Holy Roman Empire - Knowledge

6281:(Turkish aid), designed to protect the Empire against the Ottomans or France. But as Hungary, unlike Bohemia, was not part of the Empire, the imperial aid for Hungary depended on political factors. The obligation was only in effect if Vienna or the Empire were threatened. Wilson notes that, "In the early 1520s the Reichstag hesitated to vote aid for Hungary's King Louis II, because it regarded him as a foreign prince. This changed once Hungary passed to the Habsburgs on Louis' death in battle in 1526 and the main objective of imperial taxation across the next 90 years was to subsidize the cost of defending the Hungarian frontier against the Ottomans. The bulk of the weaponry and other military materiel was supplied by firms based in the Empire and financed by German banks. The same is true of the troops who eventually evicted the Ottomans from Hungary between 1683 and 1699. The imperial law code of 1532 was used in parts of Hungary until the mid-17th century, but otherwise Hungary had its own legal system and did not import Austrian ones. Hungarian nobles resisted the use of Germanic titles like Graf for count until 1606, and very few acquired the personal status of imperial prince." 3758:, in these cities, the communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well. The 1557, 1575 and 1607 bankruptcies of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs though damaged the Fuggers substantially. Moreover, "Discovery of water routes to India and the New World shifted the focus of European economic development from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic – emphasis shifted from Venice and Genoa to Lisbon and Antwerp. Eventually American mineral developments reduced the importance of Hungarian and Tyrolean mineral wealth. The nexus of the European continent remained landlocked until the time of expedient land conveyances in the form of primarily rail and canal systems, which were limited in growth potential; in the new continent, on the other hand, there were ports in abundance to release the plentiful goods obtained from those new lands." The economic pinnacles achieved in Germany in the period between 1450 and 1550 would not be seen again until the end of the 19th century. 2474: 5219:(later the Elector of Hanover) had a territory around the same size. These were the largest of the German realms. The Elector of the Palatinate had significantly less at 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi), and the ecclesiastical Electorates of Mainz, Cologne, and Trier were much smaller, with around 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi). Just larger than them, with roughly 7,000–10,000 km (2,700–3,900 sq mi), were the Duchy of Württemberg, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel, and the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. They were roughly matched in size by the prince-bishoprics of Salzburg and Münster. The majority of the other German territories, including the other prince-bishoprics, were under 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi), the smallest being those of the Imperial Knights; around 1790 the Knights consisted of 350 families ruling a total of only 5,000 km (1,900 sq mi) collectively. Imperial Italy was less fragmented politically, most of it 3098:. The decision by Charles IV is the subject of debates: on one hand, it helped to restore peace in the lands of the Empire, that had been engulfed in civil conflicts after the end of the Hohenstaufen era; on the other hand, the "blow to central authority was unmistakable". Thomas Brady Jr. opines that Charles IV's intention was to end contested royal elections (from the Luxembourghs' perspective, they also had the advantage that the King of Bohemia had a permanent and preeminent status as one of the Electors himself). At the same time, he built up Bohemia as the Luxembourghs' core land of the Empire and their dynastic base. His reign in Bohemia is often considered the land's Golden Age. According to Brady Jr. though, under all the glitter, one problem arose: the government showed an inability to deal with the German immigrant waves into Bohemia, thus leading to religious tensions and persecutions. The imperial project of the Luxembourgh halted under Charles's son 6274:

dynastic-territorial empire and which gave them an overwhelming superiority of resources, in turn allowing them to retain an almost unbroken grip on the imperial title over the next three centuries." Ferdinand had an interest in keeping Bohemia separate from imperial jurisdiction and making the connection between Bohemia and the Empire looser (Bohemia did not have to pay taxes to the Empire). As he refused the rights of an Imperial Elector as King of Bohemia (which provided him with half of his revenue), he was able to give Bohemia (as well as associated territories such as Upper and Lower Alsatia, Silesia and Moravia) the same privileged status as Austria, therefore affirming his superior position in the Empire. The Habsburgs also tried to mobilize imperial aid for Hungary (which, throughout the 16th century, cost the dynasty more money in defence expenditure than the total revenue it yielded).

