdul Rashid Dostum
6352:Mohammad Najibullah
6221:former East Germany
6183:François Mitterrand
5718:October 1993 crisis
5708:February 1994, the
5655:November 1991, the
5623:Soviet of Republics
5564:its war with Russia
5338:Soviet of the Union
5102:old imperial colors
4783:Wednesday 21 August
4698:Eduard Shevardnadze
4645:Commander-in-Chief
4596:Tamanskaya Division
4458:Soviet Armed Forces
4446:Checheno-Ingushetia
4259:Chkalovsky Air Base
4101:must be restored."
4077:Vasily Starodubtsev
4016:The members of the
4006:The coup chronology
3946:telephone landlines
3925:, commander of the
3919:Valentin Varennikov
3811:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
3782:Beginning with the
3777:Eduard Shevardnadze
3703:in June 1990. On 11
3701:28th Party Congress
3671:Great Patriotic War
3590:, boycotted by the
3477:four months later.
3092:Romanian Revolution
3072:Peaceful Revolution
3067:Pan-European Picnic
3062:Revolutions of 1989
3003:Invasion of Grenada
2879:Cambodian Civil War
2833:: Era of Stagnation
2718:First Indochina War
2693:Soviet deportations
2661:Great Patriotic War
2634:Cultural Revolution
2564:New Economic Policy
2518:February Revolution
2398:3 died by suicide:
2241:Gediminas Vagnorius
2165:Levon Ter-Petrosyan
1806:Vasily Starodubtsev
590:Checheno-Ingushetia
281:Dissolution of the
210:GKChP tanks on the
153:Revolutions of 1989
15600:Notes of President
15546:Boris Yeltsin Peak
15398:Elizabeth II visit
15378:Demographic crisis
15343:First inauguration
14871:Philippines (2007)
14791:Philippines (2003)
13582:Slobodan Milošević
13451:Vatican Opposition
13265:Russian Revolution
13200:Russo-Georgian War
13182:Second Chechen War
13162:Georgian Civil War
12801:Russo-Japanese War
12553:Great Northern War
12451:Russo-Crimean Wars
12423:Second Chechen War
12321:Russo-Turkish wars
12316:Russo-Swedish wars
12306:Russo-Persian Wars
12291:Russo-Crimean Wars
12166:Strategic Insights
11967:(Routledge, 2007).
11623:. 21 August 1991.
11597:. 7 October 1991.
11321:The New York Times
11292:. 23 August 1991.
11260:. 23 August 1991.
11193:The New York Times
10988:The New York Times
10827:The New York Times
10797:The New York Times
10765:. 21 August 1991.
10667:The New York Times
10608:. 25 August 1991.
10605:The New York Times
9943:Latvijas Vēstnesis
9937:(21 August 1991).
9859:. 18 August 2001.
9693:The New York Times
9664:. 19 August 2016.
9600:. 16 August 2011.
9409:. 26 August 1991.
9336:, p. 335-336.
8967:Moskovskaya Pravda
8961:Sovetskaya Rossiya
8811:on 10 October 2017
8606:Christopher Andrew
7962:Timothy Garton Ash
7736:. 18 August 2006.
7531:, "August Putsch".
7528:Avgustovskiy Putch
7269:Alexander Tizyakov
7223:Vladimir Kryuchkov
7168:James A. Baker III
7116:Russian Federation
7014:that preceded the
7012:invasion of Kuwait
6715:Slobodan Milošević
6692:Soviet dissolution
6684:Peaceful Evolution
6549:
6531:forces during the
6498:closed doors, the
6378:Ahmad Shah Massoud
6311:multi-party system
6303:
6251:Andreas Papandreou
6233:European Community
6118:post-Soviet states
6112:, authorizing the
6022:European Community
5821:
5770:Ruslan Khasbulatov
5746:
5111:On the night of 24
5108:two months later.
5078:
5024:
5014:Thursday 22 August
4997:was taken over by
4983:Republic of Latvia
4959:From 9:40 to 10:10
4822:Sergey Parkhomenko
4664:commander General
4619:
4559:television antenna
4442:Kabardino-Balkaria
4356:computer network.
4321:
4306:Ruslan Khasbulatov
4177:Televidenie Rossii
4083:Alexander Tizyakov
4050:Vladimir Kryuchkov
3824:Sovetskaya Rossiya
3721:state of emergency
3713:Vladimir Kryuchkov
3697:Alexander Yakovlev
3645:British historian
3467:anti-authoritarian
3324:Post-Soviet states
3028:Singing Revolution
3018:Chernobyl disaster
2938:Rhodesian Bush War
2539:October Revolution
2187:Zviad Gamsakhurdia
2142:Saparmurat Niyazov
2027:Vladislav Ardzinba
1924:Ruslan Khasbulatov
1825:Alexander Tizyakov
1730:Vladimir Kryuchkov
1299:Diplomatic support
1092:Diplomatic support
616:Kabardino-Balkaria
314:Chechen Revolution
103:interlanguage link
15797:Conflicts in 1991
15784:
15783:
15741:
15733:
15729:Tatyana Yumasheva
15725:
15717:
15709:
15456:Electoral history
15408:First Chechen War
15298:Life and politics
15243:
15242:
14932:Bangladesh (2011)
14917:Madagascar (2010)
14891:Madagascar (2009)
14881:Mauritania (2008)
14861:Madagascar (2006)
14846:Mauritania (2005)
14786:Mauritania (2003)
14675:Bangladesh (1996)
14630:Azerbaijan (1995)
14575:Azerbaijan (1993)
14524:Venezuela (1992)
14417:
14416:
14343:Colour revolution
14173:
14172:
14140:Congo-Brazzaville
13861:Democratic Russia
13818:Pope John Paul II
13813:George H. W. Bush
13763:Vladimir Bukovsky
13552:Mikhail Gorbachev
13547:Nicolae Ceaușescu
13333:Era of Stagnation
13283:
13282:
13172:First Chechen War
13127:Soviet–Afghan War
13112:Angolan Civil War
12887:Polish–Soviet War
12845:Finnish Civil War
12823:Russian Civil War
12722:November Uprising
12660:Anglo-Russian War
12600:Bar Confederation
12413:First Chechen War
12393:Russian Civil War
12388:Decembrist revolt
12378:Bulavin Rebellion
12373:Razin's Rebellion
12356:
12355:
12311:Russo-Polish Wars
12279:Lists by opponent
11963:Ogushi, Atsushi.
11933:29 (1999): 1–17.
11829:(1997): 671–684.
11689:Simon Saradzhyan
11647:"Gennady Yanayev"
11476:. Wilson Center.
11289:Los Angeles Times
11257:Los Angeles Times
11225:Los Angeles Times
10762:Los Angeles Times
10636:www.kommersant.ru
10550:. 15 April 1993.
9631:on 11 August 2011
8972:Leninskoye Znamya
8937:Rabochaya Tribuna
8832:by Marc Garcelon
8755:, 18 August 2006
8616:Mitrokhin Archive
8492:newspaper at the
8433:978-0-385-52437-7
8172:Маркедонов Сергей
8003:on 28 August 2008
7691:16 September 2009
7628:978-1-4008-2100-6
7525:
7516:Августовский путч
7401:alternate history
7190:Yasser Abed Rabbo
7149:Pope John Paul II
7020:Iraqi News Agency
6939:coup failed, the
6936:Alfredo Cristiani
6923:: The end of the
6672:State of Cambodia
6512:Sino-Soviet split
6500:Chinese Politburo
6056:George H. W. Bush
5888:chargé d'affaires
5867:Barbara McDougall
5817:George H. W. Bush
5730:Vladislav Achalov
5544:Alma-Ata Protocol
5512:1922 union treaty
5508:Belovezha Accords
5351:autonomous region
5265:
5264:
5257:
5201:Belavezha Accords
5181:Central Committee
5150:General Secretary
5117:Felix Dzerzhinsky
5106:Russian SFSR flag
4920:Alexander Rutskoy
4832:suffered a minor
4813:Soviet-Afghan War
4760:declared at 11:03
4714:Vladislav Achalov
4629:ordered that the
4606:Tuesday 20 August
4588:Vitaly Doguzhiyev
4350:Usenet newsgroups
4346:medium-wave radio
4302:Alexander Rutskoy
4294:Konstantin Kobets
4269:near Moscow. The
4185:BBC World Service
4169:Democratic Russia
4140:KGB border troops
3859:Vladimir Medvedev
3840:Russian President
3838:July, Gorbachev,
3745:, Vice President
3560:a similar attempt
3440:fifteen republics
3400:Mikhail Gorbachev
3376:
3375:
3205:Soviet leadership
3191:Alma-Ata Protocol
3186:Belovezha Accords
3082:Velvet Revolution
3048:Economic blockade
2950:Soviet–Afghan War
2918:Angolan Civil War
2869:Laotian Civil War
2844:Era of Stagnation
2839:Brezhnev Doctrine
2808:Sino-Soviet split
2738:: Khrushchev Thaw
2629:Industrialization
2544:Russian Civil War
2438:
2437:
2412:Sergey Akhromeyev
2263:Valeriu Muravschi
2117:Mintimer Shaimiev
2057:Anatoly Malofeyev
1961:Konstantin Kobets
1904:Alexander Rutskoy
1864:Mikhail Gorbachev
1691:Sergey Akhromeyev
390:Kantemir Division
342:
341:
189:Russian President
135:
134:
68:
64:
16:(Redirected from
15854:
15822:1991 in politics
15773:
15772:
15761:Vladimir Putin →
15739:
15731:
15723:
15715:
15713:Claudia Yeltsina
15707:
15493:Semibankirschina
15373:Belovezh Accords
15270:
15263:
15256:
15247:
15246:
15232:
15231:
14766:Venezuela (2002)
14595:Lithuania (1993)
14570:Guatemala (1993)
14444:
14437:
14430:
14421:
14420:
14292:Transnistria War
13951:
13950:
13793:Aung San Suu Kyi
13708:Alexander Dubček
13645:Civil resistance
13502:Sinatra Doctrine
13482:Demokratizatsiya
13383:Shortage economy
13310:
13303:
13296:
13287:
13286:
13157:Transnistria War
13102:War of Attrition
13008:Continuation War
12957:
12749:January Uprising
12590:Seven Years' War
12490:Time of Troubles
12456:Russo-Kazan Wars
12301:Russo-Kazan Wars
12233:
12232:
12201:
12194:
12187:
12178:
12177:
12152:
12070:
12036:
11891:
11889:
11883:. Archived from
11875:(1–4): 317–362.
