1999:'s left-step table. Arguments for this often rest on the first-row anomaly trend (s >> p > d > f), which states that the first element of each group often behaves quite differently from the succeeding ones: the difference is largest in the s-block (H and He), is moderate for the p-block (B to Ne), and is less pronounced for the d- and f-blocks. Thus helium as the first s element before the alkaline earth metals stands out as anomalous in a way that helium as the first noble gas does not. The normalized ionization potentials and electron affinities show better trends with helium in group 2 than in group 18; helium is expected to be slightly more reactive than neon (which breaks the general trend of reactivity in the noble gases, where the heavier ones are more reactive); and predicted helium compounds often lack neon analogues even theoretically, but sometimes have beryllium analogues.
1975:) are gaseous like hydrogen at standard conditions. Some properties of hydrogen are not a good fit for either group: hydrogen is neither highly oxidising nor highly reducing and is not reactive with water. Hydrogen thus has properties corresponding to both those of the alkali metals and the halogens, but matches neither group perfectly, and is thus difficult to place by its chemistry. Therefore, while the electronic placement of hydrogen in group 1 predominates, some rarer arrangements show either hydrogen in group 17, duplicate hydrogen in both groups 1 and 17, or float it separately from all groups. The possibility of "floating" hydrogen has nonetheless been criticised by
2094:
2086:
2291:
5902:
5914:
1834:. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate periodic (recurring) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that analog elements fall into the same vertical columns. The first period contains fewer elements than any other row in the table, with only two:
1979:, who points out that removing it from all groups suggests that it is being excluded from the periodic law, when all elements should be subject to that law. A few authors have advocated more unusual placements for hydrogen, such as group 13 or group 14, on the grounds of trends in ionisation energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity.
1982:
Helium is an unreactive noble gas at standard conditions, and has a full outer shell: these properties are like the noble gases in group 18, but not at all like the reactive alkaline earth metals of group 2. Therefore, helium is nearly universally placed in group 18 which its properties best match.
1950:
Simply following electron configurations, hydrogen (electronic configuration 1s) and helium (1s) should be placed in groups 1 and 2, above lithium (1s2s) and beryllium (1s2s). While such a placement is common for hydrogen, it is rarely used for helium outside of the context of illustrating the
1987:
structure, which matches beryllium and magnesium in group 2, but not the other noble gases in group 18. In these ways helium better matches the alkaline earth metals. Therefore, tables with both hydrogen and helium floating outside all groups may rarely be encountered.
1947:, neither of them behaves similarly to other s-block elements. Their behaviour is so different from the other s-block elements that there is considerable disagreement over where these two elements should be placed in the periodic table.
1983:
However, helium only has two outer electrons in its outer shell, whereas the other noble gases have eight; and it is an s-block element, whereas all other noble gases are p-block elements. Also, solid helium crystallises in a
1954:
Like the group 1 metals, hydrogen has one electron in its outermost shell and typically loses its only electron in chemical reactions. It has some metal-like chemical properties, being able to displace some metals from their
2847:
3225:
Eustis, S. N.; Radisic, D.; Bowen, K. H.; Bachorz, R. A.; Haranczyk, M.; Schenter, G. K.; Gutowski, M. (2008-02-15). "Electron-Driven Acid-Base
Chemistry: Proton Transfer from Hydrogen Chloride to Ammonia".
1951:
electron configurations. Usually, hydrogen is placed in group 1, and helium in group 18: this is the placement found on the IUPAC periodic table. Some variation can be found on both these matters.
2384:
of the gas temporarily changes the timbre and quality of the human voice. The behavior of liquid helium-4's two fluid phases, helium I and helium II, is important to researchers studying
3338:
2166:
such as methane, after which most elemental hydrogen is used "captively" (meaning locally at the production site), with the largest markets almost equally divided between
1959:. But hydrogen forms a diatomic nonmetallic gas at standard conditions, unlike the alkali metals which are reactive solid metals. This and hydrogen's formation of
5707:
1688:
5717:
1698:
5767:
1748:
5864:
5742:
3865:
1722:
1805:
3512:
1925:
that a period 1 element can accommodate is two, both in the 1s orbital. The valence shell lacks "p" or any other kind of orbitals due to the
5747:
5722:
5168:
1727:
1703:
5702:
5418:
3486:
1683:
1331:
5831:
1021:
5841:
5836:
2443:
in concentrations of up to seven percent by volume, from which it is extracted commercially by a low-temperature separation process called
1016:
1011:
3363:
Takeshita, T.; Wallace, W.E.; Craig, R.S. (1974). "Hydrogen solubility in 1:5 compounds between yttrium or thorium and nickel or cobalt".
5777:
5737:
5732:
5692:
1757:
1718:
1714:
1673:
5752:
5687:
5473:
1732:
1668:
1394:
2524:
5846:
5826:
5613:
1560:
1031:
1001:
5682:
5646:
1663:
3775:"Helium supply deflated: production shortages mean some industries and partygoers must squeak by". Houston Chronicle. 2006-11-05.
3342:
5727:
5677:
2944:
1708:
1658:
5772:
5697:
5608:
3858:
2664:
2598:
2564:
1752:
1678:
1555:
2233:, in which many reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. As the only neutral atom for which the
3751:
1798:
5206:
5161:
1052:
5641:
5598:
2885:
2337:
2143:
1592:
1543:
2256:, and in developing safe ways to store it for use as a fuel. Hydrogen is highly soluble in many compounds composed of
5941:
5814:
3834:
3546:
2628:
2110:
980:
3714:
Browne, Malcolm W. (1979-08-21). "Scientists See Peril In
Wasting Helium; Scientists See Peril in Waste of Helium".