6168: 5784: 2396: 183: 6179:, inheriting both German aspirations for imperial sovereignty and the Norman Sicilian kings' dream of hegemony in the Mediterranean, had ambitious design for a world empire. Boettcher remarks that marriage policy also played an important role here, "The marital policy of the Staufer ranged from Iberia to Russia, from Scandinavia to Sicily, from England to Byzantium and to the crusader states in the East. Henry was already casting his eyes beyond Africa and Greece, to Asia Minor and Syria and of course on Jerusalem." His annexation of Sicily changed the strategic balance in the Italian peninsula. The emperor, who wanted to make all his lands hereditary, also asserted that papal fiefs were imperial fiefs. On his death at the age of 31 though, he was unable to pass his powerful position to his son, 3791: 878: 146: 2161: 14597: 123: 3710:

1500, but they managed to spread to the maritime periphery in Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands and England, where they "provoked emulation in grander, oceanic scale". William Thompson agrees with M.N. Pearson that this distinctively European phenomenon happened because in the Italian and Hanseatic cities which lacked resources and were "small in size and population", the rulers (whose social status was not much higher than the merchants) had to pay attention to trade. Thus the warrior-merchants gained the state's coercive powers, which they could not gain in Mughal or other Asian realms – whose rulers had few incentives to help the merchant class, as they controlled considerable resources and their revenue was land-bound.

3508:

strengthened monarchy and not an oligarchy of princes. Benjamin Curtis opines that while Maximilian was not able to fully create a common government for his lands (although the chancellery and court council were able to coordinate affairs across the realms), he strengthened key administrative functions in Austria and created central offices to deal with financial, political and judicial matters – these offices replaced the feudal system and became representative of a more modern system that was administered by professionalized officials. After two decades of reforms, the emperor retained his position as first among equals, while the empire gained common institutions through which the emperor shared power with the estates.

6309:

strengthening the interconnections (and chances of mutual interference) between the Kingdom of Germany and the Empire in general with other kingdoms such as Denmark and Sweden, who accepted the status of imperial vassals on behalf of their German possessions (which were subjected to imperial laws). The two Scandinanvian monarchies honoured the obligations to come to the aid of the Empire in the wars of 17th and early 18th centuries. They also imported German princely families as rulers, although in both cases, this did not produce direct unions. Denmark consistently tried to take advantage of its influence in imperial institutions to gain new imperial fiefs along the

3355: 2733:, who feared the threat posed by a union of the empire and Sicily, was now supported by Frederick II, who marched to Germany and defeated Otto. After his victory, Frederick did not act upon his promise to keep the two realms separate. Though he had made his son Henry king of Sicily before marching on Germany, he still reserved real political power for himself. This continued after Frederick was crowned emperor in 1220. Fearing Frederick's concentration of power, the pope finally excommunicated him. Another point of contention was the Crusade, which Frederick had promised but repeatedly postponed. Now, although excommunicated, Frederick led the 6199: 850: 822: 3806: 14503: 3860:, it was the polycentric character of the European civilization that made it hard to maintain "a dynasty whose territories bestrode the continent from the Low Countries to Sicily and from Spain to Hungary – not to mention Spain's overseas possessions". Others point out the religious tensions, fiscal problems and obstruction from external forces including France and the Ottomans. On a more personal level, Charles failed to persuade the German princes to support his son Philip, whose "awkward and withdrawn character and lack of German language skills doomed this enterprise to failure". 3666: 3055: 2944: 6657: 3262: 5663: 2186: 920: 5365: 2818: 2488: 2299:, who focused on Germany. Otto III's (and his mentor Pope Sylvester's) diplomatic activities coincided with and facilitated the Christianization and the spread of Latin culture in different parts of Europe. They coopted a new group of nations (Slavic) into the framework of Europe, with their empire functioning, as some remark, as a "Byzantine-like presidency over a family of nations, centred on pope and emperor in Rome". This has proved a lasting achievement. Otto's early death though made his reign "the tale of largely unrealized potential". 3253:. Thus, in his last years, he presided over the initial phase of Imperial Reform, which would mainly unfold under his Maximilian. Maximilian himself was more open to reform, although naturally he also wanted to preserve and enhance imperial prerogatives. After Frederick retired to Linz in 1488, as a compromise, Maximilian acted as mediator between the princes and his father. When he attained sole rule after Frederick's death, he would continue this policy of brokerage, acting as the impartial judge between options suggested by the princes. 3493: 2175: 1090: 836: 4157: 3422: 4934: 3390:

although Germanic law was still operative at the lower courts. Other than the desire to achieve legal unity and other factors, the adoption also highlighted the continuity between the Ancient Roman empire and the Holy Roman Empire. To realize his resolve to reform and unify the legal system, the emperor frequently intervened personally in matters of local legal matters, overriding local charters and customs. This practice was often met with irony and scorn from local councils, who wanted to protect local codes.

3180: 5593: 6261: 5520: 2717: 6353: 19780: 14898: 6339: 1346: 3697: 6195:

security against invading forces, a fact that even warlike princes such as Maximilian I appreciated. In the Early Modern age, the association with the Church (the Church Universal for the Luxemburgs, and the Catholic Church for the Habsburgs) as well as the emperor's responsibility for the defence of Central Europe remained a reality though. Even the trigger for the conception of the Imperial Reform under Sigismund was the idea of helping the Church to put its house in order.