11866:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11749:. Archived from
11738:
11732:
11719:
11713:
11702:Rupert Cornwell
11700:
11694:
11687:
11681:
11669:
11663:
11662:
11660:
11658:
11643:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11632:
11617:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11606:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11559:"World Reaction"
11555:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11487:
11485:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11419:
11413:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11387:
11381:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11344:
11338:
11337:
11335:
11333:
11312:
11306:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11280:
11274:
11273:
11271:
11269:
11248:
11242:
11241:
11239:
11237:
11216:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11205:
11183:
11177:
11176:
11174:
11172:
11152:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11093:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11064:
11058:
11057:
11055:
11053:
11013:
11004:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10979:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10968:
10941:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10915:
10906:
10905:
10903:
10901:
10861:
10855:
10849:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10819:
10813:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10788:
10779:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10753:
10736:
10735:
10732:Queens Quarterly
10727:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10689:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10658:
10652:
10651:
10649:
10647:
10628:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10596:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10585:
10570:
10564:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10544:
10538:
10537:
10535:
10533:
10518:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10507:
10498:. 15 June 1992.
10492:
10486:
10483:
10472:
10471:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10451:
10449:
10434:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10414:. Archived from
10404:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10349:
10343:
10342:
10340:
10338:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10312:
10288:
10282:
10281:
10279:
10277:
10262:
10256:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10236:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10225:
10210:
10204:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10167:
10160:
10151:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10125:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10099:
10093:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10073:
10067:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10042:
10036:
10022:
10016:
10015:
10014:
10012:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9973:www.estonica.org
9965:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9954:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9853:
9847:
9846:
9844:
9842:
9827:
9821:
9807:
9798:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9787:
9780:
9772:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9761:
9746:
9740:
9739:
9737:
9735:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9706:
9704:
9684:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9661:The Moscow Times
9652:
9646:
9640:
9638:
9636:
9627:. Archived from
9620:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9577:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9528:
9522:
9521:, 15 August 2001
9516:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9487:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9457:
9448:
9447:, 18 August 2006
9436:
9432:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9418:
9403:
9397:
9391:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9380:
9364:
9358:
9348:
9343:
9337:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9305:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9238:
9232:
9226:
9220:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9175:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9124:. Archived from
9114:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9094:
9085:. Archived from
9079:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9059:. Archived from
9053:
9047:
9046:, 18 August 2006
9035:
9031:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9005:
8999:
8985:
8979:
8976:Sel'skaya zhizn′
8926:
8920:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8888:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8858:
8843:
8827:
8821:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8807:. Archived from
8797:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8786:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8741:
8724:
8709:
8705:
8692:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8660:
8654:
8643:Raisa Gorbacheva
8639:
8633:
8610:Vasili Mitrokhin
8603:
8594:
8582:
8578:
8497:
8476:
8470:
8464:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8417:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8362:(1–4): 323–328.
8347:
8341:
8329:
8325:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8288:
8275:
8268:
8262:
8244:
8238:
8235:
8229:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8190:
8184:
8169:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8078:on 23 March 2018
8077:
8071:. Archived from
8066:
8058:
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
7989:
7980:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7934:. Deseret News.
7928:
7922:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7902:
7896:
7881:
7870:
7869:
7867:
7865:
7856:. Archived from
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7819:
7766:
7763:Internet Archive
7756:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7698:
7692:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7668:. Archived from
7667:
7659:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7604:
7561:
7547:
7532:
7530:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7452:
7447:
7446:
7438:
7433:
7432:
7424:
7419:
7418:
7417:
7382:camera operators
7379:
7288:In popular media
7240:
7219:, dying in 2003.
7207:Gennadiy Yanayev
7184:
7182:
7181:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7102:
7100:
7099:
7086:Foreign Minister
7080:
7078:
7077:
7059:
7057:
7056:
7044:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7005:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6835:
6833:
6832:
6806:
6805:
6804:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6772:Marxist–Leninist
6757:successor state.
6752:
6704:
6702:
6701:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6590:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6564:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6488:paramount leader
6477:
6473:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6442:Social Democracy
6435:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6344:prisoners of war
6336:Afghan Civil War
6329:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6307:Marxist–Leninist
6292:Communist states
6277:Achille Occhetto
6272:Giulio Andreotti
6263:
6261:
6260:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6187:life and liberty
6174:
6172:
6171:
6158:Foreign Minister
6152:
6150:
6149:
6070:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6018:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5962:Foreign Ministry
5949:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5872:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5751:
5723:
5707:
5684:were abolished.
5679:
5674:
5654:
5616:
5580:
5537:
5533:
5521:
5485:
5466:
5455:27 October, the
5454:
5450:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5402:
5398:
5379:
5366:Soviet President
5327:
5319:Anatoly Lukyanov
5315:
5300:
5270:
5260:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5217:
5209:
5190:
5168:August when the
5167:
5162:Vladimir Ivashko
5159:
5155:
5143:
5114:
5088:August 1991 the
5087:
5060:Friday 23 August
5052:
5037:
4995:Tallinn TV Tower
4988:
4973:
4962:
4954:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4917:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4863:Vladimir Ivashko
4856:Anatoly Lukyanov
4852:Defence Ministry
4849:
4842:
4830:Raisa Gorbacheva
4805:Sergey Surovikin
4790:
4770:
4763:
4748:
4738:Viktor Karpukhin
4687:
4684:am, effective 20
4683:
4679:
4643:Soviet Air Force
4640:
4624:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4551:
4547:
4531:
4501:
4470:
4371:CPSU Secretariat
4330:
4284:
4279:Viktor Karpukhin
4256:
4196:transistor radio
4189:Voice of America
4162:
4159:Starting at 6:00
4137:
4129:
4125:
4117:
4105:Monday 19 August
4046:, Prime Minister
4040:, Vice President
4000:Lefortovo Prison
3990:
3982:
3977:Anatoly Lukyanov
3974:
3967:
3943:
3939:
3915:
3907:
3900:
3896:
3891:New Union Treaty
3880:
3847:Kazakh President
3837:
3820:
3800:
3717:Moscow Programme
3706:
3641:
3626:, and military.
3616:New Union Treaty
3574:
3428:New Union Treaty
3404:Soviet President
3368:
3361:
3354:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3319:Soviet republics
3159:New Union Treaty
2960:Olympic boycotts
2778:We will bury you
2764:De-Stalinization
2681:Battle of Berlin
2605:Collectivization
2486:World revolution
2463:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2418:Nikolay Kruchina
2386:Yuriy Shukhevych
2384:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2372:
2364:Dzhokhar Dudayev
2362:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2342:Abulfaz Elchibey
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2308:Valentin Kuptsov
2306:
2305:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2162:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2068:Nikolay Dementey
2066:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1843:Nikolay Kruchina
1841:
1840:
1833:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1303:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
981:
980:
970:
969:
959:
958:
948:
947:
935:
934:
933:
928:
927:
918:Unitate-Edinstvo
916:
915:
904:
903:
892:
891:
880:
879:
869:
868:
851:
850:
849:
844:
843:
842:
835:
831:
829:
828:
820:
816:
814:
813:
806:
802:
800:
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792:
788:
786:
785:
778:
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771:
764:
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758:
757:
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746:
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743:
736:
732:
730:
729:
722:
718:
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715:
698:
694:
692:
691:
684:
680:
678:
677:
665:
664:
663:
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523:
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489:
479:
467:
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464:
459:
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444:
443:
428:
418:
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398:
388:
387:
386:
376:
375:
374:
360:
359:
335:
324:Soviet President
277:New Union Treaty
235:
226:
225:
169:
139:
138:
114:
108:
81:Google Translate
66:
62:
45:
44:
37:
21:
15862:
15861:
15857:
15856:
15855:
15853:
15852:
15851:
15787:
15786:
15785:
15780:
15744:
15705:Nikolay Yeltsin
15693:
15619:
15580:
15509:
15442:
15329:
15293:
15279:
15274:
15244:
15239:
15226:
15192:
15056:
15052:Ethiopia (2019)
15032:Zimbabwe (2017)
15002:Yemen (2014–15)
14992:Thailand (2014)
14900:
14896:Honduras (2009)
14856:Thailand (2006)
14731:Paraguay (2000)
14714:
14705:Pakistan (1999)
14680:Cambodia (1997)
14650:Paraguay (1996)
14625:Cambodia (1994)
14505:Thailand (1991)
14483:
14458:
14448:
14418:
14413:
14397:
14358:Democratization
14348:Decommunization
14331:
14267:Helsinki Summit
14207:April 9 tragedy
14179:
14169:
14098:
14007:
13955:
13946:
13940:
13828:
13822:
13690:
13684:
13637:
13631:
13587:Mathieu Kérékou
13534:
13528:
13460:
13436:Reagan Doctrine
13411:Active measures
13403:
13397:
13388:Totalitarianism
13325:
13319:
13314:
13284:
13279:
13251:
13192:
13186:
13177:War of Dagestan
12951:
12924:August Uprising
12793:
12787:
12776:Boxer Rebellion
12744:Amur Annexation
12545:
12539:
12443:
12437:
12418:War of Dagestan
12398:August Uprising
12352:
12274:
12224:
12205:
12150:
12086:
12081:
12068:
12060:
12058:Primary sources
12052:Wayback Machine
12033:
12013:Wayback Machine
12000:Wayback Machine
11983:Wayback Machine
11959:Wayback Machine
11942:Wayback Machine
11924:Wayback Machine
11907:Wayback Machine
11887:
11869:Russian History
11864:
11855:Wayback Machine
11838:Wayback Machine
11821:Wayback Machine
11797:Wayback Machine
11772:
11767:
11766:
11756:
11754:
11739:
11735:
11729:Wayback Machine
11721:Vladimir Socor
11720:
11716:
11710:Wayback Machine
11701:
11697:
11688:
11684:
11678:Wayback Machine
11670:
11666:
11656:
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11640:
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11614:
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11589:
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11574:
11572:
11564:Tampa Bay Times
11557:
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11542:
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11497:
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11481:
11472:
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11467:
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11455:
11440:10.1355/CS14-3D
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11404:
11389:
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11384:
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11345:
11341:
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11094:
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11014:
11007:
10997:
10995:
10980:
10976:
10966:
10964:
10943:
10942:
10938:
10928:
10926:
10917:
10916:
10909:
10899:
10897:
10862:
10858:
10852:Kyriakodis 1991
10850:
10846:
10836:
10834:
10821:
10820:
10816:
10806:
10804:
10789:
10782:
10772:
10770:
10755:
10754:
10739:
10728:
10724:
10714:
10712:
10691:
10690:
10686:
10676:
10674:
10659:
10655:
10645:
10643:
10630:
10629:
10625:
10615:
10613:
10598:
10597:
10593:
10583:
10581:
10572:
10571:
10567:
10557:
10555:
10546:
10545:
10541:
10531:
10529:
10520:
10519:
10515:
10505:
10503:
10494:
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10489:
10484:
10475:
10462:
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10457:
10447:
10445:
10436:
10435:
10431:
10421:
10419:
10418:on 13 July 2010
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9809:Лукьянов А. И.
