3836:, citing an unnamed Ministry of Commerce official, reported that China will "further reduce quotas for rare-earth exports by 30 percent at most next year to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation." The government in Beijing further increased its control by forcing smaller, independent miners to merge into state-owned corporations or face closure. At the end of 2010, China announced that the first round of export quotas in 2011 for rare earths would be 14,446 tons, which was a 35% decrease from the previous first round of quotas in 2010. China announced further export quotas on 14 July 2011 for the second half of the year with total allocation at 30,184 tons with total production capped at 93,800 tonnes. In September 2011, China announced the halt in production of three of its eight major rare-earth mines, responsible for almost 40% of China's total rare-earth production. In March 2012, the US, EU, and Japan confronted China at WTO about these export and production restrictions. China responded with claims that the restrictions had environmental protection in mind. In August 2012, China announced a further 20% reduction in production. The United States, Japan, and the European Union filed a joint lawsuit with the World Trade Organization in 2012 against China, arguing that China should not be able to deny such important exports.
4835:
rare-earth minerals has accelerated over the past two decades. In 1990, China accounted for only 27% of such minerals. In 2009, world production was 132,000 metric tons; China produced 129,000 of those tons. According to the report, recent patterns suggest that China will slow the export of such materials to the world: "Owing to the increase in domestic demand, the
Government has gradually reduced the export quota during the past several years." In 2006, China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers to export. Controls have since tightened annually; by 2011, only 22 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 9 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers were authorized. The government's future policies will likely keep in place strict controls: "According to China's draft rare-earth development plan, annual rare-earth production may be limited to between 130,000 and 140,000 during the period from 2009 to 2015. The export quota for rare-earth products may be about 35,000 and the Government may allow 20 domestic rare-earth producers and traders to export rare earths."
4669:
most commonly used to increase the body mass of pigs, and it was discovered that REEs increase the digestibility and nutrient use of pigs' digestive systems. Studies point to a dose-response when considering toxicity versus positive effects. While small doses from the environment or with proper administration seem to have no ill effects, larger doses have been shown to have negative effects specifically in the organs where they accumulate. The process of mining REEs in China has resulted in soil and water contamination in certain areas, which when transported into aquatic bodies could potentially bio-accumulate within aquatic biota. Furthermore, in some cases, animals that live in REE-contaminated areas have been diagnosed with organ or system problems. REEs have been used in freshwater fish farming because it protects the fish from possible diseases. One main reason why they have been avidly used in animal livestock feeding is that they have had better results than inorganic livestock feed enhancers.
3009:(A-Type granitoids) have very high concentrations of alkaline elements and very low concentrations of phosphorus; they are deposited at moderate depths in extensional zones, often as igneous ring complexes, or as pipes, massive bodies, and lenses. These fluids have very low viscosities and high element mobility, which allows for the crystallization of large grains, despite a relatively short crystallization time upon emplacement; their large grain size is why these deposits are commonly referred to as pegmatites. Economically viable pegmatites are divided into Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) and Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF) types; NYF types are enriched in rare-earth minerals. Examples of rare-earth pegmatite deposits include Strange Lake in Canada and Khaladean-Buregtey in Mongolia. Nepheline syenite (M-Type granitoids) deposits are 90% feldspar and feldspathoid minerals. They are deposited in small, circular massifs and contain high concentrations of
3815:
elements are more prevalent in the following industries: renewable energy technology, military equipment, glass making, and metallurgy. Increased demand has strained supply, and there is growing concern that the world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths. In several years from 2009 worldwide demand for rare-earth elements is expected to exceed supply by 40,000 tonnes annually unless major new sources are developed. In 2013, it was stated that the demand for REEs would increase due to the dependence of the EU on these elements, the fact that rare-earth elements cannot be substituted by other elements and that REEs have a low recycling rate. Furthermore, due to the increased demand and low supply, future prices are expected to increase and there is a chance that countries other than China will open REE mines. In addition there are over a hundred ongoing mining projects with many options outside of China.
2550:. In those days, the first separation was into two main groups, the cerium earths (lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and samarium) and the yttrium earths (scandium, yttrium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium). Europium, gadolinium, and terbium were either considered as a separate group of rare-earth elements (the terbium group), or europium was included in the cerium group, and gadolinium and terbium were included in the yttrium group. In the latter case, the f-block elements are split into half: the first half (La–Eu) form the cerium group, and the second half (Gd–Yb) together with group 3 (Sc, Y, Lu) form the yttrium group. The reason for this division arose from the difference in
4794:, "Slashing their exports of rare-earth metals ... is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valuable finished goods to the world rather than lowly raw materials." Furthermore, China currently has an effective monopoly on the world's REE Value Chain. (All of the refineries and processing plants that transform the raw ore into valuable elements.) In the words of Deng Xiaoping, a Chinese politician from the late 1970s to the late 1980s, "The Middle East has oil; we have rare earths ... it is of extremely important strategic significance; we must be sure to handle the rare earth issue properly and make the fullest use of our country's advantage in rare-earth resources."
4584:
supply chain would help mitigate some of the pollution at the extraction point. This means recycling and reusing REEs that are already in use or reaching the end of their life cycle. A study published in 2014 suggests a method to recycle REEs from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries, demonstrating a recovery rate of 95.16%. Rare-earth elements could also be recovered from industrial wastes with practical potential to reduce environmental and health impacts from mining, waste generation, and imports if known and experimental processes are scaled up. A study suggests that "fulfillment of the circular economy approach could reduce up to 200 times the impact
4509:
like metals, they can speciate depending on the soil condition being either motile or adsorbed to soil particles. Depending on their bio-availability, REEs can be absorbed into plants and later consumed by humans and animals. The mining of REEs, use of REE-enriched fertilizers, and the production of phosphorus fertilizers all contribute to REE contamination. Furthermore, strong acids are used during the extraction process of REEs, which can then leach out into the environment and be transported through water bodies and result in the acidification of aquatic environments. Another additive of REE mining that contributes to REE environmental contamination is
4772:
4596:
REEs from coal fly ash by using citrate and oxalate who are strong organic ligand and capable of complexing or precipItating with REE. The other one is from secondary resources such as electronic, industrial waste and municipal waste. E-waste contains a significant concentration of REEs, and thus is the primary option for REE recycling now. According to a study, approximately 50 million metric tons of electronic waste are dumped in landfills worldwide each year. Despite the fact that e-waste contains a significant amount of rare-earth elements (REE), only 12.5% of e-waste is currently being recycled for all metals.
4618:
dependent on the type of REE present in the soil, hence there are a multitude of factors that influence this process. Agricultural plants are the main type of vegetation affected by REE contamination in the environment, the two plants with a higher chance of absorbing and storing REEs being apples and beets. Furthermore, there is a possibility that REEs can leach out into aquatic environments and be absorbed by aquatic vegetation, which can then bio-accumulate and potentially enter the human food chain if livestock or humans choose to eat the vegetation. An example of this situation was the case of the
4683:
2567:; those with low atomic numbers are referred to as light rare-earth elements (LREE), those with high atomic numbers are the heavy rare-earth elements (HREE), and those that fall in between are typically referred to as the middle rare-earth elements (MREE). Commonly, rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 to 61 (lanthanum to promethium) are classified as light and those with atomic numbers 62 and greater are classified as heavy rare-earth elements. Increasing atomic numbers between light and heavy rare-earth elements and decreasing
4492:
additives for livestock which has resulted in increased production such as larger animals and a higher production of eggs and dairy products. However, this practice has resulted in REE bioaccumulation within livestock and has impacted vegetation and algae growth in these agricultural areas. Additionally while no ill effects have been observed at current low concentrations the effects over the long term and with accumulation over time are unknown prompting some calls for more research into their possible effects.
11148:
11132:
4899:
3760:
2719:
4529:
16897:
13251:
11111:
905:
16921:
3376:
anomalies) of specific elements along the series and are graphically recognizable as positive or negative "peaks" along the REE patterns. The anomalies can be numerically quantified as the ratio between the normalized concentration of the element showing the anomaly and the predictable one based on the average of the normalized concentrations of the two elements in the previous and next position in the series, according to the equation:
928:
13263:
16909:
11171:
2742:"rare earth" is quite scarce. The longest-lived isotope of promethium has a half-life of 17.7 years, so the element exists in nature in only negligible amounts (approximately 572 g in the entire Earth's crust). Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non-radioactive) isotopes and are followed by (i.e. with higher atomic number) stable elements (the other being
2661:). Five different crystal structures are known, depending on the element and the temperature. The X-phase and the H-phase are only stable above 2000 K. At lower temperatures, there are the hexagonal A-phase, the monoclinic B-phase, and the cubic C-phase, which is the stable form at room temperature for most of the elements. The C-phase was once thought to be in
2770:, can produce a broad separation between light and heavy REE. The larger ionic radii of LREE make them generally more incompatible than HREE in rock-forming minerals, and will partition more strongly into a melt phase, while HREE may prefer to remain in the crystalline residue, particularly if it contains HREE-compatible minerals like
4324:, rare-earth elements differ from other elements, in that when looked at analytically, they are virtually inseparable, having almost the same chemical properties. However, in terms of their electronic and magnetic properties, each one occupies a unique technological niche that nothing else can. For example, "the rare-earth elements
2572:(europium) and 64 (gadolinium). The actual metallic densities of these two groups overlap, with the "light" group having densities from 6.145 (lanthanum) to 7.26 (promethium) or 7.52 (samarium) g/cc, and the "heavy" group from 6.965 (ytterbium) to 9.32 (thulium), as well as including yttrium at 4.47. Europium has a density of 5.24.
4247:. The research team found a mud layer 2 to 4 meters beneath the seabed with concentrations of up to 0.66% rare-earth oxides. A potential deposit might compare in grade with the ion-absorption-type deposits in southern China that provide the bulk of Chinese REO mine production, which grade in the range of 0.05% to 0.5% REO.
3041:." "I believe that rareearth resources undersea are much more promising than on-land resources," said Kato. "oncentrations of rare earths were comparable to those found in clays mined in China. Some deposits contained twice as much heavy rare earths such as dysprosium, a component of magnets in hybrid car motors."
3113:. A direct consequence is that, during the formation of coordination bonds, the REE behaviour gradually changes along the series. Furthermore, the lanthanide contraction causes the ionic radius of Ho (0.901 Å) to be almost identical to that of Y (0.9 Å), justifying the inclusion of the latter among the REE.
3109:
geochemical system (CHArge-and-RAdius-Controlled) where elements with similar charge and radius should show coherent geochemical behaviour, and in non-CHARAC systems, such as aqueous solutions, where the electron structure is also an important parameter to consider as the lanthanide contraction affects the
4858:
It has been argued that the geopolitical importance of rare earths has been exaggerated in the literature on the geopolitics of renewable energy, underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. This especially concerns neodymium. Due to its role in permanent magnets used for
4659:
of REEs. This higher level was related to the high levels of REEs present in the vegetables they cultivated, the soil, and the water from the wells, indicating that the high levels were caused by the nearby mine. However the levels found were not high enough to cause health effects. Analysis of REEs
4508:
Near mining and industrial sites, the concentrations of REEs can rise to many times the normal background levels. Once in the environment, REEs can leach into the soil where their transport is determined by numerous factors such as erosion, weathering, pH, precipitation, groundwater, etc. Acting much
3371:
It is possible to observe the serial trend of the REE by reporting their normalized concentrations against the atomic number. The trends that are observed in "spider" diagrams are typically referred to as "patterns", which may be diagnostic of petrological processes that have affected the material of
4668:
Experiments exposing rats to various cerium compounds have found accumulation primarily in the lungs and liver. This resulted in various negative health outcomes associated with those organs. REEs have been added to feed in livestock to increase their body mass and increase milk production. They are
4595:
Currently, people take two essential resources into consideration for the secure supply of REEs: one is to extract REEs from primary resources like mines harboring REE-bearing ores, regolith-hosted clay deposits, ocean bed sediments, coal fly ash, etc. A work developed a green system for recovery of
4196:
However, the
Malaysian authorities confirmed that as of October 2011, Lynas was not given any permit to import any rare-earth ore into Malaysia. On February 2, 2012, the Malaysian AELB (Atomic Energy Licensing Board) recommended that Lynas be issued a temporary operating license subject to meeting a
3829:
These concerns have intensified due to the actions of China, the predominant supplier. Specifically, China has announced regulations on exports and a crackdown on smuggling. On
September 1, 2009, China announced plans to reduce its export quota to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015 to conserve scarce
2554:
of rare-earth double sulfates with sodium and potassium. The sodium double sulfates of the cerium group are poorly soluble, those of the terbium group slightly, and those of the yttrium group are very soluble. Sometimes, the yttrium group was further split into the erbium group (dysprosium, holmium,
1031:
These metals tarnish slowly in air at room temperature and react slowly with cold water to form hydroxides, liberating hydrogen. They react with steam to form oxides and ignite spontaneously at a temperature of 400 °C (752 °F). These elements and their compounds have no biological function
3080:
Lu). REE usually appear as trivalent ions, except for Ce and Eu which can take the form of Ce and Eu depending on the redox conditions of the system. Consequentially, REE are characterized by a substantial identity in their chemical reactivity, which results in a serial behaviour during geochemical
3034:
who led a study of
Pacific Ocean seabed mud, published results indicating the mud could hold rich concentrations of rare-earth minerals. The deposits, studied at 78 sites, came from "ot plumes from hydrothermal vents pull these materials out of seawater and deposit them on the seafloor, bit by bit,
3021:
of primary minerals enriches insoluble elements by leaching out silica and other soluble elements, recrystallizing feldspar into clay minerals such kaolinite, halloysite, and montmorillonite. In tropical regions where precipitation is high, weathering forms a thick argillized regolith, this process
2790:
abundance than does cerium and the LREE. This has economic consequences: large ore bodies of LREE are known around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for HREE are more rare, smaller, and less concentrated. Most of the current supply of HREE originates in the "ion-absorption clay" ores of
2765:
of rare earths make them incompatible with the crystal lattices of most rock-forming minerals, so REE will undergo strong partitioning into a melt phase if one is present. REE are chemically very similar and have always been difficult to separate, but the gradual decrease in ionic radius from light
4721:
has been the focus of a US$ 100 million cleanup that is proceeding in 2011. After having accomplished the hilltop entombment of 11,000 truckloads of radioactively contaminated material, the project is expected to entail in summer, 2011, the removal of "more than 80,000 steel barrels of radioactive
4617:
production, which affects photosynthesis and inhibits the growth of the plants. However, the impact of REE contamination on vegetation is dependent on the plants present in the contaminated environment: not all plants retain and absorb REEs. Also, the ability of the vegetation to intake the REE is
4583:
REE recycling and reuse have been increasingly focused on in recent years. The main concerns include environmental pollution during REE recycling and increasing recycling efficiency. Literature published in 2004 suggests that, along with previously established pollution mitigation, a more circular
3897:
in the late 2010s. As China has shut down domestic mines due to the detrimental environmental impact, it has largely outsourced rare-earth mining to Kachin State. Chinese companies and miners illegally set up operations in Kachin State without government permits, and instead circumvent the central
3814:
REE is increasing in demand due to the fact that they are essential for new and innovative technology that is being created. These new products that need REEs to be produced are high-technology equipment such as smart phones, digital cameras, computer parts, semiconductors, etc. In addition, these
3728:
are a representation of provenance. The rare-earth element concentrations are not typically affected by sea and river waters, as rare-earth elements are insoluble and thus have very low concentrations in these fluids. As a result, when sediment is transported, rare-earth element concentrations are
3375:
According to the general shape of the patterns or thanks to the presence (or absence) of so-called "anomalies", information regarding the system under examination and the occurring geochemical processes can be obtained. The anomalies represent enrichment (positive anomalies) or depletion (negative
3026:
deposits; heavy rare-earth elements are incorporated into the residual clay by absorption. This kind of deposit is only mined for REE in
Southern China, where the majority of global heavy rare-earth element production occurs. REE-laterites do form elsewhere, including over the carbonatite at Mount
2571:
throughout the series causes chemical variations. Europium is exempt of this classification as it has two valence states: Eu and Eu. Yttrium is grouped as heavy rare-earth element due to chemical similarities. The break between the two groups is sometimes put elsewhere, such as between elements 63
4733:
and radioactive waste from it. The ore to be processed has very low levels of thorium, and Lynas founder and chief executive
Nicholas Curtis said "There is absolutely no risk to public health." T. Jayabalan, a doctor who says he has been monitoring and treating patients affected by the Mitsubishi
4579:
The rare-earth elements (REEs) are vital to modern technologies and society and are amongst the most critical elements. Despite this, typically only around 1% of REEs are recycled from end-products. Recycling and reusing REEs is not easy: these elements are mostly present in tiny amounts in small
4552:
in rare-earth ores present a potential hazard and improper handling of these substances can result in extensive environmental damage. In May 2010, China announced a major, five-month crackdown on illegal mining in order to protect the environment and its resources. This campaign is expected to be
4500:
REEs are naturally found in very low concentrations in the environment. Mines are often in countries where environmental and social standards are very low, leading to human rights violations, deforestation, and contamination of land and water. Generally, it is estimated that extracting 1 tonne of
4050:
has said that it has no plans to impose such restrictions. Many Danish politicians have expressed concerns that other nations, including China, could gain influence in thinly populated
Greenland, given the number of foreign workers and investment that could come from Chinese companies in the near
4491:
REEs have been used in agriculture to increase plant growth, productivity, and stress resistance seemingly without negative effects for human and animal consumption. REEs are used in agriculture through REE-enriched fertilizers which is a widely used practice in China. In addition, REEs are feed
3108:
orbitals. The lanthanide contraction has a direct effect on the geochemistry of the lanthanides, which show a different behaviour depending on the systems and processes in which they are involved. The effect of the lanthanide contraction can be observed in the REE behaviour both in a CHARAC-type
4752:
panel investigation was completed and no construction has been halted. Lynas is on budget and on schedule to start producing in 2011. The IAEA concluded in a report issued in June 2011 that it did not find any instance of "any non-compliance with international radiation safety standards" in the
3685:
of each element. Partition coefficients are responsible for the fractionation of trace elements (including rare-earth elements) into the liquid phase (the melt/magma) into the solid phase (the mineral). If an element preferentially remains in the solid phase it is termed 'compatible', and if it
3000:
pipes at the core of igneous complexes; they consist of fine-grained calcite and hematite, sometimes with significant concentrations of ankerite and minor concentrations of siderite. Large carbonatite deposits enriched in rare-earth elements include Mount Weld in
Australia, Thor Lake in Canada,
4834:
A 2011 report "China's Rare-Earth
Industry", issued by the US Geological Survey and US Department of the Interior, outlines industry trends within China and examines national policies that may guide the future of the country's production. The report notes that China's lead in the production of
3148:
The geochemical study of the REE is not carried out on absolute concentrations – as it is usually done with other chemical elements – but on normalized concentrations in order to observe their serial behaviour. In geochemistry, rare-earth elements are typically presented in normalized "spider"
2960:
and water), with high concentrations of alkaline elements, and high element mobility that the rare earths are strongly partitioned into. This melt may also rise along pre-existing fractures, and be emplaced in the crust above the subducting slab or erupted at the surface. REE-enriched deposits
4651:
as has been demonstrated at large mine in Batou (Mongolia). The rare-earth mining and smelting process can release airborne fluoride which will associate with total suspended particles (TSP) to form aerosols that can enter human respiratory systems. Research from Baotou, China shows that the
3160:
Solar System material. However, other normalizing standards can be applied depending on the purpose of the study. Normalization to a standard reference value, especially of a material believed to be unfractionated, allows the observed abundances to be compared to the initial abundances of the
5253:, REE have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of REE comes from only a handful of sources, almost entirely as a byproduct of mining other elements in commercially exploitable concentrations they occur alongside.
4005:
is under consideration by NioCorp
Development Ltd who hopes to open a niobium, scandium, and titanium mine there. That mine may be able to produce as much as 7200 tonnes of ferro niobium and 95 tonnes of scandium trioxide annually, although, as of 2022, financing is still in the works.
3850:
On August 29, 2014, the WTO ruled that China had broken free-trade agreements, and the WTO said in the summary of key findings that "the overall effect of the foreign and domestic restrictions is to encourage domestic extraction and secure preferential use of those materials by Chinese
7758:
It follows the recommendation from the Mackenzie Valley Environmental Review Board in July, and marks a major milestone in the company's effort to turn the project into an operating mine. Avalon claims Nechalacho is "the most advanced large heavy rare earth development project in the
4859:
wind turbines, it has been argued that neodymium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. But this perspective has been criticized for failing to recognize that most wind turbines have gears and do not use permanent magnets.
4307:
with carbon black and then sent a 1-second current pulse through the mixture, heating it to 3,000 °C (5,430 °F). The fly ash contains microscopic bits of glass that encapsulate the metals. The heat shatters the glass, exposing the rare earths. Flash heating also converts
9819:
Jyothi, Rajesh Kumar; Thenepalli, Thriveni; Ahn, Ji Whan; Parhi, Pankaj Kumar; Chung, Kyeong Woo; Lee, Jin-Young (September 10, 2020). "Review of rare earth elements recovery from secondary resources for clean energy technologies: Grand opportunities to create wealth from waste".
3791:
in California made the United States the leading producer. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still produce some rare-earth concentrates, but they were dwarfed by the scale of Chinese production. In 2017, China produced 81% of the world's rare-earth supply, mostly in
3686:
preferentially partitions into the melt phase it is described as 'incompatible'. Each element has a different partition coefficient, and therefore fractionates into solid and liquid phases distinctly. These concepts are also applicable to metamorphic and sedimentary petrology.
4851:. The USGS study team has located a sizable area of rocks in the center of an extinct volcano containing light rare-earth elements including cerium and neodymium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of desirable rock, or about ten years of supply at current demand levels.
4230:. Due to the rising prices of rare earths, extraction of these oxides has become economically viable. The country currently exports around 3,000 tonnes per year, representing around 2% of world production. Similar resources are suspected in the western United States, where
2555:
erbium, and thulium) and the ytterbium group (ytterbium and lutetium), but today the main grouping is between the cerium and the yttrium groups. Today, the rare-earth elements are classified as light or heavy rare-earth elements, rather than in cerium and yttrium groups.
4488:. Ce, Ga, and Nd are important in electronics and are used in the production of LCD and plasma screens, fiber optics, and lasers, and in medical imaging. Additional uses for rare-earth elements are as tracers in medical applications, fertilizers, and in water treatment.
4014:
in Angola and other sources as they become available. The company are targeting production in late 2023, before ramping up to full capacity in 2024. Pensana aim to produce 12,500 metric tons of separated rare earths, including 4,500 tons of magnet metal rare earths.
4638:
The chemical properties of the REEs are so similar that they are expected to show similar toxicity in humans. Mortality studies show REEs are not highly toxic. Long term (18 months) inhalation of dust containing high levels (60%) of REEs has been shown to cause
7098:
9757:
Amato, A.; Becci, A.; Birloaga, I.; De Michelis, I.; Ferella, F.; Innocenzi, V.; Ippolito, N. M.; Pillar Jimenez Gomez, C.; Vegliò, F.; Beolchini, F. (May 1, 2019). "Sustainability analysis of innovative technologies for the rare earth elements recovery".
3958:
in South Africa, the world's highest grade rare earths and thorium mine, closed in 1963, but has been gearing to go back into production. Over 80% of the infrastructure is already complete. Other mines include the Nolans Project in Central Australia, the
2785:
phase incorporates cerium and the LREE preferentially. The smaller size of the HREE allows greater solid solubility in the rock-forming minerals that make up Earth's mantle, and thus yttrium and the HREE show less enrichment in Earth's crust relative to
2774:. The result is that all magma formed from partial melting will always have greater concentrations of LREE than HREE, and individual minerals may be dominated by either HREE or LREE, depending on which range of ionic radii best fits the crystal lattice.
4062:, the proposed rare-earth mining project 'Matamulas' may provide, according to its developers, up to 2,100 Tn/year (33% of the annual UE demand). However, this project has been suspended by regional authorities due to social and environmental concerns.
5959:
P. Belli; R. Bernabei; F. Cappella; R. Cerulli; C. J. Dai; F. A. Danevich; A. d'Angelo; A. Incicchitti; V. V. Kobychev; S. S. Nagorny; S. Nisi; F. Nozzoli; D. Prosperi; V. I. Tretyak; S. S. Yurchenko (2007). "Search for α decay of natural Europium".
9871:
Borst, Anouk M.; Smith, Martin P.; Finch, Adrian A.; Estrade, Guillaume; Villanova-de-Benavent, Cristina; Nason, Peter; Marquis, Eva; Horsburgh, Nicola J.; Goodenough, Kathryn M.; Xu, Cheng; Kynický, Jindřich; Geraki, Kalotina (September 1, 2020).
3851:
manufacturers." China declared that it would implement the ruling on September 26, 2014, but would need some time to do so. By January 5, 2015, China had lifted all quotas from the export of rare earths, but export licenses will still be required.
4560:
It is, however, possible to filter out and recover any rare-earth elements that flow out with the wastewater from mining facilities. However, such filtering and recovery equipment may not always be present on the outlets carrying the wastewater.
7651:
3680:
The rare-earth elements patterns observed in igneous rocks are primarily a function of the chemistry of the source where the rock came from, as well as the fractionation history the rock has undergone. Fractionation is in turn a function of the
4734:
plant, "is wary of Lynas's assurances. The argument that low levels of thorium in the ore make it safer doesn't make sense, he says, because radiation exposure is cumulative." Construction of the facility has been halted until an independent
3534:
4842:
for rare-earth deposits under the protection of United States military forces. Since 2009 the USGS has conducted remote sensing surveys as well as fieldwork to verify Soviet claims that volcanic rocks containing rare-earth metals exist in
4646:
While REEs are not major pollutants, the increase application of REEs in new technologies has increased the need to understand their safe levels of exposure for humans. One side effect of mining REEs can be exposure to harmful radioactive
4557:, in Inner Mongolia, where much of the world's rare-earth supply is refined, has caused major environmental damage. China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology estimated that cleanup costs in Jiangxi province at $ 5.5 billion.
4104:
imports practically all of its rare earth elements from China. The EU Critical Raw Materials Act of 2023 has set in action the required policy adjustments for Europe to start producing two-thirds of the lithium-ion batteries required for
3796:, although it had only 36.7% of reserves. Australia was the second and only other major producer with 15% of world production. All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as dysprosium) come from Chinese rare-earth sources such as the
4120:
In 2024 American Rare Earths Inc. disclosed that its reserves near Wheatland Wyoming totaled 2.34 billion metric tons, possibly the world's largest and larger than a separate 1.2 million metric ton deposit in northeastern Wyoming.
