1252:
906:
never entirely consistent: a given person's intellectual performance will vary on different occasions, in different domains, as judged by different criteria. Concepts of "intelligence" are attempts to clarify and organize this complex set of phenomena. Although considerable clarity has been achieved in some areas, no such conceptualization has yet answered all the important questions, and none commands universal assent. Indeed, when two dozen prominent theorists were recently asked to define intelligence, they gave two dozen, somewhat different, definitions.
53:
4066:
1468:
learning", but excludes those purely autonomic sense-reaction responses that can be observed in many plants. Plants are not limited to automated sensory-motor responses, however, they are capable of discriminating positive and negative experiences and of "learning" (registering memories) from their past experiences. They are also capable of communication, accurately computing their circumstances, using sophisticated
1549:
1563:
595:
3340:, historian of computing, writes (in what might be called "Dyson's Law") that "Any system simple enough to be understandable will not be complicated enough to behave intelligently, while any system complicated enough to behave intelligently will be too complicated to understand." (p. 197.) Computer scientist
1048:"Intelligence is a force, F, that acts so as to maximize future freedom of action. It acts to maximize future freedom of action, or keep options open, with some strength T, with the diversity of possible accessible futures, S, up to some future time horizon, τ. In short, intelligence doesn't like to get trapped".
1133:. Learning refers to the act of retaining facts and information or abilities and being able to recall them for future use. Intelligence, on the other hand, is the cognitive ability of someone to perform these and other processes. There have been various attempts to quantify intelligence via testing, such as the
2171:
Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L & Rand, Y. (1979; 2002). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem: Israel; Feuerstein, R. (1990). The theory of structural modifiability. In B. Presseisen (Ed.), Learning and thinking styles: Classroom interaction. Washington,
1467:
A counter argument is that intelligence is commonly understood to involve the creation and use of persistent memories as opposed to computation that does not involve learning. If this is accepted as definitive of intelligence, then it includes the artificial intelligence of robots capable of "machine
1190:
and motivations of others and oneself in social situations. It is thought to be distinct to other types of intelligence, but has relations to emotional intelligence. Social intelligence has coincided with other studies that focus on how we make judgements of others, the accuracy with which we do so,
3283:' we mean realistic videos produced using artificial intelligence that actually deceive people, then they barely exist. The fakes aren't deep, and the deeps aren't fake. A.I.-generated videos are not, in general, operating in our media as counterfeited evidence. Their role better resembles that of
1222:
Concepts of "book smarts" and "street smart" are contrasting views based on the premise that some people have knowledge gained through academic study, but may lack the experience to sensibly apply that knowledge, while others have knowledge gained through practical experience, but may lack accurate
1167:
to others in an understandable way as well as to read the emotions of others accurately. Some theories imply that a heightened emotional intelligence could also lead to faster generating and processing of emotions in addition to the accuracy. In addition, higher emotional intelligence is thought to
882:
A very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather, it reflects a
905:
Individuals differ from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought. Although these individual differences can be substantial, they are
1235:
Given the importance of learning through text in our own personal lives and in our culture, it is perhaps surprising how utterly dismissive we tend to be of it. It is sometimes derided as being merely "book knowledge", and having it is being "book smart". In contrast, knowledge acquired through
1148:
factors. Hereditary intelligence is the theory that intelligence is fixed upon birth and does not grow. Environmental intelligence is the theory that intelligence is developed throughout life depending on the environment around the person. An environment that cultivates intelligence is one that
971:—enabling the individual to resolve genuine problems or difficulties that he or she encounters and, when appropriate, to create an effective product—and must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems—and thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.
1486:
Scholars studying artificial intelligence have proposed definitions of intelligence that include the intelligence demonstrated by machines. Some of these definitions are meant to be general enough to encompass human and other animal intelligence as well. An
1263:
Although humans have been the primary focus of intelligence researchers, scientists have also attempted to investigate animal intelligence, or more broadly, animal cognition. These researchers are interested in studying both mental ability in a particular
1532:, after surveying the literature, define intelligence as "an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments". While cognitive ability is sometimes measured as a one-dimensional parameter, it could also be represented as a "
1268:, and comparing abilities between species. They study various measures of problem solving, as well as numerical and verbal reasoning abilities. Some challenges include defining intelligence so it has the same meaning across species, and
1213:
Moral intelligence is the capacity to understand right from wrong and to behave based on the value that is believed to be right. It is considered a distinct form of intelligence, independent to both emotional and cognitive intelligence.
707:, and across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in both non-human animals and plants despite controversy as to whether some of these forms of life exhibit intelligence. Intelligence in computers or other machines is called
995:
The theory of
Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as "the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life situation".
1397:
Cognitive ability and intelligence cannot be measured using the same, largely verbally dependent, scales developed for humans. Instead, intelligence is measured using a variety of interactive and observational tools focusing on
3323:
fails at tasks that require real humanlike reasoning or an understanding of the physical and social world.... ChatGPT seemed unable to reason logically and tried to rely on its vast database of... facts derived from online
1495:
and
Haenlein define artificial intelligence as "a system's ability to correctly interpret external data, to learn from such data, and to use those learnings to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation".
1010:
A synthesis of 70+ definitions from psychology, philosophy, and AI researchers: "Intelligence measures an agent's ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments", which has been mathematically formalized.
1536:
in a multidimensional space" to compare systems that are good at different intellectual tasks. Some skeptics believe that there is no meaningful way to define intelligence, aside from "just pointing to ourselves".
2982:"Kaplan Andreas and Haelein Michael (2019) Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the land? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence, Business Horizons, 62(1)"
3371:
and can easily make errors that a human never would... They are also liable to take our instructions too literally, giving us precisely what we asked for instead of what we actually wanted." (p. 93.)
1515:
of the world according to the agent's preferences, or more simply the ability to "steer the future into regions of possibility ranked high in a preference ordering". In this optimization framework,
1195:. There is debate as to whether or not these studies and social intelligence come from the same theories or if there is a distinction between them, and they are generally thought to be of two different
821:. "Intelligence" has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories that it now implies) in more contemporary
2610:
Beheshtifar, M., Esmaeli, Z., & Moghadam, M. N. (2011). Effect of moral intelligence on leadership. European
Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 43, 6-11.
3229:
come from acting in the world and experiencing the consequences. Artificial intelligences – disembodied, strangers to blood, sweat, and tears – have no occasion for that." (p. 30.)
1118:
and the
Unified Cattell-Horn-Carroll model, which contains abilities like fluid reasoning, perceptual speed, verbal abilities, and others. Intelligence enables humans to
3232:
1045:
1452:
It has been argued that plants should also be classified as intelligent based on their ability to sense and model external and internal environments and adjust their
2635:
957:"...the resultant of the process of acquiring, storing in memory, retrieving, combining, comparing, and using in new contexts information and conceptual skills".
1695:"Stress memory in plants: A negative regulation of stomatal response and transient induction of rd22 gene to light in abscisic acid-entrained Arabidopsis plants"
3383:, vol. 316, no. 3 (March 2017), pp. 61–63. Marcus points out a so far insuperable stumbling block to artificial intelligence: an incapacity for reliable
3679:. Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11. E. S. Kite (Trans.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p.