9808:
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9645:17 August 2009.
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9394:Kyriakodis 1991
9392:
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9346:
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9334:Kyriakodis 1991
9332:
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9316:
9307:
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9259:10.2307/2499653
9239:
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9229:Kyriakodis 1991
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8996:Wayback Machine
8986:
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8955:Krasnaya Zvezda
8927:
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8917:Kyriakodis 1991
8915:
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8753:Wayback Machine
8742:
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8721:Wayback Machine
8707:
8706:
8695:
8689:Kyriakodis 1991
8687:
8683:
8673:
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8661:
8657:
8640:
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8591:Wayback Machine
8580:
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8477:
8473:
8467:Kyriakodis 1991
8465:
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8395:
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8356:Russian History
8349:
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7695:
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7629:
7615:Princeton, N.J.
7605:
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7491:
7450:Politics portal
7448:
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7380:August 1991 by
7377:
7374:Sergei Loznitsa
7330:Sergey Medvedev
7300:Sergey Snezhkin
7290:
7238:
7213:Valentin Pavlov
7203:
7179:
7177:
7157:
7155:
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7047:Muammar Gaddafi
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6717:, in charge of
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6491:Deng Xiaoping's
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5966:Misoji Sakamoto
5944:
5942:
5936:
5904:
5902:
5870:
5869:suggested on 20
5848:
5846:
5826:
5824:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5779:
5775:
5772:'s insistence.
5762:
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5690:
5677:
5672:
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5608:successor state
5578:
5535:
5531:
5519:
5492:Leonid Kravchuk
5483:
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5427:September, the
5424:
5420:
5416:
5400:
5396:
5377:
5328:September, the
5325:
5313:
5298:
5277:Valentin Pavlov
5268:
5261:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5230:
5218:
5207:
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5157:
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5132:End of the CPSU
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5040:Vnukovo Airport
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4742:Alexander Lebed
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4666:Nikolai Kalinin
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4555:Leonid Brezhnev
4549:
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4516:Viktor Samsonov
4499:
4493:Nizhny Novgorod
4483:of Estonia and
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4290:Anatoly Sobchak
4287:Leningrad Mayor
4282:
4271:KGB Alpha Group
4263:Vnukovo Airport
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4215:airborne troops
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4044:Valentin Pavlov
4038:Gennady Yanayev
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3747:Gennady Yanayev
3743:Valentin Pavlov
3707:December 1990,
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3528:union republics
3490:
3424:loss of control
3412:Gennady Yanayev
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3119:April 9 tragedy
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2759:Khrushchev Thaw
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2708:Berlin Blockade
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2533:: Establishment
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2501:Bolshevik Party
2496:Bolshevik split
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2105:Qahhor Mahkamov
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2012:Anatoly Sobchak
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15742:
15734:
15726:
15721:Naina Yeltsina
15718:
15710:
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15663:
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15280:
15273:
15272:
15265:
15258:
15250:
15241:
15240:
15238:
15237:
15214:
15206:
15204:or its attempt
15197:
15194:
15193:
15191:
15190:
15188:Bolivia (2024)
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15129:
15128:
15123:
15115:
15114:
15113:
15108:
15100:
15098:Tunisia (2021)
15095:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15078:Myanmar (2021)
15075:
15070:
15064:
15062:
15058:
15057:
15055:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15014:
15009:
15007:Burundi (2015)
15004:
14999:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14962:Eritrea (2013)
14959:
14954:
14949:
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14942:
14934:
14929:
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14914:
14908:
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14863:
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14808:
14803:
14798:
14793:
14788:
14783:
14778:
14773:
14768:
14763:
14758:
14753:
14751:Burundi (2001)
14748:
14743:
14738:
14733:
14728:
14726:Ecuador (2000)
14722:
14720:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14660:Burundi (1996)
14657:
14652:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14620:Liberia (1994)
14617:
14615:Lesotho (1994)
14612:
14607:
14602:
14600:Nigeria (1993)
14597:
14592:
14590:Burundi (1993)
14587:
14582:
14577:
14572:
14567:
14562:
14560:Algeria (1992)
14557:
14552:
14551:
14550:
14545:
14537:
14536:
14535:
14530:
14522:
14517:
14512:
14507:
14502:
14500:Lesotho (1991)
14497:
14491:
14489:
14485:
14484:
14482:
14481:
14480:
14479:
14474:
14463:
14460:
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14411:
14405:
14403:
14399:
14398:
14396:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14383:Post-communism
14380:
14375:
14370:
14365:
14360:
14355:
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14345:
14339:
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14066:
14061:
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14015:
14013:
14009:
14008:
14006:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13973:Czechoslovakia
13970:
13965:
13959:
13957:
13956:Eastern Europe
13948:
13942:
13941:
13939:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
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13903:
13898:
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13868:
13863:
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13853:
13848:
13843:
13838:
13832:
13830:
13824:
13823:
13821:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13803:Isaias Afwerki
13800:
13795:
13790:
13785:
13783:Zianon Pazniak
13780:
13775:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13755:
13750:
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13614:
13609:
13604:
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13594:
13589:
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13579:
13574:
13569:
13564:
13562:Erich Honecker
13559:
13554:
13549:
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13395:
13390:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13360:
13355:
13350:
13345:
13343:Anti-communism
13340:
13335:
13329:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13313:
13312:
13305:
13298:
13290:
13281:
13280:
13278:
13277:
13272:
13267:
13262:
13260:Russian Winter
13256:
13253:
13252:
13250:
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13244:
13239:
13234:
13229:
13228:
13227:
13222:
13217:
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13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13087:Vlora incident
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
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12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12878:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12857:
12852:
12850:Sochi conflict
12847:
12842:
12837:
12836:
12835:
12820:
12819:
12818:
12808:
12803:
12797:
12795:
12789:
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12783:
12773:
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12761:
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12236:
12230:
12226:
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12204:
12203:
12196:
12189:
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12175:
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12169:
12159:
12147:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12115:
12110:
12104:
12098:
12092:
12085:
12084:External links
12082:
12080:
12079:
12072:
12059:
12056:
12055:
12054:
12037:
12031:
12019:Ziemele, Ineta
12015:
12002:
11989:Peace Research
11985:
11968:
11961:
11944:
11927:
11915:(1993): 53–72
11909:
11896:World Politics
11892:
11857:
11840:
11823:
11806:
11803:Soviet Economy
11799:
11781:
11780:
11779:
11771:
11768:
11765:
11764:
11745:(in Russian).
11733:
11714:
11695:
11682:
11664:
11638:
11612:
11582:
11550:
11511:(4): 814–845.
11491:
11465:
11434:(3): 257–268.
11414:
11382:
11359:(2): 553–576.
11339:
11307:
11275:
11243:
11211:
11178:
11147:
11088:
11059:
11028:(4): 691–713.
11005:
10974:
10936:
10907:
10856:
10854:, p. 337.
10844:
10814:
10780:
10737:
10722:
10684:
10653:
10623:
10591:
10565:
10539:
10513:
10487:
10473:
10455:
10429:
10396:
10370:
10344:
10318:
10283:
10257:
10231:
10205:
10179:
10146:
10120:
10094:
10068:
10037:
10017:
9990:
9960:
9941:(in Latvian).
9926:
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9874:
9848:
9822:
9799:
9767:
9741:
9710:
9679:
9647:
9615:
9583:
9553:
9523:
9508:
9482:
9449:
9424:
9398:
9396:, p. 341.