3851:
1133:
1995:, have advocated that the electronic placement in group 2 be adopted for helium. This assignment is also found in
1154:
1112:
5762:
5636:
1791:
1742:
1126:
1119:
1147:
5917:
5799:
5154:
1620:
989:
5373:
1161:
1140:
5791:
5712:
5602:
3629:
1885:
All other periods in the periodic table contain at least eight elements, and it is often helpful to consider
1694:
1616:
1547:
963:
3128:
929:
1967:
which do the same (though it is rarer for hydrogen to form H than H). Moreover, the lightest two halogens (
1889:
across the period. However, period 1 contains only two elements, so this concept does not apply here.
5821:
2230:
997:
5383:
5378:
3516:
5656:
3390:
Kirchheim, R.; Mutschele, T.; Kieninger, W (1988). "Hydrogen in amorphous and nanocrystalline metals".
2178:
production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen may be produced from water using the process of
1926:
1628:
1219:
3591:
3279:
3210:
5589:
3490:
3172:
1900:, but as discussed below, hydrogen's chemistry is unique and it is not easily assigned to any group.
1536:
2272:
metals. Hydrogen solubility in metals is influenced by local distortions or impurities in the metal
5191:
3150:
1914:
1870:
936:
17:
5809:
2756:
1943:. Therefore, period 1 has exactly two elements. Although both hydrogen and helium are in the
975:
5905:
5874:
5368:
5325:
5196:
3693:
2444:
1771:
1289:
1231:
1039:
946:
902:
2352:
of the United States, which is by far the largest supplier of the gas. The substance is used in
2234:
5395:
5222:
3669:
3417:
Kirchheim, R. (1988). "Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in defective and amorphous metals".
2357:
2253:
2020:
2015:
1984:
1605:
1299:
1069:
5628:
1580:
924:
5869:
5450:
1827:
1364:
3339:"Making society independent of fossil fuels — Danish researchers reveal new technology"
5551:
5235:
3894:
3303:
3235:
3092:
2979:
2811:
2516:
2114:
1587:
1495:
1352:
1094:
1085:
8:
5468:
2183:
1640:
3653:"When good GTAW arcs drift; drafty conditions are bad for welders and their GTAW arcs".
3307:
3239:
3096:
2983:
2815:
5556:
5516:
3259:
3193:
Sullivan, Walter (1971-03-11). "Fusion Power Is Still Facing
Formidable Difficulties".
2834:
2481:
2408:
2257:
1635:
1511:
1488:
1483:
1209:
1189:
1182:
5651:
5521:
4745:
3830:
3787:
3542:
3430:
3403:
3319:
3251:
3110:
2997:
2881:
2839:
2799:
2680:
Seaborg, G. (1945). "The chemical and radioactive properties of the heavy elements".
2660:
2624:
2594:
2560:
2428:
2401:
2385:
2349:
2242:
2146:
of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass.
2128:
2121:
1847:
1612:
1600:
1452:
1199:
1175:
617:
3263:
3049:
2932:
2485:
1095:
5886:
5804:
5580:
5445:
5403:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5285:
5280:
5275:
4809:
4514:
4343:
4172:
4091:
4010:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3808:
Voth, Greg (2006-12-01). "Where Do We Get the Helium We Use?". The
Science Teacher.
3571:
3426:
3399:
3372:
3311:
3243:
3100:
3028:
2987:
2911:
2829:
2819:
2768:
2723:
2689:
2644:
2473:
2261:
2226:
2155:
2102:
2010:
1956:
1922:
1843:
1823:
1778:
1525:
1359:
1315:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1167:
1160:
1153:
970:
3315:
1855:
5757:
5618:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3824:
3729:
3465:
2273:
2269:
2238:
1886:
1737:
1567:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1078:
5566:
5561:
5531:
5526:
5511:
5177:
3874:
2693:
2436:
2432:
2416:
2333:
2310:
2206:
1940:
1909:
1851:
1850:
description of atomic structure, this period corresponds to the filling of the
1831:
1507:
1503:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1310:
1290:
910:
32:
3033:
3016:
2916:
2899:
2824:
2477:
5935:
4968:
3575:
2800:"Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint"
2652:
2648:
2393:
2389:
2361:
2345:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2171:
2151:
2106:
1996:
1863:
787:
29:
3247:
2773:
2728:
2711:
1168:
5881:
5546:
5541:
5295:
5230:
5022:
4851:
4556:
3956:
3889:
3323:
3255:
3114:
3001:
2843:
2341:
2179:
2093:
1471:
1459:
1347:
1181:
1084:
829:
696:
470:
3607:
2392:
in particular, and to those looking at the effects that temperatures near
2085:
1963:, in which it gains an electron, brings it close to the properties of the
5661:
5536:
5290:
5076:
5040:
5031:
4941:
4923:
4914:
3951:
2873:
2440:
2373:
2265:
2167:
2163:
2136:
1976:
1892:
In terms of vertical trends down groups, helium can be seen as a typical
1476:
1464:
1174:
871:
843:
836:
766:
752:
745:
3376:
3336:
2290:
5435:
5085:
5013:
4986:
4959:
4619:
4601:
4574:
4405:
4396:
4135:
3105:
3080:
2992:
2967:
2353:
2249:
2248:
The interactions of hydrogen with various metals are very important in
2194:
2118:
1992:
1371:
878:
822:
801:
780:
519:
505:
484:
356:
349:
150:
3017:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements"
2900:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements"
1903:
1105:
5491:
5460:
5315:
5305:
5300:
5094:
5067:
5058:
4905:
4887:
4878:
4869:
4655:
4565:
4538:
4486:
4432:
4414:
4378:
4358:
4297:
4234:
4178:
4117:
4106:
4025:
3976:
3966:
3961:
3444:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2182:, but this process is significantly more expensive commercially than
1893:
1417:
1384:
1218:
1198:
1188:
885:
864:
857:
738:
724:
717:
710:
547:
477:
456:
419:
377:
363:
335:
317:
273:
224:
180:
136:
127:
67:
3337:
Christensen, C. H.; Nørskov, J. K.; Johannessen, T. (July 9, 2005).
