1641:
43:
1653:
290:), but with secret instructions drastically limiting their position's power by conferring plenipotentiary status on a more junior administrator, possibly of lower social class or caste. Thus, the formal position held by an individual has not always been a reliable indicator of actual plenipotentiary authority.
807:
by-election defeat in
February 1992. Given how heavily entrenched apartheid was in the South African legal system at the time, de Klerk needed to nullify many previous bills and pass many new ones, making a series of individual referendums impractical. Consequently, as a practical solution to the
282:
Besides diplomatic plenipotentiaries, some permanent administrators are also given plenipotentiary powers. Central governments have sometimes conferred plenipotentiary status (either formally or de facto) on territorial governors. This has been most likely to occur when the remoteness of the
265:
had become a common title, and was established as the only class above
Minister Plenipotentiary. Ambassadors gradually became the standard title for bilateral mission chiefs, as their ranks no longer tended to reflect the importance of the states, which came to be treated as formally equal.
200:) powers to represent their government in negotiations with their host nation. Conventionally, any representations made or agreements reached with a plenipotentiary would be recognized and complied with by their government.
273:
and officials, can easily meet or speak with each other personally. Therefore, ambassadors do not require plenipotentiary powers, though designated and accredited as "extraordinary and plenipotentiary".
784:
It may be impractical to hold a new referendum for each step of a series of negotiated changes, and thus ministers might ask an electorate for plenipotentiary powers in advance, as occurred in the
888:
832:
created on 13 May: Dalnevostochny (Far
Eastern), Privolzhsky (Volga Region), Severo-Zapadny (North Western), Sibirsky (Siberian), Tsentralny (Central), Uralsky (Ural), and Yuzhny (Southern).
449:
Granting absolute power over a particular or general governmental matter to a single individual was a pervasive practice in the Nazi regime. Among the most prominent holders of this title in
172:. When used as a noun more generally, the word can also refer to any person who has full powers. As an adjective, it describes something which confers full powers, such as an
758:. As he subsequently became the effective ruler of the country, his title was seen as being insufficient. As a result, Zauditu then gave him the further position of
540:(14 March 1939â4 April 1945) three consecutive German Envoys and Ministers Plenipotentiary (the old diplomatic style) formally represented the Reich in the fascist
394:, Karl Lander was named Plenipotentiary of the Northern Caucasus and the Don by the Soviet government to exercise this power for prosecution of rebellious Cossacks.
293:
In modern times, the
Plenipotentiary title has sometimes been revived; for example, for the administrators of protectorates, or in other cases of indirect rule.
222:
Permanent missions at a bilateral level were chiefly limited to relations between large, neighboring or closely allied powers, rarely to the very numerous small
286:
There have been instances where a mandate was conferred publicly on a senior official, such as a minor member of the ruling house (sometimes with the title of
317:, not supported by the Belgian government. In Equatorial Africa, while military command lay with four consecutive Commandants of the (leading) station at
712:(Reich Plenipotentiary). On 15 October 1944, when Horthy tried to sign an armistice with the Soviet Union, Veesenmayer instead forced him to abdicate as
402:
995:
650:. Best remained in this post until the German surrender in Denmark on 5 May 1945, even though on 29 August 1943 the German military commander,
549:
504:
808:
political deadlock, de Klerk held a referendum on 17 March 1992 to ask the white South
African electorate to give him plenipotentiary powers.
283:
administered territory made it impracticable for the central government to maintain and exercise its policies, laws and initiatives directly.
584:, German Plenipotentiaries were appointed from 1940-45 at the provincial level by the side of the regular Dutch Provincial Commissioners in
360:(Ottoman governor), a Supreme Plenipotentiary Commissioner of the (Christian protecting) Powers headed the official administration of the
704:
began to explore contacts with the Allies in hopes of negotiating a surrender, German forces occupied the country on 19 March 1944 and
226:, hardly worth the expense. Diplomatic missions were dispatched for specific tasks, such as negotiating a treaty bilaterally, or via a
364:
instituted on 20 March 1898 (formally under
Ottoman suzerainty until union with Greece was unilaterally declared on 6 October 1908):
381:
30 September 1911â30 May 1913: the post remained vacant but was not abolished until the island was officially incorporated into the
215:, a term that historically was reserved mainly for missions between the great powers and also relating to the dogal (city) state of
785:
635:, another Germanic country under Nazi-German occupation (9 April 1940â5 May 1945), a German protectorate was established, led by a
310:
1132:
673:
military takeover of Italy, Mussolini was installed on 23 September 1943 as
Provisional Head of State and Prime Minister of the "
728:. Veesenmeyer continued as the real power in Hungary through 4 April 1945, when the German forces were finally expelled by the
725:
107:
79:
325:, under regular authorities (headed, strictly personal, by Belgian king Leopold II), styled Administrator-general at first.