9386:
9359:
9338:
9326:
9300:
9253:(4): 810–838.
9233:
9231:, p. 334.
9221:
9184:Peace Research
9170:
9153:Slate Magazine
9139:
9128:on 22 May 2011
9100:
9074:
9048:
9026:
9000:
8980:
8921:
8919:, p. 338.
8909:
8883:
8844:
8822:
8792:
8760:
8725:
8693:
8691:, p. 280.
8681:
8655:
8634:
8632:, pp. 513–514.
8622:Gardners Books
8595:
8498:
8488:scan from the
8471:
8469:, p. 328.
8459:
8432:
8393:
8342:
8313:
8276:
8274:, pp. 276–277.
8263:
8261:, pp. 276–293.
8239:
8230:
8211:
8185:
8164:
8160:Ziemele (2005)
8152:
8148:Ziemele (2005)
8140:
8136:Ziemele (2005)
8128:
8110:978-8185842813
8109:
8089:
8053:
8035:978-8171565153
8034:
8014:
7981:
7949:
7923:
7897:
7871:
7845:
7767:
7751:
7734:news.bbc.co.uk
7718:
7711:
7693:
7678:
7654:
7627:
7562:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7506:
7493:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7478:State collapse
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7439:
7425:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7404:
7393:
7385:
7361:
7345:
7327:
7315:
7312:Šarūnas Bartas
7303:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7266:
7248:
7242:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7210:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7175:
7172:Manfred Wörner
7153:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7123:
7093:
7071:
7068:Corazon Aquino
7050:
7030:
7008:Saddam Hussein
6991:
6959:Prime Minister
6944:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6903:
6889:Prime Minister
6874:
6848:
6845:Soviet economy
6826:
6808:Czechoslovakia
6798:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6695:
6649:
6607:
6604:Special Period
6574:
6550:
6514:and improving
6449:
6421:
6381:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6279:, head of the
6269:Prime Minister
6254:
6236:
6195:
6165:
6143:
6126:
6125:
6065:Soviet peoples
6053:U.S. President
6030:
6006:Prime Minister
6002:United Kingdom
5991:
5970:
5955:Prime Minister
5940:
5939:December 1991.
5900:
5892:Soviet embassy
5875:Lloyd Axworthy
5862:Brian Mulroney
5859:Prime Minister
5844:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5777:
5766:Lev Ponomaryov
5761:
5758:
5737:
5734:
5689:
5686:
5682:price controls
5642:
5639:
5600:Russian Empire
5585:that it would
5583:United Nations
5568:European Union
5522:December, the
5321:was arrested.
5305:announced its
5288:Verkhovna Rada
5263:
5262:
5221:
5219:
5212:
5196:
5193:
5133:
5130:
5069:
5066:
5061:
5058:
5022:22 August 1991
5015:
5012:
4977:That day, the
4784:
4781:
4607:
4604:
4574:five-year plan
4541:
4538:
4534:Andrei Kozyrev
4338:general strike
4244:United Nations
4156:
4153:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4087:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4052:, head of the
4047:
4041:
4010:Main article:
4007:
4004:
3874:
3871:
3855:electronic bug
3803:Supreme Soviet
3784:January Events
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3659:Eastern Europe
3624:foreign policy
3489:
3486:
3420:reform program
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:Related topics
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
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3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:The Barricades
3146:
3144:January Events
3141:
3139:Dushanbe riots
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
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2908:Wars in Africa
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2903:
2893:
2891:Yom Kippur War
2888:
2887:
2886:
2884:Fall of Saigon
2881:
2876:
2874:Operation Menu
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2520:
2515:
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2508:Russian Empire
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2409:
2394:
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2389:
2388:
2353:Zianon Pazniak
2332:
2319:Alfrēds Rubiks
2297:
2296:
2220:Ivars Godmanis
2176:Edgar Savisaar
2155:
2015:
2014:
1853:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
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1592:
1590:United Kingdom
1579:
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1395:
1382:
1370:
1357:
1355:Czechoslovakia
1345:
1332:
1319:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1246:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1165:
1152:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
996:
940:
939:
920:
908:
896:
884:
861:
860:
859:
856:
855:
700:
506:
505:
504:
503:
493:
483:
481:Supreme Soviet
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
422:
402:
392:
380:
349:
348:
344:
343:
340:
339:
338:
337:
327:
320:
311:
305:
300:
289:
279:
273:
262:
258:
257:
244:
242:
238:
237:
230:
222:
221:
219:
218:
208:
202:
195:
182:
174:
162:
161:
144:
143:
133:
132:
128:
127:
120:
109:
87:
84:
73:
70:
51:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15859:
15848:
15845:
15843:
15840:
15838:
15835:
15833:
15830:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15795:
15794:
15792:
15777:
15776:
15767:
15766:
15763:
15762:
15758:
15756:
15755:
15751:
15750:
15747:
15738:
15737:Elena Okulova
15735:
15730:
15727:
15722:
15719:
15714:
15711:
15706:
15703:
15702:
15700:
15696:
15690:
15689:
15685:
15683:
15682:
15678:
15676:
15675:
15671:
15669:
15668:
15664:
15662:
15661:
15657:
15655:
15654:
15650:
15648:
15647:
15643:
15641:
15640:
15636:
15634:
15633:
15629:
15628:
15626:
15622:
15616:
15615:
15611:
15609:
15608:
15604:
15602:
15601:
15597:
15595:
15594:
15590:
15589:
15587:
15583:
15577:
15574:
15571:
15567:
15564:
15562:
15559:
15556:
15555:Yekaterinburg
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15527:
15524:
15522:
15519:
15518:
15516:
15514:Commemoration
15512:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15483:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15474:
15471:
15467:
15464:
15463:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15449:
15445:
15439:
15436:
15434:
15433:List of trips
15431:
15428:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15411:
15409:
15406:
15404:
15403:Privatization
15401:
15399:
15396:
15394:
15391:
15389:
15386:
15384:
15381:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15336:
15332:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15302:
15300:
15296:
15289:
15286:
15285:
15282:
15278:
15277:Boris Yeltsin
15271:
15266:
15264:
15259:
15257:
15252:
15251:
15248:
15236:
15225:
15224:
15220:
15215:
15213:
15211:
15207:
15205:
15203:
15199:
15198:
15195:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15171:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15148:Gambia (2022)
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15118:
15116:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15103:
15102:Sudan (2021)
15101:
15099:
15096:
15094:
15093:Guinea (2021)
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15065:
15063:
15059:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15023:
15020:
15018:
15017:Turkey (2016)
15015:
15013:
15010:
15008:
15005:
15003:
15000:
14998:
14997:Gambia (2014)
14995:
14993:
14990:
14988:
14985:
14983:
14980:
14978:
14975:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14963:
14960:
14958:
14955:
14953:
14950:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14937:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14918:
14915:
14913:
14910:
14909:
14907:
14903:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14886:Guinea (2008)
14884:
14882:
14879:
14877:
14874:
14872:
14869:
14867:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14832:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14822:
14819:
14817:
14814:
14812:
14809:
14807:
14804:
14802:
14799:
14797:
14794:
14792:
14789:
14787:
14784:
14782:
14779:
14777:
14774:
14772:
14769:
14767:
14764:
14762:
14759:
14757:
14754:
14752:
14749:
14747:
14744:
14742:
14739:
14737:
14734:
14732:
14729:
14727:
14724:
14723:
14721:
14717:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14690:Zambia (1997)
14688:
14686:
14685:Turkey (1997)
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14645:Guinea (1996)
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14610:Gambia (1994)
14608:
14606:
14603:
14601:
14598:
14596:
14593:
14591:
14588:
14586:
14583:
14581:
14580:Russia (1993)
14578:
14576:
14573:
14571:
14568:
14566:
14563:
14561:
14558:
14556:
14553:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14540:
14538:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14525:
14523:
14521:
14518:
14516:
14513:
14511:
14508:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14496:
14493:
14492:
14490:
14486:
14478:
14475:
14473:
14470:
14469:
14468:
14465:
14464:
14461:
14456:
14452:
14445:
14440:
14438:
14433:
14431:
14426:
14425:
14422:
14410:
14407:
14406:
14404:
14400:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14388:Yugoslav Wars
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14378:Neo-Stalinism
14376:
14374:
14373:Neo-Sovietism
14371:
14369:
14366:
14364:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14344:
14341:
14340:
14338:
14334:
14328:
14325:
14323:
14320:
14318:
14315:
14313:
14310:
14308:
14305:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14295:
14293:
14290:
14288:
14285:
14283:
14280:
14278:
14275:
14273:
14270:
14268:
14265:
14263:
14260:
14258:
14257:Black January
14255:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14218:
14215:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14176:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14107:
14105:
14101:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14060:
14057:
14055:
14052:
14050:
14047:
14045:
14042:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14016:
14014:
14010:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13969:
13966:
13964:
13961:
13960:
13958:
13952:
13949:
13943:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13907:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13897:
13894:
13892:
13889:
13887:
13884:
13882:
13879:
13877:
13874:
13872:
13869:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13852:
13849:
13847:
13844:
13842:
13839:
13837:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13825:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13808:Ronald Reagan
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13788:Zhelyu Zhelev
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13769:
13768:Boris Yeltsin
13766:
13764:
13761:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13748:Joachim Gauck
13746:
13744:
13741:
13739:
13736:
13734:
13731:
13729:
13726:
13724:
13721:
13719:
13716:
13714:
13711:
13709:
13706:
13704:
13701:
13699:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13687:
13681:
13680:Strike action
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13642:
13640:
13634:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13622:Todor Zhivkov
13620:
13618:
13615:
13613:
13612:Deng Xiaoping
13610:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13598:
13595:
13593:
13590:
13588:
13585:
13583:
13580:
13578:
13575:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13563:
13560:
13558:
13555:
13553:
13550:
13548:
13545:
13543:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13531:
13525:
13522:
13520:
13517:
13515:
13512:
13510:
13507:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13483:
13480:
13479:
13478:
13475:
13473:
13470:
13469:
13467:
13463:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13441:Soviet Empire
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13408:
13406:
13402:International
13400:
13394:
13391:
13389:
13386:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13359:
13356:
13354:
13351:
13349:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13339:
13336:
13334:
13331:
13330:
13328:
13322:
13318:
13311:
13306:
13304:
13299:
13297:
13292:
13291:
13288:
13276:
13273:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13257:
13254:
13248:
13245:
13243:
13240:
13238:
13235:
13233:
13230:
13226:
13225:2022 invasion
13223:
13221:
13220:War in Donbas
13218:
13216:
13213:
13211:
13208:
13207:
13206:
13203:
13201:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13189:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13057:Ili Rebellion
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13024:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13016:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13006:
13004:
13001:
12997:
12994:
12993:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12982:
12979:
12978:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12955:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12825:
12824:
12821:
12817:
12814:
12813:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12798:
12796:
12790:
12782:
12779:
12778:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12756:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12735:
12734:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12706:
12703:
12701:
12698:
12697:
12696:
12695:Caucasian War
12693:
12691:
12688:
12686:
12683:
12681:
12678:
12676:
12673:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12569:
12566:
12564:
12561:
12559:
12556:
12554:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12542:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12496:
12493:
12491:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12448:
12446:
12440:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12365:
12363:
12359:
12349:
12346:
12342:
12339:
12338:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12283:
12281:
12277:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12237:
12234:
12231:
12227:
12222:
12218:
12214:
12210:
12202:
12197:
12195:
12190:
12188:
12183:
12182:
12179:
12173:
12170:
12167:
12163:
12160:
12157:
12153:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12140:
12137:
12134:
12131:
12128:
12127:
12123:The issue of
12122:
12120:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12108:
12105:
12102:
12099:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12087:
12077:
12073:
12066:
12062:
12061:
12053:
12049:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12032:90-04-14295-9
12028:
12024:
12020:
12016:
12014:
12010:
12007:
12003:
12001:
11997:
11994:
11990:
11986:
11984:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11969:
11966:
11962:
11960:
11956:
11953:
11949:
11945:
11943:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11928:
11925:
11921:
11918:
11914:
11910:
11908:
11904:
11901:
11897:
11893:
11886:
11882:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11863:
11858:
11856:
11852:
11849:
11845:
11841:
11839:
11835:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11822:
11818:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11804:
11800:
11798:
11794:
11791:
11787:
11786:Slavic Review
11783:
11782:
11778:
11774:
11773:
11752:
11748:
11747:Novaya Gazeta
11744:
11737:
11730:
11726:
11723:
11718:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11699:
11692:
11686:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11668:
11652:
11648:
11642:
11626:
11622:
11616:
11600:
11596:
11592:
11586:
11570:
11566:
11565:
11560:
11554:
11538:
11534:
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11495:
11479:
11475:
11469:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11441:
11437:
11433:
11429:
11425:
11418:
11402:
11398:
11397:
11392:
11386:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11343:
11327:
11323:
11322:
11317:
11311:
11295:
11291:
11290:
11285:
11279:
11263:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11247:
11231:
11227:
11226:
11221:
11215:
11199:
11195:
11194:
11189:
11182:
11166:
11162:
11158:
11151:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11123:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11108:(133): 1–26.
11107:
11103:
11099:
11092:
11076:
11072:
11071:
11063:
11047:
11043:
11039:
11035:
11031:
11027:
11023:
11019:
11012:
11010:
10993:
10989:
10985:
10978:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10946:
10940:
10924:
10920:
10914:
10912:
10895:
10891:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10876:(1–2): 1–55.
10875:
10871:
10867:
10860:
10853:
10848:
10832:
10828:
10824:
10818:
10802:
10798:
10794:
10787:
10785:
10768:
10764:
10763:
10758:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10733:
10726:
10710:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10688:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10657:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10627:
10611:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10595:
10579:
10575:
10569:
10553:
10549:
10543:
10527:
10523:
10517:
10501:
10497:
10491:
10482:
10480:
10478:
10469:
10465:
10459:
10443:
10439:
10433:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10401:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10332:
10328:
10322:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10287:
10271:
10267:
10261:
10245:
10241:
10235:
10219:
10215:
10209:
10193:
10189:
10183:
10164:
10156:
10150:
10134:
10130:
10124:
10108:
10104:
10098:
10082:
10078:
10072:
10056:
10052:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10030:
10027:
10021:
10006:
10002:
10001:
9994:
9978:
9974:
9970:
9964:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9936:
9930:
9914:
9910:
9909:"КАЛИФ ЯНАЕВ"
9904:
9888:
9884:
9878:
9862:
9858:
9852:
9836:
9832:
9826:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9806:
9804:
9784:
9777:
9771:
9755:
9751:
9745:
9729:
9725:
9721:
9714:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9683:
9667:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9651:
9644:
9630:
9626:
9619:
9603:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9587:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9557:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9527:
9520:
9515:
9513:
9496:
9492:
9486:
9470:
9466:
9462:
9456:
9454:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9431:
9429:
9412:
9408:
9402:
9395:
9390:
9374:
9370:
9363:
9357:
9353:
9350:
9342:
9335:
9330:
9314:
9310:
9304:
9288:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9256:
9252:
9248:
9247:Slavic Review
9244:
9237:
9230:
9225:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9189:
9185:
9181:
9174:
9158:
9154:
9150:
9143:
9127:
9123:
9119:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9088:
9084:
9078:
9062:
9058:
9052:
9045:
9041:
9038:
9030:
9014:
9010:
9004:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8984:
8977:
8973:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8962:
8957:
8956:
8951:
8950:
8945:
8944:
8939:
8938:
8933:
8932:
8925:
8918:
8913:
8897:
8893:
8887:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8842:
8838:
8835:
8831:
8826:
8810:
8806:
8802:
8796:
8780:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8764:
8754:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8740:
8738:
8736:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8722:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8712:Novaya Gazeta
8704:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8690:
8685:
8669:
8665:
8659:
8653:, pp. 276–277
8652:
8648:
8644:
8638:
8631:
8630:0-14-028487-7
8627:
8623:
8619:
8617:
8611:
8607:
8602:
8600:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8475:
8468:
8463:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8429:
8425:
8424:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8346:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8273:
8267:
8260:
8259:0-374-52738-5
8256:
8252:
8248:
8243:
8234:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8215:
8199:
8195:
8189:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8168:
8161:
8156:
8149:
8144:
8137:
8132:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8101:
8093:
8074:
8070:
8063:
8057:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8027:
8026:
8018:
8002:
7998:
7996:
7988:
7986:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7894:
7893:9788185842813
7890:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7859:
7855:
7849:
7833:
7829:
7825:
7818:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7764:
7760:
7755:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7725:
7723:
7714:
7712:9780742510289
7708:
7704:
7697:
7690:
7687:
7682:
7671:
7664:
7658:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7597:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7560:17 June 2009.
7559:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7544:
7539:
7529:
7523:
7513:Russian:
7510:
7504:
7498:
7494:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7440:
7437:
7431:
7426:
7423:
7412:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7375:
7371:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7249:
7246:
7245:Oleg Baklanov
7243:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7229:Dmitriy Yazov
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7176:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7154:
7150:
7146:
7142:
7131:
7130:
7121:
7117:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7051:
7048:
7043:
7031:
7028:
7027:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7004:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6963:
6960:
6956:
6945:
6942:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6911:
6910:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6849:
6846:
6842:
6841:Mátyás Szűrös
6838:
6827:
6824:
6823:Ukrainian SSR
6820:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6796:
6795:Zhelyu Zhelev
6793:
6789:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6756:
6747:
6743:
6742:Kosovo battle
6738:
6737:Franjo Tuđman
6734:
6733:Ante Marković
6729:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6650:
6647:
6646:Arduous March
6643:
6639:
6635:
6634:Pak Song-chol
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6608:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6586:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6563:
6551:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6484:Chinese media
6481:
6469:
6468:Chi Haotian's
6465:
6461:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6434:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6394:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6340:Boris Yeltsin
6337:
6333:
6328:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6298:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6225:Björn Engholm
6223:on schedule.
6222:
6218:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6196:
6193:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6177:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6144:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6122:Ronald Reagan
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6098:Richard Lugar
6095:
6091:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6066:
6062:
6061:Air Force One
6057:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6041:United States
6031:
6028:
6023:
6014:
6011:met with his
6010:
6007:
6003:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5958:Toshiki Kaifu
5956:
5952:
5941:
5933:
5928:
5924:
5923:Jewish Agency
5920:
5916:
5912:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5883:Jean Chretien
5880:
5876:
5868:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5845:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5742:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5661:Boris Yeltsin
5658:
5648:
5638:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5528:
5525:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5488:Boris Yeltsin
5480:
5478:
5477:confederation
5472:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5451:September. On
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5374:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5322:
5320:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5259:
5256:
5248:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5222:This section
5220:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5163:
5151:
5147:
5139:
5129:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5094:Boris Yeltsin
5091:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5057:
5054:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5032:
5029:
5020:
5011:
5008:
5005:(the unified
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4968:
4966:
4957:
4949:
4947:
4938:
4931:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4900:
4892:
4885:
4873:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4858:, and Deputy
4857:
4853:
4844:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4787:At about 1:00
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:Russian mafia
4765:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4706:Yelena Bonner
4703:
4699:
4695:
4689:
4675:
4672:, declared a
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4641:pm. However,
4636:
4632:
4628:
4617:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4575:
4572:to alter the
4571:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4537:
4535:
4526:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4465:
4463:
4462:Baltic states
4459:
4455:
4454:North Ossetia
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4227:Ulysse Gosset
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4165:Boris Yeltsin
4152:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4132:
4120:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4093:
4092:Gang of Eight
4084:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4072:
4071:Oleg Baklanov
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3923:Pavel Grachev
3920:
3911:
3902:
3897:August. On 15
3893:signing on 20
3892:
3888:
3887:Foros, Crimea
3884:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3843:Boris Yeltsin
3841:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3807:Gavriil Popov
3804:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3755:Valery Boldin
3752:
3751:Oleg Baklanov
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
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3642:August 1991.