2464:
Michael Laing (2006). "Where to Put
Hydrogen in a Periodic Table?".
5483:
5440:
5049:
4950:
4833:
4815:
4790:
4781:
4754:
4727:
4691:
4682:
4664:
4592:
4583:
4477:
4349:
4315:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4153:
4072:
4054:
3989:
2412:
2221:. Hydrogen can form compounds with most elements and is present in
2080:
2035:
1972:
1968:
1897:
1874:
1859:
1835:
1404:
1376:
850:
773:
682:
668:
652:
645:
624:
603:
575:
568:
554:
498:
491:
412:
310:
287:
217:
210:
203:
196:
164:
104:
90:
42:
3389:
5310:
5146:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5004:
4995:
4977:
4932:
4860:
4842:
4772:
4718:
4700:
4673:
4646:
4628:
4610:
4520:
4450:
4423:
4387:
4369:
4333:
4324:
4306:
4288:
4187:
4126:
4016:
3971:
3843:
3362:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2325:
points are the lowest among the elements and it exists only as a
2241:
of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of
2218:
2202:
2190:
2175:
2063:
2040:
1964:
1960:
1944:
1412:
1208:
1079:
815:
808:
794:
759:
703:
689:
638:
596:
582:
561:
540:
526:
512:
442:
391:
370:
342:
328:
301:
294:
280:
266:
187:
143:
60:
3224:
4896:
4824:
4709:
4637:
4547:
4529:
4495:
4459:
4441:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4144:
4097:
4063:
4045:
4000:
2557:
Chemical structure and reactivity : an integrated approach
2397:
2381:
2285:
2198:
2058:
1839:
731:
675:
589:
533:
463:
449:
426:
398:
384:
252:
245:
238:
157:
120:
97:
83:
51:
2411:
in the observable universe. Most helium was formed during the
5427:
5110:
4799:
4504:
4162:
4036:
2424:
2407:
Helium is the second lightest element and is the second most
2222:
2213:
composed of a bare proton, or a negative charge, becoming an
2159:
1339:
659:
433:
171:
76:
2593:. Translated by Sobolev, D. Mir Publishers. pp. 23–27.
2298:
Helium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic,
4763:
4736:
4279:
4243:
4081:
2643:
2420:
2147:
631:
610:
259:
231:
111:
3694:"Probable Discovery Of A New, Supersolid, Phase Of Matter"
3670:"Why does inhaling helium make one's voice sound strange?"
3294:
2427:, helium is relatively rare and is created by the natural
1921:, consists of only one orbital, and the maximum number of
4468:
3883:
3562:
Copel, M. (September 1966). "Helium voice unscrambling".
2326:
2214:
2210:
2124:
405:
2237:
can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and
1904:
Position of period 1 elements in the periodic table
1842:. This situation can be explained by modern theories of
2712:"A Central Position for Hydrogen in the Periodic Table"
2139:
of 1.00794 amu, hydrogen is the lightest element.
2554:
2372:, and as a protective gas for industrial uses such as
2348:. In 1903, large reserves of helium were found in the
2209:, it can take on either a positive charge, becoming a
2415:, but new helium is being created as a result of the
1283:
3536:
1276:
1269:
1255:
2332:Helium was discovered in 1868 by French astronomer
1262:
1248:
3713:
2880:, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, New York,
2878:The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance
3667:
3341:. Technical University of Denmark. Archived from
2757:"The Placement of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table"
5933:
3192:
2559:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 259.
2158:state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on
1241:
3605:
2511:
2509:
3790:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists
3627:
3539:Cryogenic Engineering: Fifty Years of Progress
3510:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2588:
30:
5162:
3859:
2745:Greenwood & Earnshaw, throughout the book
2618:
2463:
1799:
3785:
2793:
2791:
2506:
2229:. It plays a particularly important role in
3515:. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from
3078:
3047:
2965:
2930:
2709:
2607:
5169:
5155:
3866:
3852:
3807:
3410:
3383:
1806:
1792:
3749:
3561:
3416:
3356:
3104:
3032:
2991:
2915:
2833:
2823:
2797:
2788:
2772:
2727:
2659:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
2621:The Periodic Table: Past, Present, Future
2439:. This radiogenic helium is trapped with
2431:of some radioactive elements because the
2356:, in deep-sea breathing systems, to cool
3014:
2897:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2555:Wothers, Peter; Keeler, Wothers (2008).
2499:
2497:
2495:
2289:
2092:
2084:
4966:
3277:"Time-dependent Schrödinger equation".
2869:
2867:
2865:
2705:
2703:
2679:
2154:are mainly composed of hydrogen in its
1832:periodic table of the chemical elements
14:
5934:
5020:
4849:
4554:
3293:
3148:
3048:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019).
3015:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017).
2931:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019).
2898:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017).
2754:
1873:and the most abundant elements in the
27:Element in first row of periodic table
5150:
5074:
5038:
5029:
4939:
4921:
4912:
3847:
3822:
3170:
3079:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013).
2966:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013).
2741:
2739:
2573:
2492:
2113:, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless,
5083:
5011:
4984:
4957:
4617:
4599:
4572:
4403:
4394:
2947:from the original on 1 February 2020
2862:
2850:from the original on 19 October 2021
2700:
2623:. World Scientific. pp. 71–84.
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2189:The most common naturally occurring
2162:, and is industrially produced from
5913:
5092:
5065:
5056:
4903:
4885:
4876:
4867:
4653:
4563:
4536:
4484:
4430:
4412:
4376:
4356:
4295:
4232:
4133:
4115:
4104:
4023:
3788:"Helium a New Target in New Mexico"
3537:Timmerhaus, Klaus D. (2006-10-06).
3173:"Hydrogen Basics — Production"
3149:Palmer, David (November 13, 1997).
3131:. Energy Information Administration
2710:Kaesz, Herb; Atkins, Peter (2009).