2236:
of Delafontaine. Due to the difficulty in separating the metals (and determining the separation is complete), the total number of false discoveries was dozens, with some putting the total number of discoveries at over a hundred.
10233:
Zhong, Buqing; Wang, Lingqing; Liang, Tao; Xing, Baoshan (October 2017). "Pollution level and inhalation exposure of ambient aerosol fluoride as affected by polymetallic rare earth mining and smelting in Baotou, north China".
4242:
In January 2013 a Japanese deep-sea research vessel obtained seven deep-sea mud core samples from the Pacific Ocean seafloor at 5,600 to 5,800 meters depth, approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) south of the island of
10475:
Pagano, Giovanni; Aliberti, Francesco; Guida, Marco; Oral, Rahime; Siciliano, Antonietta; Trifuoggi, Marco; Tommasi, Franca (2015). "Rare earth elements in human and animal health: State of art and research priorities".
2167:. It took another 30 years for researchers to determine that other elements were contained in the two ores ceria and yttria (the similarity of the rare-earth metals' chemical properties made their separation difficult).
1032:
other than in several specialized enzymes, such as in lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenases in bacteria. The water-soluble compounds are mildly to moderately toxic, but the insoluble ones are not. All isotopes of
7590:
4188:
report said the Lynas investment was $ 730 million, and the projected share of the global market it would fill put at "about a sixth." An independent review initiated by the Malaysian Government, and conducted by the
4787:
and environmental concerns as the reasons for a nationwide crackdown on its rare-earth mineral production sector. However, non-environmental motives have also been imputed to China's rare-earth policy. According to
4553:
concentrated in the South, where mines – commonly small, rural, and illegal operations – are particularly prone to releasing toxic waste into the general water supply. However, even the major operation in
9150:
Volokh, A. A.; Gorbunov, A. V.; Gundorina, S. F.; Revich, B. A.; Frontasyeva, M. V.; Chen Sen Pal (June 1, 1990). "Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of rare-earth elements pollution of the environment".
8701:
Wencai Zhang; Mohammad Rezaee; Abhijit Bhagavatula; Yonggai Li; John Groppo; Rick Honaker (2015). "A Review of the Occurrence and Promising Recovery Methods of Rare Earth Elements from Coal and Coal By-Products".
2952:, or erupted at the surface. Typical REE enriched deposits types forming in rift settings are carbonatites, and A- and M-Type granitoids. Near subduction zones, partial melting of the subducting plate within the
8574:
5838:
4009:
In the UK, Pensana has begun construction of their US$ 195 million rare-earth processing plant which secured funding from the UK government's Automotive Transformation Fund. The plant will process ore from the
4580:
electronic parts and they are difficult to separate chemically. For example, recovery of neodymium requires manual disassembly of hard disk drives because shredding the drives only recovers 10% of the REE.
8662:
3016:
Rare-earth elements can also be enriched in deposits by secondary alteration either by interactions with hydrothermal fluids or meteoric water or by erosion and transport of resistate REE-bearing minerals.
1114:) is provided here. Some of the rare-earth elements are named after the scientists who discovered them, or elucidated their elemental properties, and some after the geographical locations where discovered.
8393:
2507:(due in part to their similar chemical properties), making the rare-earth elements relatively expensive. Their industrial use was very limited until efficient separation techniques were developed, such as
7644:
3269:
16575:
8269:
3910:, which has profited from this extractive industry. As of March 2022, 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing the area of
10936:
10893:
1071:), in practice this is spread thin across trace impurities, so to obtain rare earths at usable purity requires processing enormous amounts of raw ore at great expense, thus the name "rare" earths.
7677:
3035:
over tens of millions of years. One square patch of metal-rich mud 2.3 kilometers wide might contain enough rare earths to meet most of the global demand for a year, Japanese geologists report in
16590:
7564:
4457:
Other important uses of rare-earth elements are applicable to the production of high-performance magnets, alloys, glasses, and electronics. Ce and La are important as catalysts, and are used for
4267:
have made the extraction of rare earths from these materials less expensive. Recycling plants operate in Japan, where an estimated 300,000 tons of rare earths are found in unused electronics. In
6744:
8205:
8432:
3165:. Normalization is carried out by dividing the analytical concentrations of each element of the series by the concentration of the same element in a given standard, according to the equation:
2940:(200 to 600 km depth). This melt becomes enriched in incompatible elements, like the rare-earth elements, by leaching them out of the crystalline residue. The resultant magma rises as a
3922:
As a result of the increased demand and tightening restrictions on exports of the metals from China, some countries are stockpiling rare-earth resources. Searches for alternative sources in
2189:
In 1842 Mosander also separated the yttria into three oxides: pure yttria, terbia, and erbia (all the names are derived from the town name "Ytterby"). The earth giving pink salts he called
10561:
3732:
Sea and river waters typically have low rare-earth element concentrations. However, aqueous geochemistry is still very important. In oceans, rare-earth elements reflect input from rivers,
7719:
7542:
8492:
8334:
7702:
7099:"New evidence shows massive and rapid expansion of illicit rare earths industry in Myanmar, fuelling human rights abuses, environmental destruction and funding military-linked militias"
4756:
If the proper safety standards are followed, REE mining is relatively low impact. Molycorp (before going bankrupt) often exceeded environmental regulations to improve its public image.
2834:, contains small but potentially useful amounts of yttrium. Of the above yttrium minerals, most played a part in providing research quantities of lanthanides during the discovery days.
2753:
of the Earth, the dense rare-earth elements were incorporated into the deeper portions of the planet. Early differentiation of molten material largely incorporated the rare earths into
5114:"Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Dehydrogenases of XoxF4 and XoxF5 Clades Are Differentially Distributed Among Methylotrophic Bacteria and They Reveal Different Biochemical Properties"
4655:
Analysis of people living near mines in China had many times the levels of REEs in their blood, urine, bone, and hair compared to controls far from mining sites, suggesting possible
8523:. 1st European Rare Earth Resources Conference. Milos, Greece: European Commission for the 'Development of a sustainable exploitation scheme for Europe's Rare Earth ore deposits'.
6252:
Bau, Michael (April 1, 1996). "Controls on the fractionation of isovalent trace elements in magmatic and aqueous systems: evidence from Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and lanthanide tetrad effect".
3081:
processes rather than being characteristic of a single element of the series. Sc, Y, and Lu can be electronically distinguished from the other rare earths because they do not have
10992:
4797:
One possible example of market control is the division of General Motors that deals with miniaturized magnet research, which shut down its US office and moved its entire staff to
4312:
into oxides, which are more soluble and extractable. Using hydrochloric acid at concentrations less than 1% of conventional methods, the process extracted twice as much material.
10784:
6937:
10869:
7218:
5908:
M. V. Abrashev; N. D. Todorov; J. Geshev (September 9, 2014). "Raman spectra of R 2O3 (R—rare earth) sesquioxides with C-type bixbyite crystal structure: A comparative study".
5656:Но с гадолиния начинается иттриевая подгруппа редкоземельных элементов, а это значит, что на электронных оболочках его атомов должны быть электроны с антипараллельными спинами.
2996:, like the ones found in Africa and the Canadian Shield. Ferrocarbonatites are the most common type of carbonatite to be enriched in REE, and are often emplaced as late-stage,
7250:
6437:"Sedimentary carbonate‐hosted giant Bayan Obo REE‐Fe‐Nb ore deposit of Inner Mongolia, China; a cornerstone example for giant polymetallic ore deposits of hydrothermal origin"
3866:
in that country, future supplies of critical ores were possibly constrained. Additionally, it was speculated that the PRC could again reduce rare-earth exports to counter-act
7586:
3366:
3322:
16561:
10838:
6906:
7745:
4887:(1942)) features a struggle between two rival mining cartels to control a plot of land in a fictional African country, which contains rich minable rare-earth ore deposits.
5889:
6775:
4969:. The ending "-ide" normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to wide current usage, "lanthanide" is still allowed and is roughly analogous to rare-earth element.
9098:
7053:
9121:
8578:
6998:
5831:
3382:
8683:
Sorokin, Anatoliy P., et al. "Distribution of Rare Earth and Selected Trace Elements in Combustion Products of Yerkovetskoe Brown Coal Deposit (Amur Region, Russia)."
6688:
4626:
in China, where the water was contaminated due to a REE-enriched fertilizer being used in a nearby agricultural area. The aquatic environment became contaminated with
3950:
are ongoing. Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s, and it will take a few years to restart production as there are many
7801:
6152:
Kato, Yasuhiro; Fujinaga, Koichiro; Nakamura, Kentaro; Takaya, Yutaro; Kitamura, Kenichi; Ohta, Junichiro; Toda, Ryuichi; Nakashima, Takuya; Iwamori, Hikaru (2011).
8183:
4128:, Norway, making it Europe's largest known rare-earth element deposit. The mining firm predicted that it would finish developing the first stage of mining in 2030.
3149:
diagrams, in which concentration of rare-earth elements are normalized to a reference standard and are then expressed as the logarithm to the base 10 of the value.
1251:
filters, energy-efficient light bulbs (part of triphosphor white phosphor coating in fluorescent tubes, CFLs and CCFLs, and yellow phosphor coating in white LEDs),
15553:
8658:
7291:
7077:
4156:
to Kuantan. Within two years, Lynas was said to expect the refinery to be able to meet nearly a third of the world's demand for rare-earth materials, not counting
3675:
3627:
3579:
2795:: even-numbered REE at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered REE at abundances of about 1% each. Similar compositions are found in xenotime or gadolinite.
2615:
Due to their chemical similarity, the concentrations of rare earths in rocks are only slowly changed by geochemical processes, making their proportions useful for
2087:
A mnemonic for the names of the sixth-row elements in order is "Lately college parties never produce sexy European girls that drink heavily even though you look".
1013:. Compounds containing rare earths have diverse applications in electrical and electronic components, lasers, glass, magnetic materials, and industrial processes.
8401:
4660:
in street dust in China suggest "no augmented health hazard". Similarly, analysis of cereal crops in mining areas in China found levels too low for health risks.
2730:
As seen in the chart, rare-earth elements are found on Earth at similar concentrations to many common transition metals. The most abundant rare-earth element is
10665:
8462:
4089:
On 12 January 2023, Swedish state-owned mining company LKAB announced that it had discovered a deposit of over 1 million tonnes of rare earths in the country's
8636:
6411:
8277:
6562:
Massari, Stefania; Ruberti, Marcello (March 1, 2013). "Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies".
13056:
8243:
6131:
4465:. Nd is important in magnet production in traditional and low-carbon technologies. Rare-earth elements in this category are used in the electric motors of
4295:
and sludge, are a potential source of critical elements including rare-earth elements (REE) with estimated amounts in the range of 50 million metric tons.
3092:" which represents a higher-than-expected decrease in the atomic/ionic radius of the elements along the series. This is determined by the variation of the
10933:
10890:
10635:
8020:
7832:
13066:
7771:
7669:
7556:
13116:
8038:
6752:
5575:
8209:
8057:
7871:
7612:
3027:
Weld in Australia. REE may also be extracted from placer deposits if the sedimentary parent lithology contains REE-bearing, heavy resistate minerals.
2210:
tried also to separate the crude yttria and found the same substances that Mosander obtained, but Berlin named (1860) the substance giving pink salts
13213:
13091:
11214:
10401:
Zhuang, Maoqiang; Wang, Liansen; Wu, Guangjian; Wang, Kebo; Jiang, Xiaofeng; Liu, Taibin; Xiao, Peirui; Yu, Lianlong; Jiang, Ying (August 29, 2017).
9682:
8424:
7901:
5679:
4985:
4971:
4958:
6839:
6655:
16568:
6806:
3960:
10558:
5163:
Malhotra, Nemi; Hsu, Hua-Shu; Liang, Sung-Tzu; Roldan, Marri Jmelou M.; Lee, Jiann-Shing; Ger, Tzong-Rong; Hsiao, Chung-Der (September 16, 2020).
4820:
reported that "China ... in July announced the latest in a series of annual export reductions, this time by 40% to precisely 30,258 tonnes."
13096:
13071:
12517:
10609:
6869:
3018:
1009:, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft
8123:
7534:
13051:
12767:
10689:
8614:
8524:
8345:
6968:
4652:
fluoride concentration in the air near REE mines is higher than the limit value from WHO, but the health effects of this exposure are unknown.
4140:
was reported to be "hurrying to finish" a US$ 230 million rare-earth refinery on the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia's industrial port of
3847:
in the United States), prices of rare earths dropped. The price of dysprosium oxide was US$ 994/kg in 2011, but dropped to US$ 265/kg by 2014.
9251:
8484:
7691:
7028:
4501:
rare earth element creates around 2,000 tonnes of waste, partly toxic, including 1 ton of radioactive waste. The largest mining site of REEs,
2563:
The classification of rare-earth elements is inconsistent between authors. The most common distinction between rare-earth elements is made by
16580:
13180:
9576:
Sprecher, Benjamin; Xiao, Yanping; Walton, Allan; Speight, John; Harris, Rex; Kleijn, Rene; Visser, Geert; Kramer, Gert Jan (April 1, 2014).
9323:
9286:
7998:
2791:
Southern China. Some versions provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the HREE being present in ratios reflecting the
13190:
13185:
10223:
Chen, X. A., et al. "A twenty-year follow-up study on health effects-following long-term exposure to thorium dusts." HEIR 2004 (2005): 139.
6545:
4176:. In mid-2011, after protests, Malaysian government restrictions on the Lynas plant were announced. At that time, citing subscription-only
4073:
project contained not only the 6th largest deposit by tonnage outside of China but also the highest grade of rare-earth elements of the 6.
2328:") an oxide of a mixture of elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, iron, uranium, thorium, calcium, niobium, and tantalum. This mineral from
1090:, a black mineral composed of cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon, and other elements. This mineral was extracted from a mine in the village of
14575:
8299:
7934:
6605:
Liu, Shuang-Liang; Fan, Hong-Rui; Liu, Xuan; Meng, Jianyin; Butcher, Alan R.; Yann, Lahaye; Yang, Kui-Feng; Li, Xiao-Chun (June 1, 2023).
13126:
13086:
13081:
13041:
9392:
Barros, Óscar; Costa, Lara; Costa, Filomena; Lago, Ana; Rocha, Verónica; Vipotnik, Ziva; Silva, Bruna; Tavares, Teresa (March 13, 2019).
4574:
4039:
3797:
3013:. For the most part, these deposits are small but important examples include Illimaussaq-Kvanefeld in Greenland, and Lovozera in Russia.
10988:
8301:
Report of the International Review Mission on the Radiation Safety Aspects of a Proposed Rare Earths Processing Facility (Lynas Project)
13101:
13036:
12822:
5715:
Rare earth elements: a new approach to the nexus of supply, demand and use: exemplified along the use of neodymium in permanent magnets
4592:, "secondary waste is subjected to chemical and or bioleaching followed by solvent extraction processes for clean separation of REEs."
2936:
zones. In a rift setting, the alkaline magma is produced by very small degrees of partial melting (<1%) of garnet peridotite in the
10861:
10776:
7210:
7133:
6929:
4540:
Mining, refining, and recycling of rare earths have serious environmental consequences if not properly managed. Low-level radioactive
2695:
of these sesquioxides corresponds to eight unit cells of fluorite or cerium dioxide, with 32 cations instead of 4. This is called the
13195:
13175:
12962:
10271:"A human health risk assessment of rare earth elements in soil and vegetables from a mining area in Fujian Province, Southeast China"
9631:
Yang, Xiuli; Zhang, Junwei; Fang, Xihui (August 30, 2014). "Rare earth element recycling from waste nickel-metal hydride batteries".
9205:
8149:
3701:, controls the enrichment of MREE compared to LREE and HREE. Depletion of LREE relative to HREE may be due to the crystallization of
2383:
had not yet been discovered. (This is promethium, a radioactive element whose most stable isotope has a half-life of just 18 years.)
2379:
made it possible to assign atomic numbers to the elements. Moseley found that the exact number of lanthanides had to be 15, but that
1064:
10586:
7437:
7240:
5422:
4525:), which is produced during the combustion of diesel and released as exhaust, contributing heavily to soil and water contamination.
13031:
12995:
7381:
6489:
6456:
5341:
13417:
11114:
10834:
6898:
5507:
4193:(IAEA) in 2011 to address concerns of radioactive hazards, found no non-compliance with international radiation safety standards.
16600:
14515:
10958:
10753:
6713:
3171:
3161:
element. Normalization also removes the pronounced 'zig-zag' pattern caused by the differences in abundance between even and odd
2842:(which typically contains a few percent of yttrium). Uranium ores from Ontario have occasionally yielded yttrium as a byproduct.
8968:
Rim, Kyung-Taek (September 1, 2016). "Effects of rare earth elements on the environment and human health: A literature review".
7737:
5233:
14570:
13076:
13026:
6783:
4714:
2308:
9939:"Comprehensive Understandings of Rare Earth Element (REE) Speciation in Coal Fly Ashes and Implication for REE Extractability"
9090:
9064:
7050:
2691:
lattice and the anions sit inside the tetrahedra of cations), except that one-quarter of the anions (oxygen) are missing. The
2367:
The exact number of rare-earth elements that existed was highly unclear, and a maximum number of 25 was estimated. The use of
16610:
14510:
13121:
13046:
12957:
11207:
8558:
8551:
Hydrometallurgical recovery process of rare-earth elements from waste: main application of acid leaching with devised diagram
8376:
8082:
6990:
6087:
6027:
5799:
5761:
5723:
5607:
5559:
5453:
3975:
project has the potential to supply about 10% of the $ 1 billion of REE consumption that occurs in North America every year.
7645:"Building an independent and sustainable supply of magnet metal rare earths for the Electric Vehicle and Offshore Wind OEMs"
6681:
2200:
In 1842 the number of known rare-earth elements had reached six: yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, didymium, erbium, and terbium.
2186:
and pure lanthana. Didymia, although not further separable by Mosander's techniques, was in fact still a mixture of oxides.
13300:
11175:
9578:"Life Cycle Inventory of the Production of Rare Earths and the Subsequent Production of NdFeB Rare Earth Permanent Magnets"
4809:
3157:
3142:
2985:
1243:; jewelry - for its hardness and optical properties; do-it-yourself high temperature ceramics and cements based on water),
8845:
8208:[Chronology of Events at the Rare Earth Factory, Red Hill] (in Malay). Penang Consumer Association. Archived from
7960:
7809:
4454:
and magnets. In the US, more than half of REEs are used for catalysts; ceramics, glass, and polishing are also main uses.
4450:
The uses, applications, and demand for rare-earth elements have expanded over the years. Globally, most REEs are used for
3811:, was under development in 2018 and is positioned to become the first significant dysprosium producer outside of China.
13807:
12555:
12510:
8175:
6351:
4976:
4114:
9447:
8939:
7720:"UK's first magnet refinery given huge financial boost as first ever strategy for supply of critical minerals published"
7340:
7074:
4161:
16958:
16585:
15365:
12990:
12947:
10000:
Liu, Pan; Zhao, Simin; Xie, Nan; Yang, Lufeng; Wang, Qian; Wen, Yinghao; Chen, Hailong; Tang, Yuanzhi (April 4, 2023).
9529:"Rare earth elements: A review of applications, occurrence, exploration, analysis, recycling, and environmental impact"
8746:
7317:
5696:
4824:
4190:
2275:
1224:
5882:"The Crystal Structure of the Modification C of the Sesquioxides of the Rare Earth Metals, and of Indium and Thallium"
2398:
that he had discovered element 72 was untrue. Hafnium is an element that lies in the periodic table immediately below
2258:
16605:
14611:
13163:
10657:
10327:
8454:
8024:
7403:
5305:
4993:
2838:
is occasionally recovered as a byproduct of heavy-sand processing, but is not as abundant as the similarly recovered
1235:; as refractory material - in metal alloys used in jet engines, and coatings of engines and industrial gas turbines;
8644:
7587:"Long-discussed niobium mine in southeast Nebraska is ready to move forward, if it gathers $ 1 billion in financing"
7185:
6118:
2131:
from the gadolinite but failed to recognize other elements in the ore. After this discovery in 1794, a mineral from
933:
Refined rare-earth oxides are heavy, gritty powders usually brown or black, but can be lighter colors as shown here.
16323:
14298:
11200:
10536:
7516:
6400:
5274:
4912:
4485:
4079:
has been reported to have exported rare-earth ore to China, about US$ 1.88 million worth during May and June 2014.
3907:
3137:, rare-earth elements can be used to infer the petrological mechanisms that have affected a rock due to the subtle
7459:
4801:
in 2006 (China's export quota only applies to the metal but not products made from these metals such as magnets).
3889:
of rare earths from Myanmar in December 2021, exceeding 20,000 tonnes. Rare earths were discovered near Pangwa in
14056:
13111:
12985:
8235:
6435:
Chao E. C. T., Back J. M., Minkin J., Tatsumoto M., Junwen W., Conrad J. E., McKee E. H., Zonglin H., Qingrun M.
2095:
Rare earths were mainly discovered as components of minerals. Ytterbium was found in the "ytterbite" (renamed to
1696:
10807:
9225:
6128:
4630:
and resulted in the water hyacinth becoming three times more concentrated in cerium than its surrounding water.
2992:-rich immiscible liquid from. These liquids are most commonly forming in association with very deep Precambrian
2738:, having 68 parts per million (about as common as copper). The exception is the highly unstable and radioactive
15593:
13266:
13148:
12503:
10328:"Rare earth elements in street dust and associated health risk in a municipal industrial base of central China"
9700:
Deng, Bing; Wang, Xin; Luong, Duy Xuan; Carter, Robert A.; Wang, Zhe; Tomson, Mason B.; Tour, James M. (2022).
7840:
4234:-era mines are believed to have discarded large amounts of rare earths, because they had no value at the time.
4197:
number of conditions. On 2 September 2014, Lynas was issued a 2-year full operating stage license by the AELB.
4066:
4001:, the deposit has been mined, off and on, since 1951. A second large deposit of REEs at Elk Creek in southeast
2964:
Alkaline magmas enriched with rare-earth elements include carbonatites, peralkaline granites (pegmatites), and
12722:
10627:
7779:
4332:(Nd) can both be embedded inside glass and they completely cut out the glare from the flame when one is doing
3863:
3121:
The application of rare-earth elements to geology is important to understanding the petrological processes of
2274:
The samaria earth was further separated by Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886, and a similar result was obtained by
1036:
are radioactive, and it does not occur naturally in the earth's crust, except for a trace amount generated by
16900:
14458:
13323:
13140:
13061:
12951:
10068:
Chua, H (June 18, 1998). "Bio-accumulation of environmental residues of rare earth elements in aquatic flora
7486:
6518:
6439:
3990:
3914:, and an exponential increase from 2016. Land has also been seized from locals to conduct mining operations.
3788:
3002:
2902:
4046:
has urged Greenland to restrict Chinese development of rare-earth projects there, but as of early 2013, the
16948:
15707:
14528:
14521:
14493:
9477:. Reuse and Recycling / UN SGDs: How can Sustainable Chemistry Contribute? / Green Chemistry in Education.
7863:
7619:
4169:
3858:
supplied between 85% and 95% of the global demand for the 17 rare-earth powders, half of them sourced from
3729:
unaffected by the fluid and instead the rock retains the rare-earth element concentration from its source.
2512:
2345:
2300:
2254:
2025:
1689:
1028:
because they are not actually scarce, although historically it took a long time to isolate these elements.
7893:
4082:
In May 2012, researchers from two universities in Japan announced that they had discovered rare earths in
2320:
In 1839 the third source for rare earths became available. This is a mineral similar to gadolinite called
16912:
15558:
15416:
14936:
14918:
13170:
6831:
6647:
2932:, an uncommon kind of magmatism that occurs in tectonic settings where there is rifting or that are near
2522:
concentrates contain small amounts of scandium and other rare-earth elements, which could be analysed by
2368:
2223:
1221:
17:
12732:
12727:
11076:
6814:
1239:- for measuring oxygen and pH of hot water solutions, i.e. in fuel cells; ceramic electrolyte - used in
16953:
15623:
14538:
14303:
13627:
13005:
8888:"Application of rare-earth elements in the agriculture of China and its environmental behavior in soil"
5028:
4981:
4726:
3693:
melts, the following observations apply: anomalies in europium are dominated by the crystallization of
2112:
1228:
1020:
deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties, but have different electrical and
11186:
10606:
9470:
7159:
6861:
6304:
4613:
of soil and water around production areas, which has impacted vegetation in these areas by decreasing
3779:. Through the 1950s, South Africa was the world's rare earth source, from a monazite-rich reef at the
16420:
15876:
15426:
15411:
15384:
15034:
14864:
12938:
11159:
11139:
11118:
5512:
5014:
4585:
4533:
4502:
3824:
3327:
3283:
3044:
The global demand for rare-earth elements (REEs) is expected to increase more than fivefold by 2030.
2589:
2543:
1544:
14545:
10686:
8604:
8515:
6960:
5881:
16767:
16508:
15675:
15568:
15436:
14550:
13293:
12540:
10177:"Toxicological Evaluations of Rare Earths and Their Health Impacts to Workers: A Literature Review"
9255:
7463:
7024:
4997:
4292:
3894:
3056:. One of the most common classifications divides REE into 3 groups: light rare earths (LREE - from
2160:
1350:
1305:
1213:
1173:
13158:
9345:
Pereao, Omoniyi; Bode-Aluko, Chris; Fatoba, Olanrewaju; Laatikaine, Katri; Petrik, Leslie (2018).
7020:
4588:
and up to 70 times the cost due to the REE mining." In most of the reported studies reviewed by a
3529:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{REE}}_{i}}{{\text{REE}}_{i}^{*}}}={\frac {_{n}\times 2}{_{n}+_{n}}}}
2422:
procedures for separating and purifying rare-earth elements. This method was first applied to the
2174:, an assistant of Berzelius, separated ceria by heating the nitrate and dissolving the product in
16548:
16240:
15471:
15355:
14975:
14859:
14385:
13597:
13254:
13223:
12717:
12674:
12545:
9315:
8369:
Turning a Problem Into a Resource: Remediation and Waste Management at the Sillamäe Site, Estonia
6899:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic", Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242"
6606:
4808:
on shipments of rare-earth oxides (but not alloys) to Japan on 22 September 2010, in response to
4184:
4059:
4047:
2597:
2073:
10714:"Strategic evaluations and mining process optimization towards a strong global REE supply chain"
10326:
Sun, Guangyi; Li, Zhonggen; Liu, Ting; Chen, Ji; Wu, Tingting; Feng, Xinbin (December 1, 2017).