1078:. Intelligence enables humans to remember descriptions of things and use those descriptions in future behaviors. It gives humans the cognitive abilities to
3395:
that we do not usually notice." A prominent example is the "pronoun disambiguation problem" ("PDP"): a machine has no way of determining to whom or what a
1504:. Existing AI lags humans in terms of general intelligence, which is sometimes defined as the "capacity to learn how to carry out a huge range of tasks".
3777:
3204:
2239:
878:. It was signed by fifty-two researchers, out of 131 total invited to sign, with 48 explicitly refusing to sign. The op-ed described intelligence thus:
3611:
2294:"Taxonomies and Compendia of Cognitive Ability and Personality Constructs and Measures Relevant to Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology"
3302:
937:
Judgment, otherwise called "good sense", "practical sense", "initiative", the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances ... auto-critique.
1944:; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; Perloff, Robert;
3529:
1924:
3148:
4106:
947:
The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.
625:
3739:
The Limits of
Intelligence: The laws of physics may well prevent the human brain from evolving into an ever more powerful thinking machine
2293:
3488:
2948:
1980:
883:
broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings—"catching on", "making sense" of things, or "figuring out" what to do.
2027:
originally published as Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L'Année
Psychologique, 11, 191–244
1803:
335:
1137:(IQ) test. However, many people disagree with the validity of IQ tests; stating that they cannot accurately measure intelligence.
3770:
843:
2636:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-handbook-of-intelligence/animal-intelligence/82F839242F36A27D8B31D6AC0FE8B92F
1520:
has the power to "steer a chessboard's future into a subspace of possibility which it labels as 'winning', despite attempts by
562:
4747:
4707:
3640:
3564:
3517:
3476:
3453:
3273:, "Your Lying Eyes: People now use A.I. to generate fake videos indistinguishable from real ones. How much does it matter?",
3157:
2957:
2658:
2313:
2272:
2148:
2112:
2051:
1831:
1443:
1371:
Evidence of a general factor of intelligence has been observed in non-human animals. The general factor of intelligence, or
1251:
2278:
2006:
1804:"Opera philosophica quæ latine scripsit omnia, in unum corpus nunc primum collecta studio et labore Gulielmi Molesworth ."
4434:
3968:
3963:
3879:
1582:
1497:
1115:
3720:
1168:
help us manage emotions, which is beneficial for our problem-solving skills. Emotional intelligence is important to our
4429:
3763:
3599:
3423:
3059:
1861:
894:
857:
4773:
3833:
889:
3247:, vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 81–82. "This murder mystery competition has revealed that although NLP (
2762:
Reader, S. M., Hager, Y., & Laland, K. N. (2011). "The evolution of primate general and cultural intelligence".
4783:
4742:
4099:
4031:
3988:
3973:
3823:
3337:
1491:
can be defined as a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize its chances of success.
618:
542:
2298:
The SAGE Handbook of
Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology and Employee Performance
4051:
4004:
3101:
Legg, Shane; Hutter, Marcus (30 November 2007). "Universal
Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence".
4778:
4616:
4549:
3293:, "In Front of Their Faces: Does facial-recognition technology lead police to ignore contradictory evidence?",
3076:
2235:
537:
365:
3738:
4737:
4564:
4216:
4123:
4069:
4039:
3837:
3789:
3655:
Measuring intelligence: A guide to the administration of the new revised
Stanford-Binet tests of intelligence
1616:
1611:
1587:
817:", translated in the English version as "the understanding understandeth", as a typical example of a logical
567:
136:
28:
3619:
3241:, which has stumped humans for decades, reveals the limitations of natural-language-processing algorithms",
2995:
1278:'s research on the intelligence of apes is an example of research in this area, as is Stanley Coren's book,
4382:
4156:
4043:
4019:
3213:
2335:
853:
of intelligence is controversial, varying in what its abilities are and whether or not it is quantifiable.
577:
490:
1652:
Emotional
Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research.
1350:
have shown a fairly high degree of intellect that varies according to each species. The same is true with
4732:
4092:
3978:
3377:, "Am I Human?: Researchers need new ways to distinguish artificial intelligence from the natural kind",
3248:
3022:
1236:
direct experience and apprenticeship is called "street knowledge", and having it is being "street smart".
760:
became the scholarly technical term for understanding and a translation for the Greek philosophical term
611:
783:(also known as the active intelligence). This approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by
4481:
4471:
4023:
3705:
3468:
3152:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. "Chapter 4: The Kinetics of an Intelligence Explosion", footnote 9.
1517:
83:
1511:
defines intelligence in terms of "optimization power", an agent's capacity for efficient cross-domain
1382:
construct that summarizes the correlations observed between an individual's scores on a wide range of
4711:
4631:
4356:
4286:
4276:
1737:
Volkov, A. G.; Carrell, H.; Baldwin, A.; Markin, V. S. (2009). "Electrical memory in Venus flytrap".
1512:
1469:
532:
523:
445:
265:
148:
4715:
3884:
3680:
3635:. consulting editors: Douglas K. Detterman, Alan S. Kaufman, Joseph D. Matarazzo. New York: Wiley.
3537:
3255:
they receive. This could cause for researchers who hope to use them to do things such as analyze
1893:
1472:
and taking tightly controlled actions to mitigate and control the diverse environmental stressors.
1372:
1280:
158:
126:
4589:
4414:
4027:
3818:
3813:
3803:
3251:) models are capable of incredible feats, their abilities are very much limited by the amount of
1481:
1323:
1224:
1145:
1016:
784:
708:
557:
455:
226:
191:
178:
173:
163:
112:
72:
3351:
are, at their core, dead simple stupid. They work, but they work by brute force." (p. 198.)
840:
What exactly is intelligence? How could an external observer prove that an agent is intelligent?
4666:
4661:
4569:
4035:
3808:
1598:
1407:
1366:
1269:
1158:
572:
505:
395:
305:
260:
236:
211:
143:
131:
97:
2996:"How did a company best known for playing games just crack one of science's toughest puzzles?"
2452:
1024:
4768:
4651:
4641:
4579:
4529:
4503:
4409:
4404:
4291:
4266:
4141:
4047:
3897:
3496:
3252:
1461:
1134:
875:
552:
547:
465:
330:
295:
270:
168:
67:
62:
2548:
1949:
807:" or "intelligence") in their English philosophical works. Hobbes for example, in his Latin
727:
4686:
4419:
3983:
2902:
2845:
2798:
2201:
2182:
S. Legg; M. Hutter (2007). "Universal Intelligence: A Definition of Machine Intelligence".
1824:
Handbook of Intelligence: Evolutionary Theory, Historical Perspective, and Current Concepts
1453:
450:
375:
285:
122:
107:
2300:, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 366–407,
8:
4366:
4196:
3828:
3743:
3728:
3674:
3441:
3379:
3359:
3315:
3243:
3218:
3047:
1508:
1256:
1181:
1111:
1095:
662:
380:
370:
355:
320:
315:
300:
280:
275:
153:
92:
2906:
2849:
2802:
2509:
2205:
1807:
4719:
4594:
4444:
4115:
4073:
4009:
3786:
3732:
3630:
3429:
3128:
3110:
2928:
2871:
2737:
2710:
2683:
2619:
2576:
2490:
2430:
2375:
2350:
2217:
2191:
2013:. E.S. Kite (Trans.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 37–90. Archived from
1223:
information usually gained through study by which to effectively apply that knowledge.