947:
821:
762:. By virtue of it, he continued to serve as the most powerful man in Ethiopia until he was given another title, that of
523:
who succeeded Frick in this position on 24 August 1943 until dismissed from all his offices on 29 April 1945. His aide,
697:
86:
800:
126:
17:
693:
from 23 September 1943 to 28 April 1945. There were separate military commanders in charge of the occupation forces.
382:
238:. In such cases, it was normal to send a representative minister empowered to cast votes. For example, in the Peace
1597:
1028:
313:(CEHC) (from 1882, renamed International Association of the Congo (AIC), a front for the ambitions of Belgian King
60:
1626:
537:
93:
354:(b. 1848âd. 1924), had exercised executive power from 20 Marchâ21 December 1898 after evicting the last Ottoman
651:
560:
517:(General Plenipotentiary for the Reich Administration) from 21 May 1935 to his dismissal on 20 August 1943; and
424:
254:
were named "minister plenipotentiary of the United States" to the
Netherlands, France and Spain, respectively.
64:
1684:
231:
75:
336:
1185:
829:
239:
1656:
1614:
870:
554:
227:
473:(General Plenipotentiary for the Economy) from 5 February 1938 to the end of the regime on 8 May 1945;
766:. He held this new title until Zauditu died and he was proclaimed emperor in his own right with the
463:(General Plenipotentiary for War Economy) from 21 May 1935 till his resignation on 26 November 1937;
1604:
1249:
990:
493:(General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks in the Four Year Plan) from 1 March 1942 to 8 May 1945;
1357:
1068:
1052:
1007:
940:
674:
368:
340:
53:
31:
1121:
1041:
654:, took over more direct administration of affairs after declaring a state of military emergency.
1452:
860:
412:(b. 1881âd. 1939) was Minister Plenipotentiary and Administrator of the Czechoslovak government
1089:
640:
601:
314:
100:
1538:
1422:
1412:
1307:
1221:
597:
581:
306:
1126:
889:
Explanation of Full Powers on the United
Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office website
644:
8:
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1322:
1276:
1261:
1084:
820:
the title
Plenipotentiary of the President was established for the appointees of the
721:
391:
375:
321:, on 22 April 1884 the International Association of the Congo became the independent
247:
235:
717:
1609:
1493:
1427:
1347:
1337:
1292:
1271:
1244:
1236:
666:
520:
322:
318:
203:
Historically, the common generic term for high diplomats of the crown or state was
30:
This article is about the diplomatic position. For the thoroughbred racehorse, see
701:
1592:
1523:
1397:
1201:
1047:
793:
751:
576:
496:
456:
428:
258:
483:(General Plenipotentiary for Labor Allocation) from 21 March 1942 to 8 May 1945;
207:. It therefore became customary to style the chiefs of full ranking missions as
1518:
1488:
1377:
1226:
854:
847:
825:
796:). His right to negotiate these reforms was questioned by other parties (e.g.,
789:
420:
1673:
1402:
1392:
1101:
1096:
865:
841:
804:
621:
617:
605:
510:
476:
432:
185:
184:
Before the era of rapid international transport or essentially instantaneous
755:
678:
669:
was overthrown on 25 July 1943. Following occupation by German forces in a
541:
486:
466:
450:
361:
223:
925:
350:, after the President of the Executive Commission of the Cretan Assembly,
1621:
1468:
1302:
767:
690:
662:
647:
571:
564:
343:
was appointed plenipotentiary in order to enforce martial law in Hungary.