9278:
8821:
7990:
6542:
4124:
In June 2024, Rare Earths Norway found a rare-earth oxide deposit of 8.8 million metric tons in
2148:
16871:
16851:
16762:
16757:
15796:
15722:
15228:
15223:
14968:
14498:
13904:
13782:
13777:
12744:
12571:
8308:
7923:
6227:
4210:
Significant quantities of rare-earth oxides are found in tailings accumulated from 50 years of
3677:
the normalized concentrations of the respectively previous and next elements along the series.
3089:
2767:
2107:, Sweden and termed "rare" because it had never yet been seen. Arrhenius's "ytterbite" reached
1973:
1681:
1016:
Scandium and yttrium are considered rare-earth elements because they tend to occur in the same
14781:
14555:
13914:
12977:
10403:"Health risk assessment of rare earth elements in cereals from mining area in Shandong, China"
6305:"Rare earth elements in seawater: particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation"
5087:
4505:
in China produced more than 70,000 tons of radioactive waste, that contaminated ground water.
16707:
16622:
16356:
16233:
15952:
15930:
15881:
15431:
15189:
15053:
13827:
13650:
13464:
13218:
12799:
11135:
5165:"An Updated Review of Toxicity Effect of the Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Aquatic Organisms"
4023:
3682:
2792:
2372:
2289:
2124:
1704:
1685:
1263:
lenses (due to high refractive index and very low thermal expansion), battery cathodes (LYP)
1240:
15518:
15138:
14021:
7993:[North Korea Rare Earth exports to China increased significantly from May to June].
7021:"DS431: China — Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum"
5549:
3088:
A distinguishing factor in the geochemical behaviour of the REE is linked to the so-called "
2386:
Using these facts about atomic numbers from X-ray crystallography, Moseley also showed that
1078:
properties, rare-earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated in
16782:
16214:
16070:
15783:
15278:
15172:
14788:
14488:
14483:
13864:
13310:
12900:
12584:
11243:
11030:
10485:
10414:
10339:
10282:
10243:
10081:
10013:
9950:
9885:
9829:
9767:
9713:
9640:
9589:
9540:
9482:
9358:
9160:
9122:"The Energy Transition Will Need More Rare Earth Elements. Can We Secure Them Sustainably?"
8977:
8899:
8787:
8711:
6571:
6386:
6316:
6261:
6165:
5969:
5917:
5398:
4813:
4619:
4462:
3955:
3780:
2937:
2295:
Further spectroscopic analysis between 1886 and 1901 of samaria, yttria, and samarskite by
2171:
1331:
1301:
1260:
14582:
13632:
9202:
4771:
4759:
In Greenland, there is a significant dispute on whether to start a new rare-earth mine in
3983:
3713:. On the other hand, the depletion of HREE relative to LREE may be due to the presence of
3632:
3584:
3542:
8:
16924:
16866:
16841:
16724:
16498:
16455:
16415:
16381:
16115:
16082:
15940:
15754:
15734:
15466:
15294:
15273:
15075:
15029:
14761:
14184:
13715:
13286:
12817:
10583:
7429:
6482:
5372:
4873:
3899:
3744:
3717:, as garnet preferentially incorporates HREE into its crystal structure. The presence of
3085:
valence electrons, whereas the others do, but the chemical behaviour is almost the same.
3031:
2750:
2601:
2100:
1700:
1244:
1037:
1021:
915:
14129:
11034:
10489:
10418:
10343:
10286:
10247:
10085:
10042:
10017:
10001:
9954:
9889:
9833:
9771:
9717:
9644:
9593:
9544:
9486:
9362:
9164:
8981:
8903:
8791:
8776:"Global Potential of Rare Earth Resources and Rare Earth Demand from Clean Technologies"
8715:
8700:
7373:
6575:
6460:
6320:
6265:
6169:
5973:
5921:
5489:
Gschneidner K. A., Cappellen, ed. (1987). "1787–1987 Two hundred Years of Rare Earths".
5479:. Unfortunately this mnemonic doesn't distinguish very well between terbium and thulium.
5402:
5349:
5330:. (Internet Version 2009) (89th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor and Francis.
5264:
4696:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2822:, which derives its typical yellow fluorescence from some of the accompanying HREE. The
16819:
16814:
16627:
16460:
15987:
15965:
15960:
15918:
15891:
15851:
15305:
15199:
15153:
15065:
15024:
15007:
14890:
14885:
14606:
14587:
14400:
14324:
14088:
13889:
13884:
13578:
12905:
10443:
10402:
10371:
10201:
10176:
10152:
10119:
9982:
9914:
9873:
9853:
9801:
9734:
9701:
9506:
9420:
9393:
9001:
8931:
8837:
8727:
7245:
6285:
5941:
5414:
5388:
5140:
5113:
4938:
4805:
4784:
4610:
4458:
4178:
3010:
2688:
2523:
2500:
2120:
2029:
1673:
1610:
1346:
1181:
1079:
910:
16125:
15360:
13607:
10295:
10270:
10093:
9469:
Jowitt, Simon M.; Werner, Timothy T.; Weng, Zhehan; Mudd, Gavin M. (October 1, 2018).
6721:
6328:
6199:
5226:
5225:
Haxel G.; Hedrick J.; Orris J. (2002). Peter H. Stauffer; James W. Hendley II (eds.).
5199:
5164:
4038:. Pre-feasibility drilling at this site has confirmed significant quantities of black
2798:
Well-known minerals containing yttrium, and other HREE, include gadolinite, xenotime,
16687:
16503:
16477:
16465:
16450:
16361:
16209:
16036:
15935:
15866:
15548:
15543:
15483:
15476:
15441:
15204:
15019:
14927:
14675:
14628:
14505:
14365:
14355:
14320:
14310:
14278:
14221:
14216:
14119:
13407:
13365:
13000:
12870:
12094:
11058:
10859:
10745:
10511:
10448:
10430:
10363:
10355:
10308:
10300:
10206:
10157:
10139:
10097:
10047:
10029:
9974:
9966:
9919:
9901:
9857:
9845:
9805:
9793:
9739:
9664:
9656:
9613:
9605:
9558:
9510:
9498:
9425:
9374:
9346:
9184:
9176:
9172:
8993:
8923:
8915:
8841:
8731:
8554:
8372:
8371:. Volume 28 of NATO science series: Disarmament technologies. Springer. p. 229.
8340:
6628:
6587:
6332:
6277:
6181:
6093:
6083:
6033:
6023:
5805:
5795:
5767:
5757:
5719:
5692:
5667:
B. Smith Hopkins: "Chemistry of the rarer elements", D. C. Heath & Company, 1923.
5651:
5603:
5555:
5449:
5418:
5301:
5204:
5186:
5145:
4989:
4933:
4917:
4883:
4589:
4244:
3951:
3870:
imposed by the US and EU countries. Rare-earth metals serve as crucial materials for
3867:
3808:
3737:
3733:
3037:
2965:
2542:
were available, the separation of the rare earths was primarily achieved by repeated
2415:
2250:
2207:
2203:
1933:
1856:
1550:
1500:
1474:
1462:
1394:
1335:
1256:
1177:
616:
13622:
13491:
13442:
11181:
10375:
9986:
9005:
8935:
6623:
6583:
6289:
5981:
5945:
5535:
5448:. Vol. 31. Contributor: Matthias Bohnet (6th ed.). Wiley-VCH. p. 24.
2249:
was listed in the periodic table of elements with a molecular mass of 138. In 1879,
1111:
16789:
16717:
16712:
16280:
16258:
16218:
16194:
16158:
16130:
16110:
16058:
15903:
15843:
15638:
15421:
15389:
15377:
15258:
15143:
15060:
15002:
14638:
14633:
14597:
14436:
14179:
14164:
14141:
14114:
13685:
13657:
13481:
13452:
13427:
13402:
13385:
13235:
13153:
12929:
12794:
12752:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12692:
12687:
12682:
12634:
12629:
12624:
12158:
11863:
11692:
11521:
11440:
11359:
11332:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11048:
11038:
10989:"EU, U.S. exploring new sources of Rare Earth Minerals, should China limit exports"
10934:"Tech's Mineral Infrastructure – Time to Emulate China's Rare Earth Policies."
10725:
10501:
10493:
10438:
10422:
10347:
10290:
10255:
10251:
10196:
10188:
10147:
10131:
10089:
10037:
10021:
9958:
9938:
9909:
9893:
9837:
9783:
9775:
9729:
9721:
9648:
9597:
9548:
9490:
9415:
9405:
9366:
9168:
9056:
9035:
8985:
8907:
8829:
8795:
8719:
7968:
6618:
6579:
6324:
6269:
6173:
6154:"Deep-sea mud in the Pacific Ocean as a potential resource for rare-earth elements"
5977:
5933:
5925:
5863:
5684:
5406:
5194:
5176:
5135:
5125:
4923:
4844:
4570:
4510:
4470:
4284:
4272:
4256:
4106:
4083:
3871:
3581:
is the normalized concentration of the element whose anomaly has to be calculated,
3130:
3126:
3093:
2956:(80 to 200 km depth) produces a volatile-rich magma (high concentrations of CO
2754:
2504:
2451:
2156:
2152:
1985:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1761:
1757:
1745:
1677:
1621:
1614:
1293:
1056:
14766:
13964:
13832:
13612:
9841:
9652:
8723:
8307:. (29 May – 3 June 2011). International Atomic Energy Agency. 2011. Archived from
4030:. Additionally, in 2010, a large deposit of rare-earth minerals was discovered in
16846:
16794:
16425:
16288:
16143:
16053:
16043:
16031:
16010:
15886:
15871:
15653:
15648:
15488:
15399:
15283:
15268:
15263:
15044:
14958:
14739:
14562:
14533:
14268:
14093:
13812:
13745:
13521:
13469:
13432:
13106:
12967:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11255:
11250:
10940:
10902:
10897:
10693:
10613:
10590:
10565:
10497:
9209:
8100:
7081:
7057:
6549:
6443:
6135:
5477:
5410:
5250:
4656:
3890:
3885:
in Myanmar is the world's largest source of rare earths. In 2021, China imported
3740:
sources; this is important in the investigation of ocean mixing and circulation.
3110:
2949:
2758:
2735:
2547:
2447:
2296:
2077:
1977:
1669:
1570:
1558:
1425:
firesteel (flint) products, single-mode fiber optical amplifiers (as a dopant of
1418:
1410:
1342:
15121:
13755:
13617:
9494:
2402:, and hafnium and zirconium have very similar chemical and physical properties.
1098:; four of the rare-earth elements bear names derived from this single location.
16824:
16747:
16513:
16403:
16398:
16376:
16163:
16150:
16093:
16026:
16014:
15908:
15749:
15717:
15618:
15372:
15344:
15309:
15250:
14808:
14803:
14771:
14658:
14653:
14648:
14601:
14444:
14360:
14136:
14075:
13949:
13802:
13797:
13750:
13740:
13730:
13501:
13392:
13380:
13350:
12915:
12910:
12880:
12875:
12860:
12526:
11223:
11043:
11018:
10570:
10426:
9897:
9779:
9311:
8609:
8600:
5588:
Spedding F., Daane A. H.: "The Rare Earths", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1961.
5473:
4928:
4904:
4735:
4640:
4466:
4153:
4110:
4101:
4043:
3793:
3768:
2910:
2684:
2411:
2395:
2333:
2069:
2037:
1969:
1892:
1513:
1509:
1426:
1236:
13934:
13541:
11151:
10730:
10713:
10351:
9553:
9528:
9410:
8989:
5022:
3980:
3979:
signed an agreement in October 2010 to supply Japan with rare earths from its
1055:
Though rare-earth elements are technically relatively plentiful in the entire
16942:
16861:
16371:
16006:
15816:
15633:
15628:
15493:
15330:
15314:
15182:
15168:
15049:
15012:
14943:
14875:
14869:
14854:
14749:
14734:
14642:
14293:
14146:
14109:
14083:
13924:
13869:
13720:
13705:
13531:
13375:
12317:
11062:
10919:
10698:
10434:
10359:
10304:
10269:
Li, Xiaofei; Chen, Zhibiao; Chen, Zhiqiang; Zhang, Yonghe (October 1, 2013).
10192:
10143:
10101:
10033:
9970:
9905:
9849:
9797:
9660:
9609:
9577:
9562:
9502:
9443:
9378:
9180:
9040:
9023:
8997:
8919:
7347:
6632:
6591:
6336:
6281:
6185:
6097:
6078:
Jébrak, Michel; Marcoux, Eric; Laithier, Michelle; Skipwith, Patrick (2014).
6037:
5688:
5190:
5130:
5060:
4790:
4741:
panel investigation is completed, which is expected by the end of June 2011.
4575:
Renewable energy § Conservation areas, recycling and rare-earth elements
4333:
4160:. The Kuantan development brought renewed attention to the Malaysian town of
4069:
listed Peak Resources announced in February 2012, that their Tanzanian-based
3947:
3162:
3138:
3053:
2976:-rich fluids, which can be produced by partial melting of hydrous-carbonated
2953:
2616:
2568:
2564:
2427:
2376:
2349:
2304:
2285:
2108:
1929:
1896:
1665:
1646:
1123:
1107:
786:
29:
15503:
13939:
13735:
10860:
James T. Areddy, David Fickling And Norihiko Shirouzu (September 23, 2010).
10025:
9962:
9394:"Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Wastewater Towards a Circular Economy"
8887:
7309:
5809:
5771:
5648:
Popular library of chemical elements. Silver through nielsbohrium and beyond
2846:
2650:
In their oxides, most rare-earth elements only have a valence of 3 and form
2644:
2458:
16804:
16739:
16692:
16388:
16273:
16268:
16263:
16253:
16248:
15913:
15771:
15498:
15453:
15323:
15319:
15287:
15177:
15099:
15070:
14995:
14990:
14980:
14880:
14798:
14729:
14684:
14415:
14395:
14380:
14344:
14339:
14315:
14231:
14124:
14001:
13822:
13792:
13710:
13700:
13695:
13690:
13662:
13573:
13474:
13230:
12895:
12890:
12644:
12579:
12371:
12200:
11905:
11305:
11238:
10515:
10452:
10367:
10312:
10210:
10051:
9978:
9923:
9743:
9725:
9668:
9617:
9429:
9370:
8927:
8866:
7670:"Pensana confirms $ 494m capital cost for its Saltend, Longonjo operations"
6153:
5469:
5208:
5149:
5018:
4852:
4474:
4325:
4321:
4011:
3935:
3882:
3784:
3748:
3725:
3145:
of some rare earths relative to others depending on the processes at work.
3134:
3122:
2898:
2878:
2762:
2535:
2508:
2419:
2136:
2033:
1981:
1692:
1378:
1232:
1010:
947:
828:
695:
469:
15508:
14031:
14026:
14016:
13979:
13969:
13909:
13842:
13355:
10379:
10161:
10135:
9188:
7407:
6273:
2480:, where X is a mixture of rare-earth elements and sometimes thorium), and
2218:. This confusion led to several false claims of new elements, such as the
16856:
16836:
16809:
16635:
16393:
16293:
15991:
15980:
15975:
15923:
15801:
15791:
15660:
15116:
15085:
15080:
15039:
14948:
14724:
14699:
14694:
14663:
14420:
14375:
14283:
14263:
13996:
13919:
13879:
13787:
13767:
13511:
13496:
13486:
13422:
13342:
13010:
12885:
12639:
12425:
12389:
12380:
12290:
12272:
12263:
11300:
11053:
10915:
10120:"Exposure, metabolism, and toxicity of rare earths and related compounds"
7613:"NioCorp Superalloy Materials The Elk Creek Superalloy Materials Project"
6607:"Global rare earth elements projects: New developments and supply chains"
6515:"Cox C. 2008. Rare earth innovation. Herndon (VA): The Anchor House Inc;"
6446:. 1997. United States Geological Survey. 29 February 2008. Bulletin 2143.
6123:
4868:
4839:
4614:
4276:
4211:
4076:
3972:
3964:
3832:
3804:
3052:
The REE geochemical classification is usually done on the basis of their
2969:
2921:
2807:
2662:
2651:
2605:
2391:
2337:
2175:
1566:
1422:
1358:
1354:
1296:
and alkali-resistant glass, flint, hydrogen storage, battery-electrodes,
1166:
1075:
1041:
870:
842:
835:
765:
751:
744:
10530:
10506:
10002:"Green Approach for Rare Earth Element (REE) Recovery from Coal Fly Ash"
9788:
9347:"Rare earth elements removal techniques from water/wastewater: a review"
8688:
7557:"Mining Venture Draws $ 200 Million in Tax Incentives and Red Flags (1)"
7512:
5958:
5937:
5644:Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Серебро — Нильсборий и далее
5266:
5181:
4528:
4223:
3324:
the analytical concentration of the element measured in the sample, and
2777:
Among the anhydrous rare-earth phosphates, it is the tetragonal mineral
2749:
The rare-earth elements are often found together. During the sequential
2340:. The Russian chemist R. Harmann proposed that a new element he called "
1110:
and symbol, the etymology of their names, and their main uses (see also
16799:
16729:
16699:
16682:
16660:
16470:
16340:
16335:
16048:
15996:
15821:
15744:
15643:
15538:
15216:
15126:
15111:
15094:
15090:
14847:
14616:
14350:
14246:
14226:
14157:
13991:
13772:
13641:
13637:
13526:
13370:
12784:
12434:
12362:
12335:
12308:
11968:
11950:
11923:
11754:
11745:
11484:
11155:
8911:
8800:
8775:
7160:"Illegal rare earth mining harms environment in Myanmar's Kachin state"
4828:
4760:
4480:
Ce, La, and Nd are important in alloy making, and in the production of
4280:
4145:
4031:
3968:
3759:
3698:
2977:
2933:
2882:
2870:
2815:
2799:
2743:
2739:
2718:
2609:
2551:
2380:
2325:
2280:
2268:
2096:
1989:
1817:
1792:
1773:
1765:
1661:
1640:
1503:
1494:
1402:
1252:
1087:
1033:
998:
939:
877:
821:
800:
779:
518:
504:
483:
355:
348:
149:
14011:
13974:
13516:
9683:"Rare earth elements for smartphones can be extracted from coal waste"
9601:
8124:"Rare Earths Discovery Near Wheatland So Big It Could Be World Leader"
8056:
Chee, Foo Yun; Blenkinsop, Philip; Chee, Foo Yun (November 13, 2023).
5929:
5547:
4898:
2920:
Enriched deposits of rare-earth elements at the surface of the Earth,
2390:(element 72) would not be a rare-earth element. Moseley was killed in
2132:
1345:, polishing powder, yellow colors in glass and ceramics, catalyst for
16831:
16777:
16677:
16655:
16640:
16442:
16173:
16065:
16001:
15898:
15811:
15766:
15702:
15687:
15533:
15404:
15194:
14985:
14823:
14818:
14813:
14621:
14410:
14390:
14273:
14236:
13929:
13894:
13725:
13645:
13506:
12840:
12809:
12664:
12654:
12649:
12443:
12416:
12407:
12254:
12236:
12227:
12218:
12004:
11914:
11887:
11835:
11781:
11763:
11727:
11707:
11646:
11583:
11527:
11466:
11455:
11374:
11325:
11315:
11310:
10811:
8833:
6961:"El Reg man: Too bad, China – I was RIGHT about hoarding rare earths"
6483:"The Rare-Earth Elements—Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles"
6177:
5713:
5032:
4848:
4816:. On September 2, 2010, a few days before the fishing boat incident,
4481:
4477:, hard disc drives, portable electronics, microphones, and speakers.
4451:
4354:
4329:
4309:
4264:
4231:
4149:
4144:. The plant would refine ore — lanthanides concentrate from the
4096:
China processes about 90% of the world's REEs and 60% of the world's
4035:
4019:
3994:
3943:
3923:
3911:
3800:
3153:
3006:
2929:
2925:
2894:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2787:
2692:
2636:
2628:
2612:, but most promethium is synthetically produced in nuclear reactors.
2593:
2431:
2399:
2361:
2182:. It took him three more years to separate the lanthana further into
2128:
1956:
1846:
1446:
1280:
1248:
971:
967:
884:
863:
856:
737:
723:
716:
709:
546:
476:
455:
418:
376:
362:
334:
316:
272:
223:
179:
135:
126:
66:
13437:
13360:
11117:, Distillations Podcast and transcript, Episode 242, June 25, 2019,
11019:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
10532:
Rare Earth Elements in Agriculture with Emphasis on Animal Husbandry
9874:"Adsorption of rare earth elements in regolith-hosted clay deposits"
8270:"Rare Earth ETF Jumps As Plans To Break China's Hold Suffer Setback"
7292:"Monoceros Mineral Resources invests in Steenkampskraal Rare Earths"
6745:"China to cut exports of 'rare earth' minerals vital to energy tech"
5907:
5536:
History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers
5265:
Keith R. Long; Bradley S. Van Gosen; Nora K. Foley; Daniel Cordier.
2917:) have been the principal ores of cerium and the light lanthanides.
904:
16772:
16482:
16410:
16098:
15826:
15806:
15727:
15563:
15461:
15394:
15163:
14922:
14793:
14719:
14714:
14709:
14704:
14463:
14334:
14258:
14006:
13959:
13590:
13565:
13553:
13278:
12832:
12789:
12398:
12299:
12182:
12164:
12139:
12130:
12103:
12076:
12040:
12031:
12013:
11941:
11932:
11826:
11698:
11664:
11574:
11565:
11556:
11547:
11502:
11421:
11403:
11338:
10777:"Seventeen Metals: 'The Middle East has oil, China has rare earth'"
8039:"Sweden's LKAB finds Europe's biggest deposit of rare-earth metals"
7741:
6436:
5393:
4838:
The United States Geological Survey is actively surveying southern
4831:
as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance.
4718:
4541:
4219:
4125:
4113:. In 2024, an EU backed lithium mining project created large scale
4002:
3998:
3939:
3903:
3844:
3710:
3706:
3694:
3023:
2945:
2906:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2839:
2835:
2811:
2803:
2782:
2778:
2696:
2680:
2640:
2632:
2581:
2519:
2492:
2481:
2470:
2443:
2423:
2353:
2341:
2313:
2263:
2246:
2232:
2144:
2009:
1749:
1695:
detectors, a substrate for magneto-optical films, high performance
1602:
1589:
1538:
1470:
1414:
1153:
1025:
1002:
959:
849:
772:
681:
667:
651:
644:
623:
602:
574:
567:
553:
497:
490:
411:
309:
286:
216:
209:
202:
195:
163:
103:
89:
41:
10559:"Malaysia Rare Earths in Largest Would-Be Refinery Incite Protest"
6082:(2nd ed.). St. John's, NL: Geological Association of Canada.
5326:
C. R. Hammond. "Section 4; The Elements". In David R. Lide (ed.).
3803:
deposit. The Browns Range mine, located 160 km south east of
3096:
towards the nuclear charge due to the progressive filling of the 4
2503:
are more difficult to mine and extract than equivalent sources of
2394:
in 1915, years before hafnium was discovered. Hence, the claim of
1255:, gas mantles, additive to steel, aluminium and magnesium alloys,
927:
16667:
16650:
16430:
16298:
16228:
16204:
16103:
15739:
15665:
15300:
15240:
15233:
15148:
15106:
14953:
14932:
14913:
14895:
14837:
14776:
14744:
14689:
14405:
14329:
14189:
14169:
14098:
13760:
13667:
13585:
13548:
13536:
12659:
12495:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12353:
12344:
12326:
12281:
12209:
12191:
12121:
12067:
12049:
12022:
11995:
11977:
11959:
11869:
11799:
11772:
11736:
11718:
11682:
11673:
11655:
11637:
11536:
11475:
11365:
11320:
11192:
7275:
Leifert, H. (June 2010). "Restarting US rare earth production?".
5300:(77th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 10–12.
4804:
It was reported, but officially denied, that China instituted an
4648:
4549:
4545:
4304:
4227:
4141:
4097:
4070:
4027:
3976:
3859:
3702:
3368:
the concentration of the same element in the reference material.
2997:
2539:
2439:
2435:
2387:
2357:
2119:("earth" in the geological parlance of the day), which he called
2104:
2015:
1916:
1849:(in Latin, "Holmia"), the native city of one of its discoverers.
1840:
1734:
1728:
1711:
detectors, possibly in catalytic conversion of automobile fumes.
1207:
1201:
1091:
1049:
1045:
1006:
814:
807:
793:
758:
702:
688:
637:
595:
581:
560:
539:
525:
511:
441:
390:
369:
341:
327:
300:
293:
279:
265:
186:
142:
59:
9344:
8150:"Norway discovers Europe's largest deposit of rare earth metals"
5754:
Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation
5623:
5112:
Huang, Jing; Yu, Zheng; Chistoserdova, Ludmila (June 26, 2018).
2245:
There were no further discoveries for 30 years, and the element
2214:, and Delafontaine named the substance with the yellow peroxide
16752:
16138:
16021:
15861:
15670:
15613:
15523:
14963:
14592:
14251:
14241:
14204:
14194:
14174:
13986:
13837:
12245:
12173:
12058:
11986:
11896:
11878:
11844:
11808:
11790:
11619:
11610:
11601:
11493:
11446:
11412:
11394:
11349:
11170:
10944:
6352:"Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub-Province, Ontario and Quebec"
4627:
4554:
4268:
4090:
3931:
3927:
3776:
3747:
display long half-lives. Of particular interest are the La-Ce,
3718:
3714:
3690:
2993:
2941:
2914:
2886:
2874:
2845:
Well-known minerals containing cerium, and other LREE, include
2819:
2781:
that incorporates yttrium and the HREE, whereas the monoclinic
2771:
2731:
2257:
and found several new spectral lines in didymia. Also in 1879,
1879:
1860:
1738:
1708:
1653:
1595:
1325:
1297:
1095:
1086:
are sparse. The first rare-earth mineral discovered (1787) was
1068:
1060:
955:
730:
674:
588:
532:
462:
448:
425:
397:
383:
251:
244:
237:
156:
119:
96:
82:
50:
11152:"Rare-Earth Elements: The Intersection of Science and Society"
9091:"China Wrestles with the Toxic Aftermath of Rare Earth Mining"
9024:"Social and Environmental Impact of the Rare Earth Industries"
8774:
Zhou, Baolu; Li, Zhongxue; Chen, Congcong (October 25, 2017).