1208:
1061:
475:
420:
415:
350:
290:
251:
183:
24:
1912:
1275:
736:
4656:
4513:
4131:
3864:
3658:
3636:
3595:
3570:
3560:
3553:
3513:
3507:
3472:
3449:
3433:
3419:
3237:
3153:
3055:
2963:
2953:
2920:
2863:
2814:
2742:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2580:
2568:
2529:
2525:
2494:
2482:
2422:
2380:
2366:
2329:
2309:
2268:
2154:
2144:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2088:
2057:
2047:
1972:
1916:
1889:
1857:
1827:
1754:
1750:
1716:
1711:
1694:
1626:
1621:
1568:
1554:
1488:
1285:
1196:
990:
678:
599:
400:
325:
231:
216:
102:
4226:
3173:
2932:
4498:
4491:
4456:
4424:
4246:
3587:
3411:
3403:
3345:
3270:
3256:
3120:
2910:
2875:
2853:
2806:
2732:
2722:
2560:
2521:
2472:
2464:
2414:
2370:
2362:
2301:
2209:
2136:
2084:
1964:
1945:
1908:
1853:
Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms
1746:
1706:
1577:
1457:
1418:
is responsible for 47% of the individual variance in cognitive ability measures in
1246:
1192:
1083:
1066:
Human intelligence is the intellectual power of humans, which is marked by complex
976:
918:
researchers also have suggested definitions of intelligence such as the following:
780:
405:
360:
345:
340:
221:
196:
4439:
3132:
2810:
2221:
1284:. Non-human animals particularly noted and studied for their intelligence include
748:
742:
4341:
4201:
4161:
3917:
3724:
3364:
3332:
2598:
2594:
2262:
1501:
1447:
1383:
1228:
1103:
968:
952:
682:
201:
2891:"A comparative approach to the principal mechanisms of different memory systems"
2468:
2014:
1500:
can be demonstrated in benchmarks ranging from games to practical tasks such as
4601:
4451:
4346:
4256:
4221:
4191:
4176:
4146:
3384:
3354:
3327:
3295:
3275:
2039:
1941:
1521:
1492:
1331:
1272:
a measure that accurately compares mental ability across species and contexts.
1075:
962:
942:
870:
700:
believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.
654:
3124:
2915:
2890:
2564:
2305:
2213:
1968:
4762:
4681:
4606:
4559:
4476:
4466:
4371:
4326:
4321:
4296:
4271:
4261:
4241:
4166:
4014:
3947:
3942:
3869:
3716:
3341:
3264:
2789:
Trewavas, Anthony (September 2005). "Green plants as intelligent organisms".
2572:
2533:
2486:
2426:
2122:
2061:
1976:
1920:
1678:
Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology.
1525:
1169:
1087:
1005:
982:
792:
788:
776:
650:
510:
470:
390:
385:
3755:
3701:
3574:
2967:
2668:
2158:
1851:
779:, including theories of the immortality of the soul, and the concept of the
4636:
4626:
4621:
4534:
4331:
4311:
4301:
4231:
4151:
3717:
History of Influences in the Development of Intelligence Theory and Testing
3670:
3650:
3548:
3368:
3260:
3200:
2924:
2867:
2818:
2746:
2727:
2384:
1758:
1720:
1533:
1423:
1379:
967:
To my mind, a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills of
932:
697:
3662:
3415:
1850:
S. Legg; M. Hutter (2007). "A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence".
4702:
4676:
4486:
4399:
4376:
4351:
4336:
4236:
4211:
4186:
4181:
3936:
3374:
1426:(Locurto, Locurto). These values are similar to the accepted variance in
1330:
appear to exhibit characteristics of significant intelligence, yet their
765:
753:
686:
642:
410:
117:
4306:
4539:
4461:
4361:
4281:
4251:
4206:
3874:
3591:
3586:. Novartis Foundation Symposium 233. Vol. 233. Chichester: Wiley.
3319:, vol. 329, no. 1 (July/August 2023), p. 7. "Despite its high IQ,
3290:
3226:
2477:
2434:
2402:
2007:"New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals"
1529:
1399:
1327:
1187:
1119:
1071:
1001:
911:
850:
822:
809:
800:
796:
693:
to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
674:
310:
206:
44:
1334:
differ radically from those of backboned animals. Vertebrates such as
832:
4611:
4544:
4508:
4171:
4136:
4084:
3902:
3892:
3859:
3848:
3388:
3348:
3280:
2264:
Measuring Multiple Intelligences and Moral Sensitivities in Education
1606:
1593:
1351:
1297:
1067:
893:(1995), a report published by the Board of Scientific Affairs of the
874:
which proposed policy changes based on purported connections between
818:
773:
769:
690:
460:
20:
3357:, "Our Digital Doubles: AI will serve our species, not control it",
3077:"The Struggle To Define What Artificial Intelligence Actually Means"
2858:
2833:
2418:
52:
3907:
3657:. Riverside textbooks in education. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.
3392:
1631:
1419:
1394:
factor has since been identified in a number of non-human species.
1305:
1141:
1130:
1107:
1099:
1079:
915:
670:
658:
485:
480:
440:
3750:
3676:
The development of intelligence in children: The Binet-Simon Scale
3363:, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 88–93. "AIs are like
3221:
is what distinguishes us from machines. For biological creatures,
3115:
2236:"TED Speaker: Alex Wissner-Gross: A new equation for intelligence"
2196:
2075:
Humphreys, L. G. (1979). "The construct of general intelligence".
2011:
The development of intelligence in children: The Binet-Simon Scale
1822:
Goldstein, Sam; Princiotta, Dana; Naglieri, Jack A., eds. (2015).
1114:. These cognitive abilities can be organized into frameworks like
16:
Ability to perceive, infer, acquire, retain and apply information.
4554:
3932:
3396:
3320:
3306:
3284:
1411:
1343:
1301:
1265:
1164:
1123:
3509:
What Intelligence Tests Miss: The Psychology of Rational Thought
3391:, often in multiple ways. Our brain is so good at comprehending
3309:
aced a test but showed that intelligence cannot be measured by
1826:. New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London: Springer. p. 3.
4671:
3922:
3912:
3259:. In some cases, there are few historical records on long-gone
3222:
3052:
Here be dragons: science, technology and the future of humanity
2981:
2945:
1387:
1335:
1313:
1309:
1289:
1091:
666:
3546:
2711:"Convergent evolution of complex brains and high intelligence"
1191:
and why people would be viewed as having positive or negative
1163:
Emotional intelligence is thought to be the ability to convey
4316:
3927:
1403:
1317:
1293:
861:
704:
646:
1870:
4646:
4574:
3367:
and will remain so for the foreseeable future.... AIs lack
3330:, "Ready for Robots? How to Think about the Future of AI",
1940:
1821:
1347:
1339:
732:
720:
500:
1736:
1667:
Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216
1464:
accordingly to ensure self-preservation and reproduction.