2435:that are emitted consist of helium
2340:the substance as an unknown yellow
24:
5176:
5047:
4948:
4831:
4813:
4788:
4779:
4752:
4725:
4680:
4662:
4590:
4581:
4475:
4347:
4313:
4223:
4205:
4196:
4176:
4151:
3873:
3816:
2736:
2527:from the original on 10 April 2016
1880:
1854:. Period 1 elements obey the
25:
5953:
5002:
4993:
4975:
4930:
4840:
4770:
4743:
4716:
4698:
4689:
4671:
4644:
4626:
4608:
4518:
4448:
4421:
4385:
4331:
4322:
4304:
4286:
4214:
4185:
4124:
4070:
4052:
4014:
3987:
3752:"Origin of the chemical elements"
3392:Materials Science and Engineering
2589:Vlasov, L.; Trifonov, D. (1970).
2539:
2111:standard temperature and pressure
5912:
5901:
5900:
4894:
4858:
4822:
4707:
4635:
4545:
4527:
4457:
4439:
4367:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4095:
3998:
3730:"Helium: geological information"
3668:Montgomery, Craig (2006-09-04).
3655:Welding Design & Fabrication
3513:"Where Has All the Helium Gone?"
2619:Rayner-Canham, Geoffrey (2020).
2305:chemical element that heads the
4797:
4502:
4493:
4160:
4142:
4061:
4043:
3801:
3779:
3768:
3743:
3722:
3707:
3686:
3661:
3646:
3621:
3599:
3582:
3555:
3530:
3504:
3479:
3458:
3437:
3330:
3287:
3270:
3218:
3201:
3186:
3164:
3142:
3121:
3072:
3054:Chemical & Engineering News
3041:
3008:
2959:
2937:Chemical & Engineering News
2924:
2891:
2748:
2682:Chemical & Engineering News
5231:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
4761:
4734:
4277:
4241:
4079:
4034:
3606:Brain, Marshall (April 2000).
2673:
2637:
2457:
2329:except in extreme conditions.
13:
1:
5773:Thermal expansion coefficient
5469:Lists of metalloids by source
4466:
3826:Organic Chemistry Demystified
3628:Jiwatram, Jaya (2008-07-10).
3511:Theiss, Leslie (2007-01-18).
3489:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
3466:"Helium: physical properties"
3419:Progress in Materials Science
3316:10.1126/science.159.3819.1057
3175:. Florida Solar Energy Center
2450:
2264:and can be dissolved in both
1395:dividing metals and nonmetals
3829:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
3431:10.1016/0079-6425(88)90010-2
3404:10.1016/0025-5416(88)90377-1
2517:"Periodic Table of Elements"
2252:, as many metals can suffer
7:
5512:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
5215:By periodic table structure
3786:Brown, David (2008-02-02).
3696:. Science Daily. 2004-09-03
2798:Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020).
2591:107 Stories About Chemistry
2074:
2002:
1063:By periodic table structure
10:
5958:
5657:Goldschmidt classification
4365:
4194:
4113:
4032:
3996:
3898:
3608:"How Helium Balloons Work"
3564:Audio and Electroacoustics
3151:"Hydrogen in the Universe"
2694:10.1021/cen-v023n023.p2190
2344:signature in light from a
2283:
2078:
1753:expansion coefficient
1629:Goldschmidt classification
325:
193:
133:
73:
48:
5895:
5857:
5790:
5670:
5627:
5588:
5579:
5504:
5482:
5459:
5426:
5416:
5394:
5324:
5236:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
5221:
5214:
5205:
5184:
5108:
4808:
4513:
4342:
4171:
4090:
4009:
3982:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3893:
3888:
3881:
3630:"The Return of the Blimp"
3034:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7
2917:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7
2825:10.1107/S2052252520007769
2478:10.1007/s10698-006-9027-5
2380:wafers. Inhaling a small
2279:
2009:
1896:at the head of the IUPAC
1537:List of chemical elements
5942:Periods (periodic table)
3750:Cox, Tony (1990-02-03).
3576:10.1109/TAU.1966.1161862
3445:"Helium: the essentials"
3021:Foundations of Chemistry
2904:Foundations of Chemistry
2466:Foundations of Chemistry
2368:, for providing lift in
2097:Deuterium discharge tube
1991:A few chemists, such as
1869:Hydrogen and helium are
1430:By other characteristics
1040:Systematic element names
5875:systematic element name
5847:in East Asian languages
5197:Extended periodic table
3592:Encyclopædia Britannica
3280:Encyclopædia Britannica
3248:10.1126/science.1151614
3211:Encyclopædia Britannica
3081:"Neon behind the signs"
2968:"Neon behind the signs"
2888:. pp. 392–401, 407–420.
2774:10.1515/ci.2004.26.3.21
2761:Chemistry International
2729:10.1515/ci.2003.25.6.14
2716:Chemistry International
2445:fractional distillation
2358:superconducting magnets
2089:Hydrogen discharge tube
1653:Data pages for elements
1332:metallic classification
1098:(alkaline earth metals)
5718:Electron configuration
5708:Electrical resistivity
5647:Electron configuration
5451:Post-transition metals
3050:""The" periodic table"
2933:""The" periodic table"
2388:and the phenomenon of
2295:
2254:hydrogen embrittlement
2193:of hydrogen, known as
2098:
2090:
2021:Electron configuration
1985:hexagonal close-packed
1858:in that they need two
1689:Electrical resistivity
1581:Properties of elements
964:Periodic table history
5552:Transuranium elements
3823:Bloch, D. R. (2006).
2755:Scerri, Eric (2004).