6862:"WRAPUP 4-US, EU, Japan take on China at WTO over rare earths"
5756:. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical.
5373:"Theoretical insights into the hydrophobicity of low index CeO
4093:
area, which would make it the largest such deposit in Europe.
3767:
Until 1948, most of the world's rare earths were sourced from
3743:
Rare-earth elements are also useful for dating rocks, as some
2810:, yttrotantalite, yttrotungstite, yttrofluorite (a variety of
2457:
The principal sources of rare-earth elements are the minerals
16672:
16645:
16199:
15970:
15833:
15697:
15605:
15211:
14828:
13457:
13447:
13412:
12776:
12459:
12148:
11853:
11511:
11385:
10535:(Dissertation). LMU München: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine.
9756:
9149:
6514:
6077:
4798:
4283:, that will produce 200 tons of rare earths a year from used
4260:
4215:
4165:
4157:
4137:
4055:
3855:
3840:
3772:
2890:
2722:
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust per million Si atoms (
2329:
2116:
2019:
1965:
1937:
1922:
1888:
1852:
1809:
1769:
1753:
1657:
1606:
1562:
1554:
1466:
1406:
1398:
1159:
658:
432:
170:
75:
8517:
China's rare earth ore deposits and beneficiation techniques
7894:"Hay tierras raras aquí y están... en un lugar de La Mancha"
5626:[Popular library of chemical elements. Gadolinium].
5488:
5232:. United States Geological Survey. USGS Fact Sheet: 087-02.
5227:"Rare Earth Elements—Critical Resources for High Technology"
3986:, however the deal was never realized due to disagreements.
3954:. Significant sites under development outside China include
3839:
In response to the opening of new mines in other countries (
3830:
resources and protect the environment. On October 19, 2010,
3156:, as these are believed to be the closest representation of
3141:
differences between the elements, which causes preferential
2948:, along pre-existing fractures, and can be emplaced deep in
2278:
by direct isolation from samarskite. They named the element
16351:
16168:
15856:
15759:
15712:
15131:
14842:
14209:
14199:
13874:
13397:
12112:
12085:
11628:
11592:
11430:
10972:
Simpson, S. (October 2011). "Afghanistan's Buried Riches".
9279:"South China Villagers Slam Pollution From Rare Earth Mine"
8058:"EU agrees mineral supply targets to cut reliance on China"
7346:. London: Insigner Beaufort Equity Research. Archived from
6804:
4776:
4749:
4738:
4288:
3264:{\displaystyle _{n}={\frac {_{\text{sam}}}{_{\text{std}}}}}
2585:
2496:
2140:
630:
609:
258:
230:
110:
8335:"Lynas gets full operating licence before TOL expiry date"
7802:"New Multi-Element Targets and Overall Resource Potential"
7692:"Pensana breaks ground at Saltend and secures ATF funding"
6151:
5224:
4827:
in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified
2961:
forming from these melts are typically S-Type granitoids.
15513:
14832:
14754:
13602:
11817:
11232:
10594:
9575:
8704:
International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization
8577:. Recycling International. March 26, 2013. Archived from
4745:
were announced by the Malaysian government in late June.
4263:
that have significant rare-earth components. Advances in
1618:
1083:
1017:
404:
10584:"UN investigation into Malaysia rare-earth plant safety"
9818:
9444:"Towards zero-waste valorization of rare earth elements"
9254:. China Mining Association. May 21, 2010. Archived from
6991:"China scraps quotas on rare earths after WTO complaint"
6303:
Alibo, Dia Sotto; Nozaki, Yoshiyuki (February 1, 1999).
2627:
Rare-earth elements occur in nature in combination with
2307:
that indicated the existence of an unknown element. The
1649:(1760–1852), to honor his investigation of rare earths.
27:
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
10474:
9937:
Liu, Pan; Huang, Rixiang; Tang, Yuanzhi (May 7, 2019).
8206:"Kronologi Peristiwa di Kilang Nadir Bumi, Bukit Merah"
7211:"EU stockpiles rare earths as tensions with China rise"
5624:"Популярная библиотека химических элементов. Гадолиний"
4042:, which contains about 1% rare-earth oxides (REO). The
2446:, and the other actinides in the materials produced in
10175:
Rim, Kyung Taek; Koo, Kwon Ho; Park, Jung Sun (2013).
9870:
8747:"An electric jolt salvages valuable metals from waste"
7051:"China Trade - Invest Based On Rare Earth Price Hikes"
5162:
4775:
Global rare-earth-oxide production trends, 1956-2008 (
4172:
subsidiary, Asian Rare Earth, closed in 1994 and left
4018:
Also under consideration for mining are sites such as
2988:
of an alkaline primary magma, or by separation of a CO
2734:, which is actually the 25th most abundant element in
2163:
independently discovered the same oxide and called it
10891:
Backlash over the alleged China curb on metal exports
10063:
10061:
7241:"Canadian Firms Step Up Search for Rare-Earth Metals"
7186:"Is Myanmar's junta benefiting from rare-earth boom?"
4729:, widespread protests took place in Kuantan over the
3635:
3587:
3545:
3385:
3330:
3286:
3174:
10711:
10658:"Greenland votes, split on rare earth metals mining"
10113:
10111:
9468:
9391:
8101:"Thousands protest against lithium mining in Serbia"
8083:"Securing the EU's supply of critical raw materials"
5321:
5319:
5317:
5111:
4894:
4255:
Another recently developed source of rare earths is
3152:
Commonly, the rare-earth elements are normalized to
2558:
2155:. In 1803 they obtained a white oxide and called it
10959:"US Geological Survey: China's Rare-Earth Industry"
10835:"Amid Tension, China Blocks Vital Exports to Japan"
9699:
8514:Zhi Li, Ling; Yang, Xiaosheng (September 4, 2014).
7430:"Rare earths supply deal between Japan and Vietnam"
6682:"Rare Earth Elements: A Wrench in the Supply Chain"
6552:. Reuters. August 31, 2009. Retrieved Aug 31, 2009.
6543:"As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms"
5879:
3874:manufacturing and high-tech military applications.
2699:
structure, as it occurs in a mineral of that name (
2672:3 (no. 199), but is now known to be in space group
2450:. Plutonium-239 was very desirable because it is a
2028:– PET scan detectors, high-refractive-index glass,
1220:) as host for europium in television red phosphor,
10862:"China Denies Halting Rare-Earth Exports to Japan"
10808:"Rare earth innovation: the silent shift to China"
10232:
10058:
9475:Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry
9316:"After China's Rare Earth Embargo, a New Calculus"
8886:Pang, Xin; Li, Decheng; Peng, An (March 1, 2002).
8485:"Discovery of rare earths around Minami-Torishima"
8236:"Mitsubishi Quietly Cleans Up Its Former Refinery"
8055:
7738:"Federal minister approves N.W.T. rare earth mine"
7075:"Rare earths are the next geopolitical chess game"
6832:"China halts rare earth production at three mines"
6687:. Center for Strategic and International Studies.
6488:. United States Geological Survey. November 2014.
6119:"Rare earth elements plentiful in ocean sediments"
5683:. Vol. 31. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 184.
5491:Rare Earth Information Center, IPRT, North-Holland
3669:
3621:
3573:
3528:
3360:
3316:
3263:
2059:Parts per million in Earth's crust, e.g. Pb=13 ppm
1106:A table listing the 17 rare-earth elements, their
13944:
10616:. Iaea.org (2011-06-29). Retrieved on 2011-09-27.
10607:IAEA Submits Lynas Report to Malaysian Government
10108:
8575:"New liquid extraction frontier for rare earths?"
8366:
7406:. Great Western Mineral Group Ltd. Archived from
6826:
6824:
6805:Zhang Qi; Ding Qingfen; Fu Jing (July 15, 2011).
6228:"Europe Must Get Serious About Critical Minerals"
5548:Stephen David Barrett; Sarnjeet S. Dhesi (2001).
5314:
4972:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4959:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
4871:'s now-classic 1967 international crime-thriller
4173:
3989:The largest rare-earth deposit in the U.S. is at
3787:province. Through the 1960s until the 1980s, the
3100:orbital which acts against the electrons of the 6
2193:; the one that yielded yellow peroxide he called
1760:(as part of the white triband phosphor coating),
1210:, where the first rare-earth ore was discovered.
1139:
16940:
11077:"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction"
10687:"The Difference Engine: More precious than gold"
10400:
8455:"Seabed offers brighter hope in rare-earth hunt"
8394:"Estonia's rare earth break China's market grip"
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6675:
6673:
5576:On Rare And Scattered Metals: Tales About Metals
4855:has estimated its value at about $ 7.4 billion.
4810:the detainment of a Chinese fishing boat captain
4051:future because of the law passed December 2012.
2469:, where R is a mixture of rare-earth elements),
2344:" should be present in this mineral, but later,
10268:
10072:(Mart.) Solms in Guangdong Province of China".
9522:
9520:
9310:
9017:
9015:
8605:"Japan Recycles Minerals From Used Electronics"
8098:
7374:"California mine digs in for 'green' gold rush"
6020:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
5508:"The History and Future of Rare Earth Elements"
4495:
4148:mine in Australia. The ore would be trucked to
2679:(no. 206). The structure is similar to that of
2240:
2115:professor, and his analysis yielded an unknown
1855:, wavelength calibration standards for optical
11136:"10 ways rare earth elements make life better"
9999:
8021:"Japan Discovers Domestic Rare Earths Reserve"
7528:
7526:
7270:
7268:
6821:
6561:
5680:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5446:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
5049:. Black Dog & Leventhal. pp. 118–122.
4980:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):
4766:
4672:
4599:
2090:
1184:, radioactive tracing agent in oil refineries
30:
13294:
12511:
11208:
11115:"Rare Earths: The Hidden Cost to Their Magic"
10986:
10628:"Why rare-earth mining in the West is a bust"
10625:
9630:
9084:
9082:
8661:. Recycling International. October 11, 2011.
8425:"Gold Rush Trash is Information Age Treasure"
8391:
7924:"Maiden Resource, Ngualla Rare Earth Project"
7830:
7730:
6884:
6679:
6670:
6604:
5829:
5443:
4564:
3724:In sedimentary rocks, rare-earth elements in
2885:, and cerianite. Monazite (marine sands from
10906:, London, 29 Aug 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
10325:
10117:
9936:
9517:
9276:
9012:
8970:Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences
8892:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
8816:
8814:
8769:
8767:
8687:, vol. 37, no. 6, 2019, pp. 1721–36. JSTOR,
8637:"Rhodia to recycle rare earths from magnets"
8326:
6958:
6410:. U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 132–133.
6382:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5616:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4174:continuing environmental and health concerns
3022:is called supergene enrichment and produces
2414:and others in the United States (during the
1067:at 68 parts per million, more abundant than
10971:
10961:. Journalist's Resource.org. July 18, 2011.
10774:
9226:"Thorium - Cancer-Causing Substances - NCI"
8659:"Rhodia expands rare earth recycling reach"
7961:"Rare earths bankroll North Korea's future"
7864:"Greenland Votes to Get Tough on Investors"
7535:"Elk Creek deposit proves to be rare earth"
7523:
7422:
7274:
7265:
6927:
6776:"China's Rare Earth Exports Surge in Value"
6459:. Northern Minerals Limited. Archived from
6302:
5794:. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
5785:
5783:
5781:
4131:
3030:In 2011, Yasuhiro Kato, a geologist at the
2766:REE (LREE) to heavy REE (HREE), called the
2405:
13301:
13287:
12518:
12504:
11215:
11201:
10987:Trakimavicius, Lukas (February 25, 2021).
10712:Barakos, G; Gutzmer, J; Mischo, H (2016).
10470:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10462:
10174:
9145:
9143:
9079:
8885:
8773:
8513:
8099:Ferreira Santos, Sofia (August 10, 2024).
6538:
6536:
6350:Rose, Edward Roderick (February 4, 1960).
6073:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6013:
6011:
5551:The Structure of Rare-earth Metal Surfaces
5249:However, in contrast to ordinary base and
5024:Andrea Sella: "Insight: Rare-earth metals"
2713:
2178:. He called the oxide of the soluble salt
1477:, electric motors in electric automobiles
1357:flints for lighters, robust intrinsically
11052:
11042:
10729:
10505:
10442:
10294:
10200:
10151:
10041:
9913:
9787:
9733:
9552:
9419:
9409:
9203:"Can the US Rare-Earth Industry Rebound?"
9088:
9039:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8811:
8799:
8764:
8229:
8227:
7487:"Gần 10 năm chưa khai thác được đất hiếm"
6930:"China cuts mines vital to tech industry"
6742:
6622:
6369:
6254:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
6204:European Commission - European Commission
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6022:(2nd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5751:
5732:
5392:
5325:
5295:
5220:
5218:
5198:
5180:
5139:
5129:
5002:
4136:In early 2011, Australian mining company
2499:. Despite their high relative abundance,
1082:. Consequently, economically exploitable
11016:
10832:
10826:
9760:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
8881:
8879:
8233:
8173:
8147:
7861:
7338:
7290:Casey, Jessica, ed. (February 5, 2022).
7183:
6773:
5880:William Zachariasen (January 11, 1927).
5789:
5778:
4961:"Red Book" (p. 45) recommends that
4881:, but not to be confused with the movie
4770:
4527:
4168:, where a rare-earth mine operated by a
3758:
3280:indicates the normalized concentration,
2717:
1921:after the mythological northern land of
1118:Overview of rare-earth metal properties
1044:. They are often found in minerals with
12315:
10810:. The Anchor House, Inc. Archived from
10528:
10459:
9526:
9306:
9304:
9252:"Govt cracks whip on rare earth mining"
9140:
8599:
8367:Rofer, Cheryl K.; Tõnis Kaasik (2000).
8267:
8263:
8261:
7952:
7667:
7661:
7657:from the original on September 9, 2022.
7545:from the original on September 9, 2022.
7519:from the original on September 9, 2022.
6854:
6555:
6533:
6398:
6222:
6220:
5502:
5500:
5061:"Rare earths: Neither rare, nor earths"
5045:T Gray (2007). "Lanthanum and Cerium".
2905:, or several localities in China), and
2515:during the late 1950s and early 1960s.
1469:, violet colors in glass and ceramics,
14:
16941:
16322:
12369:
12198:
11903:
11012:
11010:
10995:from the original on February 15, 2022
10833:Bradsher, Keith (September 22, 2010).
10006:Environmental Science & Technology
9943:Environmental Science & Technology
9582:Environmental Science & Technology
9471:"Recycling of the rare earth elements"
8954:
8465:from the original on December 20, 2016
8246:from the original on December 29, 2016
8224:
7958:
7532:
7371:
6694:from the original on February 12, 2011
6389:, Wikinvest. Retrieved on 11 Aug 2010.
6343:
6104:
6044:
6017:
5988:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5370:
5239:from the original on December 14, 2010
5215:
5044:
4715:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
4275:group is setting up two factories, in
4250:
2608:produces trace amounts of radioactive
2139:, Sweden, which was believed to be an
2103:in 1787 at a quarry in the village of
2076:; trace quantities occur in nature as
2032:hosts for phosphors, catalyst used in
1961:after the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
1884:after the village of Ytterby, Sweden.
1797:from the Greek "dysprositos", meaning
1680:, steel and chromium alloys additive,
1176:for aerospace components, additive in
16536:
16321:
15591:
14055:
14054:
13321:
13282:
12499:
12423:
12387:
12378:
12288:
12270:
12261:
11196:
11154:, presentation and discussion led by
10853:
10638:from the original on November 3, 2021
10551:
10332:Environmental Geochemistry and Health
10118:Hirano, S; Suzuki, K T (March 1996).
9048:
8876:
8689:https://www.jstor.org/stable/26785615
8685:Energy Exploration & Exploitation
8530:from the original on January 19, 2020
7933:. Peak Resources. February 29, 2012.
7874:from the original on October 28, 2020
7484:
7289:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7122:
7120:
6971:from the original on February 1, 2020
6495:from the original on January 19, 2022
6417:from the original on January 25, 2019
6357:. Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada
5844:from the original on February 9, 2022
5328:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5298:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
5277:from the original on October 26, 2021
4862:
4405: Phosphors and pigments, 3% (3%)
3011:rare-earth-bearing accessory minerals
1285:from the Greek "lanthanein", meaning
16908:
13308:
12432:
12360:
12333:
12306:
11966:
11948:
11921:
11752:
11743:
11023:Energy Research & Social Science
10319:
10168:
10067:
9301:
9054:
9022:Ali, Saleem H. (February 13, 2014).
8806:See production in Figure 1 on page 2
8744:
8491:. University of Tokyo. May 2, 2013.
8422:
8258:
8121:
7862:Bomsdorf, Clemens (March 13, 2013).
6807:"Rare earths export quota unchanged"
6714:"China To Limit Rare Earths Exports"
6349:
6217:
5864:"Seltene Erden – Daten & Fakten"
5711:
5677:McGill, Ian. "Rare Earth Elements".
5497:
5267:"The Geology of Rare Earth Elements"
4676:
3967:project in northern Canada, and the
13262:
12441:
12414:
12405:
12252:
12234:
12225:
12216:
12002:
11912:
11885:
11833:
11779:
11761:
11725:
11705:
11644:
11581:
11482:
11464:
11453:
11372:
11007:
10841:from the original on April 23, 2022
10805:
9289:from the original on April 20, 2022
9119:
9089:Standaert, Michael (July 2, 2019).
9067:from the original on April 14, 2021
9021:
8967:
8392:Anneli Reigas (November 30, 2010).
8001:from the original on March 30, 2019
7940:from the original on April 16, 2012
7831:Carol Matlack (February 10, 2013).
7772:"Rare Earth Elements at Kvanefjeld"
7708:from the original on July 22, 2022.
7680:from the original on July 12, 2022.
7533:Lasley, Shane (September 6, 2022).
7460:"Vietnam signs major nuclear pacts"
7384:from the original on April 10, 2022
7253:from the original on April 10, 2022
7091:
7013:
6983:
6909:from the original on August 3, 2019
6842:from the original on April 10, 2022
6718:Manufacturing.net, 1 September 2009
6658:from the original on April 10, 2022
6251:
6142:, 2011-07-05. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
5816:
5425:from the original on April 10, 2022
4977:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry
4663:
4532:False-color satellite image of the
4426: Ceramics and glass, 15% (15%)
3993:, California, sixty miles south of
3001:Zandkopsdrift in South Africa, and
24:
15592:
13322:
12525:
12396:
12297:
12180:
12162:
12137:
12128:
12101:
12074:
12029:
12011:
11939:
11930:
11824:
11696:
11662:
11572:
11554:
11545:
11525:
11500:
11222:
10872:from the original on June 15, 2022
10787:from the original on June 24, 2022
10756:from the original on June 10, 2022
10668:from the original on June 21, 2022
10539:from the original on June 15, 2022
9326:from the original on June 25, 2022
9277:Lee Yong-tim (February 22, 2008).
9097:. Yale School of the Environment.
8942:from the original on June 23, 2022
8848:from the original on June 29, 2018
8822:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2019"
8665:from the original on July 29, 2017
8617:from the original on June 22, 2022
8548:
8495:from the original on June 20, 2018
8435:from the original on June 15, 2022
8332:
8186:from the original on June 15, 2022
7904:from the original on June 23, 2022
7748:from the original on June 22, 2022
7567:from the original on June 18, 2022
7221:from the original on July 19, 2014
7152:
7117:
7031:from the original on June 30, 2022
7001:from the original on June 15, 2022
6959:Tim Worstall (December 23, 2012).
6872:from the original on June 26, 2022
6645:
6127:, 3 July 2011. Via Kurt Brouwer's
5676:
5642:"Гадолиний" [Gadolinium].
5597:
4920:: lists used materials in products
4825:United States Department of Energy
4722:waste to the hilltop repository."
4633:
4609:The mining of REEs has caused the
4191:International Atomic Energy Agency
3917:
3877:
3689:In igneous rocks, particularly in
2511:, fractional crystallization, and
2276:Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
2099:in 1800) discovered by Lieutenant
1383:from the Greek "prasios", meaning
1216:(YAG) laser, yttrium vanadate (YVO
914:(shown with a 19 mm diameter
25:
16970:
12351:
12342:
12324:
12279:
12189:
12119:
12092:
12065:
12047:
12038:
12020:
11993:
11975:
11957:
11867:
11797:
11770:
11734:
11680:
11671:
11653:
11635:
11563:
11534:
11473:
11419:
11401:
11363:
11336:
11091:
11017:Overland, Indra (March 1, 2019).
10775:Dian L. Chu (November 11, 2010).
10296:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.085
10124:Environmental Health Perspectives
9450:from the original on June 7, 2021
9101:from the original on July 9, 2022
8643:. October 3, 2011. Archived from
8461:. Nikkei Inc. November 25, 2014.
8268:Coleman, Murray (June 30, 2011).
8234:Bradsher, Keith (March 8, 2011).
8174:Bradsher, Keith (March 8, 2011).
7959:Petrov, Leonid (August 8, 2012).
7806:Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd
7776:Greenland Minerals and Energy Ltd
7668:Arnoldi, Marleny (May 25, 2022).
7593:from the original on May 11, 2020
7440:from the original on July 3, 2022
7372:Gorman, Steve (August 30, 2009).
7320:from the original on May 17, 2022
6680:Livergood, R. (October 5, 2010).
6521:from the original on July 8, 2022
5869:. Öko-Institut e.V. January 2011.
5296:Lide, David R., ed. (1996–1997).
4544:resulting from the occurrence of
4320:According to chemistry professor
3721:may also cause a similar effect.
2559:Light versus heavy classification
2529:
2253:used the new physical process of
1517:
16919:
16907:
16896:
16895:
13261:
13250:
13249:
12243:
12207:
12171:
12056:
11984:
11894:
11876:
11806:
11788:
11716:
11617:
11608:
11599:
11444:
11347:
11169:
11146:
11130:
11109:
11069:
10980:
10965:
10951:
10926:
10909:
10884:
10799:
10768:
10738:
10705:
10680:
10650:
10619:
10600:
10577:
10522:
10394:
10262:
10226:
10217:
10074:Science of the Total Environment
9993:
9930:
9864:
9812:
9750:
9702:"Rare earth elements from waste"
9693:
9675:
9624:
9569:
9462:
9436:
9385:
9351:Desalination and Water Treatment
9338:
9270:
9244:
9218:
9195:
9153:Science of the Total Environment
9113:
8860:
8738:
8694:
8677:
8651:
8629:
8593:
8567:
8542:
8507:
8477:
8447:
8416:
8385:
8360:
8333:Ng, Eileen (September 2, 2014).
8292:
8242:. (March 9, 2011 p. B4 NY ed.).
8198:
8182:. (March 9, 2011 p. B1 NY ed.).
8167:
8141:
8115:
8092:
8075:
8049:
8031:
8013:
7983:
7650:. Pensana Plc. August 18, 2022.
7314:Steenkampskraal Rare Earths Mine
6940:from the original on May 7, 2021
6399:Gambogi, Joseph (January 2018).
5837:. Geological Society of London.
4913:List of elements facing shortage
4897:
4681:
4604:
4205:
4200:
4065:Adding to potential mine sites,
1697:high-temperature superconductors
1336:the Roman goddess of agriculture
1225:high-temperature superconductors
926:
903:
16920:
14455:Outdoors & sports equipment
12146:
11851:
11842:
11509:
11491:
11410:
11392:
10626:Tim Heffernan (June 16, 2015).
9055:Rizk, Shirley (June 21, 2019).
8176:"Taking a Risk for Rare Earths"
8148:Meredith, Sam (June 11, 2024).
7916:
7886:
7855:
7833:"Chinese Workers—in Greenland?"
7824:
7794:
7764:
7712:
7684:
7637:
7605:
7579:
7549:
7505:
7478:
7452:
7396:
7365:
7332:
7302:
7283:
7233:
7203:
7177:
7067:
7049:R. Castellano (Jun. 02, 2019).
7043:
6952:
6921:
6798:
6767:
6736:
6706:
6639:
6624:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105428
6598:
6584:10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.07.001
6507:
6475:
6449:
6429:
6392:
6309:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
6296:
6245:
6192:
6145:
5982:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.03.001
5952:
5901:
5873:
5856:
5830:Working Group (December 2011).
5705:
5670:
5661:
5591:
5582:
5568:
5554:. World Scientific. p. 4.
5541:
5528:
5482:
5462:
5437:
5364:
5334:
5289:
5085:
4763:due to environmental concerns.
4742:
4730:
4237:
3361:{\displaystyle {_{\text{ref}}}}
3317:{\displaystyle {_{\text{sam}}}}
3116:
3064:Nd), intermediate (MREE - from
3047:
2830:, such as is found in southern
2259:Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
2062:
2053:
1652:High refractive index glass or
1506:, who brought fire to mortals.
1451:from the Greek "neos", meaning
12580:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
12110:
12083:
11626:
11590:
11428:
11383:
10837:. The New York Times Company.
10256:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.08.014
9633:Journal of Hazardous Materials
8745:Kean, Sam (February 9, 2022).
8423:Cone, Tracie (July 21, 2013).
8122:Maio, Pat (February 7, 2024).
7249:. Reuters. September 9, 2009.
7217:. Reuters. September 6, 2011.
7184:Makichuk, Dave (May 3, 2021).
7134:"Myanmar's poisoned mountains"
6928:Kevin Voigt (August 8, 2012).
6743:Ben Geman (October 19, 2009).
5602:. Elsevier. pp. 162–165.
5600:Hydrometallurgy of Rare Earths
5258:
5156:
5105:
5079:
5053:
5038:
5035:/ Oct 2016, minutes 4:40 - ff.
4951:
4643:but the mechanism is unknown.
4586:in the climate change category
4486:nickel-metal hydride batteries
4291:and coal by-products, such as
3963:project in Alaska, the remote
3658:
3636:
3610:
3588:
3562:
3546:
3514:
3492:
3480:
3458:
3441:
3425:
3348:
3332:
3304:
3288:
3249:
3233:
3222:
3206:
3191:
3175:
13:
1:
14459:Personal protective equipment
13122:Thermal expansion coefficient
12818:Lists of metalloids by source
11815:
10806:Cox, C. (November 16, 2006).