685:. It can be described as the ability to perceive or infer
3711:
2267:. Moral Development and Citizenship Education. Springer.
696:
The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s. Most
19:
For the human faculty of thinking and understanding, see
2777:
Clinical assessment of child and adolescent intelligence
2624:
Common Sense, the Turing Test, and the Quest for Real AI
1802:
Hobbes, Thomas; Molesworth, William (15 February 1839).
1140:
There is debate about if human intelligence is based on
3310:
1427:
3582:
Bock, Gregory; Goode, Jamie; Webb, Kate, eds. (2000).
3336:, vol. 98, no. 4 (July/August 2019), pp. 192–98.
3217:, vol. LXXI, no. 1 (18 January 2024), pp. 27–28, 30. "
3054:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 103, 104.
803:, all of whom preferred "understanding" (in place of "
2547:
Walker, Ronald E.; Foley, Jeanne M. (December 1973).
1186:
Social intelligence is the ability to understand the
1027:
3448:(second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3174:"Superintelligence: The Idea That Eats Smart People"
2595:
The Step-By-Step Plan to Building Moral Intelligence
2135:
2104:
Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences
1544:
1444:
Plant perception (physiology) § Plant cognition
3552:
2549:"Social Intelligence: Its History and Measurement"
1039:
3399:in a sentence—such as "he", "she" or "it"—refers.
2888:
2508:Mayer, John D.; Salovey, Peter (1 October 1993).
2260:
1845:
1843:
1663:White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980).
764:. This term, however, was strongly linked to the
4760:
3402:
3235:, "A Murder Mystery Puzzle: The literary puzzle
2181:
2074:
1894:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)"
1849:
1810:on 5 November 2013 – via Internet Archive.
1801:
641:has been defined in many ways: the capacity for
3489:"What Is Intelligence? Beyond the Flynn Effect"
3462:
2764:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2175:
1882:
3211:, Princeton University Press, 2023, 333 pp.),
2129:
2095:
1840:
1217:
834:
4100:
3785:
3771:
3649:
3581:
3465:What Is Intelligence: Beyond the Flynn Effect
3149:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies
2766:B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 1017–1027.
2451:Salovey, Peter; Mayer, John D. (March 1990).
2143:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1149:challenges the person's cognitive abilities.
868:, as a response to controversy over the book
619:
3279:, 20 November 2023, pp. 54–59. "If by '
3209:Free Agents: How Evolution Gave Us Free Will
2510:"The intelligence of emotional intelligence"
2507:
2450:
1856:. Vol. 157. IOS Press. pp. 17–24.
1693:Goh, C. H.; Nam, H. G.; Park, Y. S. (2003).
1590:, also referred to as Non-Human Intelligence
3751:A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence
2546:
1934:
1888:
1876:
1422:and between 55% and 60% of the variance in
4107:
4093:
3778:
3764:
3669:
3467:(expanded paperback ed.). Cambridge:
3440:
3100:
3023:"What is artificial general intelligence?"
2949:Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach
2946:Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2003).
2889:Rensing, L.; Koch, M.; Becker, A. (2009).
2291:
1806:Londoni, apud Joannem Bohn. Archived from
1692:
626:
612:
3512:. New Haven (CT): Yale University Press.
3505:
3410:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3114:
3046:
2952:. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
2914:
2857:
2758:
2756:
2736:
2726:
2476:
2374:
2292:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2018),
2195:
1998:
1710:
1357:
1326:provides an important comparative study.
3610:William D. Casebeer (30 November 2001).
3287:, especially smutty ones." (p. 59.)
3074:
2831:
2788:
2779:. Springer Science & Business Media.
2403:"Review of The Intelligence Controversy"
2400:
2038:
1791:. Oxford University Press. p. xxii.
1250:
3145:
2939:
2587:
2351:"Human intelligence and brain networks"
1789:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
897:, also in response to controversy over
4761:
4114:
3628:
3408:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
2753:
2681:
2457:Imagination, Cognition and Personality
1930:from the original on 22 December 2014.
844:(more unsolved problems in philosophy)
703:Intelligence has been long-studied in
4708:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
4088:
3759:
3406:; Kaufman, Scott Barry, eds. (2011).
3203:, "The Fate of Free Will" (review of
3020:
2646:
2446:
2444:
2396:
2394:
2348:
2242:from the original on 4 September 2016
2046:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
2044:The measurement of adult intelligence
2004:
1771:
1172:and has ties to social intelligence.
2708:
1820:This paragraph almost verbatim from
1786:
1732:
1730:
1688:
1686:
1665:An overview of intelligence testing.
752:, to comprehend or perceive. In the
3969:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
3880:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
3299:, 20 November 2023, pp. 20–26.
2281:from the original on 2 August 2017.
2172:DC: National Education Associations
1950:"Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns"
1498:Progress in artificial intelligence
746:, which in turn stem from the verb
13:
3267:for such a purpose." (p. 82.)
3194:
2715:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2709:Roth, Gerhard (19 December 2015).
2540:
2441:
2407:The American Journal of Psychology
2391:
1986:from the original on 28 March 2016
1240:
895:American Psychological Association
858:Mainstream Science on Intelligence
14:
4795:
3695:
3629:Wolman, Benjamin B., ed. (1985).
1727:
1683:
890:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns
4064:
2349:Colom, Roberto (December 2010).
1751:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.03.005
1712:10.1046/j.1365-313X.2003.01872.x
1561:
1547:
1524:to steer the future elsewhere."
593:
51:
4065:
4005:Evolution of human intelligence
3387:. "irtually every sentence is
3166:
3139:
3094:
3068:
3040:
3014:
2988:
2974:
2882:
2825:
2782:
2769:
2702:
2675:
2640:
2629:
2613:
2604:
2501:
2342:
2285:
2254:
2228:
2165:
2107:. New York: Basic Books. 1993.
2068:
2032:
1129:Intelligence is different from
3530:"What Intelligence Tests Miss"
2682:Childs, Casper (27 May 2020).
2367:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.4/rcolom
2141:Handbook of human intelligence
1814:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1094:, including the capacities to
835:Unsolved problem in philosophy
828:
23:. For human intelligence, see
1:
4565:Hard problem of consciousness
4070:Outline of human intelligence
3974:Multiple-intelligences theory
2811:10.1016/j.tplants.2005.07.005
1913:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8
1787:Nidditch, Peter. "Foreword".
1638:
1617:Outline of human intelligence
1612:Neuroscience and intelligence
1588:Extraterrestrial intelligence
1475:
1144:factors or if it is based on
336:Industrial and organizational
29:Intelligence (disambiguation)
4020:Intelligence and environment
3653:; Merrill, Maude A. (1937).