2294:Helium discharge tube
2293:
2142:Hydrogen is the most
2096:
2088:
1826:in the first row (or
1820:period 1 element
1441:Platinum-group metals
990:Discovery of elements
5768:Thermal conductivity
5743:Heat of vaporization
5185:Periodic table forms
2235:Schrödinger equation
2117:, tasteless, highly
2101:Hydrogen (H) is the
1723:of vaporization
1588:Relative atomic mass
1561:by isotope stability
1556:by atomic properties
919:Periodic table forms
5800:Element discoveries
5557:Superheavy elements
5517:Rare-earth elements
3674:Scientific American
3377:10.1021/ic50139a050
3365:Inorganic Chemistry
3308:1968Sci...159.1057R
3302:(3819): 1057–1064.
3240:2008Sci...319..936E
3129:"Hydrogen – Energy"
3097:2013NatCh...5..438G
2984:2013NatCh...5..438G
2816:2020IUCrJ...7..577K
2231:acid-base chemistry
2184:hydrogen production
2170:upgrading, such as
1489:Rare-earth elements
1484:Main-group elements
3716:The New York Times
3345:on January 7, 2010
3195:The New York Times
3106:10.1038/nchem.1631
2993:10.1038/nchem.1631
2350:natural gas fields
2296:
2186:from natural gas.
2099:
2091:
1862:to complete their
1848:quantum mechanical
5927:
5926:
5786:
5785:
5748:Ionization energy
5723:Electronegativity
5713:Electron affinity
5652:Electronegativity
5642:Crystal structure
5637:Aqueous chemistry
5614:Nuclear stability
5609:Atomic properties
5575:
5574:
5522:Refractory metals
5500:
5499:
5446:Transition metals
5412:
5411:
5144:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5103:
5102:
3610:. How Stuff Works
3589:"helium dating".
3234:(5865): 936–939.
3027:(2018): 191–207.
2910:(2018): 191–207.
2666:978-0-19-850346-0
2657:Organic Chemistry
2647:; Greeves, Nick;
2645:Clayden, Jonathan
2600:978-0-8285-5067-3
2566:978-0-19-928930-1
2402:superconductivity
2386:quantum mechanics
2262:transition metals
2258:rare earth metals
2243:quantum mechanics
2227:organic compounds
2129:molecular formula
2072:
2071:
1923:valence electrons
1824:chemical elements
1816:
1815:
1728:Ionization energy
1704:Electronegativity
1613:Electronegativity
1593:Crystal structure
1453:Refractory metals
1302:(s, p, d, f, ...)
893:
892:
619:Mercury (element)
16:(Redirected from
5949:
5916:
5915:
5904:
5903:
5887:Dmitri Mendeleev
5815:1869 predictions
5805:Dmitri Mendeleev
5586:
5585:
5424:
5423:
5404:Aufbau principle
5316:18 (Noble gases)
5219:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5207:Sets of elements
5171:
5164:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5113:
5112:
5099:
5097:
5090:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5027:
5025:
5018:
5016:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4982:
4980:
4973:
4971:
4964:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4946:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4928:
4926:
4919:
4917:
4910:
4908:
4901:
4899:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4881:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4854:
4847:
4845:
4838:
4836:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4818:
4804:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4741:
4739:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4705:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4687:
4685:
4678:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4631:
4624:
4622:
4615:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4597:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4543:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4525:
4523:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4482:
4480:
4473:
4471:
4464:
4462:
4455:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4392:
4390:
4383:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4338:
4336:
4329:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4203:
4201:
4192:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4149:
4147:
4140:
4138:
4131:
4129:
4122:
4120:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4086:
4084:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4030:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3884:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3487:"Pierre Janssen"
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3398:(1–2): 457–462.
3387:
3381:
3380:
3371:(9): 2282–2283.
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3108:
3085:Nature Chemistry
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2972:Nature Chemistry
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2895:
2889:
2871:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2837:
2827:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2605:
2604:
2586:
2571:
2570:
2552:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2513:
2504:
2501:
2490:
2489:
2461:
2364:, for inflating
2103:chemical element
2011:Chemical element
2007:
2006:
1936:
1920:
1844:atomic structure
1808:
1801:
1794:
1779:Chemistry Portal
1413:nonmetal halogen
1316:Aufbau principle
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1089:
1081:
1053:Sets of elements
981:1869 predictions
951:
945:
941:
898:
897:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
692:
685:
678:
671:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
359:
352:
345:
338:
331:
320:
313:
304:
297:
290:
283:
276:
269:
262:
255:
248:
241:
234:
227:
220:
213:
206:
199:
190:
183:
174:
167:
160:
153:
146:
139:
130:
123:
114:
107:
100:
93:
86:
79:
70:
63:
54:
45:
39:
38:
31:Period 1 in the
21:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5946:
5932:
5931:
5928:
5923:
5891:
5853:
5782:
5758:Oxidation state
5666:
5623:
5571:
5567:Minor actinides
5562:Major actinides
5527:Precious metals
5496:
5478:
5455:
5408:
5390:
5320:
5306:16 (Chalcogens)
5301:15 (Pnictogens)
5201:
5180:
5175:
5145:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5104:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5057:
5050:
5048:
5041:
5039:
5032:
5030:
5023:
5021:
5014:
5012:
5005:
5003:
4996:
4994:
4987:
4985:
4978:
4976:
4969:
4967:
4960:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4942:
4940:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4922:
4915:
4913:
4906:
4904:
4897:
4895:
4888:
4886:
4879:
4877:
4870:
4868:
4861:
4859:
4852:
4850:
4843:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4825:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4800:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4782:
4780:
4773:
4771:
4764:
4762:
4755:
4753:
4746:
4744:
4737:
4735:
4728:
4726:
4719:
4717:
4710:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4692:
4690:
4683:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4656:
4654:
4647:
4645:
4638:
4636:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4602:
4600:
4593:
4591:
4584:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4557:
4555:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4537:
4530:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4505:
4503:
4496:
4494:
4487:
4485:
4478:
4476:
4469:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4451:
4449:
4442:
4440:
4433:
4431:
4424:
4422:
4415:
4413:
4406:
4404:
4397:
4395:
4388:
4386:
4379:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4334:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4289:
4287:
4280:
4278:
4271:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4244:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4208:
4206:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4163:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4082:
4080:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4055:
4053:
4046:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4001:
3999:
3990:
3988:
3877:
3872:
3837:
3819:
3817:Further reading
3814:
3813:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3758:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3712:
3708:
3699:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3634:Popular Science
3626:
3622:
3613:
3611:
3604:
3600:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3509:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3415:
3411:
3388:
3384:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3335:
3331:
3292:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3223:
3219:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3046:
3042:
3013:
3009:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2929:
2925:
2896:
2892:
2872:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2708:
2701:
2688:(23): 2190–93.