10718:Journal of Sustainable Mining
10094:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00055-2
9842:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122048
9822:Journal of Cleaner Production
9653:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.07.027
8724:10.1080/19392699.2015.1033097
7088:. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
7064:. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
6774:Tony Jin (January 18, 2011).
6646:Ma, Damien (April 25, 2012).
6329:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00279-8
4944:
4347:Global REE consumption, 2015
4315:
3898:government by working with a
3789:Mountain Pass rare earth mine
3754:
2903:Mountain Pass rare earth mine
2687:(in which the cations form a
2348:, Galissard de Marignac, and
2018:, the city that later became
1353:catalyst for oil refineries,
1024:. The term 'rare-earth' is a
10498:10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.039
9527:Balaram, V. (July 1, 2019).
9173:10.1016/0048-9697(90)90059-4
9120:CHO, RENEE (April 5, 2023).
8023:. BrightWire. Archived from
7997:(in Korean). July 28, 2014.
7991:"북한, 올 5~6월 희토류 중국 수출 크게 늘어"
7900:(in Spanish). May 24, 2019.
6387:China's Rare Earth Dominance
6080:Geology of mineral resources
5718:. Berlin; London: Springer.
5411:10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.01.208
4496:Environmental considerations
4414:US consumption of REE, 2018
3908:New Democratic Army – Kachin
2622:
2580:Rare-earth elements, except
2346:Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand
2241:Spectroscopic identification
2147:mineral, was re-examined by
2026:Positron emission tomography
1690:positron emission tomography
1361:coatings for turbine blades
1308:catalyst for oil refineries
7:
16537:
12861:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
12564:By periodic table structure
10564:September 11, 2014, at the
9495:10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.02.008
9057:"What colour is the cloud?"
8873:(Academic, New York, 1995).
8826:Mineral Commodity Summaries
7404:"Hoidas Lake, Saskatchewan"
6408:Mineral Commodity Summaries
5790:Brownlow, Arthur H (1996).
5752:Rollinson, Hugh R. (1993).
5444:Fritz Ullmann, ed. (2003).
4890:
4783:China has officially cited
4767:Geopolitical considerations
4673:Remediation after pollution
4600:Impact of REE contamination
4444: Metallurgy, 10% (10%)
4026:, and various locations in
3763:Global production 1950–2000
3072:Ho) and heavy (HREE - from
2377:Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley
2311:of the oxides then yielded
2299:, Lecoq de Boisbaudran and
2288:, and its oxide was named "
2091:Discovery and early history
1112:Applications of lanthanides
1101:
10:
16975:
13006:Goldschmidt classification
11714:
11543:
11462:
11381:
11345:
11247:
11044:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
10574:, May 31, 2011 5:00 PM ET.
10571:Bloomberg Markets Magazine
10427:10.1038/s41598-017-10256-7
9898:10.1038/s41467-020-17801-5
9780:10.1016/j.rser.2019.02.029
8553:. INTECH. pp. 41–60.
7073:S. Burns (Feb. 16, 2021).
5910:Journal of Applied Physics
5890:Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift
5476:programme, March 19, 2014
5013:Professor of Chemistry at
4727:Fukushima nuclear disaster
4568:
4565:Recycling and reusing REEs
4432: Polishing, 10% (10%)
4420: Catalysts, 60% (60%)
4369: Polishing, 12% (12%)
4298:
4287:, magnets, and batteries.
3971:project in Australia. The
3822:
2986:fractional crystallization
2928:, are related to alkaline
2309:fractional crystallization
2255:optical flame spectroscopy
1229:yttria-stabilized zirconia
1065:25th-most-abundant element
324:
192:
132:
72:
47:
16959:Sets of chemical elements
16890:
16738:
16621:
16547:
16543:
16532:
16491:
16441:
16334:
16330:
16317:
16184:
16124:
16081:
15951:
15842:
15782:
15686:
15604:
15600:
15587:
15452:
15343:
15249:
14906:
14674:
14474:
14074:
14067:
14063:
14050:
13857:
13678:
13564:
13341:
13334:
13330:
13317:
13244:
13206:
13139:
13019:
12976:
12937:
12928:
12853:
12831:
12808:
12775:
12765:
12743:
12673:
12585:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
12570:
12563:
12554:
12533:
12457:
12157:
11862:
11691:
11520:
11439:
11358:
11331:
11324:
11319:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11242:
11237:
11230:
11160:Science History Institute
11145:
11140:Science History Institute
11129:
11124:
11119:Science History Institute
11108:
11103:
11098:
10916:"Rare earths: Digging in"
10731:10.1016/j.jsm.2016.05.002
10529:Redling, Kerstin (2006).
10352:10.1007/s10653-017-9982-x
10181:Safety and Health at Work
9554:10.1016/j.gsf.2018.12.005
9411:10.3390/molecules24061005
9128:. Columbia Climate School
8990:10.1007/s13530-016-0276-y
8691:. Retrieved 13 Dec. 2023.
6903:Science History Institute
6442:January 20, 2022, at the
5513:Science History Institute
5118:Frontiers in Microbiology
5015:University College London
4690:This section needs to be
4534:Bayan Obo Mining District
4381: Metallurgy, 8% (8%)
3825:Rare earths trade dispute
2818:. Small amounts occur in
2590:supernova nucleosynthesis
2588:and thus are produced by
2575:
2261:isolated the new element
2008:
1955:
1915:
1878:
1839:
1791:
1727:
1639:
1588:
1545:Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets
1537:
1493:
1455:, and "didymos", meaning
1445:
1387:, and "didymos", meaning
1377:
1324:
1279:
1200:
1174:aluminium-scandium alloys
1152:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1001:or lanthanoids (although
918:coin for size comparison)
16768:Mergers and acquisitions
16509:Research and development
14874:Chemical & hormonal
14529:Communications equipment
10612:October 7, 2012, at the
10193:10.5491/shaw.2013.4.1.12
9061:European Investment Bank
9041:10.3390/resources3010123
7341:"Great western minerals"
7025:World Trade Organization
6232:European Investment Bank
6018:Winter, John D. (2010).
5689:10.1002/14356007.a22_607
5131:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01366
4387: Batteries, 8% (8%)
4363: Magnets, 23% (23%)
4132:Malaysian refining plans
3906:, formerly known as the
3818:
3751:-Nd, and Lu-Hf systems.
2984:-rich primary magma, by
2513:liquid–liquid extraction
2406:Sources and purification
2161:Martin Heinrich Klaproth
2074:primordial radioisotopes
1666:computer bubble memories
1351:fluid catalytic cracking
1306:fluid catalytic cracking
1214:Yttrium aluminium garnet
15559:Painting and decorating
14583:Medical imaging systems
14516:Parts & peripherals
13224:systematic element name
13196:in East Asian languages
12546:Extended periodic table
11187:Encyclopædia Britannica
10896:April 15, 2018, at the
10692:April 23, 2018, at the
10597:, 30 May 2011 05:52 ET.
10236:Atmospheric Environment
10026:10.1021/acs.est.2c09273
9963:10.1021/acs.est.9b00005
8871:Tunable Lasers Handbook
8549:Um, Namil (July 2017).
7868:The Wall Street Journal
5381:Applied Surface Science
5092:Milken Institute Review
5088:"Rare Earths Explained"
4725:In May 2011, after the
4399: Ceramics, 6% (6%)
4339:
4048:government of Greenland
3997:. Originally opened by
2714:Geological distribution
2598:asymptotic giant branch
2301:Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
1814:magnetostrictive alloys
1806:neodymium based magnets
1772:systems, stabilizer of
1762:magnetostrictive alloys
1746:neodymium based magnets
1594:after the continent of
1330:after the dwarf planet
16872:State-owned enterprise
16852:Nonprofit organization
16763:Horizontal integration
14576:Scientific instruments
14539:Network infrastructure
13067:Electron configuration
13057:Electrical resistivity
12996:Electron configuration
12800:Post-transition metals
10589:June 22, 2022, at the
10478:Environmental Research
9726:10.1126/sciadv.abm3132
9371:10.5004/dwt.2018.22844
7080:June 15, 2022, at the
7056:June 26, 2022, at the
6134:July 10, 2011, at the
4780:
4537:
4438: "other", 5% (5%)
4375: "other", 9% (9%)
3764:
3683:partition coefficients
3671:
3623:
3575:
3530:
3362:
3318:
3265:
3090:lanthanide contraction
2768:lanthanide contraction
2727:
2647:), and oxygen anions.
2113:Royal Academy of Turku
1705:solid oxide fuel cells
1682:magnetic refrigeration
1405:lighting, colorant in
1137:Selected applications
16215:Private investigation
12901:Transuranium elements
10939:May 26, 2011, at the
10136:10.1289/ehp.96104s185
9878:Nature Communications
9208:May 14, 2012, at the
8828:. 2019. p. 132.
7782:on September 18, 2010
7561:news.bloombergtax.com
6838:. September 6, 2011.
6780:The China Perspective
6548:June 5, 2022, at the
6274:10.1007/s004100050159
5832:"Rare Earth Elements"
5712:Zepf, Volker (2013).
4774:
4624:Eichhornia crassipes)
4569:Further information:
4531:
4473:, generators in some
4024:Northwest Territories
3762:
3672:
3624:
3576:
3531:
3363:
3319:
3266:
3154:chondritic meteorites
2721:
2534:Before the time that
2418:) developed chemical
2373:X-ray crystallography
2125:Anders Gustav Ekeberg
1733:after the village of
1686:magnetocaloric effect
1543:after mine official,
1241:solid oxide fuel cell
1206:after the village of
33:in the periodic table
16783:Vertical integration
14789:Speciality chemicals
14629:Electrical equipment
14546:Consumer electronics
13117:Thermal conductivity
13092:Heat of vaporization
12534:Periodic table forms
11178:at Wikimedia Commons
11162:, September 24, 2019
10382:on February 25, 2021
10070:Eichhornia crassipes
9533:Geoscience Frontiers
9314:(October 29, 2010).
9201:Bourzac, Katherine.
9095:Yale Environment 360
8348:on September 4, 2014
8314:on November 12, 2011
8128:cowboystatedaily.com
7843:on February 13, 2013
7812:on November 18, 2010
7744:. November 4, 2013.
7513:"Mountain Pass Mine"
7436:. October 31, 2010.
7296:Global Mining Review
6786:on February 13, 2011
5650:] (in Russian).
4965:is used rather than
4847:near the village of
4814:Japanese Coast Guard
4393: Glass, 7% (7%)
4265:recycling technology
4060:Ciudad Real Province
3895:China–Myanmar border
3781:Steenkampskraal mine
3745:radioactive isotopes
3670:{\displaystyle _{n}}
3633:
3622:{\displaystyle _{n}}
3585:
3574:{\displaystyle _{n}}
3543:
3383:
3328:
3284:
3172:
3007:Peralkaline granites
2901:), bastnäsite (from
2726:axis is logarithmic)
2619:and dating fossils.
2303:yielded several new
2172:Carl Gustav Mosander
2149:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1678:NMR relaxation agent
1401:, core material for
1302:refractive telescope
1261:refractive telescope
1048:, and less commonly
997:, and sometimes the
16949:Rare earth elements
16867:Sole proprietorship
16842:Joint-stock company
16116:Veterinary medicine
15941:Property management
15735:Passenger transport
14762:Commodity chemicals
14588:Optical instruments
14556:Video game consoles
14449:Musical instruments
14290:Media reproduction
13149:Element discoveries
12906:Superheavy elements
12866:Rare-earth elements
11176:Rare earth elements
11035:2019ERSS...49...36O
10974:Scientific American
10866:Wall Street Journal
10702:September 17, 2010.
10490:2015ER....142..215P
10419:2017NatSR...7.9772Z
10344:2017EnvGH..39.1469S
10287:2013Chmsp..93.1240L
10248:2017AtmEn.167...40Z
10086:1998ScTEn.214...79C
10018:2023EnST...57.5414L
9955:2019EnST...53.5369L
9890:2020NatCo..11.4386B
9834:2020JCPro.26722048J
9772:2019RSERv.106...41A
9718:2022SciA....8M3132D
9645:2014JHzM..279..384Y
9594:2014EnST...48.3951S
9545:2019GeoFr..10.1285B
9487:2018COGSC..13....1J
9363:2018DWatT.130...71P
9215:. October 29, 2010.
9165:1990ScTEn..95..141V
9126:State of the planet
8982:2016TxEHS...8..189R
8904:2002ESPR....9..143P
8792:2017Mine....7..203Z
8716:2015IJCPU..35..295Z
8603:(October 5, 2010).
8459:Nikkei Asian Review
8212:on December 4, 2020
8045:. January 13, 2023.
6997:. January 5, 2015.
6755:on October 21, 2010
6611:Ore Geology Reviews
6576:2013RePol..38...36M
6321:1999GeCoA..63..363S
6266:1996CoMP..123..323B
6170:2011NatGe...4..535K
5974:2007NuPhA.789...15B
5922:2014JAP...116j3508A
5468:Mentioned by Prof.
5403:2019ApSS..478...68F
5352:on November 4, 2016
5342:"Rare-earth metals"
5182:10.3390/ani10091663
4998:Electronic version.
4251:Waste and recycling
4170:Mitsubishi Chemical
4152:and transported by
4100:. As a result, the
3416:
3133:rock formation. In
3032:University of Tokyo
2972:crystallize from CO
2759:high field strength
2602:spontaneous fission
2584:, are heavier than
2501:rare-earth minerals
2101:Carl Axel Arrhenius
1701:ceramic electrolyte
1684:(using significant
1611:mercury-vapor lamps
1347:self-cleaning ovens
1245:yttrium iron garnet
1182:mercury-vapor lamps
1119:
1080:rare-earth minerals
1038:spontaneous fission
1022:magnetic properties
989:), also called the
983:rare-earth elements
31:Rare-earth elements
16815:Putting-out system
16324:Information sector
16245:Personal services
15852:Financial services
15324:offshore platforms
15173:advanced materials
15154:Ready-mix concrete
14607:Laser construction
14567:Clocks and watches
14401:Injection moulding
14372:Other fabrication
14325:household hardware
11182:Rare-earth element
10923:September 2, 2010.
10407:Scientific Reports
10130:(suppl 1): 85–95.
9320:The New York Times
8912:10.1007/BF02987462
8801:10.3390/min7110203
8647:on April 21, 2014.
8240:The New York Times
8180:The New York Times
7625:on August 19, 2021
7466:. October 31, 2010
7246:The New York Times
6868:. March 13, 2017.
5598:Qi, Dezhi (2018).
5516:. October 18, 2019
5371:Fronzi, M (2019).
4939:Rare-earth mineral
4863:In popular culture
4785:resource depletion
4781:
4538:
4459:petroleum refining
4179:Dow Jones Newswire
4115:protests in Serbia
3902:militia under the
3900:Border Guard Force
3868:economic sanctions
3864:2021 military coup
3765:
3734:hydrothermal vents
3667:
3619:
3571:
3526:
3400:
3358:
3314:
3261:
2814:), thalenite, and
2728:
2689:face-centred cubic
2600:stars. In nature,
2524:X-ray fluorescence
2486:(Ce,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O
2410:During the 1940s,
2336:was documented by
2068:Promethium has no
2030:lutetium tantalate
1934:metal-halide lamps
1857:spectrophotometers
1674:MRI contrast agent
1551:Rare-earth magnets
1475:ceramic capacitors
1463:Rare-earth magnets
1395:Rare-earth magnets
1178:metal-halide lamps
1117:
16954:Metallic elements
16936:
16935:
16886:
16885:
16882:
16881:
16713:Natural resources
16558:Production-based
16528:
16527:
16524:
16523:
16466:Vocational school
16313:
16312:
16309:
16308:
15583:
15582:
15579:
15578:
15544:Electrical wiring
15530:Specialty trades
15484:Civil engineering
15339:
15338:
15013:Vulcanized rubber
14809:Cleaning products
14649:Electric lighting
14366:Surface finishing
14356:Powder metallurgy
14311:Metal fabrication
14057:Industrial sector
14046:
14045:
14042:
14041:
13945:Rare-earth metals
13853:
13852:
13276:
13275:
13135:
13134:
13097:Ionization energy
13072:Electronegativity
13062:Electron affinity
13001:Electronegativity
12991:Crystal structure
12986:Aqueous chemistry
12963:Nuclear stability
12958:Atomic properties
12924:
12923:
12871:Refractory metals
12849:
12848:
12795:Transition metals
12761:
12760:
12493:
12492:
12486:
12485:
12452:
12451:
11174:Media related to
11166:
11165:
10948:, 1 January 2010.
10814:on April 21, 2008
10632:High Country News
10012:(13): 5414–5423.
9602:10.1021/es404596q
9213:Technology Review
8560:978-953-51-3401-5
8378:978-0-7923-6187-9
8341:Malaysian Insider
8027:on July 23, 2012.
7971:on August 8, 2012
7701:. July 22, 2022.
7410:on March 31, 2009
7339:Lunn, J. (2006).
7279:. pp. 20–21.
6905:. June 25, 2019.
6817:on July 24, 2011.
6749:The Hill's E Wire
6463:on August 6, 2020
6158:Nature Geoscience
6089:978-1-897095-73-7
6029:978-0-321-59257-6
5962:Nuclear Physics A
5930:10.1063/1.4894775
5801:978-0-13-398272-5
5763:978-0-582-06701-1
5725:978-3-642-35458-8
5609:978-0-12-813920-2
5579:, Sergei Venetsky
5561:978-1-86094-165-8
5455:978-3-527-30385-4
5346:Think GlobalGreen
4934:Rare-earth magnet
4918:Material passport
4884:This Gun for Hire
4879:This Gun for Hire
4711:
4710:
4590:scientific review
4471:electric vehicles
4285:fluorescent lamps
4245:Minami-Tori-Shima
4107:electric vehicles
3984:Lai Châu Province
3952:barriers to entry
3843:in Australia and
3809:Western Australia
3771:sand deposits in
3726:clastic sediments
3643:
3595:
3553:
3524:
3499:
3465:
3432:
3417:
3404:
3392:
3354:
3339:
3310:
3295:
3259:
3255:
3240:
3228:
3213:
3182:
3038:Nature Geoscience
2966:nepheline syenite
2793:Oddo–Harkins rule
2505:transition metals
2416:Manhattan Project
2267:from the mineral
2224:J. Lawrence Smith
2208:Marc Delafontaine
2204:Nils Johan Berlin
2049:
2048:
1758:fluorescent lamps
1615:fluorescent lamps
1510:Nuclear batteries
1257:cancer treatments
1074:Because of their
991:rare-earth metals
892:
891:
618:Mercury (element)
16:(Redirected from
16966:
16923:
16922:
16911:
16910:
16899:
16898:
16795:Enforced breakup
16790:Decentralization
16718:Physical capital
16545:
16544:
16534:
16533:
16332:
16331:
16319:
16318:
16195:Customer service
16111:Residential care
16059:Public relations
15867:Financial advice
15844:Asset management
15639:Department store
15602:
15601:
15589:
15588:
15569:Site preparation
15417:Telecom networks
15385:Waste management
15361:Gas distribution
15045:Synthetic fibers
14772:Industrial gases
14511:Computer systems
14445:Medical supplies
14072:
14071:
14065:
14064:
14052:
14051:
13482:Animal husbandry
13453:Medicinal plants
13339:
13338:
13332:
13331:
13319:
13318:
13303:
13296:
13289:
13280:
13279:
13265:
13264:
13253:
13252:
13236:Dmitri Mendeleev
13164:1869 predictions
13154:Dmitri Mendeleev
12935:
12934:
12773:
12772:
12753:Aufbau principle
12665:18 (Noble gases)
12568:
12567:
12561:
12560:
12556:Sets of elements
12520:
12513:
12506:
12497:
12496:
12462:
12461:
12448:
12446:
12439:
12437:
12430:
12428:
12421:
12419:
12412:
12410:
12403:
12401:
12394:
12392:
12385:
12383:
12376:
12374:
12367:
12365:
12358:
12356:
12349:
12347:
12340:
12338:
12331:
12329:
12322:
12320:
12313:
12311:
12304:
12302:
12295:
12293:
12286:
12284:
12277:
12275:
12268:
12266:
12259:
12257:
12250:
12248:
12241:
12239:
12232:
12230:
12223:
12221:
12214:
12212:
12205:
12203:
12196:
12194:
12187:
12185:
12178:
12176:
12169:
12167:
12153:
12151:
12144:
12142:
12135:
12133:
12126:
12124:
12117:
12115:
12108:
12106:
12099:
12097:
12090:
12088:
12081:
12079:
12072:
12070:
12063:
12061:
12054:
12052:
12045:
12043:
12036:
12034:
12027:
12025:
12018:
12016:
12009:
12007:
12000:
11998:
11991:
11989:
11982:
11980:
11973:
11971:
11964:
11962:
11955:
11953:
11946:
11944:
11937:
11935:
11928:
11926:
11919:
11917:
11910:
11908:
11901:
11899:
11892:
11890:
11883:
11881:
11874:
11872:
11858:
11856:
11849:
11847:
11840:
11838:
11831:
11829:
11822:
11820:
11813:
11811:
11804:
11802:
11795:
11793:
11786:
11784:
11777:
11775:
11768:
11766:
11759:
11757:
11750:
11748:
11741:
11739:
11732:
11730:
11723:
11721:
11712:
11710:
11703:
11701:
11687:
11685:
11678:
11676:
11669:
11667:
11660:
11658:
11651:
11649:
11642:
11640:
11633:
11631:
11624:
11622:
11615:
11613:
11606:
11604:
11597:
11595:
11588:
11586:
11579:
11577:
11570:
11568:
11561:
11559:
11552:
11550:
11541:
11539:
11532:
11530:
11516:
11514:
11507:
11505:
11498:
11496:
11489:
11487:
11480:
11478:
11471:
11469:
11460:
11458:
11451:
11449:
11435:
11433:
11426:
11424:
11417:
11415:
11408:
11406:
11399:
11397:
11390:
11388:
11379:
11377:
11370:
11368:
11354:
11352:
11343:
11341:
11233:
11217:
11210:
11203:
11194:
11193:
11173:
11150:
11149:
11134:
11133:
11113:
11112:
11096:
11095:
11085:
11084:
11073:
11067:
11066:
11056:
11046:
11014:
11005:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10969:
10963:
10962:
10955:
10949:
10930:
10924:
10913:
10907:
10888:
10882:
10881:
10879:
10877:
10857:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10821:
10819:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10781:Business Insider
10772:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10742:
10736:
10735:
10733:
10709:
10703:
10684:
10678:
10677:
10675:
10673:
10664:. June 4, 2021.
10654:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10643:
10623:
10617:
10604:
10598:
10581:
10575:
10555:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10526:
10520:
10519:
10509:
10472:
10457:
10456:
10446:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10389:
10387:
10378:. Archived from
10338:(6): 1469–1486.
10323:
10317:
10316:
10298:
10281:(6): 1240–1246.
10266:
10260:
10259:
10230:
10224:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10204:
10172:
10166:
10165:
10155:
10115:
10106:
10105:
10065:
10056:
10055:
10045:
9997:
9991:
9990:
9949:(9): 5369–5377.
9934:
9928:
9927:
9917:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9816:
9810:
9809:
9791:
9754:
9748:
9747:
9737:
9706:Science Advances
9697:
9691:
9690:
9679:
9673:
9672:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9588:(7): 3951–3958.
9573:
9567:
9566:
9556:
9539:(4): 1285–1303.
9524:
9515:
9514:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9423:
9413:
9389:
9383:
9382:
9342:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9308:
9299:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9274:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9258:on July 25, 2011
9248:
9242:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9232:. March 20, 2015
9222:
9216:
9199:
9193:
9192:
9147:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9117:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9106:
9086:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9019:
9010:
9009:
8965:
8952:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8883:
8874:
8864:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8834:10.3133/70202434
8818:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8771:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8757:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8698:
8692:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8655:
8649:
8648:
8633:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8597:
8591:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8581:on July 29, 2017
8571:
8565:
8564:
8546:
8540:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8529:
8522:
8511:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8470:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8442:
8440:
8420:
8414:
8413:
8411:
8409:
8400:. Archived from
8389:
8383:
8382:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8344:. Archived from
8330:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8319:
8313:
8306:
8296:
8290:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8276:. Archived from
8265:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8231:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8202:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8096:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8053:
8047:
8046:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8017:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8006:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7967:. Archived from
7956:
7950:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7939:
7928:
7920:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7839:. Archived from
7828:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7808:. Archived from
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7778:. Archived from
7768:
7762:
7761:
7755:
7753:
7734:
7728:
7727:
7726:. July 22, 2022.