3612:"The Nature of Intelligence"
3214:The New York Review of Books
2526:10.1016/0160-2896(93)90010-3
2401:Bouchard, Thomas J. (1982).
2238:. TED.com. 6 February 2014.
2089:10.1016/0160-2896(79)90009-6
1292:(notably the language-using
1152:
714:
491:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
3964:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
3487:C Shalizi (27 April 2009).
3249:natural-language processing
2469:10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
1583:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
1540:
1218:Book smart and street smart
910:Besides those definitions,
10:
4800:
3584:The Nature of Intelligence
3469:Cambridge University Press
2261:Tirri, Nokelainen (2011).
1676:Buxton, Claude E. (1985).
1479:
1441:
1414:. Studies have shown that
1364:
1244:
1206:
1179:
1156:
1059:
718:
18:
4728:
4695:
4522:
4392:
4287:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
4277:David Lewis (philosopher)
4122:
4060:
3997:
3956:
3847:
3796:
3559:. New York: Times Books.
3506:Stanovich, Keith (2009).
3446:IQ and Human Intelligence
3233:Hughes-Castleberry, Kenna
3125:10.1007/s11023-007-9079-x
2916:10.1007/s00114-009-0591-0
2684:"Words With An Astronaut"
2565:10.2466/pr0.1973.33.3.839
2306:10.4135/9781473914940.n14
2214:10.1007/s11023-007-9079-x
1969:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77
1948:; Urbina, Susana (1996).
1776:. Blackwell. p. 305.
1650:Sharma, Radha R. (2008).
1175:
1070:feats and high levels of
785:early modern philosophers
266:Applied behavior analysis
4774:Developmental psychology
3723:11 November 2007 at the
3632:Handbook of Intelligence
3618:(Review). Archived from
3536:(Review). Archived from
3495:(Review). Archived from
3463:Flynn, James R. (2009).
2775:Kamphaus, R. W. (2005).
2650:The Intelligence of Dogs
2601:Retrieved 28 April 2016.
2453:"Emotional Intelligence"
2355:Dialogues Clin. Neurosci
2334:: CS1 maint: location (
1772:Maich, Aloysius (1995).
1437:
1281:The Intelligence of Dogs
1202:
1055:
1040:{\displaystyle _{\tau }}
4784:Differential psychology
4415:Eliminative materialism
2791:Trends in Plant Science
2647:Coren, Stanley (1995).
2005:Binet, Alfred (1916) .
1654:Sage Journals. Vol. 12.
1482:Artificial intelligence
1324:Cephalopod intelligence
1225:Artificial intelligence
1017:Alexander Wissner-Gross
860:" was published, as an
731:derives from the Latin
709:artificial intelligence
456:Behavioral neuroscience
113:Behavioral neuroscience
4667:Propositional attitude
4662:Problem of other minds
4570:Hypostatic abstraction
3493:University of Michigan
3146:Bostrom, Nick (2014).
2728:10.1098/rstb.2015.0049
1367:g Factor in Non-Humans
1260:
1238:
1159:Emotional intelligence
1116:fluid vs. crystallized
1041:
908:
885:
815:intellectus intelligit
689:; and to retain it as
506:Psychology of religion
446:Behavioral engineering
132:Cognitive neuroscience
98:Affective neuroscience
27:. For other uses, see
4779:Psychological testing
4738:Philosophers category
4642:Mental representation
4405:Biological naturalism
4292:Maurice Merleau-Ponty
4267:Frank Cameron Jackson
3898:Intelligence quotient
3673:; Simon, Th. (1916).
3651:Terman, Lewis Madison
3416:10.1017/9781108770422
2832:Trewavas, A. (2002).
2553:Psychological Reports
1957:American Psychologist
1890:Gottfredson, Linda S.
1470:cost–benefit analysis
1386:. First described in
1254:
1233:
1135:Intelligence Quotient
1042:
979:& William Salter
903:
880:
876:race and intelligence
600:Psychology portal
4420:Emergent materialism
3984:Three-stratum theory
3741:. By Douglas Fox in
3540:on 24 December 2013.
3404:Sternberg, Robert J.
3021:Heath, Nick (2018).
1946:Sternberg, Robert J.
1434:in humans (40–50%).
1361:factor in non-humans
1025:
4617:Language of thought
4367:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4197:Patricia Churchland
3957:Models and theories
3744:Scientific American
3547:Blakeslee, Sandra;
3380:Scientific American
3360:Scientific American
3346:AI machine-learning
3316:Scientific American
3244:Scientific American
2907:2009NW.....96.1373R
2895:Naturwissenschaften
2850:2002Natur.415..841T
2803:2005TPS....10..413T
2206:2007arXiv0712.3329L
2139:; Salter W (1982).
1774:A Hobbes Dictionary
1739:Bioelectrochemistry
1410:, and responses to
1384:cognitive abilities
1308:and to some extent
1257:crab-eating macaque
1182:Social intelligence
985:adaptive behavior.
866:Wall Street Journal
663:emotional knowledge
451:Behavioral genetics
366:Occupational health
108:Behavioral genetics
39:Part of a series on
4445:Neurophenomenology
4116:Philosophy of mind
4010:Heritability of IQ
3787:Human intelligence
3733:Indiana University
3592:10.1002/0470870850
3103:Minds and Machines
2834:"Mindless mastery"
2721:(1684): 20150049.
2620:Hector J. Levesque
2184:Minds and Machines
1261:
1209:Moral intelligence
1197:schools of thought
1096:recognize patterns
1062:Human intelligence
1037:
568:Schools of thought
406:Sport and exercise
252:Applied psychology
25:Human intelligence
4756:
4755:
4652:Mind–body problem
4550:Cognitive closure
4514:Substance dualism
4132:G. E. M. Anscombe
4082:
4081:
3998:Areas of research
3948:Visual processing
3865:Cognitive liberty
3642:978-0-471-89738-5
3566:978-0-8050-7456-7
3519:978-0-300-12385-2
3478:978-0-521-74147-7
3455:978-0-19-958559-5
3442:Mackintosh, N. J.
3344:writes: "Current
3271:Immerwahr, Daniel
3257:ancient languages
3205:Kevin J. Mitchell
3159:978-0-19-967811-2
3075:Gary Lea (2015).
2959:978-0-13-790395-5
2901:(12): 1373–1384.
2660:978-0-553-37452-0
2315:978-1-4462-0721-5
2274:978-94-6091-758-5
2150:978-0-521-29687-8
2114:978-0-465-02510-7
2053:978-0-19-502296-4
1833:978-1-4939-1561-3
1699:The Plant Journal
1627:Superintelligence
1622:Passive intellect
1569:Psychology portal
1555:Philosophy portal
1489:intelligent agent
1053:
1052:
991:Reuven Feuerstein
864:statement in the
679:critical thinking
636:
635:
533:Counseling topics
476:Consumer behavior
217:Psycholinguistics
103:Affective science
4791:
4504:Representational
4499:Property dualism
4492:Type physicalism
4457:New mysterianism
4425:Epiphenomenalism
4247:Martin Heidegger
4109:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4085:
4068:
4067:
3989:Triarchic theory
3780:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3729:Jonathan Plucker
3691:
3689:
3687:
3666:
3646:
3623:
3608:Lay summary in:
3605:
3578:
3558:
3541:
3526:Lay summary in:
3523:
3500:
3499:on 14 June 2010.