3952: 17566: 15446: 4233: 864: 4091: 17556: 6252:, so that they could get more resources and coordinated help from the German territories to defend their realms and counter hostile powers such as France. Ever since he became King of the Romans in 1486, the Empire provided essential help for his activities in Burgundian Netherlands as well as dealings with Bohemia, Hungary and other eastern polities. In the reigns of his grandsons, Croatia and the remaining rump of the Hungarian kingdom chose 19729: 173: 18461: 19763: 892: 1807: 17576: 5608: 1882: 6325: 906: 19746: 3082:), which were no longer considered identical. The Golden Bull also set forth the system for election of the Holy Roman Emperor. The emperor now was to be elected by a majority rather than by consent of all seven electors. For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. Also it was recommended that their sons learn the imperial languages – 1821: 3042: 2692:. Bohemia and Poland were under feudal dependence, while Cyprus and Lesser Armenia also paid homage. The Iberian-Moroccan caliph accepted his claims over the suzerainty over Tunis and Tripolitania and paid tribute. Fearing the power of Henry, the most powerful monarch in Europe since Charlemagne, the other European kings formed an alliance. But Henry broke this coalition by blackmailing English king 3963: 2614:). Henry gave only lackluster support to Frederick's policies, and, in a critical situation during the Italian wars, Henry refused the emperor's plea for military support. After returning to Germany, an embittered Frederick opened proceedings against the duke, resulting in a public ban and the confiscation of all Henry's territories. In 1190, Frederick participated in the 1261:

hardly an archaic kingdom of primitive Germans, maintained by personal relationships only and driven by the desire of the magnates to plunder and divide the rewards among themselves but instead, notable for their abilities to amass sophisticated economic, administrative, educational and cultural resources that they used to serve their enormous war machine.

3238:(reigned 1433–1437, King of the Romans since 1411), who, according to historian Thomas Brady Jr., "possessed a breadth of vision and a sense of grandeur unseen in a German monarch since the thirteenth century". But external difficulties, self-inflicted mistakes and the extinction of the Luxembourg male line made this vision unfulfilled. 2431:. The political power of the Empire was maintained, but the conflict had demonstrated the limits of the ruler's power, especially in regard to the Church, and it robbed the king of the sacral status he had previously enjoyed. The pope and the German princes had surfaced as major players in the political system of the Holy Roman Empire. 5482:(colloquially, Hanover) was granted a ninth electorate; additionally, the Napoleonic Wars resulted in several electorates being reallocated, but these new electors never voted before the Empire's dissolution. A candidate for election would be expected to offer concessions of land or money to the electors in order to secure their vote. 5571:. The Council of Imperial Cities was not fully equal with the others; it could not vote on several matters such as the admission of new territories. The representation of the Free Cities at the Diet had become common since the late Middle Ages. Nevertheless, their participation was formally acknowledged only as late as 1648 with the 4416:

of Germany in 1870 gives a population of some 15–17 million around 1600, declined to 10–13 million around 1650 (following the Thirty Years' War). Other historians who work on estimates of the population of the early modern Empire suggest the population declined from 20 million to some 16–17 million by 1650.

2909:, was elected as Henry VII with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308. Though a vassal of King Philip, Henry was bound by few national ties, and thus suitable as a compromise candidate. Henry VII was crowned king at Aachen on 6 January 1309, and emperor by Pope Clement V on 29 June 1312 in Rome, ending the interregnum. 1006:'s successor, and beginning a continuous existence of the empire for over eight centuries. From 962 until the 12th century, the empire was one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. The functioning of government depended on the harmonious cooperation between emperor and vassals; this harmony was disturbed during the 2555:". Another new concept of the time was the systematic founding of new cities by the emperor and by the local dukes. These were partly a result of the explosion in population; they also concentrated economic power at strategic locations. Before this, cities had only existed in the form of old Roman foundations or older 6231:, that the emperor's personal empire expanded to a kingdom outside the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire: Hungary. This last monarch of the Luxemburg dynasty (who wore four royal crowns) had managed to gain an empire almost comparable in scale to the later Habsburg empire, although at the same time they lost the 9511: 5089:, the emperors were unable to gain much control over the lands that they formally owned. Instead, to secure their own position from the threat of being deposed, emperors were forced to grant more and more autonomy to local rulers, both nobles and bishops. This process began in the 11th century with the 5013:

according to which a ruler's religion determined that of his subjects. The Peace of Westphalia abrogated that principle by stipulating that the official religion of a territory was to be what it had been on 1 January 1624, considered to have been a "normal year". Henceforth, the conversion of a ruler

4415:

German demographic historians have traditionally worked on estimates of the population of the Holy Roman Empire based on assumed population within the frontiers of Germany in 1871 or 1914. More recent estimates use less outdated criteria, but they remain guesswork. One estimate based on the frontiers