7716:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7696:
7688:
7682:
7681:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7656:
7649:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7624:
7618:. Archived from
7617:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7553:
7547:
7546:
7530:
7521:
7520:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7400:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7353:on April 9, 2008
7352:
7345:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7310:"About The Mine"
7306:
7300:
7299:
7287:
7281:
7280:
7272:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7207:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7140:. August 9, 2022
7130:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7105:. August 9, 2022
7095:
7089:
7071:
7065:
7062:seekingalpha.com
7047:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
6987:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6956:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6895:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6828:
6819:
6818:
6813:. Archived from
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6782:. Archived from
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6751:. Archived from
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6724:on July 26, 2011
6720:. Archived from
6710:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6693:
6686:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6626:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6564:Resources Policy
6559:
6553:
6540:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6487:
6479:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6453:
6447:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6416:
6405:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6356:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6300:
6294:
6293:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6224:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6178:10.1038/ngeo1185
6149:
6143:
6129:Fundmastery Blog
6115:
6102:
6101:
6075:
6042:
6041:
6015:
5986:
5985:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5886:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5860:
5854:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5836:
5827:
5814:
5813:
5787:
5776:
5775:
5749:
5730:
5729:
5709:
5703:
5702:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5545:
5539:
5532:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5504:
5495:
5494:
5486:
5480:
5466:
5460:
5459:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5396:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5348:. Archived from
5338:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5312:
5311:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5282:
5262:
5256:
5255:
5246:
5244:
5238:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5184:
5160:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5133:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5067:. March 23, 2014
5057:
5051:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5025:
5011:
5000:
4955:
4924:Pensana Salt End
4907:
4902:
4901:
4845:Helmand Province
4743:New restrictions
4706:
4703:
4697:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4664:On animal health
4571:Circular economy
4524:
4523:
4522:
4463:diesel additives
4443:
4437:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4352:
4303:One study mixed
4257:electronic waste
4084:Ehime Prefecture
3888:
3872:electric vehicle
3676:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3641:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3596:
3593:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3551:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3500:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3337:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3293:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3094:shielding effect
2709:
2678:
2660:
2490:
2479:
2468:
2452:fissile material
2448:nuclear reactors
2332:in the southern
2153:Wilhelm Hisinger
2081:
2078:fission products
2066:
2060:
2057:
2044:
1997:
1986:nuclear medicine
1944:
1904:
1867:
1828:
1822:hard disk drives
1780:
1716:
1628:
1622:relaxation agent
1577:
1571:nuclear reactors
1527:
1525:
1520:
1482:
1434:
1366:
1313:
1294:refractive index
1268:
1189:
1120:
1116:
930:
907:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
319:
312:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
189:
182:
173:
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
129:
122:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:
69:
62:
53:
44:
38:
37:
21:
16974:
16973:
16969:
16968:
16967:
16965:
16964:
16963:
16939:
16938:
16937:
16932:
16931:
16878:
16847:Nationalization
16734:
16704:Primary inputs
16625:
16617:
16550:
16549:Classification
16539:
16520:
16487:
16437:
16421:Social networks
16338:
16326:
16305:
16289:Business travel
16191:Administrative
16180:
16164:Amusement parks
16128:
16120:
16094:Dentist offices
16077:
15947:
15914:Pension funding
15887:Risk management
15872:Holding company
15838:
15778:
15690:
15682:
15654:Specialty store
15649:Online shopping
15596:
15575:
15448:
15335:
15245:
14902:
14860:Pharmaceuticals
14804:Aroma compounds
14740:Petroleum jelly
14670:
14659:Home appliances
14654:Electric motors
14602:spotting scopes
14563:Instrumentation
14476:
14470:
14452:Office supplies
14059:
14038:
14022:Dimension stone
13956:Other minerals
13901:Mining of ores
13849:
13674:
13560:
13507:Other livestock
13393:Permanent crops
13326:
13313:
13307:
13277:
13272:
13240:
13202:
13131:
13107:Oxidation state
13015:
12972:
12920:
12916:Minor actinides
12911:Major actinides
12876:Precious metals
12845:
12827:
12804:
12757:
12739:
12669:
12655:16 (Chalcogens)
12650:15 (Pnictogens)
12550:
12529:
12524:
12494:
12489:
12488:
12487:
12453:
12444:
12442:
12435:
12433:
12426:
12424:
12417:
12415:
12408:
12406:
12399:
12397:
12390:
12388:
12381:
12379:
12372:
12370:
12363:
12361:
12354:
12352:
12345:
12343:
12336:
12334:
12327:
12325:
12318:
12316:
12309:
12307:
12300:
12298:
12291:
12289:
12282:
12280:
12273:
12271:
12264:
12262:
12255:
12253:
12246:
12244:
12237:
12235:
12228:
12226:
12219:
12217:
12210:
12208:
12201:
12199:
12192:
12190:
12183:
12181:
12174:
12172:
12165:
12163:
12149:
12147:
12140:
12138:
12131:
12129:
12122:
12120:
12113:
12111:
12104:
12102:
12095:
12093:
12086:
12084:
12077:
12075:
12068:
12066:
12059:
12057:
12050:
12048:
12041:
12039:
12032:
12030:
12023:
12021:
12014:
12012:
12005:
12003:
11996:
11994:
11987:
11985:
11978:
11976:
11969:
11967:
11960:
11958:
11951:
11949:
11942:
11940:
11933:
11931:
11924:
11922:
11915:
11913:
11906:
11904:
11897:
11895:
11888:
11886:
11879:
11877:
11870:
11868:
11854:
11852:
11845:
11843:
11836:
11834:
11827:
11825:
11818:
11816:
11809:
11807:
11800:
11798:
11791:
11789:
11782:
11780:
11773:
11771:
11764:
11762:
11755:
11753:
11746:
11744:
11737:
11735:
11728:
11726:
11719:
11717:
11708:
11706:
11699:
11697:
11683:
11681:
11674:
11672:
11665:
11663:
11656:
11654:
11647:
11645:
11638:
11636:
11629:
11627:
11620:
11618:
11611:
11609:
11602:
11600:
11593:
11591:
11584:
11582:
11575:
11573:
11566:
11564:
11557:
11555:
11548:
11546:
11537:
11535:
11528:
11526:
11512:
11510:
11503:
11501:
11494:
11492:
11485:
11483:
11476:
11474:
11467:
11465:
11456:
11454:
11447:
11445:
11431:
11429:
11422:
11420:
11413:
11411:
11404:
11402:
11395:
11393:
11386:
11384:
11375:
11373:
11366:
11364:
11350:
11348:
11339:
11337:
11226:
11221:
11147:
11131:
11110:
11094:
11089:
11088:
11075:
11074:
11070:
11015:
11008:
10998:
10996:
10991:. Energy Post.
10985:
10981:
10970:
10966:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10941:Wayback Machine
10932:Mills, Mark P.
10931:
10927:
10914:
10910:
10903:Daily Telegraph
10898:Wayback Machine
10889:
10885:
10875:
10873:
10858:
10854:
10844:
10842:
10831:
10827:
10817:
10815:
10804:
10800:
10790:
10788:
10773:
10769:
10759:
10757:
10744:
10743:
10739:
10710:
10706:
10694:Wayback Machine
10685:
10681:
10671:
10669:
10656:
10655:
10651:
10641:
10639:
10624:
10620:
10614:Wayback Machine
10605:
10601:
10591:Wayback Machine
10582:
10578:
10566:Wayback Machine
10556:
10552:
10542:
10540:
10527:
10523:
10473:
10460:
10399:
10395:
10385:
10383:
10324:
10320:
10267:
10263:
10231:
10227:
10222:
10218:
10173:
10169:
10116:
10109:
10066:
10059:
9998:
9994:
9935:
9931:
9869:
9865:
9817:
9813:
9755:
9751:
9712:(6): eabm3132.
9698:
9694:
9681:
9680:
9676:
9629:
9625:
9574:
9570:
9525:
9518:
9467:
9463:
9453:
9451:
9442:
9441:
9437:
9390:
9386:
9343:
9339:
9329:
9327:
9312:Bradsher, Keith
9309:
9302:
9292:
9290:
9283:Radio Free Asia
9275:
9271:
9261:
9259:
9250:
9249:
9245:
9235:
9233:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9210:Wayback Machine
9200:
9196:
9148:
9141:
9131:
9129:
9118:
9114:
9104:
9102:
9087:
9080:
9070:
9068:
9053:
9049:
9020:
9013:
8966:
8955:
8945:
8943:
8884:
8877:
8865:
8861:
8851:
8849:
8820:
8819:
8812:
8772:
8765:
8755:
8753:
8751:www.science.org
8743:
8739:
8699:
8695:
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8657:
8656:
8652:
8641:Solvay — Rhodia
8635:
8634:
8630:
8620:
8618:
8601:Tabuchi, Hiroko
8598:
8594:
8584:
8582:
8573:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8547:
8543:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8508:
8498:
8496:
8489:UTokyo Research
8483:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8466:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8438:
8436:
8421:
8417:
8407:
8405:
8404:on May 13, 2012
8390:
8386:
8379:
8365:
8361:
8351:
8349:
8331:
8327:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8293:
8283:
8281:
8280:on July 3, 2011
8266:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8232:
8225:
8215:
8213:
8204:
8203:
8199:
8189:
8187:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8146:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8120:
8116:
8106:
8104:
8097:
8093:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8066:
8064:
8054:
8050:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8019:
8018:
8014:
8004:
8002:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7974:
7972:
7957:
7953:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7926:
7922:
7921:
7917:
7907:
7905:
7892:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7856:
7846:
7844:
7829:
7825:
7815:
7813:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7751:
7749:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7718:
7717:
7713:
7705:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7666:
7662:
7654:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7596:
7594:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7539:Metal Tech News
7531:
7524:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7496:
7494:
7493:(in Vietnamese)
7483:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7443:
7441:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7333:
7323:
7321:
7316:. May 3, 2016.
7308:
7307:
7303:
7288:
7284:
7273:
7266:
7256:
7254:
7239:
7238:
7234:
7224:
7222:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7194:
7192:
7182:
7178:
7168:
7166:
7164:Radio Free Asia
7158:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7132:
7131:
7118:
7108:
7106:
7097:
7096:
7092:
7082:Wayback Machine
7072:
7068:
7058:Wayback Machine
7048:
7044:
7034:
7032:
7019:
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6989:
6988:
6984:
6974:
6972:
6957:
6953:
6943:
6941:
6926:
6922:
6912:
6910:
6897:
6896:
6885:
6875:
6873:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6787:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6741:
6737:
6727:
6725:
6712:
6711:
6707:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6671:
6661:
6659:
6652:Foreign Affairs
6648:"China Digs It"
6644:
6640:
6603:
6599:
6560:
6556:
6550:Wayback Machine
6541:
6534:
6524:
6522:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6498:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6466:
6464:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6444:Wayback Machine
6434:
6430:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6403:
6397:
6393:
6385:
6370:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6344:
6301:
6297:
6250:
6246:
6236:
6234:
6226:
6225:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6198:
6197:
6193:
6150:
6146:
6136:Wayback Machine
6117:Powell, Devin,
6116:
6105:
6090:
6076:
6045:
6030:
6016:
5989:
5957:
5953:
5906:
5902:
5884:
5878:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5834:
5828:
5817:
5802:
5788:
5779:
5764:
5750:
5733:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5675:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5641:
5640:Reprinted from
5633:
5631:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5610:
5596:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5546:
5542:
5533:
5529:
5519:
5517:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5487:
5483:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5376:
5369:
5365:
5355:
5353:
5340:
5339:
5335:
5324:
5315:
5308:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5278:
5263:
5259:
5251:precious metals
5242:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5161:
5157:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5094:
5084:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5043:
5039:
5031:, Interview on
5023:
5012:
5003:
4970:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4903:
4896:
4893:
4865:
4769:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4666:
4657:bioaccumulation
4636:
4634:On human health
4607:
4602:
4577:
4567:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4498:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4318:
4301:
4253:
4240:
4208:
4203:
4134:
3956:Steenkampskraal
3920:
3918:Other countries
3891:Chipwi Township
3887:US$ 200 million
3886:
3880:
3878:Myanmar (Burma)
3827:
3821:
3757:
3661:
3657:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3613:
3609:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3517:
3513:
3501:
3496:
3495:
3483:
3479:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3119:
3111:ionic potential
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3050:
2991:
2983:
2980:to produce a CO
2975:
2959:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2676:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2625:
2578:
2561:
2548:crystallization
2532:
2495:ion-adsorption
2489:
2485:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2426:for separating
2408:
2297:William Crookes
2243:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2070:stable isotopes
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2042:
1995:
1978:stainless steel
1942:
1902:
1865:
1826:
1778:
1714:
1670:neutron capture
1626:
1575:
1559:neutron capture
1523:
1521:
1518:
1480:
1432:
1419:welding goggles
1364:
1343:oxidizing agent
1311:
1266:
1237:electroceramics
1231:(YSZ) (used in
1219:
1208:Ytterby, Sweden
1187:
1141:
1104:
979:
978:
977:
976:
975:
974:
970:
958:
938:
931:
922:
921:
920:
908:
895:
894:
893:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
703:
696:
689:
682:
675:
668:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
610:
603:
596:
589:
582:
575:
568:
561:
554:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
317:
310:
301:
294:
287:
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
238:
231:
224:
217:
210:
203:
196:
187:
180:
171:
164:
157:
150:
143:
136:
127:
120:
111:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:
67:
60:
51:
42:
34:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16972:
16962:
16961:
16956:
16951:
16934:
16933:
16930:
16929:
16917:
16905:
16892:
16891:
16888:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16880:
16879:
16877:
16876:
16875:
16874:
16869:
16864:
16859:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16829:
16828:
16827:
16825:Temporary work
16822:
16817:
16812:
16807:
16802:
16797:
16787:
16786:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16748:Centralization
16744:
16742:
16736:
16735:
16733:
16732:
16727:
16722:
16721:
16720:
16715:
16710:
16702:
16697:
16696:
16695:
16690:
16685:
16680:
16670:
16665:
16664:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16632:
16630:
16619:
16618:
16616:
16615:
16614:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16595:
16594:
16593:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16564:
16555:
16553:
16541:
16540:
16530:
16529:
16526:
16525:
16522:
16521:
16519:
16518:
16517:
16516:
16514:Basic research
16506:
16501:
16495:
16493:
16489:
16488:
16486:
16485:
16480:
16475:
16474:
16473:
16468:
16458:
16453:
16447:
16445:
16439:
16438:
16436:
16435:
16434:
16433:
16428:
16423:
16418:
16408:
16407:
16406:
16401:
16396:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16366:
16365:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16345:
16343:
16328:
16327:
16315:
16314:
16311:
16310:
16307:
16306:
16304:
16303:
16302:
16301:
16296:
16291:
16283:
16278:
16277:
16276:
16271:
16266:
16261:
16256:
16251:
16243:
16238:
16237:
16236:
16231:
16223:
16222:
16221:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16188:
16186:
16182:
16181:
16179:
16178:
16177:
16176:
16171:
16166:
16161:
16153:
16148:
16147:
16146:
16135:
16133:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16107:
16106:
16101:
16096:
16087:
16085:
16079:
16078:
16076:
16075:
16074:
16073:
16063:
16062:
16061:
16056:
16046:
16044:Legal services
16041:
16040:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16019:
16018:
16017:
16015:system testing
16004:
15999:
15985:
15984:
15983:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15957:
15955:
15949:
15948:
15946:
15945:
15944:
15943:
15938:
15928:
15927:
15926:
15921:
15916:
15911:
15906:
15896:
15895:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15877:Money transfer
15874:
15869:
15864:
15859:
15848:
15846:
15840:
15839:
15837:
15836:
15831:
15830:
15829:
15824:
15819:
15814:
15809:
15804:
15799:
15788:
15786:
15780:
15779:
15777:
15776:
15775:
15774:
15764:
15763:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15750:Passenger rail
15747:
15742:
15732:
15731:
15730:
15725:
15720:
15718:Moving company
15715:
15710:
15705:
15694:
15692:
15684:
15683:
15681:
15680:
15679:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15658:
15657:
15656:
15651:
15646:
15641:
15636:
15631:
15626:
15624:Consumer goods
15621:
15619:Car dealership
15610:
15608:
15598:
15597:
15594:Service sector
15585:
15584:
15581:
15580:
15577:
15576:
15574:
15573:
15572:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15528:
15527:
15526:
15521:
15516:
15511:
15506:
15501:
15496:
15491:
15481:
15480:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15458:
15456:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15446:
15445:
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15424:
15414:
15409:
15408:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15382:
15381:
15380:
15370:
15369:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15349:
15347:
15341:
15340:
15337:
15336:
15334:
15333:
15328:
15327:
15326:
15317:
15312:
15297:
15292:
15291:
15290:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15255:
15253:
15251:Heavy industry
15247:
15246:
15244:
15243:
15238:
15237:
15236:
15231:
15221:
15220:
15219:
15209:
15208:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15190:Metal refining
15187:
15186:
15185:
15183:Synthetic gems
15180:
15175:
15166:
15160:Other mineral
15158:
15157:
15156:
15151:
15146:
15136:
15135:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15104:
15103:
15102:
15097:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15058:
15057:
15056:
15050:Thermoplastics
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15017:
15016:
15015:
15010:
15000:
14999:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14973:
14972:
14971:
14966:
14961:
14956:
14951:
14941:
14940:
14939:
14930:
14925:
14910:
14908:
14904:
14903:
14901:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14893:
14888:
14883:
14878:
14876:contraceptives
14872:
14870:Blood products
14867:
14857:
14855:Fine chemicals
14852:
14851:
14850:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14826:
14821:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14786:
14785:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14759:
14758:
14757:
14752:
14747:
14742:
14737:
14735:Petrochemicals
14732:
14727:
14722:
14717:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14692:
14680:
14678:
14672:
14671:
14669:
14668:
14667:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14636:
14626:
14625:
14624:
14619:
14614:
14609:
14604:
14595:
14585:
14580:
14579:
14578:
14573:
14568:
14560:
14559:
14558:
14553:
14543:
14542:
14541:
14536:
14526:
14525:
14524:
14518:
14513:
14503:
14502:
14501:
14499:Semiconductors
14496:
14494:Circuit boards
14491:
14480:
14478:
14472:
14471:
14469:
14468:
14467:
14466:
14461:
14456:
14453:
14450:
14447:
14442:
14439:
14434:
14428:
14425:
14424:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14378:
14370:
14369:
14368:
14363:
14361:Prefabrication
14358:
14353:
14347:
14342:
14337:
14332:
14327:
14318:
14308:
14307:
14306:
14301:
14296:
14294:Cassette tapes
14288:
14287:
14286:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14266:
14256:
14255:
14254:
14249:
14244:
14239:
14234:
14229:
14224:
14214:
14213:
14212:
14207:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14162:
14161:
14160:
14155:
14152:
14149:
14144:
14134:
14133:
14132:
14130:Vegetable oils
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14104:
14103:Dairy products
14101:
14096:
14091:
14080:
14078:
14076:Light industry
14069:
14061:
14060:
14048:
14047:
14044:
14043:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14036:
14035:
14034:
14029:
14024:
14019:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13984:
13983:
13982:
13977:
13972:
13967:
13962:
13954:
13953:
13952:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13907:
13899:
13898:
13897:
13892:
13887:
13882:
13877:
13872:
13861:
13859:
13855:
13854:
13851:
13850:
13848:
13847:
13846:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13817:
13816:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13790:
13785:
13780:
13775:
13765:
13764:
13763:
13758:
13753:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13698:
13693:
13682:
13680:
13676:
13675:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13670:
13665:
13658:Wild mushrooms
13655:
13654:
13653:
13648:
13635:
13633:Natural rubber
13630:
13625:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13600:
13595:
13594:
13593:
13583:
13582:
13581:
13570:
13568:
13562:
13561:
13559:
13558:
13557:
13556:
13546:
13545:
13544:
13539:
13534:
13529:
13524:
13519:
13514:
13509:
13504:
13499:
13494:
13489:
13479:
13478:
13477:
13472:
13462:
13461:
13460:
13455:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13418:Tropical fruit
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13390:
13389:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13351:Arable farming
13347:
13345:
13336:
13328:
13327:
13324:Natural sector
13315:
13314:
13306:
13305:
13298:
13291:
13283:
13274:
13273:
13271:
13270:
13258:
13245:
13242:
13241:
13239:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13227:
13226:
13221:
13210:
13208:
13204:
13203:
13201:
13200:
13199:
13198:
13193:
13188:
13183:
13178:
13168:
13167:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13145:
13143:
13137:
13136:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13129:
13127:Vapor pressure
13124:
13119:
13114:
13112:Speed of sound
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13089:
13087:Heat of fusion
13084:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13054:
13049:
13044:
13042:Critical point
13039:
13034:
13029:
13023:
13021:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13013:
13008:
13003:
12998:
12993:
12988:
12982:
12980:
12974:
12973:
12971:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12943:
12941:
12932:
12926:
12925:
12922:
12921:
12919:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12881:Coinage metals
12878:
12873:
12868:
12863:
12857:
12855:
12851:
12850:
12847:
12846:
12844:
12843:
12837:
12835:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12825:
12820:
12814:
12812:
12806:
12805:
12803:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12781:
12779:
12770:
12763:
12762:
12759:
12758:
12756:
12755:
12749:
12747:
12741:
12740:
12738:
12737:
12736:
12735:
12730:
12725:
12715:
12710:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12690:
12685:
12679:
12677:
12671:
12670:
12668:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12576:
12574:
12565:
12558:
12552:
12551:
12549:
12548:
12543:
12537:
12535:
12531:
12530:
12527:Periodic table
12523:
12522:
12515:
12508:
12500:
12491:
12490:
12484:
12483:
12478:
12473:
12468:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12454:
12450:
12449:
12440:
12431:
12422:
12413:
12404:
12395:
12386:
12377:
12368:
12359:
12350:
12341:
12332:
12323:
12314:
12305:
12296:
12287:
12278:
12269:
12260:
12251:
12242:
12233:
12224:
12215:
12206:
12197:
12188:
12179:
12170:
12161:
12155:
12154:
12145:
12136:
12127:
12118:
12109:
12100:
12091:
12082:
12073:
12064:
12055:
12046:
12037:
12028:
12019:
12010:
12001:
11992:
11983:
11974:
11965:
11956:
11947:
11938:
11929:
11920:
11911:
11902:
11893:
11884:
11875:
11866:
11860:
11859:
11850:
11841:
11832:
11823:
11814:
11805:
11796:
11787:
11778:
11769:
11760:
11751:
11742:
11733:
11724:
11715:
11713:
11704:
11695:
11689:
11688:
11679:
11670:
11661:
11652:
11643:
11634:
11625:
11616:
11607:
11598:
11589:
11580:
11571:
11562:
11553:
11544:
11542:
11533:
11524:
11518:
11517:
11508:
11499:
11490:
11481:
11472:
11463:
11461:
11452:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11427:
11418:
11409:
11400:
11391:
11382:
11380:
11371:
11362:
11356:
11355:
11346:
11344:
11335:
11329:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11246:
11241:
11236:
11231:
11228:
11227:
11224:Periodic table
11220:
11219:
11212:
11205:
11197:
11191:
11190:
11179:
11164:
11163:
11143:
11142:
11127:
11126:
11122:
11121:
11106:
11105:
11101:
11100:
11099:External media
11093:
11092:External links
11090:
11087:
11086:
11081:Kirkus Reviews
11068:
11006:
10979:
10964:
10950:
10925:
10908:
10883:
10852:
10825:
10798:
10767:
10737:
10704:
10679:
10662:Deutsche Welle
10649:
10618:
10599:
10576:
10550:
10521:
10458:
10393:
10318:
10261:
10225:
10216:
10167:
10107:
10080:(1–3): 79–85.
10057:
9992:
9929:
9863:
9811:
9749:
9692:
9674:
9623:
9568:
9516:
9461:
9435:
9384:
9337:
9300:
9269:
9243:
9230:www.cancer.gov
9217:
9194:
9139:
9112:
9078:
9047:
9034:(1): 123–134.
9011:
8976:(3): 189–200.
8953:
8875:
8859:
8810:
8763:
8737:
8710:(6): 295–330.
8693:
8676:
8650:
8628:
8610:New York Times
8592:
8566:
8559:
8541:
8506:
8476:
8446:
8415:
8384:
8377:
8359:
8325:
8291:
8257:
8223:
8197:
8166:
8140:
8114:
8091:
8074:
8048:
8030:
8012:
7982:
7951:
7915:
7885:
7854:
7823:
7793:
7763:
7729:
7711:
7683:
7660:
7636:
7604:
7578:
7548:
7522:
7504:
7477:
7451:
7421:
7395:
7364:
7331:
7301:
7282:
7264:
7232:
7215:Financial Post
7202:
7176:
7151:
7138:Global Witness
7116:
7103:Global Witness
7090:
7086:MetalMiner.com
7066:
7042:
7012:
6982:
6951:
6920:
6883:
6853:
6820:
6797:
6766:
6735:
6705:
6669:
6638:
6597:
6554:
6532:
6506:
6474:
6448:
6428:
6391:
6368:
6342:
6315:(3): 363–372.
6295:
6260:(3): 323–333.
6244:
6216:
6200:"Press corner"
6191:
6164:(8): 535–539.
6144:
6103:
6088:
6043:
6028:
5987:
5968:(1–4): 15–29.
5951:
5916:(10): 103508.
5900:
5872:
5855:
5815:
5800:
5777:
5762:
5731:
5724:
5704:
5698:978-3527306732
5697:
5669:
5660:
5615:
5608:
5590:
5581:
5567:
5560:
5540:
5527:
5496:
5481:
5474:Business Daily
5461:
5454:
5436:
5374:
5363:
5333:
5313:
5306:
5288:
5257:
5214:
5155:
5104:
5078:
5052:
5037:
5001:
4996:. p. 51.