3485:Lay summary in:
3482:
3459:
3437:
3365:autistic savants
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3118:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2861:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2786:
2780:
2773:
2767:
2760:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2653:. Bantam Books.
2644:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2199:
2179:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1985:
1954:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1898:
1886:
1880:
1879:, pp. 17–20
1877:Gottfredson 1997
1874:
1868:
1867:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1690:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1578:Active intellect
1571:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1270:operationalizing
1247:Animal cognition
1231:has noted that:
1193:social character
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1035:
977:Robert Sternberg
921:
920:
836:
781:active intellect
628:
621:
614:
598:
597:
596:
563:Research methods
222:Psychophysiology
84:Basic psychology
55:
36:
35:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4724:
4691:
4637:Mental property
4530:Abstract object
4518:
4388:
4342:Wilfrid Sellars
4217:Donald Davidson
4202:Paul Churchland
4162:George Berkeley
4118:
4113:
4083:
4078:
4056:
3993:
3952:
3918:Problem solving
3852:
3843:
3792:
3784:
3747:, 14 June 2011.
3727:. Developed by
3725:Wayback Machine
3698:
3685:
3683:
3643:
3622:on 26 May 2013.
3609:
3602:
3567:
3555:On intelligence
3527:
3520:
3486:
3479:
3456:
3426:
3355:Domingos, Pedro
3333:Foreign Affairs
3328:Cukier, Kenneth
3197:
3195:Further reading
3192:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3144:
3140:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3081:Popular Science
3073:
3069:
3062:
3048:Häggström, Olle
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3019:
3015:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2887:
2883:
2859:10.1038/415841a
2830:
2826:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2754:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2676:
2661:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2592:
2588:
2545:
2541:
2506:
2502:
2449:
2442:
2419:10.2307/1422481
2399:
2392:
2347:
2343:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2290:
2286:
2275:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2151:
2134:
2130:
2115:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2073:
2069:
2054:
2037:
2033:
2020:
2018:
2017:on 19 June 2010
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1952:
1942:Neisser, Ulrich
1939:
1935:
1927:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1819:
1815:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1735:
1728:
1691:
1684:
1680:Academic Press.
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1502:protein folding
1484:
1478:
1450:
1448:Plant cognition
1442:Main articles:
1440:
1408:social learning
1369:
1363:
1332:nervous systems
1276:Wolfgang Köhler
1249:
1243:
1241:Nonhuman animal
1229:Hector Levesque
1220:
1211:
1205:
1184:
1178:
1161:
1155:
1064:
1058:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
969:problem solving
953:Lloyd Humphreys
847:
846:
841:
838:
831:
723:
717:
683:problem-solving
632:
594:
592:
585:
584:
583:
582:
558:Psychotherapies
526:
516:
515:
436:
428:
427:
426:
425:
254:
244:
243:
242:
241:
202:Neuropsychology
86:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4797:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4632:Mental process
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4602:Intentionality
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4452:Neutral monism
4449:
4448:
4447:
4437:
4435:Interactionism
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:Baruch Spinoza
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4257:Edmund Husserl
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4227:René Descartes
4224:
4222:Daniel Dennett
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:David Chalmers
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:Franz Brentano
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4157:Alexander Bain
4154:
4149:
4147:Thomas Aquinas
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3853:and constructs
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3736:
3714:
3697:
3696:External links
3694:
3693:
3692:
3667:
3647:
3641:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3601:978-0471494348
3600:
3579:
3565:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3518:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3477:
3460:
3454:
3438:
3425:978-0521739115
3424:
3400:
3385:disambiguation
3372:
3352:
3325:
3303:Roivainen, Eka
3300:
3296:The New Yorker
3288:
3276:The New Yorker
3268:
3238:Cain's Jawbone
3230:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3165:
3158:
3138:
3109:(4): 391–444.
3093:
3067:
3061:978-0191035395
3060:
3039:
3013:
2987:
2973:
2958:
2938:
2881:
2824:
2797:(9): 413–419.
2781:
2768:
2752:
2701:
2674:
2659:
2639:
2628:
2626:(2017), p. 80.
2612:
2603:
2586:
2559:(3): 839–864.
2539:
2520:(4): 433–442.
2500:
2463:(3): 185–211.
2440:
2413:(2): 346–349.
2390:
2361:(4): 489–501.
2341:
2314:
2284:
2273:
2253:
2227:
2190:(4): 391–444.
2174:
2164:
2149:
2128:
2113:
2094:
2083:(2): 105–120.
2067:
2052:
2031:
1997:
1933:
1881:
1869:
1863:978-1586037581
1862:
1839:
1832:
1813:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1745:(2): 142–147.
1726:
1705:(2): 240–255.
1682:
1669:
1656:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1558:
1542:
1539:
1522:Garry Kasparov
1509:Olle Häggström
1507:Mathematician
1480:Main article:
1477:
1474:
1439:
1436:
1365:Main article:
1362:
1356:
1245:Main article:
1242:
1239:
1219:
1216:
1207:Main article:
1204:
1201:
1180:Main article:
1177:
1174:
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1104:solve problems
1076:self-awareness
1060:Main article:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1034:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
997:
993:
987:
986:
980:
973:
972:
965:
963:Howard Gardner
959:
958:
955:
949:
948:
945:
943:David Wechsler
939:
938:
935:
929:
928:
925:
899:The Bell Curve
871:The Bell Curve
842:
839:
833:
830:
827:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
655:self-awareness
634:
633:
631:
630:
623:
616:
608:
605:
604:
603:
602:
587:
586:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
528:
527:
522:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
256:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
149:Cross-cultural
146:
141:
140:
139:
129:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
89:
88:
87:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4796:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4682:Understanding
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Introspection
4605:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:Consciousness
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4482:Phenomenology
4480:
4478:
4477:Phenomenalism
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Occasionalism
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:Naïve realism
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Functionalism
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Stephen Yablo
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Richard Rorty
4325:
4323:
4322:Hilary Putnam
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4297:Marvin Minsky
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Immanuel Kant
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:William James
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Henri Bergson
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4105:
4103:
4098:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4015:Psychometrics
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3943:Understanding
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Communication
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3774:
3769:
3767:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3671:Binet, Alfred
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3550:
3549:Hawkins, Jeff
3545:
3539:
3535:
3534:Psych Central
3531:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:Alex Pentland
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3265:training data
3262:
3261:civilizations
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:Gleick, James
3199:
3198:
3179:
3178:idlewords.com
3175:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2983:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2844:(6874): 841.
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2331:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1963:(2): 77–101.