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2275:Heydar Aliyev
2270:
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2252:Mircea Snegur
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2153:Islam Karimov
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2095:
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2088:
2082:
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2080:Doku Zavgayev
2075:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2046:Hasan Hasanov
2042:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1995:Pavel Grachev
1991:
1984:
1979:
1978:Gavriil Popov
1974:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1886:
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1884:Boris Yeltsin
1880:
1873:
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1854:
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1850:
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1826:
1821:
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1787:Oleg Baklanov
1783:
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1603:United States
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926:
921:
919:
914:
909:
907:
902:
897:
895:
890:
885:
883:
882:Intermovement
878:
873:
872:
865:
858:
857:
854:
836:
834:
819:
805:
791:
777:
763:
749:
735:
721:
707:
706:
701:
699:
697:
683:
669:
666:
656:
653:
643:
629:
628:North Ossetia
619:
617:
605:
604:
592:
591:
578:
565:
564:
551:
531:
529:
514:
513:
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397:
393:
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381:
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369:
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365:
361:
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351:
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345:
336:December 1991
331:
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321:
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312:
309:
306:
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288:
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217:
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209:
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203:
200:
196:
194:
193:national flag
190:
186:
185:Boris Yeltsin
183:
180:
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168:
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160:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
72:
71:
65:
63:(August 2022)
59:
57:
52:You can help
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
15768:
15759:
15752:
15686:
15679:
15672:
15665:
15658:
15651:
15644:
15637:
15630:
15612:
15605:
15598:
15591:
15503:Xerox affair
15482:Vote or lose
15362:
15216:
15208:
15200:
15163:Gabon (2023)
15158:Niger (2023)
15153:Sudan (2023)
15083:Niger (2021)
15047:Sudan (2019)
15042:Gabon (2019)
15037:Yemen (2018)
15027:Libya (2016)
14987:Libya (2014)
14982:Libya (2013)
14977:Egypt (2013)
14957:Sudan (2012)
14936:Mali (2012)
14922:Niger (2011)
14912:Niger (2010)
14876:Sudan (2008)
14836:Nepal (2005)
14816:Haiti (2004)
14811:Sudan (2004)
14756:Haiti (2001)
14700:Niger (1999)
14670:Qatar (1996)
14665:Niger (1996)
14635:Qatar (1995)
14585:Libya (1993)
14565:Sudan (1992)
14539:Peru (1992)
14515:Haiti (1991)
14509:
14336:Later events
14311:
14252:Malta Summit
14084:Turkmenistan
14012:Soviet Union
13998:Soviet Union
13978:East Germany
13798:Meles Zenawi
13753:Sali Berisha
13703:Václav Havel
13650:Human chains
13557:Károly Grósz
13487:Khozraschyot
13378:Nomenklatura
13353:Eastern Bloc
12976:World War II
12500:Smolensk War
12466:Livonian War
12402:
12165:
12124:
12118:
12075:
12064:
12040:
12022:
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11971:
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11947:
11930:
11912:
11895:
11885:the original
11872:
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11809:
11802:
11785:
11770:Bibliography
11755:. Retrieved
11751:the original
11736:
11717:
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11641:
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11615:
11603:. Retrieved
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11562:
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11431:
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11356:
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11319:
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10568:
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10542:
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10516:
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10490:
10468:the original
10458:
10446:. Retrieved
10438:"6 сентября"
10432:
10420:. Retrieved
10416:the original
10411:
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10361:. Retrieved
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10182:
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10149:
10137:. Retrieved
10123:
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10097:
10085:. Retrieved
10071:
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10050:
10040:
10024:Янаев Г. И.
10020:
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9972:
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9929:
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9770:
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9744:
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9723:
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9629:the original
9618:
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9565:
9556:
9544:. Retrieved
9535:
9526:
9499:. Retrieved
9485:
9473:. Retrieved
9465:warheroes.ru
9464:
9435:(in Russian)
9415:. Retrieved
9401:
9389:
9377:. Retrieved
9373:the original
9362:
9347:(in Russian)
9341:
9329:
9317:. Retrieved
9303:
9291:. Retrieved
9250:
9246:
9236:
9224:
9212:. Retrieved
9190:(1): 52–68.
9187:
9183:
9173:
9161:. Retrieved
9152:
9142:
9130:. Retrieved
9126:the original
9121:
9091:. Retrieved
9087:the original
9077:
9065:. Retrieved
9061:the original
9051:
9034:(in Russian)
9029:
9017:. Retrieved
9003:
8987:Янаев Г. И.
8983:
8975:
8971:
8965:
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8947:
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8930:
8924:
8912:
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8886:
8874:. Retrieved
8865:
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8825:
8813:. Retrieved
8809:the original
8804:
8795:
8783:. Retrieved
8772:
8763:
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8744:
8711:
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8684:
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8658:
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8637:
8613:
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8474:
8462:
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8422:
8384:. Retrieved
8359:
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8304:. Retrieved
8295:
8271:
8266:
8250:
8242:
8233:
8214:
8202:. Retrieved
8188:
8171:
8167:
8162:. pp. 38–40.
8155:
8143:
8131:
8119:. Retrieved
8099:
8092:
8080:. Retrieved
8073:the original
8068:
8056:
8044:. Retrieved
8024:
8017:
8005:. Retrieved
8001:the original
7994:
7965:
7958:Adam Roberts
7952:
7940:. Retrieved
7926:
7914:. Retrieved
7900:
7884:
7862:. Retrieved
7858:the original
7848:
7836:. Retrieved
7827:
7754:
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7733:
7702:
7696:
7681:
7670:the original
7657:
7645:. Retrieved
7609:
7554:(in Russian)
7553:
7509:
7503:house arrest
7497:
7436:1990s portal
7387:
7363:
7353:
7347:
7337:
7317:
7305:
7293:
7082:South Africa
7024:
6987:
6898:in the most
6815:Václav Havel
6765:
6624:reported to
6599:Fidel Castro
6480:Dmitry Yazov
6474:5 and August
6418:Sali Berisha
6365:Turkmenistan
6355:independent
6304:
6186:
6128:
6027:Mr. Yakovlev
5960:ordered the
5798:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5776:
5774:
5763:
5747:
5691:
5669:Yegor Gaidar
5650:
5612:
5576:
5556:Central Asia
5538:December in
5529:
5481:
5473:
5461:Turkmenistan
5380:August, the
5375:
5371:Ivan Silayev
5359:
5323:
5311:
5301:August, the
5296:
5290:adopted the
5285:
5281:Ivan Silayev
5266:
5251:
5242:
5231:Please help
5226:verification
5223:
5177:nationalized
5174:
5135:
5115:August, the
5110:
5079:
5063:
5055:
5048:
5033:
5025:
5007:paramilitary
4976:
4970:Around 10:00
4969:
4958:
4950:
4939:
4932:
4924:
4913:
4901:
4893:
4886:
4874:
4867:
4845:
4838:
4826:house arrest
4797:trolleybuses
4786:
4766:
4751:
4710:
4690:
4659:
4620:
4600:Russian SFSR
4592:
4567:
4543:
4497:
4485:Transnistria
4466:
4419:
4364:
4357:
4322:
4315:U.S. map of
4298:Ivan Silayev
4248:
4204:
4173:Radio Rossii
4158:
4151:helicopter.
4133:
4121:
4113:
4096:
4088:
4059:Dmitry Yazov
4030:
4026:
4015:
3993:
3986:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3935:
3903:
3876:
3873:Commencement
3833:
3822:
3816:
3796:
3781:
3766:
3728:Dmitry Yazov
3694:
3652:
3644:
3585:
3564:
3537:
3520:Soviet Union
3511:nomenklatura
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3479:
3444:
3432:Soviet Union
3383:
3379:
3377:
3252:
2793:Wage reforms
2651:World War II
2397:
2273:
2209:Askar Akayev
2130:Igor Smirnov
2128:
2115:
2093:Stepan Topal
2091:
2078:
2025:
1943:Ivan Silayev
1868:
1862:
1848:
1772:
1711:Dmitry Yazov
1696:
1663:
822:
702:
682:Turkmenistan
670:
668:Transnistria
657:
630:
607:
601:
588:
554:
517:
509:
469:Russian SFSR
452:
451:
438:
430:Vympel Group
378:Taman Guards
362:
353:
352:
347:Belligerents
299:independence
287:Russian SFSR
264:
254:Soviet Union
250:Russian SFSR
171:
147:Part of the
136:
99:edit summary
90:
61:
53:
15570:Cholpon-Ata
15290:(1991–1999)
15217:Successful
15143:Peru (2022)
15088:Mali (2021)
15068:Mali (2020)
14972:Chad (2013)
14866:Fiji (2006)
14851:Chad (2006)
14841:Togo (2005)
14831:Peru (2005)
14806:Chad (2004)
14736:Fiji (2000)
14655:Iraq (1996)
14495:Mali (1991)
14312:August Coup
14165:South Yemen
14110:Afghanistan
13954:Central and
13947:by location
13851:Civic Forum
13738:Feng Congde
13713:Ion Iliescu
13698:Lech Wałęsa
13655:Magnitizdat
13617:Zhao Ziyang
13607:Heng Samrin
13567:Miloš Jakeš
13477:Perestroika
13082:Vietnam War
12952: [
12811:World War I
12732:Crimean War
12665:Finnish War
12581:(1740–1748)
12570:(1733–1738)
12495:Ingrian War
12211:(including
11757:11 December
11631:10 November
11605:10 November
11543:14 November
11236:10 November
11171:10 November
11081:12 November
10949:thestar.com
10900:10 November
10837:14 February
10807:14 February
10773:10 November
10697:thestar.com
10677:14 February
10311:22 December
9635:25 December
9536:RIA Novosti
9493:. YouTube.