4949:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4929:Precious metal
4926:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4905:Geology portal
4892:
4889:
4864:
4861:
4768:
4765:
4736:United Nations
4731:Lynas refinery
4717:, the mine in
4709:
4708:
4689:
4687:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4641:pneumoconiosis
4635:
4632:
4620:water hyacinth
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4566:
4563:
4519:
4497:
4494:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4377:
4371:
4365:
4359:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4317:
4314:
4300:
4297:
4252:
4249:
4239:
4236:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4154:container ship
4133:
4130:
4111:energy storage
4102:European Union
4044:European Union
3961:Bokan Mountain
3919:
3916:
3879:
3876:
3820:
3817:
3794:Inner Mongolia
3756:
3753:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3638:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3590:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3494:
3491:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3427:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3397:
3350:
3344:
3334:
3306:
3300:
3290:
3272:
3271:
3251:
3245:
3235:
3224:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3177:
3163:atomic numbers
3158:unfractionated
3118:
3115:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3046:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2957:
2911:Kola Peninsula
2881:, britholite,
2873:, chevkinite,
2715:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2685:cerium dioxide
2669:
2657:
2654:(cerium forms
2624:
2621:
2577:
2574:
2565:atomic numbers
2560:
2557:
2531:
2530:Classification
2528:
2487:
2476:
2464:
2412:Frank Spedding
2407:
2404:
2396:Georges Urbain
2334:Ural Mountains
2305:spectral lines
2242:
2239:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2061:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2038:LED light bulb
2023:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1970:reducing agent
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1930:X-ray machines
1926:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1893:vanadium steel
1885:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1776:
1742:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1650:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1516:
1514:luminous paint
1507:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1460:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1427:fluoride glass
1417:glass used in
1413:, additive in
1392:
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1339:
1334:, named after
1328:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1170:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1103:
1100:
934:
932:
925:
924:
923:
916:US 1 cent
911:Rare-earth ore
909:
902:
901:
900:
899:
898:
890:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
664:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
438:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
323:
321:
314:
306:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
200:
193:
191:
184:
176:
175:
168:
161:
154:
147:
140:
133:
131:
124:
116:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:
73:
71:
64:
56:
55:
48:
46:
36:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16971:
16960:
16957:
16955:
16952:
16950:
16947:
16946:
16944:
16928:
16927:
16918:
16916:
16915:
16906:
16904:
16903:
16894:
16893:
16889:
16873:
16870:
16868:
16865:
16863:
16862:Privatization
16860:
16858:
16855:
16853:
16850:
16848:
16845:
16843:
16840:
16838:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16830:
16826:
16823:
16821:
16818:
16816:
16813:
16811:
16808:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16792:
16791:
16788:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16750:
16749:
16746:
16745:
16743:
16741:
16737:
16731:
16728:
16726:
16723:
16719:
16716:
16714:
16711:
16709:
16706:
16705:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16694:
16691:
16689:
16686:
16684:
16681:
16679:
16676:
16675:
16674:
16671:
16669:
16666:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16642:
16639:
16638:
16637:
16636:Externalities
16634:
16633:
16631:
16629:
16624:
16620:
16612:
16609:
16607:
16604:
16602:
16599:
16598:
16597:Market-based
16596:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16571:
16570:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16559:
16557:
16556:
16554:
16552:
16546:
16542:
16535:
16531:
16515:
16512:
16511:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16490:
16484:
16481:
16479:
16476:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16449:
16448:
16446:
16444:
16440:
16432:
16429:
16427:
16424:
16422:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16413:
16412:
16409:
16405:
16402:
16400:
16397:
16395:
16392:
16391:
16390:
16387:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16369:
16368:Audio-visual
16367:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16347:
16346:
16344:
16342:
16337:
16333:
16329:
16325:
16320:
16316:
16300:
16297:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16286:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16275:
16272:
16270:
16267:
16265:
16262:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16246:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16235:
16232:
16230:
16227:
16226:
16224:
16220:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16193:
16192:
16190:
16189:
16187:
16183:
16175:
16172:
16170:
16167:
16165:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16156:
16154:
16152:
16149:
16145:
16142:
16141:
16140:
16137:
16136:
16134:
16132:
16127:
16126:Entertainment
16123:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16095:
16092:
16091:
16089:
16088:
16086:
16084:
16080:
16072:
16069:
16068:
16067:
16064:
16060:
16057:
16055:
16052:
16051:
16050:
16047:
16045:
16042:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16024:
16023:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16008:
16005:
16003:
16000:
15998:
15995:
15994:
15993:
15989:
15986:
15982:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15967:
15964:
15963:
15962:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15954:
15950:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15934:
15933:
15932:
15929:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15917:
15915:
15912:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15901:
15900:
15897:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15883:
15882:Payment cards
15880:
15878:
15875:
15873:
15870:
15868:
15865:
15863:
15860:
15858:
15855:
15854:
15853:
15850:
15849:
15847:
15845:
15841:
15835:
15832:
15828:
15825:
15823:
15820:
15818:
15817:Food delivery
15815:
15813:
15810:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15798:
15797:Drink service
15795:
15794:
15793:
15790:
15789:
15787:
15785:
15781:
15773:
15770:
15769:
15768:
15765:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15737:
15736:
15733:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15704:
15701:
15700:
15699:
15696:
15695:
15693:
15691:& Storage
15689:
15685:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15663:
15662:
15659:
15655:
15652:
15650:
15647:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15635:
15634:Grocery store
15632:
15630:
15629:General store
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15615:
15612:
15611:
15609:
15607:
15603:
15599:
15595:
15590:
15586:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15531:
15529:
15525:
15522:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15505:
15502:
15500:
15497:
15495:
15492:
15490:
15487:
15486:
15485:
15482:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15464:
15463:
15460:
15459:
15457:
15455:
15451:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15419:
15418:
15415:
15413:
15410:
15406:
15403:
15401:
15398:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15387:
15386:
15383:
15379:
15376:
15375:
15374:
15371:
15367:
15364:
15362:
15359:
15357:
15354:
15353:
15351:
15350:
15348:
15346:
15342:
15332:
15329:
15325:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15315:Rail vehicles
15313:
15311:
15307:
15304:
15303:
15302:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15289:
15288:wind turbines
15285:
15282:
15280:
15279:Machine tools
15277:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15261:
15260:
15257:
15256:
15254:
15252:
15248:
15242:
15239:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15226:
15225:
15222:
15218:
15215:
15214:
15213:
15210:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15192:
15191:
15188:
15184:
15181:
15179:
15176:
15174:
15170:
15169:Carbon fibers
15167:
15165:
15162:
15161:
15159:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15145:
15142:
15141:
15140:
15137:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15101:
15098:
15096:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15063:
15062:
15059:
15055:
15051:
15048:
15046:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15022:
15021:
15018:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15005:
15004:
15001:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14978:
14977:
14974:
14970:
14967:
14965:
14962:
14960:
14957:
14955:
14952:
14950:
14947:
14946:
14945:
14942:
14938:
14934:
14931:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14920:
14917:
14916:
14915:
14912:
14911:
14909:
14905:
14897:
14894:
14892:
14889:
14887:
14886:Illegal drugs
14884:
14882:
14881:Generic drugs
14879:
14877:
14873:
14871:
14868:
14866:
14863:
14862:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14849:
14846:
14844:
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14830:
14827:
14825:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14799:Agrochemicals
14797:
14795:
14792:
14791:
14790:
14787:
14783:
14782:Pure elements
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14764:
14763:
14760:
14756:
14753:
14751:
14750:Synthetic oil
14748:
14746:
14743:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14726:
14723:
14721:
14718:
14716:
14713:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14691:
14688:
14687:
14686:
14682:
14681:
14679:
14677:
14673:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14644:
14640:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14631:
14630:
14627:
14623:
14620:
14618:
14615:
14613:
14612:Lens grinding
14610:
14608:
14605:
14603:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14590:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14577:
14574:
14572:
14569:
14566:
14565:
14564:
14561:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14548:
14547:
14544:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14534:Mobile phones
14532:
14531:
14530:
14527:
14523:
14522:storage media
14519:
14517:
14514:
14512:
14509:
14508:
14507:
14504:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14486:
14485:
14482:
14481:
14479:
14477:& optical
14473:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14454:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14432:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14422:
14419:
14417:
14414:
14412:
14409:
14407:
14404:
14402:
14399:
14397:
14394:
14392:
14389:
14387:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14367:
14364:
14362:
14359:
14357:
14354:
14352:
14348:
14346:
14343:
14341:
14338:
14336:
14333:
14331:
14328:
14326:
14322:
14319:
14317:
14314:
14313:
14312:
14309:
14305:
14304:Optical discs
14302:
14300:
14297:
14295:
14292:
14291:
14289:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14265:
14262:
14261:
14260:
14257:
14253:
14250:
14248:
14245:
14243:
14240:
14238:
14235:
14233:
14230:
14228:
14225:
14223:
14220:
14219:
14218:
14215:
14211:
14208:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14167:
14166:
14163:
14159:
14156:
14153:
14150:
14148:
14147:Bottled water
14145:
14143:
14140:
14139:
14138:
14135:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14105:
14102:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14082:
14081:
14079:
14077:
14073:
14070:
14068:Manufacturing
14066:
14062:
14058:
14053:
14049:
14033:
14030:
14028:
14025:
14023:
14020:
14018:
14015:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13988:
13985:
13981:
13978:
13976:
13973:
13971:
13968:
13966:
13963:
13961:
13958:
13957:
13955:
13951:
13948:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13902:
13900:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13888:
13886:
13883:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13873:
13871:
13868:
13867:
13866:
13863:
13862:
13860:
13856:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13828:Sea cucumbers
13826:
13824:
13821:
13820:
13818:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13789:
13786:
13784:
13781:
13779:
13776:
13774:
13771:
13770:
13769:
13766:
13762:
13759:
13757:
13754:
13752:
13749:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13702:
13699:
13697:
13694:
13692:
13689:
13688:
13687:
13684:
13683:
13681:
13677:
13669:
13666:
13664:
13661:
13660:
13659:
13656:
13652:
13649:
13647:
13643:
13639:
13636:
13634:
13631:
13629:
13626:
13624:
13621:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13605:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13592:
13589:
13588:
13587:
13584:
13580:
13577:
13576:
13575:
13572:
13571:
13569:
13567:
13563:
13555:
13552:
13551:
13550:
13547:
13543:
13540:
13538:
13535:
13533:
13530:
13528:
13525:
13523:
13520:
13518:
13515:
13513:
13510:
13508:
13505:
13503:
13500:
13498:
13495:
13493:
13492:Dairy farming
13490:
13488:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13480:
13476:
13473:
13471:
13468:
13467:
13466:
13463:
13459:
13456:
13454:
13451:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13399:
13398:Apples et al.
13396:
13395:
13394:
13391:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13352:
13349:
13348:
13346:
13344:
13340:
13337:
13333:
13329:
13325:
13320:
13316:
13312:
13304:
13299:
13297:
13292:
13290:
13285:
13284:
13281:
13269:
13268:
13259:
13257:
13256:
13247:
13246:
13243:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13216:
13215:
13212:
13211:
13209:
13205:
13197:
13194:
13192:
13189:
13187:
13184:
13182:
13181:controversies
13179:
13177:
13174:
13173:
13172:
13169:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13151:
13150:
13147:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13138:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13102:Melting point
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13083:
13082:Heat capacity
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13055:
13053:
13050:
13048:
13045:
13043:
13040:
13038:
13037:Boiling point
13035:
13033:
13032:Atomic radius
13030:
13028:
13025:
13024:
13022:
13018:
13012:
13009:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12992:
12989:
12987:
12984:
12983:
12981:
12979:
12975:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12953:
12949:
12945:
12944:
12942:
12940:
12936:
12933:
12931:
12927:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12896:Native metals
12894:
12892:
12889:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12852:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12830:
12824:
12823:Dividing line
12821:
12819:
12816:
12815:
12813:
12811:
12807:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
12786:
12783:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12774:
12771:
12769:
12764:
12754:
12751:
12750:
12748:
12746:
12742:
12734:
12731:
12729:
12726:
12724:
12721:
12720:
12719:
12716:
12714:
12711:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12691:
12689:
12686:
12684:
12681:
12680:
12678:
12676:
12672:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12660:17 (Halogens)
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12648:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12611:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12577:
12575:
12573:
12569:
12566:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12553:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12532:
12528:
12521:
12516:
12514:
12509:
12507:
12502:
12501:
12498:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12463:
12456:
12447:
12438:
12429:
12420:
12411:
12402:
12393:
12384:
12375:
12366:
12357:
12348:
12339:
12330:
12321:
12312:
12303:
12294:
12285:
12276:
12267:
12258:
12249:
12240:
12231:
12222:
12213:
12204:
12195:
12186:
12177:
12168:
12160:
12156:
12152:
12143:
12134:
12125:
12116:
12107:
12098:
12089:
12080:
12071:
12062:
12053:
12044:
12035:
12026:
12017:
12008:
11999:
11990:
11981:
11972:
11963:
11954:
11945:
11936:
11927:
11918:
11909:
11900:
11891:
11882:
11873:
11865:
11861:
11857:
11848:
11839:
11830:
11821:
11812:
11803:
11794:
11785:
11776:
11767:
11758:
11749:
11740:
11731:
11722:
11711:
11702:
11694:
11690:
11686:
11677:
11668:
11659:
11650:
11641:
11632:
11623:
11614:
11605:
11596:
11587:
11578:
11569:
11560:
11551:
11540:
11531:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11506:
11497:
11488:
11479:
11470:
11459:
11450:
11442:
11438:
11434:
11425:
11416:
11407:
11398:
11389:
11378:
11369:
11361:
11357:
11353:
11342:
11334:
11330:
11327:
11322:
11317:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11257:
11252:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11225:
11218:
11213:
11211:
11206:
11204:
11199:
11198:
11195:
11189:
11188:
11183:
11180:
11177:
11172:
11168:
11167:
11161:
11157:
11153:
11144:
11141:
11138:, animation,
11137:
11128:
11123:
11120:
11116:
11107:
11102:
11097:
11082:
11078:
11072:
11064:
11060:
11055:
11054:11250/2579292
11050:
11045:
11040:
11036:
11032:
11028:
11024:
11020:
11013:
11011:
10994:
10990:
10983:
10975:
10968:
10960:
10954:
10947:
10946:
10942:
10938:
10935:
10929:
10922:
10921:
10920:The Economist
10917:
10912:
10905:
10904:
10899:
10895:
10892:
10887:
10876:September 22,
10871:
10867:
10863:
10856:
10845:September 22,
10840:
10836:
10829:
10813:
10809:
10802:
10791:September 27,
10786:
10782:
10778:
10771:
10760:September 26,
10755:
10751:
10747:
10746:"Value Chain"
10741:
10732:
10727:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10708:
10701:
10700:
10699:The Economist
10695:
10691:
10688:
10683:
10667:
10663:
10659:
10653:
10642:September 26,
10637:
10633:
10629:
10622:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10603:
10596:
10592:
10588:
10585:
10580:
10573:
10572:
10567:
10563:
10560:
10557:Lee, Yoolim,
10554:
10538:
10534:
10533:
10525:
10517:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10471:
10469:
10467:
10465:
10463:
10454:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10436:
10432:
10428:
10424:
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10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10397:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10357:
10353:
10349:
10345:
10341:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10322:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10272:
10265:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10229:
10220:
10212:
10208:
10203:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10178:
10171:
10163:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10145:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10114:
10112:
10103:
10099:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10064:
10062:
10053:
10049:
10044:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10027:
10023:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9996:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9968:
9964:
9960:
9956:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9940:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9907:
9903:
9899:
9895:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9879:
9875:
9867:
9859:
9855:
9851:
9847:
9843:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9827:
9823:
9815:
9807:
9803:
9799:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9781:
9777:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9753:
9745:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9696:
9688:
9687:New Scientist
9684:
9678:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9627:
9619:
9615:
9611:
9607:
9603:
9599:
9595:
9591:
9587:
9583:
9579:
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7491:vnexpress.net
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6401:"Rare Earths"
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4818:The Economist
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4791:The Economist
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4611:contamination
4605:On vegetation
4597:
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4576:
4572:
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4478:
4476:
4475:wind turbines
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4415:
4356:
4348:
4337:
4335:
4334:glass-blowing
4331:
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4296:
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4278:
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4225:
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4206:Mine tailings
4201:Other sources
4198:
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4187:
4186:
4181:
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4016:
4013:
4012:Longonjo mine
4007:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3991:Mountain Pass
3987:
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3974:
3970:
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3953:
3949:
3948:United States
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3862:. After the
3861:
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3727:
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3712:
3711:clinopyroxene
3708:
3707:orthopyroxene
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3696:
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3200:
3195:
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3168:
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3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3144:
3143:fractionation
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3055:
3054:atomic weight
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3019:Argillization
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:Mountain Pass
2999:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2954:asthenosphere
2951:
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2796:
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2780:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2736:Earth's crust
2733:
2725:
2720:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2653:
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2638:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2617:geochronology
2613:
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2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
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2570:
2566:
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2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:precipitation
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
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2502:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2472:
2460:
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2437:
2433:
2429:
2428:plutonium-239
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:(obtained by
2370:
2369:X-ray spectra
2365:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:Heinrich Rose
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:(now called "
2323:
2322:uranotantalum
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:Johan Gadolin
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2110:
2109:Johan Gadolin
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2041:
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2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:strain gauges
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
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1647:Johan Gadolin
1644:
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1623:
1620:
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1608:
1604:
1601:Red and blue
1600:
1597:
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1568:
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1374:
1371:
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1299:
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1288:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1272:
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1259:, camera and
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
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1234:
1230:
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1186:
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1149:
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1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:atomic number
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Earth's crust
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
919:
917:
912:
906:
897:
888:
883:
881:
876:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
792:
790:
788:Rutherfordium
785:
783:
778:
776:
771:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
685:
680:
678:
673:
671:
666:
665:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
627:
622:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
508:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
445:
440:
439:
436:
431:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
333:
331:
326:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
307:
304:
299:
297:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
243:
241:
236:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
190:
185:
183:
178:
177:
174:
169:
167:
162:
160:
155:
153:
148:
146:
141:
139:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
117:
114:
109:
107:
102:
100:
95:
93:
88:
86:
81:
79:
74:
70:
65:
63:
58:
57:
54:
49:
45:
40:
39:
19:
16925:
16913:
16901:
16820:Spinning-off
16805:Homesteading
16758:Conglomerate
16740:Organization
16693:Raw material
16688:Intermediate
16567:
16566:
16389:Broadcasting
16294:Cruise lines
16264:Maid service
16254:Dry cleaning
16225:Maintenance
15988:Architecture
15953:Professional
15772:Self storage
15676:Distribution
15454:Construction
15299:Other heavy
15224:Formed metal
15178:Mineral wool
15100:Safety glass
15071:Fused quartz
15066:Borosilicate
14730:Paraffin wax
14685:oil refining
14664:Transformers
14430:Other goods
14416:Stonemasonry
14396:Glassblowing
14381:Blow molding
14340:Locksmithing
14316:Boilermaking
13865:Fossil fuels
13663:Fungiculture
13618:Gutta-percha
13608:Frankincense
13603:Tree tapping
13574:Silviculture
13554:Fur trapping
13465:Horticulture
13413:Stone fruits
13260:
13248:
13231:Trivial name
13219:nomenclature
12891:Heavy metals
12886:Noble metals
12865:
12645:14 (Tetrels)
12541:Alternatives
11185:
11080:
11071:
11026:
11022:
10999:February 25,
10997:. Retrieved
10982:
10973:
10967:
10953:
10943:
10928:
10918:
10911:
10901:
10886:
10874:. Retrieved
10865:
10855:
10843:. Retrieved
10828:
10818:February 29,
10816:. Retrieved
10812:the original
10801:
10789:. Retrieved
10780:
10770:
10758:. Retrieved
10750:Investopedia
10749:
10740:
10724:(1): 26–35.
10721:
10717:
10707:
10697:
10682:
10670:. Retrieved
10661:
10652:
10640:. Retrieved
10631:
10621:
10602:
10579:
10569:
10553:
10541:. Retrieved
10531:
10524:
10507:11586/148470
10481:
10477:
10410:
10406:
10396:
10386:September 6,
10384:. Retrieved
10380:the original
10335:
10331:
10321:
10278:
10274:
10264:
10239:
10235:
10228:
10219:
10187:(1): 12–26.
10184:
10180:
10170:
10127:
10123:
10077:
10073:
10069:
10009:
10005:
9995:
9946:
9942:
9932:
9881:
9877:
9866:
9825:
9821:
9814:
9789:11566/264482
9763:
9759:
9752:
9709:
9705:
9695:
9686:
9677:
9636:
9632:
9626:
9585:
9581:
9571:
9536:
9532:
9478:
9474:
9464:
9452:. Retrieved
9438:
9401:
9397:
9387:
9354:
9350:
9340:
9328:. Retrieved
9319:
9291:. Retrieved
9282:
9272:
9260:. Retrieved
9256:the original
9246:
9236:February 14,
9234:. Retrieved
9229:
9220:
9212:
9197:
9156:
9152:
9130:. Retrieved
9125:
9115:
9103:. Retrieved
9094:
9069:. Retrieved
9060:
9050:
9031:
9027:
8973:
8969:
8944:. Retrieved
8898:(2): 143–8.
8895:
8891:
8870:
8867:F. J. Duarte
8862:
8850:. Retrieved
8825:
8805:
8783:
8779:
8756:February 15,
8754:. Retrieved
8750:
8740:
8707:
8703:
8696:
8684:
8679:
8669:February 10,
8667:. Retrieved
8653:
8645:the original
8640:
8631:
8621:February 25,
8619:. Retrieved
8608:
8595:
8585:February 10,
8583:. Retrieved
8579:the original
8569:
8550:
8544:
8534:December 11,
8532:. Retrieved
8516:
8509:
8499:December 11,
8497:. Retrieved
8488:
8479:
8469:December 11,
8467:. Retrieved
8458:
8449:
8437:. Retrieved
8428:
8418:
8406:. Retrieved
8402:the original
8397:
8387:
8368:
8362:
8352:September 3,
8350:. Retrieved
8346:the original
8338:
8328:
8318:February 15,
8316:. Retrieved
8309:the original
8300:
8294:
8282:. Retrieved
8278:the original
8273:
8248:. Retrieved
8239:
8214:. Retrieved
8210:the original
8200:
8188:. Retrieved
8179:
8169:
8157:. Retrieved
8153:
8143:
8133:February 15,
8131:. Retrieved
8127:
8117:
8105:. Retrieved
8094:
8077:
8067:November 30,
8065:. Retrieved
8061:
8051:
8042:
8033:
8025:the original
8015:
8005:February 10,
8003:. Retrieved
7995:voakorea.com
7994:
7985:
7973:. Retrieved
7969:the original
7964:
7954:
7942:. Retrieved
7930:
7918:
7906:. Retrieved
7897:
7888:
7878:February 10,
7876:. Retrieved
7867:
7857:
7845:. Retrieved
7841:the original
7836:
7826:
7816:November 10,
7814:. Retrieved
7810:the original
7805:
7796:
7786:November 10,
7784:. Retrieved
7780:the original
7775:
7766:
7757:
7750:. Retrieved
7732:
7723:
7714:
7698:
7686:
7673:
7663:
7639:
7627:. Retrieved
7620:the original
7607:
7595:. Retrieved
7581:
7569:. Retrieved
7560:
7551:
7538:
7507:
7497:December 24,
7495:. Retrieved
7490:
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7454:
7442:. Retrieved
7433:
7424:
7412:. Retrieved
7408:the original
7398:
7386:. Retrieved
7377:
7367:
7355:. Retrieved
7348:the original
7334:
7322:. Retrieved
7313:
7304:
7295:
7285:
7276:
7255:. Retrieved
7244:
7235:
7225:September 7,
7223:. Retrieved
7214:
7205:
7193:. Retrieved
7189:
7179:
7167:. Retrieved
7163:
7154:
7142:. Retrieved
7137:
7107:. Retrieved
7102:
7093:
7085:
7069:
7061:
7045:
7033:. Retrieved
7015:
7003:. Retrieved
6995:The Guardian
6994:
6985:
6975:February 10,
6973:. Retrieved
6965:The Register
6964:
6954:
6942:. Retrieved
6933:
6923:
6911:. Retrieved
6902:
6876:February 10,
6874:. Retrieved
6865:
6856:
6846:September 7,
6844:. Retrieved
6835:
6815:the original
6810:
6800:
6788:. Retrieved
6784:the original
6779:
6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6753:the original
6748:
6738:
6726:. Retrieved
6722:the original
6717:
6708:
6696:. Retrieved
6662:February 10,
6660:. Retrieved
6651:
6641:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6570:(1): 36–43.
6567:
6563:
6557:
6523:. Retrieved
6509:
6497:. Retrieved
6477:
6465:. Retrieved
6461:the original
6451:
6431:
6421:February 14,
6419:. Retrieved
6407:
6394:
6359:. Retrieved
6345:
6312:
6308:
6298:
6257:
6253:
6247:
6235:. Retrieved
6231:
6209:November 30,
6207:. Retrieved
6203:
6194:
6161:
6157:
6147:
6139:
6122:
6079:
6019:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5938:10183/107858
5913:
5909:
5903:
5894:
5888:
5875:
5858:
5846:. Retrieved
5792:Geochemistry
5791:
5753:
5714:
5707:
5678:
5672:
5663:
5655:
5647:
5643:
5632:. Retrieved
5630:(in Russian)
5627:
5618:
5599:
5593:
5584:
5574:
5570:
5550:
5543:
5534:
5530:
5518:. Retrieved
5511:
5493:. IS-RIC 10.
5490:
5484:
5470:Andrea Sella
5464:
5445:
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5384:
5380:
5366:
5356:February 10,
5354:. Retrieved
5350:the original
5345:
5336:
5327:
5297:
5291:
5279:. Retrieved
5270:
5260:
5248:
5241:. Retrieved
5172:
5168:
5158:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5095:. Retrieved
5091:
5086:Lee, Jordy.
5081:
5069:. Retrieved
5064:
5055:
5047:The Elements
5046:
5040:
5019:Andrea Sella
4975:
4966:
4962:
4953:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4867:The plot of
4866:
4857:
4853:The Pentagon
4837:
4833:
4822:
4817:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4758:
4755:
4747:
4724:
4712:
4699:
4691:
4667:
4654:
4645:
4637:
4623:
4608:
4594:
4582:
4578:
4559:
4539:
4511:cerium oxide
4507:
4499:
4490:
4479:
4456:
4449:
4413:
4346:
4326:praseodymium
4322:Andrea Sella
4319:
4302:
4254:
4241:
4238:Ocean mining
4209:
4195:
4183:
4177:
4135:
4123:
4119:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4064:
4053:
4034:in southern
4017:
4008:
3988:
3981:northwestern
3936:South Africa
3921:
3883:Kachin State
3881:
3853:
3849:
3838:
3831:
3828:
3813:
3807:in northern
3798:polymetallic
3785:Western Cape
3766:
3742:
3731:
3723:
3688:
3679:
3538:
3374:
3370:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3151:
3147:
3135:geochemistry
3120:
3117:Applications
3105:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3082:
3051:
3048:Geochemistry
3043:
3036:
3029:
3015:
3005:in the USA.
2970:Carbonatites
2963:
2938:upper mantle
2922:carbonatites
2919:
2899:South Africa
2897:; rock from
2879:stillwellite
2844:
2797:
2776:
2748:
2729:
2723:
2673:
2665:
2652:sesquioxides
2649:
2626:
2614:
2579:
2569:atomic radii
2562:
2538:methods and
2536:ion exchange
2533:
2517:
2509:ion exchange
2456:
2420:ion-exchange
2409:
2385:
2366:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2262:
2251:Delafontaine
2244:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2137:Riddarhyttan
2094:
2086:
2064:
2055:
1974:decoy flares
1804:Additive in
1798:
1744:Additive in
1693:scintillator
1567:control rods
1456:
1452:
1388:
1384:
1379:Praseodymium
1287:to be hidden
1286:
1233:tooth crowns
1162:
1105:
1084:ore deposits
1073:
1054:
1030:
1015:
1011:heavy metals
994:
990:
986:
982:
980:
963:
951:
948:praseodymium
943:
935:
913:
896:
830:Darmstadtium
697:Protactinium
471:Praseodymium
16857:Partnership
16837:Cooperative
16810:Outsourcing
16800:Freelancing
16678:Commodities
16382:Video games
16357:Periodicals
16234:Landscaping
16169:Fairgrounds
16071:Advertising
15992:engineering
15976:Bookkeeping
15931:Real estate
15924:Reinsurance
15822:Restaurants
15792:Foodservice
15784:Hospitality
15767:Warehousing
15755:Ridesharing
15745:Car rentals
15477:Residential
15412:Remediation
15295:Automobiles
15117:Earthenware
15086:Glass fiber
15081:Float glass
14891:Supplements
14865:Antibiotics
14767:Fertilizers
14725:Mineral oil
14700:Diesel fuel
14683:Coal &
14643:fiber optic
14617:Microscopes
14571:GPS devices
14551:Televisions
14484:Electronics
14475:Electrical
14421:Woodworking
14376:3D printing
14335:Gunsmithing
14299:Phonographs
14284:Typesetting
14264:Bookbinding
14227:Dressmaking
14222:Accessories
14154:Soft drinks
14089:Animal feed
13880:Natural gas
13768:Aquaculture
13751:Sea urchins
13623:Maple syrup
13497:Fur farming
13487:Beef cattle
13423:Viticulture
13371:Fiber crops
13343:Agriculture
13267:WikiProject
13011:Term symbol
12841:Noble gases
12785:Lanthanides
12768:metallicity
12640:13 (Triels)
10484:: 215–220.