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1559:
1556:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1430:explained by
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1259:using a stone
1258:
1253:
1248:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1215:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1170:mental health
1166:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1146:environmental
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:, and employ
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:form concepts
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1049:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1006:Marcus Hutter
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:Goal-directed
981:
978:
975:
974:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
922:
919:
917:
913:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:
884:
879:
877:
873:
872:
867:
863:
859:
856:In 1994 the "
854:
852:
845:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Thomas Hobbes
790:
789:Francis Bacon
786:
782:
778:
777:scholasticism
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
745:
744:
739:
738:
737:intelligentia
734:
730:
729:
722:
712:
710:
706:
701:
699:
698:psychologists
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:understanding
648:
644:
640:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
609:
607:
606:
601:
591:
590:
589:
588:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:Psychologists
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Organizations
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
519:
512:
511:Psychometrics
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:Consciousness
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
432:
431:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
391:Psychotherapy
389:
387:
386:Psychometrics
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
247:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
159:Developmental
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4769:Intelligence
4718: /
4714: /
4710: /
4627:Mental image
4622:Mental event
4585:Intelligence
4584:
4535:Chinese room
4381:
4332:Gilbert Ryle
4312:Derek Parfit
4302:Thomas Nagel
4232:Fred Dretske
4152:J. L. Austin
4124:Philosophers
4072: /
4050: /
4046: /
4042: /
4040:neuroscience
4038: /
4034: /
4030: /
4026: /
4022: /
3885:
3838:visuospatial
3814:Intellectual
3742:
3706:
3702:Intelligence
3684:. Retrieved
3675:
3654:
3631:
3620:the original
3615:
3583:
3554:
3538:the original
3533:
3528:Jamie Hale.
3508:
3497:the original
3492:
3464:
3445:
3407:
3378:
3375:Marcus, Gary
3369:common sense
3358:
3338:George Dyson
3331:
3314:
3305:, "AI's IQ:
3294:
3274:
3263:to serve as
3242:
3236:
3212:
3208:
3181:. Retrieved
3177:
3168:
3147:
3141:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3084:. Retrieved
3080:
3070:
3051:
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:
3016:
3004:. Retrieved
2999:
2990:
2976:
2947:
2941:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2771:
2763:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2692:. Retrieved
2687:
2677:
2649:
2642:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2606:
2593:
2589:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2517:
2514:Intelligence
2513:
2503:
2460:
2456:
2410:
2406:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2319:, retrieved
2297:
2287:
2263:
2256:
2244:. Retrieved
2230:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2167:
2140:
2137:Sternberg RJ
2131:
2103:
2097:
2080:
2077:Intelligence
2076:
2070:
2043:
2034:
2026:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:the original
2010:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1960:
1956:
1936:
1904:
1901:Intelligence
1900:
1884:
1872:
1852:
1823:
1816:
1808:the original
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1742:
1738:
1702:
1698:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1600:Intelligence
1599:
1534:hypersurface
1513:optimization
1506:
1485:
1466:
1451:
1431:
1415:
1396:
1391:
1380:psychometric
1373:
1370:
1358:
1322:
1296:) and other
1279:
1274:
1262:
1234:
1221:
1212:
1185:
1162:
1139:
1128:
1098:, innovate,
1065:
1047:
933:Alfred Binet
909:
904:
898:
888:
886:
881:
869:
865:
855:
848:
814:
808:
804:
774:teleological
772:theories of
770:cosmological
766:metaphysical
761:
757:
747:
741:
735:
728:intelligence
726:
724:
702:
695:
639:Intelligence
638:
637:
496:Intelligence
495:
227:Quantitative
192:Mathematical
188:Intelligence
179:Experimental
174:Evolutionary
164:Differential
33:
4712:information
4703:Metaphysics
4677:Tabula rasa
4487:Physicalism
4472:Parallelism
4400:Behaviorism
4357:Michael Tye
4352:Alan Turing
4337:John Searle
4212:Dharmakirti
4187:Tyler Burge
4182:C. D. Broad
4044:personality
3979:PASS theory
3937:abstraction
3707:In Our Time
3616:Mental Help
3291:Press, Eyal
3183:21 February
3086:21 February
3032:21 February
3006:21 February
2478:10654/36316
2246:7 September
2040:Wechsler, D
1328:Cephalopods
1286:chimpanzees
1227:researcher
1188:social cues
1112:communicate
924:Researcher
829:Definitions
805:intellectus
758:intellectus
756:, the word
754:Middle Ages
749:intelligere
743:intellēctus
687:information
643:abstraction
538:Disciplines
411:Suicidology
306:Educational
261:Anomalistic
237:Theoretical
212:Personality
144:Comparative
127:Cognitivism
118:Behaviorism
4763:Categories
4748:Task Force
4716:perception
4590:Artificial
4540:Creativity
4462:Nondualism
4362:Vasubandhu
4282:John Locke
4252:David Hume
4207:Andy Clark
3875:Creativity
3819:Linguistic
3804:Collective
3349:algorithms
2690:. Codetipi
1639:References
1476:Artificial
1458:physiology
1454:morphology
1406:reversal,
1400:innovation
1352:arthropods
1298:great apes
1142:hereditary
1120:experience
1088:understand
1072:motivation
1002:Shane Legg
927:Quotation
912:psychology
851:definition
823:psychology
810:De Corpore
801:David Hume
797:John Locke
675:creativity
466:Competence
331:Humanistic
311:Ergonomics
296:Counseling
271:Assessment
207:Perception
169:Ecological
45:Psychology
4612:Intuition
4545:Cognition
4509:Solipsism
4172:Ned Block
4142:Armstrong
4137:Aristotle
4036:longevity
4024:fertility
3923:Reasoning
3903:Knowledge
3893:Intellect
3860:Cognition
3851:, traits,
3849:Abilities
3809:Emotional
3434:241027150
3389:ambiguous
3281:deepfakes
3116:0712.3329
2581:144839425
2573:0033-2941
2534:0160-2896
2495:219900460
2487:0276-2366
2427:0002-9556
2321:8 January
2197:0712.3329
2123:221932479
2062:219871557
2021:14 August
1990:9 October
1977:0003-066X
1921:0160-2896
1907:: 13–23.
1607:Knowledge
1602:(journal)
1594:Intellect
1518:Deep Blue
1462:phenotype
1306:elephants
1153:Emotional
1068:cognitive
1033:τ
1021:F = T ∇ S
819:absurdity
725:The word
715:Etymology
691:knowledge
667:reasoning
461:Cognition
376:Political
286:Community
123:Cognitive
73:Subfields
21:Intellect
4733:Category
4580:Identity
4523:Concepts
4393:Theories
4377:Zhuangzi
4307:Alva Noë
3908:Learning
3824:Multiple
3721:Archived
3575:55510125
3551:(2004).
3444:(2011).
3393:language
3313:alone",
3285:cartoons
3050:(2016).
2968:51325314
2933:29195832
2925:19680619
2868:11859344
2819:16054860
2747:26554042
2694:14 March
2669:30700778
2385:21319494
2330:citation
2279:Archived
2240:Archived
2159:11226466
2042:(1944).
1981:Archived
1925:Archived
1892:(1997).