1550:
1023:
763:
609:
593:
545:
262:
243:
212:
1112:
1566:
1231:
956:
589:
189:
169:
42:
1266:
960:
743:
729:
398:
269:
In modern times, heads of state and of government, and more junior
251:
157:
747:
643:
from 9 April 1940 until he was replaced on 5 November 1942 by SS-
632:
625:
585:
416:
287:
920:
682:
356:
1407:
1033:
817:
713:
216:
165:
792:
had already implemented extensive reforms (e.g., removing the
491:
GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr RĂŒstungsaufgaben im Vierjahresplan
658:
592:(Frisia, i.e., west and south of Germany's own East Frisia),
347:
193:
173:
146:
296:
Examples of plenipotentiary administration are given below.
211:. This position was roughly equivalent to the modern
803:), particularly in response to the National Party's
501:
ReichsbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr den totalen Kriegseinsatz
309:(b. 1841âd. 1904) was styled Plenipotentiary of the
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
507:) from 25 July 1944 to his suicide on 1 May 1945;
1671:
515:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr die Reichsverwaltung
261:(1814â15), which codified diplomatic relations,
196:), diplomatic mission chiefs were granted full (
788:. Prior to the referendum, the state president
505:Reich Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort
481:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr den Arbeitseinsatz
435:positions of plenipotentiary to negotiate the
941:
750:, succeeded to her throne, her relative Ras
461:GeneralbevollmÀchtigter der Kriegswirtschaft
955:
574:, the Dutch being a Germanic people, under
948:
934:
685:. The German administration was headed by
563:from 29 July 1940 to 19 January 1941; and
471:GeneralbevollmĂ€chtigter fĂŒr die Wirtschaft
329:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
786:South African apartheid referendum, 1992
311:Committee for the Studies of Upper Congo
14:
1672:
1133:Conseiller chargé des investissements
929:
567:from 19 January 1941 to 4 April 1945.
531:(Special Plenipotentiary) to Himmler.
1652:
401:, from 15 January 1927â28 June 1928
367:21 December 1898â30 September 1906:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
816:On 18 May 2000, in the post-Soviet
559:from 30 June 1939 to 29 July 1940;
421:revolutionary parliament of Ireland
335:After successfully suppressing the
24:
901:"Dictionary.com - plenipotentiary"
639:(Reich Plenipotentiary). This was
374:1 October 1906â30 September 1911:
339:, the leader of the Austrian army
242:, ending the American Revolution,
25:
1696:
914:
277:
192:in the mid-19th century and then
1651:
1640:
1639:
661:, Nazi Germany's major European
41:
1627:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
779:
443:
299:
228:conference of plenipotentiaries
52:needs additional citations for
893:
882:
561:Manfred Freiherr von Killinger
13:
1:
876:
774:
305:From 1879â1884, the explorer
168:or convention on behalf of a
1622:Twin towns and sister cities
736:
337:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
179:
7:
835:
240:Treaty of Versailles (1783)
10:
1701:
1615:Plenipotentiary Conference
871:Plenipotentiary Conference
689:(General Plenipotentiary)
29:
1635:
1585:
1559:
1461:
1285:
1214:
1194:
1166:
1110:
1077:
1061:
1016:
983:
974:
967:
811:
724:, as prime minister of a
665:-ally, the government of
164:âauthorization to sign a
27:Diplomat with full powers
1605:Parliamentary delegation
1484:Diplomatic accreditation
1250:African Diplomatic Corps
991:Permanent representative
620:, and from 1940â1944 in
209:Minister Plenipotentiary
1053:Deputy chief of mission
1008:Resident representative
828:, in each of the seven
687:GeneralbevollmÀchtigter
675:Italian Social Republic
419:, in October 1921, the
369:Prince George of Greece
346:On the Greek island of
341:Julius Jacob von Haynau
330:Pre-World War II Europe
32:Plenipotentiary (horse)
1499:Diplomatic credentials
861:Managerial prerogative
764:king-under-the-empress
760:regent plenipotentiary
710:ReichsbevollmÀchtigter
700:, after the regime of
637:ReichsbevollmÀchtigter
529:SonderbevollmÀchtigter
1090:Resident commissioner
1062:Bilateral-subnational
754:was installed as her
641:Cecil von Renthe-Fink
580:(Reich Commissioner)
1685:Gubernatorial titles
1222:Apostolic nunciature
1122:Agricultural attaché
798:Andries Treurnicht's
742:When the empress of
652:Hermann von Hanneken
582:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
527:, held the title of
307:Henry Morton Stanley
61:improve this article
1514:Diplomatic immunity
1474:Consular assistance
1003:Ambassador-at-large
822:President of Russia
525:Walter Schellenberg
352:Ioannis Sfakianakis
257:By the time of the
1572:Letter of credence
1534:Diplomatic uniform
1529:Diplomatic service
1509:Diplomatic illness
1504:Diplomatic history
1257:Diplomatic mission
1174:Diplomatic courier
1154:Trade commissioner
1017:Bilateral-national
921:WorldStatesmen.org
818:Russian Federation
801:Conservative Party
770:of Haile Selassie.