4318:

to be broken, that we have expired the office and dignity of the head of the Reich through the unification of the confederated Rhenish estates and that we are thereby relieved of all the duties we have assumed towards the German Reich Consider counted, and lay down the imperial crown worn by the same

3460:

was reinvented by the emperor as the virtuous pacific Mother of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Whaley further suggests that, despite the later religious divide, "patriotic motifs developed during Maximilian's reign, both by Maximilian himself and by the humanist writers who responded to him,

2411:

Henry IV repudiated the pope's interference and persuaded his bishops to excommunicate the pope, whom he famously addressed by his birth name "Hildebrand" rather than his papal name "Gregory". The pope, in turn, excommunicated the king, declared him deposed, and dissolved the oaths of loyalty made to

6256:

as their ruler after he managed to rescue Silesia and Bohemia from Hungary's fate against the Ottoman. Simms notes that their choice was a contractual one, tying Ferdinand's rulership in these kingdoms and territories to his election as King of the Romans and his ability to defend Central Europe. In

5226:

being divided between Savoy (Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, Aosta), the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Tuscany, bar Lucca), the Republic of Genoa (Liguria, Corisca), the duchies of Modena-Reggio and Parma-Piacenza (Emilia), and the Spanish Duchy of Milan (most of Lombardy), each with between half a million and one

3507:

Maximilian was "the first Holy Roman Emperor in 250 years who ruled as well as reigned". In the early 1500s, he was true master of the Empire, although his power weakened during the last decade before his death. Whaley notes that, despite struggles, what emerged at the end of Maximilian's rule was a

2151:

in 936. He overcame a series of revolts from a younger brother and from several dukes. After that, the king managed to control the appointment of dukes and often also employed bishops in administrative affairs. He replaced leaders of most of the major East Frankish duchies with his own relatives. At

6218:

Traditionally, German dynasties had exploited the potential of the imperial title to bring Eastern Europe into the fold, in addition to their lands north and south of the Alps. Marriage and inheritance strategies, following by (usually defensive) warfare, played a great role both for the Luxemburgs

6194:

In its earlier days, the Empire provided the principal medium for Christianity to infiltrate the pagans' realms in the North and the East (Scandinavians, Magyars, Slavic people etc.). By the Reform era, the Empire, in its nature, was defensive and not aggressive, desiring of both internal peace and

5641:

of 1495 by Maximilian I. The Reichskammergericht and the Aulic Council were the two highest judicial instances in the Old Empire. The Imperial Chamber court's composition was determined by both the Holy Roman Emperor and the subject states of the Empire. Within this court, the Emperor appointed the

5500:

The Emperor had to be male and of noble blood. No law required him to be a Catholic, but as the majority of the Electors adhered to this faith, no Protestant was ever elected. Whether and to what degree he had to be German was disputed among the Electors, contemporary experts in constitutional law,

5214:

The most powerful lords of the later empire were the Austrian Habsburgs, who ruled 240,000 km (93,000 sq mi) of land within the Empire in the first half of the 17th century, mostly in modern-day Austria and Czechia. At the same time the lands ruled by the electors of Saxony, Bavaria,

5017:

In addition, all Protestant subjects of a Catholic ruler and vice versa were guaranteed the rights that they had enjoyed on that date. While the adherents of a territory's official religion enjoyed the right of public worship, the others were allowed the right of private worship (in chapels without

3974:

Germany would enjoy relative peace for the next six decades. On the eastern front, the Turks continued to loom large as a threat, although war would mean further compromises with the Protestant princes, and so the Emperor sought to avoid it. In the west, the Rhineland increasingly fell under French

6484:

Regensburg, seat of the 'Eternal Diet' after 1663, came to be viewed as the unofficial capital of the Empire by several European powers with a stake in the Empire – France, England, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Denmark – and they kept more or less permanent envoys there because it was the only

5645:

The Aulic Council held standing over many judicial disputes of state, both in concurrence with the Imperial Chamber court and exclusively on their own. The provinces Imperial Chamber Court extended to breaches of the public peace, cases of arbitrary distraint or imprisonment, pleas which concerned

3741:

in the late 15th and early 16th century. Even when the Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the 16th century, and "the

6148:

served as the site of the Diet, France and, in the late 1700s, Russia, had diplomatic representatives there. The kings of Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden had land holdings in Germany and so had representation in the Diet itself. The Netherlands also had envoys in Regensburg. Regensburg was the

4352:

Overall population figures for the Holy Roman Empire are extremely vague and vary widely. The empire of Charlemagne may have had as many as 20 million people. Given the political fragmentation of the later Empire, there were no central agencies that could compile such figures. Nevertheless, it is

3709:

While particularism prevented the centralization of the Empire, it gave rise to early developments of capitalism. In Italian and Hanseatic cities like Genoa and Pisa, Hamburg and Lübeck, warrior-merchants appeared and pioneered raiding-and-trading maritime empires. These practices declined before