1759:19356999
1721:14535888
1632:Sapience
1541:See also
1420:primates
1344:reptiles
1302:dolphins
1131:learning
1108:language
916:learning
813:, used "
787:such as
671:planning
659:learning
573:Timeline
486:Feelings
481:Emotions
441:Behavior
435:Concepts
396:Religion
381:Positive
371:Pastoral
356:Military
321:Forensic
316:Feminist
301:Critical
291:Consumer
281:Coaching
276:Clinical
154:Cultural
93:Abnormal
4743:Project
4696:Related
4555:Concept
4410:Dualism
4383:more...
4242:Goldman
4074:thought
3935: (
3933:Thought
3836: (
3834:Spatial
3710:at the
3686:18 July
3397:pronoun
3324:texts."
3321:ChatGPT
3307:ChatGPT
3253:context
3227:purpose
3000:Fortune
2903:Bibcode
2876:4350140
2846:Bibcode
2799:Bibcode
2738:4650126
2688:Valenti
2435:1422481
2376:3181994
2202:Bibcode
1412:novelty
1378:, is a
1336:mammals
1310:parrots
1290:bonobos
1266:species
1165:emotion
548:Outline
421:Traffic
416:Systems
351:Medical
184:Gestalt
68:History
63:Outline
4687:Zombie
4672:Qualia
4032:health
4028:height
3913:Memory
3888:factor
3829:Social
3790:topics
3663:964301
3661:
3639:
3598:
3573:
3563:
3516:
3475:
3452:
3432:
3422:
3223:reason
3219:Agency
3156:
3133:847021
3131:
3058:
3002:. 2020
2966:
2956:
2931:
2923:
2874:
2866:
2838:Nature
2817:
2745:
2735:
2667:
2657:
2579:
2571:
2532:
2493:
2485:
2433:
2425:
2383:
2373:
2312:
2271:
2222:847021
2220:
2157:
2147:
2121:
2111:
2060:
2050:
1975:
1919:
1860:
1830:
1757:
1719:
1526:Hutter
1493:Kaplan
1446:, and
1390:, the
1388:humans
1376:factor
1318:ravens
1176:Social
1092:reason
1090:, and
1004:&
799:, and
705:humans
681:, and
578:Topics
401:School
326:Health
232:Social
137:Social
4595:Human
4317:Plato
4237:Fodor
3928:Skill
3797:Types
3430:S2CID
3129:S2CID
3111:arXiv
3027:ZDNet
2929:S2CID
2872:S2CID
2577:S2CID
2491:S2CID
2431:JSTOR
2218:S2CID
2192:arXiv
1984:(PDF)
1953:(PDF)
1928:(PDF)
1897:(PDF)
1438:Plant
1404:habit
1340:birds
1294:Kanzi
1203:Moral
1124:think
1080:learn
1056:Human
887:From
862:op-ed
733:nouns
647:logic
524:Lists
361:Music
346:Media
341:Legal
197:Moral
4720:self
4657:Pain
4647:Mind
4575:Idea
4048:race
3688:2010
3659:OCLC
3637:ISBN
3596:ISBN
3571:OCLC
3561:ISBN
3514:ISBN
3473:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3420:ISBN
3225:and
3185:2021
3154:ISBN
3088:2021
3056:ISBN
3034:2021
3008:2021
2964:OCLC
2954:ISBN
2921:PMID
2864:PMID
2815:PMID
2743:PMID
2696:2021
2665:OCLC
2655:ISBN
2569:ISSN
2530:ISSN
2483:ISSN
2423:ISSN
2381:PMID
2336:link
2323:2024
2310:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2248:2016
2155:OCLC
2145:ISBN
2119:OCLC
2109:ISBN
2058:OCLC
2048:ISBN
2023:2010
1992:2014
1973:ISSN
1917:ISSN
1858:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1755:PMID
1717:PMID
1530:Legg
1528:and
1460:and
1424:mice
1348:fish
1346:and
1316:and
1314:rats
1122:and
1100:plan
1074:and
914:and
849:The
768:and
762:nous
721:Nous
501:Mind
4052:sex
3731:at
3712:BBC
3704:on
3588:doi
3412:doi
3121:doi
2911:doi
2854:doi
2842:415
2807:doi
2733:PMC
2723:doi
2719:370
2561:doi
2522:doi
2473:hdl
2465:doi
2415:doi
2371:PMC
2363:doi
2302:doi
2210:doi
2085:doi
1965:doi
1909:doi
1747:doi
1707:doi
1110:to
740:or
4765::
3719:.
3614:.
3594:.
3569:.
3532:.
3491:.
3471:.
3428:.
3418:.
3311:IQ
3207:,
3176:.
3127:.
3119:.
3107:17
3105:.
3079:.
3025:.
2998:.
2962:.
2927:.
2919:.
2909:.
2899:96
2897:.
2893:.
2870:.
2862:.
2852:.
2840:.
2836:.
2813:.
2805:.
2795:10
2793:.
2755:^
2741:.
2731:.
2717:.
2713:.
2686:.
2663:.
2622:,
2575:.
2567:.
2557:33
2555:.
2551:.
2528:.
2518:17
2516:.
2512:.
2489:.
2481:.
2471:.
2459:.
2455:.
2443:^
2429:.
2421:.
2411:95
2409:.
2405:.
2393:^
2379:.
2369:.
2359:12
2357:.
2353:.
2332:}}
2328:{{
2308:,
2296:,
2277:.
2216:.
2208:.
2200:.
2188:17
2186:.
2153:.
2117:.
2079:.
2056:.
2025:.
2009:.
1979:.
1971:.
1961:51
1959:.
1955:.
1923:.
1915:.
1905:24
1903:.
1899:.
1842:^
1753:.
1743:75
1741:.
1729:^
1715:.
1703:36
1701:.
1697:.
1685:^
1456:,
1428:IQ
1402:,
1354:.
1342:,
1338:,
1320:.
1312:,
1304:,
1300:,
1288:,
1255:A
1199:.
1126:.
1102:,
1086:,
1082:,
901::
825:.
795:,
791:,
711:.
677:,
673:,
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
4108:e
4101:t
4094:v
3939:)
3886:g
3840:)
3779:e
3772:t
3765:v
3735:.
3690:.
3681:1
3665:.
3645:.
3604:.
3590::
3577:.
3522:.
3481:.
3458:.
3436:.
3414::
3187:.
3162:.
3135:.
3123::
3113::
3090:.
3064:.
3036:.
3010:.
2984:.
2970:.
2935:.
2913::
2905::
2878:.
2856::
2848::
2821:.
2809::
2801::
2749:.
2725::
2698:.
2671:.
2599:.
2583:.
2563::
2536:.
2524::
2497:.
2475::
2467::
2461:9
2437:.
2417::
2387:.
2365::
2338:)
2304::
2250:.
2224:.
2212::
2204::
2194::
2161:.
2125:.
2091:.
2087::
2081:3
2064:.
1994:.
1967::
1911::
1866:.
1836:.
1761:.
1749::
1723:.
1709::
1432:g
1416:g
1392:g
1374:g
1359:g
837::
627:e
620:t
613:v
125:/
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.