9122:old.russ.ru
8647:Subject 111
7970:pp. 108–109
7370:documentary
7334:Channel One
7259:Tula Oblast
7061:Philippines
6921:El Salvador
6892:Petre Roman
6866:Lech Wałęsa
6768:Warsaw Pact
6642:revisionist
6618:North Korea
6587:: On August
6508:Jiang Zemin
6327:Afghanistan
6213:Helmut Kohl
6134:Meanwhile,
6085:James Baker
5988:Roh Tae-woo
5981:South Korea
5610:was valid.
5245:August 2016
5146:progressive
4793:White House
4718:Alpha Group
4696:. Outside,
4651:Soviet Navy
4525:Kirov Plant
4325:White House
4223:Soviet Army
4181:Ekho Moskvy
4110:Early hours
4020:met in the
3931:martial law
3762:Oleg Shenin
3686:Preparation
3679:irredentism
3663:Warsaw Pact
3581:War of Laws
3516:nationalist
3499:perestroika
3384:August Coup
3164:August Coup
3134:War of Laws
3013:Perestroika
2864:Vietnam War
2854:Six-Day War
2639:Great Purge
2594:: Stalinism
2513:World War I
1551:South Korea
1512:New Zealand
1191:North Korea
1111:Afghanistan
1017:monarchists
703:Supporting
577:Byelorussia
510:Supporting
420:Alpha Group
265:Coup fails
206:White House
15791:Categories
15740:(daughter)
15732:(daughter)
15646:Tsar Boris
15335:Presidency
15305:Birthplace
15227:See also:
14477:since 2010
14472:by country
14455:self-coups
14353:Lustration
14227:Baltic Way
14178:Individual
14155:Mozambique
14094:Uzbekistan
14079:Tajikistan
14064:Kyrgyzstan
14059:Kazakhstan
14024:Azerbaijan
14003:Yugoslavia
13881:Solidarity
13841:Charter 77
13827:Opposition
13723:Wu'erkaixi
13689:Opposition
13636:Opposition
13627:Siad Barre
13572:Egon Krenz
13542:Ramiz Alia
13533:Government
13472:Uskoreniye
13404:background
13326:background
13117:Ogaden War
13067:Korean War
12986:Winter War
12855:Heimosodat
12442:Tsardom of
11775:See also:
11484:4 December
11458:9 November
11407:4 December
11375:9 November
11332:4 December
11300:9 November
11268:9 November
11204:4 December
11140:9 November
11052:9 November
10945:"archives"
10929:4 December
10693:"archives"
10011:24 October
9734:15 October
9703:15 October
9546:12 October
9501:4 December
8745:Kommersant
7864:4 December
7358:dramatizes
7235:Boris Pugo
7092:embarked."
6975:Jyoti Basu
6973:cofounder
6870:Solidarity
6706:Yugoslavia
6402:Ramiz Alia
6361:Uzbekistan
6357:Tajikistan
6348:Mujahideen
6210:Chancellor
6164:reversal."
6009:John Major
5932:David Levy
5710:State Duma
5645:See also:
5574:in 2004.)
5552:Azerbaijan
5486:December,
5469:referendum
5441:referendum
5433:Tajikistan
5393:Kyrgyzstan
5275:headed by
5199:See also:
4680:pm to 5:00
4616:Red Square
4489:Sverdlovsk
4251:Kazakhstan
4099:Soviet man
4065:Boris Pugo
3867:Oleg Lobov
3863:Sverdlovsk
3736:Boris Pugo
3675:revanchism
3673:to German
3636:Uzbekistan
3632:Kazakhstan
3488:Background
3402:, who was
3394:(CPSU) to
3388:hardliners
3299:Leadership
3226:Khrushchev
3179:referendum
3154:Referendum
3038:Baltic Way
2713:Korean War
2554:Red Terror
2481:Bolshevism
2470:Background
2403:Boris Pugo
1767:Boris Pugo
1619:Yugoslavia
1284:Montenegro
1258:Yugoslavia
864:Interfront
833:Nakhchivan
776:Kyrgyzstan
762:Kazakhstan
696:Uzbekistan
642:Tajikistan
550:Azerbaijan
216:Red Square
58:in Russian
15448:Elections
15223:self-coup
15202:Self-coup
15126:September
15106:September
14393:Pink tide
14187:Jeltoqsan
14103:Elsewhere
14054:Lithuania
13906:Rastokhez
13846:New Forum
13829:movements
13728:Chai Ling
13338:Communism
12737:Åland War
12705:Murid War
12544:18th–19th
11533:147158781
11130:154647616
10957:436460688
10890:159619768
10705:436458189
10584:16 August
10558:13 August
10224:10 August
10198:10 August
10113:10 August
10087:10 August
9953:7 January
9919:10 August
9893:10 August
9867:10 August
9841:10 August
9792:10 August
9760:10 August
9417:13 August
9283:163397619
9267:0037-6779
9196:0008-4697
9019:13 August
8902:13 August
8866:souz.info
8674:15 August
8442:320432478
8376:0094-288X
8121:4 January
8046:4 January
7887:. p. 57.
7744:14 August
7637:761105926
7522:romanized
7483:Swan Lake
7365:The Event
7360:the coup.
7338:Swan Lake
7108:President
7104:Argentina
7089:Pik Botha
7065:President
6933:President
6900:Stalinist
6896:communism
6863:President
6821:with the
6812:President
6792:President
6626:Pyongyang
6180:President
6138:Chairman
6094:Les Aspin
6081:Lithuania
5985:President
5840:Bob Hawke
5833:Australia
5726:Procuracy
5712:declared
5413:Lithuania
5068:Aftermath
5044:airstairs
5028:Kryuchkov
4777:hooligans
4660:At noon,
4614:Tanks in
4563:videotape
4477:Leningrad
4438:Tatarstan
4430:Leningrad
4416:Krasnodar
4334:civil war
3794:(GKChP).
3788:Lithuania
3734:Chairman
3711:Chairman
3647:Dan Stone
3548:Lithuania
3538:In 1990,
3455:president
3289:Geography
3284:Education
3246:Gorbachev
3241:Chernenko
3129:Osh riots
3109:Jeltoqsan
2995:1982–1991
2831:1964–1982
2736:1953–1964
2615:Holodomor
2592:1927–1953
2531:1917–1927
2476:Communism
1317:Australia
906:Yedinstvo
804:Lithuania
705:republics
655:Tatarstan
512:republics
117:talk page
15716:(mother)
15708:(father)
15566:Monument
15478:campaign
15466:campaign
14548:November
14533:November
14528:February
14150:Mongolia
14145:Ethiopia
14130:Cambodia
14034:Chechnya
13968:Bulgaria
13743:Tank Man
13733:Wang Dan
13718:Liu Gang
13675:Samizdat
13670:Protests
13509:Glasnost
13492:500 Days
13416:Cold War
13324:Internal
13270:Cold War
13132:Gulf War
12488:and the
12361:Internal
12217:Imperial
12101:IRC logs
12048:Archived
12021:(2005).
12009:Archived
11996:Archived
11979:Archived
11955:Archived
11938:Archived
11920:Archived
11903:Archived
11851:Archived
11834:Archived
11817:Archived
11793:Archived
11725:Archived
11706:Archived
11674:Archived
11651:Archived
11625:Archived
11599:Archived
11575:31 March
11569:Archived
11537:Archived
11525:40202977
11478:Archived
11452:Archived
11448:25798159
11401:Archived
11369:Archived
11365:23255885
11326:Archived
11294:Archived
11262:Archived
11230:Archived
11198:Archived
11165:Archived
11134:Archived
11075:Archived
11046:Archived
10992:Archived
10961:Archived
10953:ProQuest
10923:Archived
10894:Archived
10831:Archived
10801:Archived
10767:Archived
10709:Archived
10701:ProQuest
10671:Archived
10640:Archived
10610:Archived
10578:Archived
10552:Archived
10532:24 March
10526:Archived
10506:24 March
10500:Archived
10442:Archived
10383:Archived
10357:Archived
10331:Archived
10305:Archived
10270:Archived
10244:Archived
10218:Archived
10192:Archived
10163:Archived
10133:Archived
10107:Archived
10081:Archived
10055:Archived
10029:Archived
10005:archived
9977:Archived
9947:Archived
9913:Archived
9887:Archived
9861:Archived
9835:Archived
9814:Archived
9783:Archived
9754:Archived
9728:Archived
9697:Archived
9666:Archived
9643:Archived
9602:Archived
9570:Archived
9566:BBC News
9540:Archived
9495:Archived
9469:Archived
9441:Archived
9411:Archived
9352:Archived
9319:23 March
9313:Archived
9287:Archived
9208:Archived
9204:23607685
9157:Archived
9040:Archived
9013:Archived
8992:Archived
8943:Izvestia
8896:Archived
8870:Archived
8837:Archived
8779:Archived
8774:BBC News
8749:Archived
8717:Archived
8668:Archived
8612:(2000).