2982:

began to replace more ancient forms of jurisdiction, although they were still very much tied together. In the territories (not at the level of the Empire), power became increasingly bundled: whoever owned the land had jurisdiction, from which other powers derived. Jurisdiction at the time did not

2766:

mostly extended these privileges to secular territories. Although many of these privileges had existed earlier, they were now granted globally, and once and for all, to allow the German princes to maintain order north of the Alps while Frederick concentrated on Italy. The 1232 document marked the

6849:) parts. This is evident in how the territories of the electors and "other German rulers" adds up to the stated total of the Reich, and in how the Reich's area does not change from the given 687,338 km (265,383 sq mi) total from 1648 to 1792, despite many French territories of the 6742:

Quapropter statuimus, ut illustrium principum, puta regis Boemie, comitis palatini Reni, ducis Saxonie et marchionis Brandemburgensis electorum filii vel heredes et successores, cum verisimiliter Theutonicum ydioma sibi naturaliter inditum scire presumantur et ab infancia didicisse, incipiendo a

6308:

Other than the imperial families, other German princes possessed foreign lands as well, and foreign rulers could also acquire imperial fiefs and thus become imperial princes. This phenomenon contributed to the fragmentation of sovereignty, in which imperial vassals remained semi-sovereign, while

3449:

Maximilian and Charles V (despite the fact both emperors were internationalists personally) were the first who mobilized the rhetoric of the Nation, firmly identified with the Reich by the contemporary humanists. With encouragement from Maximilian and his humanists, iconic spiritual figures were

1260:

David S. Bachrach opines that the Ottonian kings actually built their empire on the back of military and bureaucratic apparatuses as well as the cultural legacy they inherited from the Carolingians, who ultimately inherited these from the Late Roman Empire. He argues that the Ottonian empire was

1043:

in the late 15th and early 16th centuries transformed the empire, creating a set of institutions which endured until its final demise in the 19th century. According to historian Thomas Brady Jr., the empire after the Imperial Reform was a political body of remarkable longevity and stability, and

5674:

were established in 1500; four more were established in 1512. These were regional groupings of most (though not all) of the various states of the Empire for the purposes of defense, imperial taxation, supervision of coining, peace-keeping functions, and public security. Each circle had its own

3389:

At the 1495 Diet of Worms, the Reception of Roman Law was accelerated and formalized. The Roman Law was made binding in German courts, except in the case it was contrary to local statutes. In practice, it became the basic law throughout Germany, displacing Germanic local law to a large extent,

3322:

The most important governmental changes targeted the heart of the regime: the chancery. Early in Maximilian's reign, the Court Chancery at Innsbruck competed with the Imperial Chancery (which was under the elector-archbishop of Mainz, the senior Imperial chancellor). By referring the political

3244:

was the first Habsburg to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, in 1452. He had been very careful regarding the reform movement in the empire. For most of his reign, he considered reform as a threat to his imperial prerogatives. He avoided direct confrontations, which might lead to humiliation if the

2744:

Despite his imperial claims, Frederick's rule was a major turning point toward the disintegration of central rule in the Empire. While concentrating on establishing a more centralized state in Sicily, he was mostly absent from Germany and issued far-reaching privileges to Germany's secular and

6273:

mostly served German lands and, although the Habsburg monarchy "remained closely entwined with the Empire", the Habsburgs deliberately refrained from including their other territories in its framework. "Instead, they developed their own institutions to manage what was, effectively, a parallel

2570:

Frederick Barbarossa was crowned emperor in 1155. He emphasized the "Romanness" of the empire, partly in an attempt to justify the power of the emperor independent of the (now strengthened) pope. An imperial assembly at the fields of Roncaglia in 1158 reclaimed imperial rights in reference to

2222:

Otto created the imperial church system, often called "Ottonian church system of the Reich", which tied the great imperial churches and their representatives to imperial service, thus providing "a stable and long-lasting framework for Germany". During the Ottonian era, imperial women played a

1017:

Scholars generally describe an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, and a gradual development of the imperial role. While the office of emperor had been reestablished, the exact term for his realm as the "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century,

6235:

and control over Italian territories. The Luxemburgs' focus on the East, especially Hungary, allowed the new Burgundian rulers from the Valois dynasty to foster discontent among German princes. Thus, the Habsburgs were forced to refocus their attention on the West. Frederick III's cousin and

5489:. In many cases, this took several years while the King was held up by other tasks: frequently he first had to resolve conflicts in rebellious northern Italy or was quarreling with the Pope himself. Later Emperors dispensed with the papal coronation altogether, being content with the styling 4010:(1618–1648), which devastated the empire. Foreign powers, including France and Sweden, intervened in the conflict and strengthened those fighting the Imperial power, but also seized considerable territory for themselves. Accordingly, the empire could never return to its former glory, leading 6284:

Responding to the opinion that the Habsburg's dynastic concerns were damaging to the Holy Roman Empire, Whaley writes that, "There was no fundamental incompatibility between dynasticism and participation in the empire, either for the Habsburgs or for the Saxons or others." Imperial marriage

5560:, consisted of the other princes. The Council of Princes was divided into two "benches", one for secular rulers and one for ecclesiastical ones. Higher-ranking princes had individual votes, while lower-ranking princes were grouped into "colleges" by geography. Each college had one vote. 5552:) was not a legislative body as is understood today, as its members envisioned it to be more like a central forum, where it was more important to negotiate than to decide. The Diet was theoretically superior to the emperor himself. It was divided into three classes. The first class, the 3479:

Terence McIntosh comments that the expansionist, aggressive policy pursued by Maximilian I and Charles V at the inception of the early modern German nation (although not to further the aims specific to the German nation per se), relying on German manpower as well as utilizing fearsome

1192:

By the end of the 18th century, the term "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" fell out of official use. Contradicting the traditional view concerning that designation, Hermann Weisert has argued in a study on imperial titulature that, despite the claims of many textbooks, the name

3766:, it became the leading seaport city in Northern Europe and served as "the conduit for a remarkable 40% of world trade". Conflicts with the Habsburg-Spanish government in 1576 and 1585 though made merchants relocate to Amsterdam, which eventually replaced it as the leading port city. 5018:

either spires or bells). In theory, no one was to be discriminated against or excluded from commerce, trade, craft or public burial on grounds of religion. For the first time, the permanent nature of the division between the Christian churches of the empire was more or less assumed.

3562:. If they wanted to control the empire and its rebellious regional rulers, they could not limit themselves to their home region and their private palaces. As a result, kings and emperors continued to travel around the empire well into modern times, using their temporary residences 2700:

to prepare against the expected invasion. Henry also had plans for turning the Empire into a hereditary monarchy, although this met with opposition from some of the princes and the pope. The emperor suddenly died in 1197, leading to the partial collapse of his empire. As his son,

5806:(Imperial palaces), usually resided for several weeks or months and furnished local legal matters, law and administration. Most rulers maintained one or a number of favourites Imperial palace sites, where they would advance development and spent most of their time: Charlemagne ( 1044:"resembled in some respects the monarchical polities of Europe's western tier, and in others the loosely integrated, elective polities of East Central Europe." The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him. On 6 August 1806, Emperor 4390:

Peter Wilson estimates the Empire's population at 20 million in 1700, of whom 5 million lived in Imperial Italy. By 1800 he estimates the Empire's population at 29 million (excluding Italy), with another 12.6 million held by the Austrians and Prussians outside of the Empire.

4394:

According to a contemporary estimate of the Austrian War Archives for the first decade of the 18th century, the Empire – including Bohemia and the Spanish Netherlands – had a population of close to 28 million with a breakdown as follows:

1938:

In 768, Pepin's son Charlemagne became King of the Franks and began an extensive expansion of the realm. He eventually incorporated the territories of present-day France, Germany, northern Italy, the Low Countries and beyond, linking the Frankish kingdom with Papal lands.

6136:

The Habsburg royal family had its own diplomats to represent its interests. The larger principalities in the Holy Roman Empire, beginning around 1648, also did the same. The Holy Roman Empire did not have its own dedicated ministry of foreign affairs and therefore the

5853:

as their permanent residences (Maximilian I's "true home" was still "the stirrup, the overnight rest and the saddle", although Innsbruck was probably his most important base; Charles V was also a nomadic emperor). Vienna became Imperial capital during the 1550s under

2890:(established at Avignon in 1309), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good. He lavishly spread French money in the hope of bribing the German electors. Although Charles of Valois had the backing of pro-French 6771:

Populations of 1.6 million and 1.5 million given for the areas within the borders of modern Belgium and the Netherlands, respectively, around 1600; the Spanish holdings in the Burgundian Circle also included Franche-Comte, Luxembourg, and other small territories.

1308:– which acknowledged the exclusion of Switzerland and the Northern Netherlands, and the French protectorate over Alsace – to the dissolution of the Empire. At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the 5426:

The imperial throne was transferred by election, but Emperors often ensured their own sons were elected during their lifetimes, enabling them to keep the crown for their families. This only changed after the end of the Salian dynasty in the 12th century.

3164:

of Luxembourg, the grandson of Henry VII, drew strength from his own lands in Bohemia. It was thus increasingly in the king's own interest to strengthen the power of the territories, since the king profited from such a benefit in his own lands as well.