2678:
2674:
2667:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2574:
2567:
2553:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2523:. IUPAC. 2021.
2515:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2493:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2433:alpha particles
2419:of hydrogen in
2400:, such as with
2288:
2282:
2274:crystal lattice
2207:ionic compounds
2197:, has a single
2134:
2083:
2077:
2005:
1941:quantum numbers
1928:
1913:
1906:
1887:periodic trends
1883:
1881:Periodic trends
1812:
1763:
1762:
1738:Oxidation state
1654:
1646:
1645:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1539:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1448:Precious metals
1431:
1423:
1422:
1365:post-transition
1334:
1323:
1322:
1311:Atomic orbitals
1064:
1056:
1045:
1044:
966:
956:
955:
949:
943:
939:
920:
896:
895:
894:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
434:
427:
420:
413:
406:
399:
392:
385:
378:
371:
364:
357:
350:
343:
336:
329:
318:
311:
302:
295:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
225:
218:
211:
204:
197:
188:
181:
172:
165:
158:
151:
144:
137:
128:
121:
112:
105:
98:
91:
84:
77:
68:
61:
52:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5955:
5945:
5944:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5909:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5778:Vapor pressure
5775:
5770:
5765:
5763:Speed of sound
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:Heat of fusion
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5693:Critical point
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5532:Coinage metals
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5488:
5486:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5465:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5421:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5178:Periodic table
5174:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5151:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4992:
4983:
4974:
4965:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4893:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4796:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4634:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4474:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4330:
4321:
4312:
4303:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4258:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4222:
4213:
4204:
4195:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4159:
4150:
4141:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:Periodic table
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3800:
3778:
3767:
3742:
3721:
3706:
3685:
3660:
3645:
3620:
3598:
3581:
3570:(3): 122–126.
3554:
3547:
3529:
3503:
3478:
3457:
3436:
3425:(4): 262–325.
3409:
3382:
3355:
3329:
3286:
3269:
3217:
3200:
3185:
3171:Staff (2007).
3163:
3141:
3120:
3071:
3040:
3007:
2958:
2923:
2890:
2886:978-0190914363
2861:
2810:(4): 577–578.
2787:
2747:
2735:
2699:
2672:
2665:
2653:Wothers, Peter
2649:Warren, Stuart
2636:
2629:
2606:
2599:
2572:
2565:
2538:
2505:
2491:
2472:(2): 127–137.
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2417:nuclear fusion
2338:first detected
2334:Pierre Janssen
2311:periodic table
2309:series in the
2284:Main article:
2281:
2278:
2132:
2079:Main article:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2004:
2001:
1910:electron shell
1905:
1902:
1882:
1879:
1822:is one of the
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:Vapor pressure
1755:
1745:
1743:Speed of sound
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:of fusion
1711:
1706:
1701:
1693:Electron
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:Critical point
1671:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1436:Coinage metals
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:alkaline earth
1350:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1092:
1075:
1074:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1005:
993:
992:
986:
985:
984:
983:
978:
967:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
933:
932:
927:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
911:Periodic table
907:
906:
891:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
806:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
687:
680:
673:
665:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
439:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
354:
347:
340:
333:
326:
324:
322:
315:
307:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
222:
215:
208:
201:
194:
192:
185:
177:
176:
169:
162:
155:
148:
141:
134:
132:
125:
117:
116:
109:
102:
95:
88:
81:
74:
72:
65:
57:
56:
49:
47:
37:
36:
33:periodic table
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5954:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5930:
5920:
5919:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5898:
5897:
5894:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:controversies
5830:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5753:Melting point
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5733:Heat capacity
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Boiling point
5686:
5684:
5683:Atomic radius
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5547:Native metals
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5474:Dividing line
5472:
5470:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5415:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:17 (Halogens)
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5165:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5044:
5035:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4999:
4990:
4981:
4972:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4909:
4900:
4891:
4882:
4873:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4704:
4695:
4686:
4677:
4668:
4659:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4481:
4472:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4418:
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4362:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4310:
4301:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4191:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4139:
4130:
4121:
4110:
4101:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4040:
4029:
4020:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3838:
3836:0-07-145920-0
3832:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3804:
3789:
3782:
3771:
3757:
3756:New Scientist
3753:
3746:
3732:. WebElements
3731:
3725:
3717:
3710:
3695:
3689:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3657:. 2005-02-01.
3656:
3649:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3548:0-387-33324-X
3544:
3540:
3533:
3519:on 2008-07-25
3518:
3514:
3507:
3493:on 2009-10-29
3492:
3488:
3482:
3468:. WebElements
3467:
3461:
3447:. WebElements
3446:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3189:
3174:
3167:
3152:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:(2013): 438.
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2978:(2013): 438.