706:Edmund Veesenmayer
437:Anglo-Irish Treaty
176:or an assignment.
1667:
1666:
1577:Letter of protest
1545:Persona non grata
1479:Consular immunity
1277:Exclusive mandate
1210:
1209:
1162:
1161:
1127:Chargé de mission
1078:Bilateral-insular
1042:Chargé d'affaires
1029:High commissioner
830:federal districts
722:Arrow Cross Party
681:headquartered at
645:ObergruppenfĂŒhrer
392:Russian Civil War
385:in December 1913.
383:Kingdom of Greece
378:(b. 1855âd. 1936)
376:Alexandros Zaimis
371:(b. 1869âd. 1959)
248:Benjamin Franklin
236:Holy Roman Empire
156:"powerful") is a
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Plenipotentiary"
18:Plenipotentiaries
16:(Redirected from
1692:
1655:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1494:Diplomatic cable
1272:Protecting power
1245:Diplomatic corps
1186:Foreign minister
1179:King's Messenger
1144:Military attaché
1139:Cultural attaché
981:
980:
972:
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927:
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720:, leader of the
667:Benito Mussolini
570:In the occupied
558:
521:Heinrich Himmler
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1524:Diplomatic rank
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1262:High commission
1206:
1202:Diplomatic rank
1190:
1158:
1149:Science attaché
1106:
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1057:
1048:Head of mission
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752:Tafari Makonnen
739:
577:Reichskommissar
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538:Slovak Republic
497:Joseph Goebbels
457:Hjalmar Schacht
446:
429:Arthur Griffith
425:Michael Collins
405:
332:
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259:Vienna Congress
198:plenipotentiary
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648:Werner Best
572:Netherlands
565:Hanns Ludin
553: [
406: [
390:During the
162:full powers
152:"full" and
1674:Categories
1551:Soft power
1423:Preventive
1413:Pilgrimage
1308:Commercial
1024:Ambassador
975:Diplomatic
877:References
775:Since 1945
708:was named
610:Overijssel
594:Gelderland
546:Jozef Tiso
315:Leopold II
263:Ambassador
244:John Adams
213:Ambassador
190:telegraphy
145:(from the
87:newspapers
1680:Diplomacy
1567:Exequatur
1560:Documents
1418:Ping-pong
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1363:Guerrilla
1353:Freelance
1328:Debt-trap
1298:Checkbook
1232:Consulate
961:diplomats
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737:In Africa
716:and name
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590:Friesland
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188:(such as
180:Diplomats
170:sovereign
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1448:Track II
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1238:De facto
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836:See also
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730:Red Army
671:de facto
399:Slovakia
252:John Jay
205:minister
160:who has
158:diplomat
117:May 2011
1658:Commons
1443:Stadium
1438:Shuttle
1433:Science
1383:Medical
1373:Hostage
1368:Gunboat
1333:Digital
1323:Defence
1240:embassy
1215:Offices
1113:Attaché
748:Zauditu
698:Hungary
633:Denmark
626:Zeeland
614:Utrecht
602:Limburg
586:Drenthe
536:In the
417:Ireland
288:viceroy
234:of the
101:scholar
1610:Summit
1462:Topics
1428:Public
1408:Parley
1348:Energy
1338:Dollar
1293:Caviar
1069:Consul
1034:Nuncio
812:Russia
714:regent
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319:Karema
217:Venice
166:treaty
154:potens
150:plenus
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1286:Types
1097:Envoy
968:Roles
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423:gave
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348:Crete
194:radio
174:edict
147:Latin
108:JSTOR
94:books
1378:Iron
959:and
683:SalĂČ
663:Axis
624:and
616:and
431:and
357:WÄli
250:and
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