2986:

During this time, territories began to transform into the predecessors of modern states. The process varied greatly among the various lands and was most advanced in those territories that were almost identical to the lands of the old Germanic tribes,

3898:

was set up again (1522), although Charles declared that he would only tolerate it in his absence and its chairman had to be a representative of his. Charles V was absent in Germany from 1521 to 1530. Similar to the one set up in the early 1500s, the

1981:

made him the ideal candidate. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. This can be seen as symbolic of the papacy turning away from the declining

3245:

princes refused to give way. After 1440, the reform of the Empire and Church was sustained and led by local and regional powers, particularly the territorial princes. In his last years, he felt more pressure on taking action from a higher level.

6658: 6247:

During his rule, Maximilian I had a double focus on both the East and the West. The successful expansion (with the notable role of marriage policy) under Maximilian bolstered his position in the Empire, and also created more pressure for an

3519:) with his Austrian lands to form a powerful core (while also extending toward the east). After the unexpected addition of Spain to the Habsburg Empire, at one point he intended to leave Austria (raised to a kingdom) to his younger grandson 2550:

This was an attempt to abolish private feuds, between the many dukes and other people, and to tie the emperor's subordinates to a legal system of jurisdiction and public prosecution of criminal acts – a predecessor of the modern concept of

3761:

In the Netherlands part of the empire, financial centres evolved together with markets of commodities. Topographical development in the 15th century made Antwerp a port city. Boosted by the privileges it received as a loyal city after the

2795:(a formal edict) from Emperor Frederick II, confirming the royal title for Ottokar and his descendants, and the Duchy of Bohemia was raised to a kingdom. Bohemia's political and financial obligations to the Empire were gradually reduced. 6793:, p. 87 gives early 17th century Piedmont's population as 700,000, and Savoy proper's as 400,000, with no numbers given for Aosta or Nice; indicating that Smith's use of "Savoy of Italy" does indeed only refer to Piedmont and Aosta. 5862:(reigned 1570–1612) who moved to Prague, Vienna kept its primacy under his successors. Before that, certain sites served only as the individual residence for a particular sovereign. A number of cities held official status, where the 3105:

The shift in power away from the emperor is also revealed in the way the post-Hohenstaufen kings attempted to sustain their power. Earlier, the Empire's strength (and finances) greatly relied on the Empire's own lands, the so-called

3249:, the Archbishop of Mainz, who spoke on behalf of reform-minded princes (who wanted to reform the Empire without strengthening the imperial hand), capitalized on Frederick's desire to secure the imperial election for his son 2519:

family, the grandson of Emperor Henry IV and nephew of Emperor Henry V. This led to over a century of strife between the two houses. Conrad ousted the Welfs from their possessions, but after his death in 1152, his nephew

3323:

matters in Tyrol, Austria as well as Imperial problems to the Court Chancery, Maximilian gradually centralized its authority. The two chanceries became combined in 1502. In 1496, the emperor created a general treasury (

10730: 5501:

and the public. During the Middle Ages, some Kings and Emperors were not of German origin, but since the Renaissance, German heritage was regarded as vital for a candidate in order to be eligible for imperial office.

4033:

and other Protestant communities would still lack any support and continue to be persecuted well until the end of the empire. The Habsburg emperors focused on consolidating their own estates in Austria and elsewhere.

4002:

to Christianity and lived an isolated existence in Bohemia. He became afraid to act when the Catholic Church was forcibly reasserting control in Austria and Hungary, and the Protestant princes became upset over this.

6268:

The later Austrian Habsburgs from Ferdinand I were careful to maintain a distinction between their dynastic empire and the Holy Roman Empire. Peter Wilson argues that the institutions and structures developed by the

2209:, thus intertwining the affairs of the German kingdom with those of Italy and the Papacy. Otto's coronation as emperor marked the German kings as successors to the empire of Charlemagne, which through the concept of 5025:

existed in the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Emperors claimed the right of protection and taxation of all the Jews of the empire, but there were also large-scale massacres of Jews, especially at the time of the

182: 6285:

strategies had double-edged effects for the Holy Roman Empire though. The Spanish connection was an example: while it provided a powerful partner in the defence of Christendom against the Ottomans, it allowed

3120:

was increasingly pawned to local dukes, sometimes to raise money for the Empire, but more frequently to reward faithful duty or as an attempt to establish control over the dukes. The direct governance of the

5768:

that was always at the ready to fight for the Empire. When there was danger, an Army of the Empire was mustered from among the elements constituting it, in order to conduct an imperial military campaign or

3226:

With these drastic changes, much discussion emerged in the 15th century about the Empire itself. Rules from the past no longer adequately described the structure of the time, and a reinforcement of earlier

6485:

place in the Empire where the delegates of all the major and mid-size German states congregated and could be reached for lobbying, etc. The Habsburg emperors themselves used Regensburg in the same way. (

2273:, came to the throne only three years old, and was subjected to a power struggle and series of regencies until his age of majority in 994. Up to that time, he remained in Germany, while a deposed duke, 4357:

meant that the population of the Empire in the early 17th century was similar to what it was in the early 18th century; by one estimate, the Empire did not exceed 1618 levels of population until 1750.