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2630:9789811218507
2626:
2622:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2394:absolute zero
2391:
2390:superfluidity
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:helium dating
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:solar eclipse
2343:
2342:spectral line
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:atomic number
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:hydrocracking
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:main sequence
2149:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:atomic number
2104:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1997:Charles Janet
1994:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1898:group 18
1895:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:valence shell
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751: /
1750:
1747:Thermal
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Melting point
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721: /
1720:
1717: /
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:configuration
1697: /
1696:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1669:Boiling point
1667:
1665:
1664:Atomic radius
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:configuration
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:in human body
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Native metals
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:(noble gases)
1217:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:alkali metals
1082:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:controversies
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:
994:
991:
988:
987:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
960:
959:
948:
938:
935:
934:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
916:
915:
912:
909:
908:
904:
900:
899:
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
870:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
819:
814:
812:
807:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
789:Rutherfordium
786:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
674:
672:
667:
666:
663:
658:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
551:
546:
544:
539:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
440:
437:
432:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
409:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
308:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
263:
258:
256:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
207:
202:
200:
195:
191:
186:
184:
179:
178:
175:
170:
168:
163:
161:
156:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
131:
126:
124:
119:
118:
115:
110:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
87:
82:
80:
75:
71:
66:
64:
59:
58:
55:
50:
46:
41:
40:
34:
19:
5929:
5911:
5899:
5882:Trivial name
5870:nomenclature
5542:Heavy metals
5537:Noble metals
5333:
5296:14 (Tetrels)
5192:Alternatives
3983:
3825:
3803:
3792:. Retrieved
3781:
3770:
3759:. Retrieved
3755:
3745:
3734:. Retrieved
3724:
3715:
3709:
3698:. Retrieved
3688:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:
3623:
3612:. Retrieved
3601:
3590:
3584:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3541:. Springer.
3538:
3532:
3521:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3506:
3495:. Retrieved
3491:the original
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3460:
3449:. Retrieved
3439:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3347:. Retrieved
3343:the original
3332:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3209:
3208:"hydrogen".
3203:
3194:
3188:
3177:. Retrieved
3166:
3155:. Retrieved
3144:
3133:. Retrieved
3123:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3057:
3053:
3043:
3024:
3020:
3010:
2975:
2971:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2940:
2936:
2926:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2877:
2852:. Retrieved
2807:
2803:
2778:. Retrieved
2767:(3): 21–22.
2764:
2760:
2750:
2719:
2715:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2656:
2639:
2620:
2590:
2556:
2529:. Retrieved
2520:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2406:
2376:and growing
2331:
2297:
2247:
2188:
2180:electrolysis
2164:hydrocarbons
2141:
2100:
2053:
2030:
1990:
1981:
1953:
1949:
1933:
1929:
1915:
1907:
1891:
1884:
1868:
1819:
1817:
1777:
1770:
1749:conductivity
1544:by abundance
1524:
1496:Transuranium
1477:Noble metals
1465:Light metals
1460:Heavy metals
1403:
1383:
1338:
1298:
1240:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1202:(chalcogens)
1201:
1192:(pnictogens)
1191:
1097:
1086:
1068:
1051:
1032:in East Asia
996:
971:D. Mendeleev
831:Darmstadtium
698:Protactinium
472:Praseodymium
5918:WikiProject
5662:Term symbol
5492:Noble gases
5436:Lanthanides
5419:metallicity
5291:13 (Triels)
2874:Eric Scerri
2780:11 November
2503:Gray, p. 12
2441:natural gas
2374:arc welding
2266:crystalline
2217:known as a
2168:fossil fuel
2137:atomic mass
2115:nonmetallic
1977:Eric Scerri
937:Alternative
873:Livermorium
845:Copernicium
838:Roentgenium
768:Mendelevium
754:Einsteinium
747:Californium
5842:for people
5837:for places
5810:1871 table
5703:Elasticity
5671:Data pages
5629:Properties
5505:Other sets
5461:Metalloids
3794:2008-07-15
3761:2008-07-15
3736:2008-07-15
3700:2008-07-15
3679:2008-07-15
3639:2008-07-15
3614:2008-07-15
3523:2008-07-15
3497:2008-07-15
3472:2008-07-15
3451:2008-07-15
3349:2008-03-28
3179:2008-02-05
3157:2008-02-05
3135:2008-07-15
2451:References
2354:cryogenics
2317:is 2. Its
2313:and whose
2250:metallurgy
2135:. With an
1993:Henry Bent
1937:constraint
1908:The first
1871:the oldest
1852:1s orbital
1713:Heat
1684:Elasticity
1385:Metalloids
1372:lanthanide
1360:transition
1234:(1–7, ...)
1212:(halogens)
1017:for places
1012:for people
976:1871 table
880:Tennessine
824:Meitnerium
803:Seaborgium
782:Lawrencium
521:Dysprosium
507:Gadolinium
486:Promethium
358:Technetium
351:Molybdenum
152:Phosphorus
5827:etymology
5678:Abundance
5603:in humans
5599:Abundance
5484:Nonmetals
5441:Actinides
2722:(6): 14.
2521:iupac.org
2307:noble gas
2303:monatomic
2270:amorphous
2225:and most
2127:with the
2119:flammable
1894:noble gas
1860:electrons
1856:duet rule
1830:) of the
1659:Abundance
1636:Nutrition
1599:Electron
1568:by symbol
1514:actinides
1418:noble gas
1405:Nonmetals
1002:etymology
930:32-column
925:18-column
887:Oganesson
866:Moscovium
859:Flerovium
740:Berkelium
726:Americium
719:Plutonium
712:Neptunium
549:Ytterbium
479:Neodymium
458:Lanthanum
421:Tellurium
379:Palladium
365:Ruthenium
337:Zirconium
319:Strontium
275:Germanium
226:Manganese
182:Potassium
138:Aluminium
129:Magnesium
69:Beryllium
5936:Category
5906:Category
5858:See also
5728:Hardness
5581:Elements
3324:17775040
3264:29493053
3256:18276886
3115:23609097
3064:27 March
3002:23609097
2951:27 March
2945:Archived
2876:. 2020,
2848:Archived
2844:32695406
2655:(2001).