8587:Archived
8482:Archived
8446:Archived
8380:Archived
8334:Archived
8306:10 April
8300:Archived
8253:. 1994.
8222:Archived
8204:24 March
8198:Archived
8178:Archived
8150:. p. 35.
8138:. p. 30.
8115:Archived
8040:Archived
8007:31 March
7973:Archived
7964:(eds.),
7936:Archived
7910:Archived
7832:Archived
7738:Archived
7689:Archived
7641:Archived
7558:Archived
7408:See also
7332:'s 2001
7326:in 1992.
7324:Jan Jung
7302:in 1991.
7145:Budapest
7141:Holy See
7016:Gulf War
6868:, whose
6788:Bulgaria
6140:Gus Hall
6090:Sam Nunn
5899:targets.
5540:Alma-Ata
5340:and the
5160:August.
4944:pm, the
4868:At 10:00
4653:and the
4625:am, the
4498:At 10:00
4473:Interfax
4450:Buryatia
4406:and the
4396:Orenburg
4359:Izvestia
4352:via the
4275:Spetsnaz
4200:poisoned
4147:jet and
3987:At 11:25
3948:and the
3940:pm on 18
3691:Planning
3505:glasnost
3304:Politics
3251:List of
3236:Andropov
3231:Brezhnev
3221:Malenkov
3008:Glasnost
2703:Cold War
2445:a series
2443:Part of
1643:Slovenia
1485:Mongolia
1419:Holy See
1330:Bulgaria
1072:UNA–UNSO
603:Gagauzia
563:Buryatia
528:Abkhazia
293:Estonian
241:Location
157:and the
149:Cold War
93:provide
15212:attempt
15121:January
15111:October
14402:Related
14160:Somalia
14089:Ukraine
14069:Moldova
14044:Georgia
14039:Estonia
14029:Belarus
14019:Armenia
13993:Romania
13983:Hungary
13963:Albania
13871:Sąjūdis
13691:leaders
13638:methods
13535:leaders
13524:Đổi Mới
13465:Reforms
13210:Outline
13193:century
12794:century
12546:century
12229:Related
12213:Tsarist
12156:YouTube
11917:excerpt
11657:4 April
11042:3992384
10998:22 July
10967:11 July
10715:11 July
10646:21 June
10616:8 March
10448:27 June
10422:27 June
10389:5 April
10363:5 April
10337:4 April
10276:4 April
10250:4 April
10172:4 April
10139:4 April
10061:24 June
9983:16 June
9672:9 March
9608:9 March
9576:24 June
9475:26 June
9379:26 June
9275:2499653
9132:26 June
9093:26 June
9067:26 June
8876:26 June
8785:26 June
8386:30 June
8082:26 July
8069:CIA.gov
7942:7 March
7916:7 March
7026:Al Ra'i
6902:manner.
6885:Romania
6837:Hungary
6676:Beijing
6660:Vietnam
6524:Beijing
6495:Bo Yibo
6400:leader
6393:Albania
6301:allies.
6206:Germany
6154:Denmark
6073:Estonia
6013:cabinet
5890:of the
5881:Leader
5879:Liberal
5714:amnesty
5698:treason
5619:Kremlin
5560:Georgia
5548:Armenia
5500:Belarus
5437:Armenia
5405:Estonia
5049:At 6:00
5034:At 2:00
4991:Estonia
4981:of the
4965:treason
4951:At 8:10
4940:At 8:00
4933:At 7:16
4914:At 4:52
4902:At 4:08
4894:At 2:30
4887:At 2:00
4875:At 1:00
4839:At 8:00
4754:Estonia
4732:of the
4621:At 8:00
4581:⁄
4519:forced
4400:Irkutsk
4392:Saratov
4384:Lipetsk
4376:oblasts
4367:soviets
4179:, plus
4155:Morning
4134:At 4:00
4114:At 1:00
4022:Kremlin
3971:At 8:00
3964:At 7:30
3936:At 4:32
3740:Premier
3667:Comecon
3612:Ukraine
3604:Moldova
3600:Georgia
3596:Armenia
3586:In the
3552:Armenia
3540:Estonia
3524:Russian
3522:'s non-
3390:of the
3294:History
3279:Economy
3274:Culture
3253:troikas
2859:Détente
1849:†
1773:†
1697:†
1631:Croatia
1538:Romania
1432:Hungary
1406:Germany
1368:Denmark
1242:Vietnam
1083:Sąjūdis
853:Ukraine
818:Moldova
748:Georgia
734:Estonia
720:Armenia
308:Belarus
297:Latvian
115:to the
97:in the
60:.
15724:(wife)
15698:Family
15233:
14180:events
14115:Angola
14074:Russia
14049:Latvia
13988:Poland
13945:Events
13597:Ne Win
12520:Deluge
12444:Russia
12223:times)
12221:Soviet
12209:Russia
12069:
12045:online
12029:
12006:online
11993:online
11976:online
11952:online
11935:online
11900:online
11848:online
11831:online
11814:online
11790:online
11531:
11523:
11446:
11363:
11128:
11122:654237
11120:
11040:
10955:
10888:
10703:
9293:27 May
9281:
9273:
9265:
9214:24 May
9202:
9194:
9163:27 May
8974:, and
8949:Pravda
8834:p. 159
8815:6 July
8628:
8490:Pravda
8452:19 May
8440:
8430:
8374:
8296:flb.ru
8257:
8107:
8032:
7891:
7838:31 May
7709:
7647:23 May
7635:
7625:
7501:under
7378:
7239:
7183:
7161:
7138:
7101:
7079:
7058:
7039:
7000:
6952:
6918:
6882:
6859:Poland
6856:
6834:
6819:border
6785:
6751:
6719:Serbia
6703:
6657:
6615:
6589:
6582:
6559:
6476:
6472:
6457:
6433:Angola
6430:
6390:
6324:
6262:
6247:Greece
6244:
6203:
6176:France
6173:
6151:
6096:, and
6077:Latvia
6069:
6038:
6017:
5999:
5978:
5948:
5937:
5911:Israel
5908:
5871:
5855:Canada
5852:
5830:
5750:
5722:
5706:
5678:
5673:
5653:
5615:
5579:
5542:, the
5536:
5532:
5520:
5484:
5465:
5453:
5449:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5409:Latvia
5401:
5397:
5387:. The
5378:
5326:
5314:
5299:
5269:
5189:
5187:. On 6
5166:
5158:
5154:
5142:
5113:
5086:
5051:
5036:
4987:
4972:
4961:
4953:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4916:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4848:
4841:
4834:stroke
4789:
4769:
4762:
4747:
4722:Vympel
4704:, and
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:curfew
4639:
4631:Cheget
4623:
4550:
4546:
4530:
4500:
4469:
4452:, and
4426:Moscow
4421:raikom
4402:, and
4388:Tambov
4380:Samara
4354:RELCOM
4342:flyers
4329:
4317:Moscow
4283:
4255:
4161:
4145:Tu-134
4136:
4128:
4124:
4116:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3966:
3942:
3938:
3914:
3906:
3899:
3895:
3879:
3836:
3819:
3799:
3757:, and
3705:
3640:
3628:Russia
3602:, and
3573:
3566:Russia
3544:Latvia
3471:Moscow
3314:Russia
3216:Stalin
2447:on the
2433:August
2431:
2405:, the
1845:
1827:
1808:
1789:
1769:
1751:
1732:
1713:
1693:
1675:
1616:
1600:
1587:
1577:Turkey
1574:
1564:Taiwan
1561:
1548:
1535:
1525:Poland
1522:
1509:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1455:
1445:Israel
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1393:France
1390:
1365:
1343:Canada
1340:
1327:
1314:
1281:
1271:Serbia
1268:
1255:
1239:
1226:
1201:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1135:
1122:
1108:
830:
815:
801:
790:Latvia
787:
773:
759:
745:
731:
717:
693:
679:
639:
574:
547:
525:
466:
334:
261:Result
246:Moscow
234:
187:, the
151:, the
15624:Films
15585:Books
15061:2020s
14945:April
14940:March
14905:2010s
14719:2000s
14543:April
14488:1990s
14451:Coups
14135:China
14125:Burma
14120:Benin
12956:]
11888:(PDF)
11865:(PDF)
11529:S2CID
11521:JSTOR
11444:JSTOR
11361:JSTOR
11126:S2CID
11118:JSTOR
11038:JSTOR
10886:S2CID
10166:(PDF)
10159:(PDF)
9786:(PDF)
9779:(PDF)
9279:S2CID
9271:JSTOR
9200:JSTOR
8076:(PDF)
8065:(PDF)
7673:(PDF)
7666:(PDF)
7399:, an
7336:film
7111:Menem
7042:Libya
6955:India
6688:ASEAN
6680:Hanoi
6638:Juche
6571:Congo
6562:Congo
6547:1991.
6460:China
6372:from
6265:Italy
6136:CPUSA
6124:said:
6015:on 19
5951:Japan
5896:NORAD
5843:him."
5694:GKChP
5613:On 25
5577:On 24
5504:Minsk
5376:On 27
5312:On 28
5297:On 25
5267:On 24
4528:11:00
4412:Altai
4404:Tomsk
4267:dacha
4253:on 17
4031:GKChP
4018:GKChP
3996:Pskov
3904:On 17
3883:dacha
3817:On 23
3797:On 17
3571:on 12
3532:lines
3457:of a
3451:dacha
3211:Lenin
1471:Japan
1458:Italy
1229:Syria
1204:Sudan
1177:Libya
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