10413:(1): 9772.
10275:Chemosphere
9884:(1): 4386.
9639:: 384–388.
9404:(6): 1005.
9330:October 30,
9159:: 141–148.
8786:(11): 203.
8408:December 1,
7975:October 22,
7931:ASX Release
7752:November 5,
7699:Pensana PLC
7571:December 1,
7485:VnExpress.
7470:October 31,
6811:China Daily
6790:January 19,
6759:October 19,
6140:MarketWatch
6124:ScienceNews
5520:January 31,
5429:February 9,
5271:Geology.com
5175:(9): 1663.
4874:Dirty Story
4869:Eric Ambler
4840:Afghanistan
4615:chlorophyll
4357:, 24% (24%)
4277:La Rochelle
4212:uranium ore
4182:reports, a
4162:Bukit Merah
4077:North Korea
4054:In central
3973:Hoidas Lake
3965:Hoidas Lake
3833:China Daily
3805:Halls Creek
3139:atomic size
3131:metamorphic
3127:sedimentary
2808:fergusonite
2763:ionic radii
2757:rocks. The
2663:space group
2606:uranium-238
2491:), and the
2392:World War I
2352:found only
2338:Gustav Rose
2176:nitric acid
1992:monitoring
1968:, chemical
1899:technology
1897:fiber-optic
1799:hard to get
1662:X-ray tubes
1423:ferrocerium
1359:hydrophobic
1355:ferrocerium
1253:spark plugs
1167:Scandinavia
1076:geochemical
1042:uranium-238
999:lanthanides
995:rare earths
872:Livermorium
844:Copernicium
837:Roentgenium
767:Mendelevium
753:Einsteinium
746:Californium
18:Rare earths
16943:Categories
16730:Technology
16700:Innovation
16661:Well-being
16471:University
16404:Television
16341:Mass media
16336:Publishing
16174:Nightclubs
16083:Healthcare
16054:Consulting
16049:Management
15997:Inspection
15981:Tax advice
15961:Accounting
15892:Securities
15708:Intermodal
15644:Mail order
15539:Demolition
15472:Industrial
15467:Commercial
15390:Collection
15241:Cast metal
15127:Refractory
15095:fiberglass
15091:Glass wool
15054:thermosets
15030:Engineered
14959:Engineered
14954:Sawmilling
14848:Toiletries
14819:Explosives
14639:Electrical
14622:Telescopes
14489:Components
14247:Shoemaking
13965:Phosphorus
13858:Geological
13808:Microalgae
13651:Pine resin
13638:Palm sugar
13613:Gum arabic
13527:Beekeeping
13366:Vegetables
13311:industries
13191:for people
13186:for places
13159:1871 table
13052:Elasticity
13020:Data pages
12978:Properties
12854:Other sets
12810:Metalloids
11156:Ira Flatow
9828:: 122048.
8216:August 26,
8107:August 13,
7965:Asia Times
7515:. Mindat.
7190:Asia Times
7005:January 5,
6913:August 28,
6728:August 30,
6617:: 105428.
6457:"Overview"
5897:: 310–316.
5634:January 7,
5394:1902.02662
4967:lanthanide
4963:lanthanoid
4945:References
4829:dysprosium
4806:export ban
4761:Kvanefjeld
4713:After the
4482:fuel cells
4316:Properties
4310:phosphates
4281:Saint-Fons
4259:and other
4222:mining at
4146:Mount Weld
4032:Kvanefjeld
3969:Mount Weld
3946:, and the
3893:along the
3823:See also:
3755:Production
3699:Hornblende
3372:interest.
2998:brecciated
2978:lherzolite
2934:subduction
2926:pegmatites
2883:fluocerite
2871:lanthanite
2847:bastnäsite
2816:yttrialite
2800:samarskite
2788:chondritic
2761:and large
2744:technetium
2740:promethium
2645:bastnäsite
2610:promethium
2592:or by the
2552:solubility
2459:bastnäsite
2381:element 61
2326:samarskite
2281:gadolinium
2269:samarskite
2228:philippium
2220:mosandrium
2097:gadolinite
2034:refineries
1990:earthquake
1818:terfenol-D
1793:Dysprosium
1774:fuel cells
1766:terfenol-D
1641:Gadolinium
1504:Prometheus
1499:after the
1495:Promethium
1403:carbon arc
1385:leek-green
1134:Etymology
1088:gadolinite
1063:being the
1034:promethium
940:gadolinium
879:Tennessine
823:Meitnerium
802:Seaborgium
781:Lawrencium
520:Dysprosium
506:Gadolinium
485:Promethium
357:Technetium
350:Molybdenum
151:Phosphorus
16832:Ownership
16778:Monopsony
16656:Pollution
16641:Community
16551:standards
16456:Secondary
16443:Education
16426:Streaming
16099:Hospitals
16090:Medicine
16066:Marketing
16002:Surveying
15966:Assurance
15936:Brokerage
15899:Insurance
15827:Teahouses
15812:Fast food
15703:Air cargo
15688:Transport
15671:Brokerage
15661:Wholesale
15549:Elevators
15534:Cabinetry
15462:Buildings
15442:Telephone
15437:Satellite
15405:Recycling
15400:Hazardous
15366:Renewable
15345:Utilities
15306:Aerospace
15274:Hydraulic
15264:Conveyors
15259:Machinery
15164:Abrasives
15122:Porcelain
15076:Soda-lime
15035:Specialty
15025:Commodity
14986:Cardboard
14969:Composite
14907:Materials
14824:Fireworks
14814:Cosmetics
14794:Adhesives
14676:Chemicals
14634:Batteries
14506:Computers
14441:Jewellery
14427:Furniture
14411:Sintering
14391:Extrusion
14345:Machining
14321:Builders'
14274:Engraving
14269:Embossing
14252:Tailoring
14237:Hatmaking
14137:Beverages
14120:Preserved
14017:Limestone
13987:Quarrying
13960:Gemstones
13930:Palladium
13895:Tar sands
13890:Petroleum
13885:Oil shale
13731:Swordfish
13691:Anchovies
13532:Cochineal
13176:etymology
13027:Abundance
12952:in humans
12948:Abundance
12833:Nonmetals
12790:Actinides
11063:2214-6296
11029:: 36–40.
10435:2045-2322
10360:0269-4042
10305:0045-6535
10242:: 40–48.
10144:0091-6765
10102:0048-9697
10034:0013-936X
9971:0013-936X
9906:2041-1723
9858:219469381
9850:0959-6526
9806:115810707
9798:1364-0321
9766:: 41–53.
9661:0304-3894
9610:0013-936X
9563:1674-9871
9511:135249554
9503:2452-2236
9398:Molecules
9379:1944-3994
9357:: 71–86.
9293:March 16,
9181:0048-9697
9028:Resources
8998:2005-9752
8920:0944-1344
8842:239335855
8732:128509001
8429:USA Today
7944:April 11,
7464:AlJazeera
7388:March 22,
7357:April 19,
7195:March 27,
7169:March 27,
7144:March 27,
7109:March 27,
6944:August 8,
6698:March 13,
6633:0169-1368
6592:0301-4207
6525:April 19,
6499:March 13,
6467:April 21,
6337:0016-7037
6282:1432-0967
6186:1752-0908
6098:933724718
6038:262694332
5472:on a BBC
5419:118895100
5387:: 68–74.
5377:surfaces"
5243:March 13,
5191:2076-2615
5097:April 19,
5071:April 19,
5033:TRT World
4957:The 1985
4849:Khanashin
4753:project.
4503:Bayan Obo
4452:catalysts
4355:Catalysts
4330:neodymium
4328:(Pr) and
4232:gold rush
4150:Fremantle
4086:, Japan.
4040:lujavrite
4036:Greenland
4020:Thor Lake
3995:Las Vegas
3944:Greenland
3924:Australia
3912:Singapore
3854:In 2019,
3801:Bayan Obo
3695:feldspars
3602:−
3472:−
3451:×
3413:∗
2950:the crust
2930:plutonism
2895:Australia
2832:Greenland
2828:eudialyte
2824:zirconium
2751:accretion
2693:unit cell
2637:carbonate
2629:phosphate
2623:Compounds
2594:s-process
2493:lateritic
2432:neptunium
2424:actinides
2400:zirconium
2364:) in it.
2362:columbium
2317:in 1901.
2290:gadolinia
2226:, or the
2129:beryllium
2127:isolated
1964:Infrared
1957:Ytterbium
1928:Portable
1887:Infrared
1847:Stockholm
1750:phosphors
1603:phosphors
1447:Neodymium
1341:Chemical
1281:Lanthanum
1249:microwave
1140:Abundance
972:neodymium
968:lanthanum
886:Oganesson
865:Moscovium
858:Flerovium
739:Berkelium
725:Americium
718:Plutonium
711:Neptunium
548:Ytterbium
478:Neodymium
457:Lanthanum
420:Tellurium
378:Palladium
364:Ruthenium
336:Zirconium
318:Strontium
274:Germanium
225:Manganese
181:Potassium
137:Aluminium
128:Magnesium
68:Beryllium
16902:Category
16773:Monopoly
16725:Services
16504:Language
16499:Creative
16483:Tutoring
16461:Tertiary
16431:Websites
16411:Internet
16362:Software
16348:Written
16269:Pet care
16229:Janitors
16219:security
16210:Staffing
16139:Gambling
16032:Interior
16013:, &
16007:Physical
15919:Property
15807:Catering
15740:Airlines
15728:Trucking
15564:Plumbing
15519:Dredging
15494:Railways
15427:Internet
15422:Cable TV
15356:Electric
15301:vehicles
15200:Aluminum
15107:Ceramics
15020:Plastics
14933:Currying
14923:deliming
14896:Vaccines
14838:Perfumes
14777:Pigments
14720:Kerosene
14715:Jet fuel
14710:Gasoline
14705:Fuel oil
14437:Bicycles
14351:smithing
14259:Printing
14217:Clothing
14185:Spinning
14165:Textiles
14115:Prepared
13935:Platinum
13905:Aluminum
13833:Scallops
13746:Lobsters
13721:Mackerel
13701:Sardines
13668:Truffles
13644:, &
13591:Firewood
13566:Forestry
13376:Oilseeds
13255:Category
13207:See also
13077:Hardness
12930:Elements
10993:Archived
10937:Archived
10894:Archived
10870:Archived
10839:Archived
10785:Archived
10754:Archived
10690:Archived
10672:April 7,
10666:Archived
10636:Archived
10610:Archived
10587:Archived
10562:Archived
10543:April 5,
10537:Archived
10516:26164116
10453:28852170
10376:31655372
10368:28550599
10313:23891580
10211:23516020
10052:36942728
10043:10077585
9987:85517653
9979:30912650
9924:32873784
9744:35138886
9669:25089667
9618:24576005
9448:Archived
9430:30871164
9324:Archived
9287:Archived
9206:Archived
9105:June 16,
9099:Archived
9065:Archived
9006:17407586
8946:July 29,
8940:Archived
8936:11359274
8928:12008295
8852:June 26,
8846:Archived
8780:Minerals
8663:Archived
8615:Archived
8525:Archived
8493:Archived
8463:Archived
8439:July 21,
8433:Archived
8284:June 30,
8274:Barron's
8250:March 9,
8244:Archived
8190:March 9,
8184:Archived
8159:June 12,
7999:Archived
7935:Archived
7902:Archived
7872:Archived
7847:March 9,
7746:Archived
7742:CBC News
7703:Archived
7678:Archived
7652:Archived
7591:Archived
7565:Archived
7543:Archived
7517:Archived
7444:June 21,
7438:Archived
7434:BBC News
7382:Archived
7324:July 19,
7318:Archived
7251:Archived
7219:Archived
7078:Archived
7054:Archived
7029:Archived
6999:Archived
6969:Archived
6938:Archived
6907:Archived
6870:Archived
6840:Archived
6689:Archived
6656:Archived
6546:Archived
6519:Archived
6490:Archived
6440:Archived
6412:Archived
6290:97399702
6132:Archived
5946:55024339
5839:Archived
5810:33044175
5772:27937350
5654:. 1977.
5423:Archived
5281:June 19,
5275:Archived
5234:Archived
5209:32947815
5150:29997591
5124:: 1366.
5065:BBC News
4974:(2005).
4891:See also
4719:Malaysia
4702:May 2019
4542:tailings
4224:Sillamäe
4220:loparite
4126:Telemark
4003:Nebraska
3999:Molycorp
3940:Tanzania
3904:Tatmadaw
3845:Molycorp
3024:laterite
2946:diatreme
2907:loparite
2867:parisite
2863:ancylite
2859:loparite
2855:allanite
2851:monazite
2840:monazite
2836:Xenotime
2826:mineral
2812:fluorite
2804:euxenite
2783:monazite
2779:xenotime
2697:bixbyite
2681:fluorite
2641:fluoride
2633:monazite
2582:scandium
2520:ilmenite
2482:loparite
2471:monazite
2444:actinium
2354:tantalum
2342:ilmenium
2314:europium
2264:samarium
2247:didymium
2233:decipium
2180:lanthana
2170:In 1839
2145:tungsten
2010:Lutetium
1816:such as
1768:, naval
1764:such as
1748:, green
1703:used in
1590:Europium
1539:Samarium
1471:didymium
1415:didymium
1304:lenses,
1154:Scandium
1102:Minerals
1026:misnomer
1003:scandium
960:samarium
851:Nihonium
774:Nobelium
683:Actinium
669:Francium
653:Astatine
646:Polonium
625:Thallium
604:Platinum
576:Tungsten
569:Tantalum
555:Lutetium
499:Europium
492:Samarium
413:Antimony
311:Rubidium
288:Selenium
218:Chromium
211:Vanadium
204:Titanium
197:Scandium
165:Chlorine
105:Fluorine
91:Nitrogen
43:Hydrogen
16926:Outline
16914:Commons
16668:Funding
16651:Culture
16628:outputs
16538:Related
16478:Testing
16451:Primary
16416:Hosting
16299:Tourism
16285:Travel
16281:Poverty
16259:Funeral
16241:Repairs
16205:Renting
16200:Leasing
16159:Arcades
16155:Venues
16131:leisure
16104:Nursing
16037:Product
16027:Fashion
16011:product
15857:Banking
15666:Auction
15524:Harbors
15504:Tunnels
15489:Bridges
15395:Dumping
15331:Weapons
15149:Plaster
15040:Pellets
14928:Tanning
14914:Leather
14745:Propane
14690:Bitumen
14593:Cameras
14433:Baggage
14406:Pottery
14386:Drawing
14330:Cutlery
14195:Carpets
14190:Weaving
14170:Carding
14099:Canning
14027:Granite
13950:Uranium
13940:Lithium
13813:Seaweed
13798:Oysters
13793:Mussels
13788:Abalone
13783:Tilapia
13778:Catfish
13761:Whaling
13716:Pollock
13711:Haddock
13696:Herring
13686:Fishing
13679:Aquatic
13586:Logging
13549:Hunting
13537:Shellac
13522:Poultry
13470:Flowers
13403:Berries
13386:Tobacco
13361:Legumes
13356:Cereals
13141:History
13047:Density
12675:Periods
12481:p-block
12476:d-block
12471:f-block
12466:s-block
11184:at the
11031:Bibcode
10486:Bibcode
10444:5575011
10415:Bibcode
10340:Bibcode
10283:Bibcode
10244:Bibcode
10202:3601293
10162:8722113
10153:1469566
10082:Bibcode
10014:Bibcode
9951:Bibcode
9915:7463018
9886:Bibcode
9830:Bibcode
9768:Bibcode
9735:8827657
9714:Bibcode
9641:Bibcode
9590:Bibcode
9541:Bibcode
9483:Bibcode
9481:: 1–7.
9454:June 7,
9421:6471397
9359:Bibcode
9262:June 3,
9189:2169646
9161:Bibcode
8978:Bibcode
8900:Bibcode
8869:(Ed.),
8788:Bibcode
8712:Bibcode
8062:Reuters
8043:Reuters
7908:May 24,
7898:ELMUNDO
7759:world".
7629:May 18,
7597:May 18,
7378:Reuters
6866:Reuters
6836:Reuters
6572:Bibcode
6361:May 18,
6317:Bibcode
6262:Bibcode
6166:Bibcode
5970:Bibcode
5918:Bibcode
5848:May 18,
5399:Bibcode
5169:Animals
5141:6028718
5029:YouTube
4812:by the
4692:updated
4649:Thorium
4550:uranium
4546:thorium
4461:and as
4305:fly ash
4299:Methods
4228:Estonia
4185:Barrons
4142:Kuantan
4098:lithium
4071:Ngualla
4028:Vietnam
4022:in the
3977:Vietnam
3860:Myanmar
3738:aeolian
3703:olivine
3123:igneous
2994:cratons
2701:(Mn,Fe)
2540:elution
2526:(XRF).
2440:thorium
2436:uranium
2388:hafnium
2358:niobium
2216:terbium
2191:terbium
2184:didymia
2165:ochroia
2133:Bastnäs
2105:Ytterby
2016:Lutetia
1917:Thulium
1861:magnets
1841:Holmium
1735:Ytterby
1729:Terbium
1654:garnets
1473:glass,
1411:enamels
1407:glasses
1202:Yttrium
1163:Scandia
1128:Symbol
1092:Ytterby
1050:uranium
1046:thorium
1007:yttrium
936:Legend:
816:Hassium
809:Bohrium
795:Dubnium
760:Fermium
704:Uranium
690:Thorium
639:Bismuth
597:Iridium
583:Rhenium
562:Hafnium
541:Thulium
527:Holmium
513:Terbium
443:Caesium
392:Cadmium
371:Rhodium
343:Niobium
329:Yttrium
302:Krypton
295:Bromine
281:Arsenic
267:Gallium
188:Calcium
144:Silicon
61:Lithium
16753:Cartel
16626:&
16623:Inputs
16562:ANZSIC
16339:&
16249:Beauty
16217:&
16144:Online
16129:&
16022:Design
15990:&
15904:Health
15862:Credit
15834:Hotels
15614:Retail
15509:Canals
15432:Mobile
15378:Sewage
15352:Power
15322:&
15308:&
15286:&
15234:Forged
15229:Rolled
15212:Alloys
15205:Copper
15171:&
15144:Mortar
15139:Cement
15093:&
15052:&
15003:Rubber
14996:Tissue
14981:Sizing
14964:Lumber
14949:Drying
14937:oiling
14935:&
14921:&
14919:Liming
14831:&
14829:Paints
14645:cables
14641:&
14600:&
14520:Blank
14349:Other
14323:&
14279:Secure
14242:Sewing
14205:Linens
14180:Prints
14175:Dyeing
14151:Liquor
14125:Sweets
14094:Baking
14032:Marble
14012:Gypsum
13992:Gravel
13980:Sulfur
13970:Potash
13925:Silver
13910:Copper
13843:Shrimp
13838:Salmon
13803:Pearls
13628:Mastic
13598:Rattan
13579:Bamboo
13502:Horses
13458:Spices
13448:Olives
13433:Coffee
13408:Citrus
13335:Biotic
13309:Major
13171:Naming
12968:Symbol
12777:Metals
12745:Blocks
12733:Pyykkö
12728:Fricke
12723:Aufbau
12572:Groups
11061:
10945:Forbes
10514:
10451:
10441:
10433:
10374:
10366:
10358:
10311:
10303:
10209:
10199:
10160:
10150:
10142:
10100:
10050:
10040:
10032:
9985:
9977:
9969:
9922:
9912:
9904:
9856:
9848:
9804:
9796:
9742:
9732:
9667:
9659:
9616:
9608:
9561:
9509:
9501:
9428:
9418:
9377:
9187:
9179:
9004:
8996:
8934:
8926:
8918:
8840:
8730:
8557:
8375:
7724:GOV.UK
7035:May 1,
6631:
6590:
6335:
6288:
6280:
6184:
6096:
6086:
6036:
6026:
5944:
5808:
5798:
5770:
5760:
5722:
5695:
5628:n-t.ru
5606:
5558:
5452:
5417:
5304:
5207:
5200:552131
5197:
5189:
5148:
5138:
4992:
4628:cerium
4555:Baotou
4536:, 2006
4467:hybrid
4442:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4403:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4273:Rhodia
4271:, the
4269:France
4261:wastes
4218:, and
4091:Kiruna
3932:Canada
3928:Brazil
3777:Brazil
3769:placer
3736:, and
3719:zircon
3715:garnet
3709:, and
3691:felsic
3539:where
3274:where
3076:Er to
3068:Sm to
3060:La to
2942:diapir
2915:Russia
2887:Brazil
2875:cerite
2820:zircon
2772:garnet
2755:mantle
2732:cerium
2576:Origin
2284:after
2212:erbium
2195:erbium
2121:yttria
2014:after
1966:lasers
1938:lasers
1889:lasers
1880:Erbium
1853:Lasers
1845:after
1810:lasers
1754:lasers
1739:Sweden
1709:oxygen
1658:lasers
1645:after
1607:lasers
1596:Europe
1563:masers
1555:lasers
1467:lasers
1399:lasers
1326:Cerium
1298:camera
1247:(YIG)
1172:Light
1142:(ppm)
1096:Sweden
1069:copper
1061:cerium
964:·
962:
956:cerium
952:·
950:
944:·
942:
732:Curium
676:Radium
590:Osmium
534:Erbium
464:Cerium
450:Barium
427:Iodine
399:Indium
385:Silver
253:Copper
246:Nickel
239:Cobalt
158:Sulfur
121:Sodium
98:Oxygen
84:Carbon
52:Helium
16708:Labor
16683:Final
16673:Goods
16646:Crime
16591:UKSIC
16581:NAICS
16492:Other
16399:Radio
16377:Music
16352:Books
16185:Other
16151:Sport
15971:Audit
15802:Cafés
15760:Taxis
15698:Cargo
15606:Sales
15499:Roads
15373:Water
15320:Ships
15310:space
15284:Power
15269:Heavy
15217:Steel
15112:Brick
15061:Glass
15008:Tires
14976:Paper
14106:Flour
14002:Chalk
13823:Clams
13819:Both
13756:Squid
13741:Crabs
13726:Shark
13642:syrup
13475:Seeds
13428:Cocoa
13381:Sugar
13214:IUPAC
12939:Lists
11125:Video
11104:Audio
10372:S2CID
9983:S2CID
9854:S2CID
9802:S2CID
9507:S2CID
9002:S2CID
8932:S2CID
8838:S2CID
8728:S2CID
8528:(PDF)
8521:(PDF)
8312:(PDF)
8305:(PDF)
8103:. BBC
8086:(PDF)
7938:(PDF)
7927:(PDF)
7706:(PDF)
7695:(PDF)
7655:(PDF)
7648:(PDF)
7623:(PDF)
7616:(PDF)
7351:(PDF)
7344:(PDF)
7277:Earth
6692:(PDF)
6685:(PDF)
6493:(PDF)
6486:(PDF)
6415:(PDF)
6404:(PDF)
6355:(PDF)
6286:S2CID
5942:S2CID
5885:(PDF)
5867:(PDF)
5842:(PDF)
5835:(PDF)
5652:Nauka
5646:[
5415:S2CID
5389:arXiv
5237:(PDF)
5230:(PDF)
4986:IUPAC
4877:(aka
4799:China
4216:shale
4166:Perak
4158:China
4138:Lynas
4056:Spain
3856:China
3841:Lynas
3819:China
3773:India
3104:and 5
2944:, or
2893:, or
2891:India
2518:Some
2497:clays
2434:from
2375:) by
2330:Miass
2157:ceria
2135:near
2117:oxide
2020:Paris
1945:0.52
1923:Thule
1770:sonar
1578:7.05
1501:Titan
1483:41.5
1367:66.5
1332:Ceres
1292:High
1160:Latin
1158:from
1131:Name
966:
954:
946:
660:Radon
434:Xenon
172:Argon
77:Boron
16611:TRBC
16601:GICS
16576:NACE
16569:ISIC
16394:News
16372:Film
15909:Life
15723:Rail
15713:Mail
15554:HVAC
15514:Dams
15195:Iron
15132:Tile
14991:Pulp
14944:Wood
14843:Soap
14833:inks
14695:Coke
14464:Toys
14232:Furs
14210:Rope
14200:Lace
14158:Wine
14142:Beer
14110:Meat
14084:Food
14007:Clay
13997:Sand
13975:Salt
13920:Gold
13915:Iron
13875:Peat
13870:Coal
13773:Carp
13736:Tuna
13646:wine
13542:Silk
13517:Wool
13443:Nuts
12946:By:
11059:ISSN
11001:2021
10878:2010
10847:2010
10820:2008
10793:2017
10762:2017
10674:2021
10644:2017
10545:2018
10512:PMID
10449:PMID
10431:ISSN
10388:2019
10364:PMID
10356:ISSN
10309:PMID
10301:ISSN
10207:PMID
10158:PMID
10140:ISSN
10098:ISSN
10048:PMID
10030:ISSN
9975:PMID
9967:ISSN
9920:PMID
9902:ISSN
9846:ISSN
9794:ISSN
9740:PMID
9665:PMID
9657:ISSN
9614:PMID
9606:ISSN
9559:ISSN
9499:ISSN
9456:2021
9426:PMID
9375:ISSN
9332:2010
9295:2008
9264:2010
9238:2024
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