2525:Archived
2486:93781427
2413:Big Bang
2409:abundant
2396:have on
2370:airships
2366:balloons
2239:spectrum
2203:neutrons
2144:abundant
2122:diatomic
2081:Hydrogen
2075:Hydrogen
2036:Hydrogen
2003:Elements
1973:chlorine
1969:fluorine
1965:halogens
1961:hydrides
1927:general
1875:universe
1836:hydrogen
1772:Category
1715:capacity
1709:Hardness
1695:affinity
1601:affinity
1526:Elements
1498:elements
1377:actinide
947:extended
903:a series
901:Part of
852:Nihonium
775:Nobelium
684:Actinium
670:Francium
654:Astatine
647:Polonium
626:Thallium
605:Platinum
577:Tungsten
570:Tantalum
556:Lutetium
500:Europium
493:Samarium
414:Antimony
312:Rubidium
289:Selenium
219:Chromium
212:Vanadium
205:Titanium
198:Scandium
166:Chlorine
106:Fluorine
92:Nitrogen
44:Hydrogen
18:Period 1
5792:History
5698:Density
5326:Periods
5132:p-block
5127:d-block
5122:f-block
5117:s-block
3595:. 2008.
3304:Bibcode
3296:Science
3283:. 2008.
3236:Bibcode
3228:Science
3214:. 2008.
3093:Bibcode
2980:Bibcode
2854:19 June
2835:7340260
2812:Bibcode
2531:3 April
2378:silicon
2323:melting
2319:boiling
2219:hydride
2201:and no
2195:protium
2191:isotope
2176:ammonia
2150:in the
2064:s-block
2041:s-block
1945:s-block
1939:on the
1846:. In a
1679:Density
1641:Valence
1621:Pauling
1232:Periods
817:Hassium
810:Bohrium
796:Dubnium
761:Fermium
705:Uranium
691:Thorium
640:Bismuth
598:Iridium
584:Rhenium
563:Hafnium
542:Thulium
528:Holmium
514:Terbium
444:Caesium
393:Cadmium
372:Rhodium
344:Niobium
330:Yttrium
303:Krypton
296:Bromine
282:Arsenic
268:Gallium
189:Calcium
145:Silicon
62:Lithium
5822:Naming
5619:Symbol
5428:Metals
5396:Blocks
5384:Pyykkö
5379:Fricke
5374:Aufbau
5223:Groups
3833:
3545:
3322:
3262:
3254:
3153:. NASA
3113:
3000:
2884:
2842:
2832:
2663:
2627:
2597:
2563:
2484:
2437:nuclei
2398:matter
2382:volume
2336:, who
2286:Helium
2280:Helium
2211:cation
2199:proton
2174:, and
2156:plasma
2109:1. At
2059:Helium
1840:helium
1828:period
1512:trans-
1348:alkali
1340:Metals
1300:Blocks
1072:(1–18)
1070:Groups
998:Naming
950:
944:
940:
905:on the
733:Curium
677:Radium
591:Osmium
535:Erbium
465:Cerium
451:Barium
428:Iodine
400:Indium
386:Silver
254:Copper
247:Nickel
240:Cobalt
159:Sulfur
122:Sodium
99:Oxygen
85:Carbon
53:Helium
5865:IUPAC
5590:Lists
3260:S2CID
2943:(3).
2804:IUCrJ
2482:S2CID
2429:decay
2425:Earth
2423:. On
2421:stars
2360:, in
2300:inert
2223:water
2215:anion
2205:. In
2160:Earth
2148:Stars
2105:with
2016:Block
1957:salts
1932:<
1617:Allen
1508:minor
1504:Major
952:forms
661:Radon
435:Xenon
173:Argon
78:Boron
5597:By:
3831:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3320:PMID
3252:PMID
3111:PMID
3066:2020
2998:PMID
2953:2020
2882:ISBN
2856:2020
2840:PMID
2782:2022
2661:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2595:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2533:2021
2321:and
2268:and
2260:and
1971:and
1838:and
1510:and
1000:and
633:Lead
612:Gold
261:Zinc
233:Iron
113:Neon
5417:By
3572:doi
3427:doi
3400:doi
3373:doi
3312:doi
3300:159
3244:doi
3232:319
3101:doi
3060:(3)
3029:doi
2988:doi
2912:doi
2830:PMC
2820:doi
2769:doi
2724:doi
2690:doi
2474:doi
2327:gas
2125:gas
2068:1s
2045:1s
1919:= 1
1330:By
1220:18
1210:17
1200:16
1190:15
942:and
407:Tin
5938::
5369:8+
5286:12
5281:11
5276:10
5096:Og
5087:Ts
5078:Lv
5069:Mc
5060:Fl
5051:Nh
5042:Cn
5033:Rg
5024:Ds
5015:Mt
5006:Hs
4997:Bh
4988:Sg
4979:Db
4970:Rf
4961:Lr
4952:No
4943:Md
4934:Fm
4925:Es
4916:Cf
4907:Bk
4898:Cm
4889:Am
4880:Pu
4871:Np
4853:Pa
4844:Th
4835:Ac
4826:Ra
4817:Fr
4801:Rn
4792:At
4783:Po
4774:Bi
4765:Pb
4756:Tl
4747:Hg
4738:Au
4729:Pt
4720:Ir
4711:Os
4702:Re
4684:Ta
4675:Hf
4666:Lu
4657:Yb
4648:Tm
4639:Er
4630:Ho
4621:Dy
4612:Tb
4603:Gd
4594:Eu
4585:Sm
4576:Pm
4567:Nd
4558:Pr
4549:Ce
4540:La
4531:Ba
4522:Cs
4506:Xe
4488:Te
4479:Sb
4470:Sn
4461:In
4452:Cd
4443:Ag
4434:Pd
4425:Rh
4416:Ru
4407:Tc
4398:Mo
4389:Nb
4380:Zr
4360:Sr
4351:Rb
4335:Kr
4326:Br
4317:Se
4308:As
4299:Ge
4290:Ga
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