3511:

By the early 16th century, the Habsburg rulers had become the most powerful in Europe, but their strength relied on their composite monarchy as a whole, and not only the Holy Roman Empire (see also:

2847:, during which no king could achieve universal recognition, allowing the princes to consolidate their holdings and become even more independent as rulers. After 1257, the crown was contested between 2503:, the moderately powerful but already old duke of Saxony. When he died in 1137, the princes again aimed to check royal power; accordingly they did not elect Lothair's favoured heir, his son-in-law, 2445:

As the result of Ostsiedlung, less populated regions of Central Europe (i.e. sparsely populated border areas in present-day Poland and Czechia) received a significant number of German speakers.

5650:

or the subjects of different rulers, and finally suits against immediate tenants of the Empire, with the exception of criminal charges and matters relating to imperial fiefs, which went to the

3592:

in the middle of the 16th century, where most of the following Habsburg emperors subsequently resided. Vienna did not become the capital of the empire, just of a Habsburg hereditary state (the

11267: 2705:, though already elected king, was still a small child and living in Sicily, German princes chose to elect an adult king, resulting in the dual election of Frederick Barbarossa's youngest son 2250:

as the new pope (although John XII and Leo VIII both claimed the papacy until 964, when John XII died). This also renewed the conflict with the Byzantine emperor, especially after Otto's son

2606:

before finally making peace with Alexander in 1177. In Germany, the emperor had repeatedly protected Henry the Lion against complaints by rival princes or cities (especially in the cases of

3911:, Charles V, through his brother Ferdinand, officially recognized the right of rulers to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism (Zwinglians, Calvinists and radicals were not included). In 1555, 3903:

failed to create a federal authority independent of the emperor, due to the unsteady participation and differences between princes. Charles V defeated the Protestant princes in 1547 in the

2535:", formerly non-free servicemen, who Frederick hoped would be more reliable than dukes. Initially used mainly for war services, this new class of people would form the basis for the later 3546:

became the respective main residences. This was not possible in the Holy Roman Empire because no real hereditary monarchy emerged, but rather the tradition of elective monarchy prevailed

3476:, led to a revolution in communication and allowed ideas to spread. Unlike the situation in more centralized countries, the decentralized nature of the Empire made censorship difficult. 2054:. Some, like Mortimer Chambers, opine that the Carolingian Renaissance made possible the subsequent renaissances (even though by the early 10th century, the revival already diminished). 1292:

became increasingly independent, while others became more dependent due to the extinction of their ruling noble houses causing these territories to often fall under the dominions of the

6902: 4383:

While not electors, the Spanish Habsburgs had the second highest number of subjects within the Empire after the Austrian Habsburgs, with over 3 million in the early 17th century in the

14559: 4006:

Imperial power sharply deteriorated by the time of Rudolf's death in 1612. When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the

3433:, 1512. The "German woman", wearing her hair loose and a crown, sitting on the Imperial throne, corresponds both to the self-image of Maximilian I as King of Germany and the formula 14548: 6743:

septimo etatis sue anno in gramatica, Italica ac Sclavica lingwis instruantur, ita quod infra quartum decimum etatis annum existant in talibus iuxta datam sibi a Deo graciam eruditi

6183:, who had only been elected King of the Romans. The union between Sicily and the Empire thus remained personal union. Frederick II became King of Sicily in 1225 through marriage to 5679:("Circle Diet"), and one or more directors, who coordinated the affairs of the circle. Not all imperial territories were included within the imperial circles, even after 1512; the 6175:

Some constituencies of the Holy Roman Empire had additional royal or imperial territories that were, sometimes from the outset, outside the jurisdiction of the Holy Roman Empire.

3742:

location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from

2423:

Henry managed to defeat Rudolf, but was subsequently confronted with more uprisings, renewed excommunication, and even the rebellion of his sons. After his death, his second son,

6618:

German "Roman" Empire: Due to feudal organization the realm controlled by the emperor is hard to define, much less measure. It is estimated to peak around 1050 at about 1.0 Mm. (

2473: 3437:(omitting other nations). While usually depicted during the Middle Age as subordinate to both imperial power and Italia or Gallia, she now takes central stage in Maximilian's 3306:, which had its seat in Vienna. During Maximilian's reign, this council was not popular though. In the long run, the two Courts functioned in parallel, sometimes overlapping. 3078:(reigned 1355–1378, King of the Romans since 1346), which remained valid until 1806. This development probably best symbolizes the emerging duality between emperor and realm ( 10749: 3464:

Maximilian's reign also witnessed the gradual emergence of the German common language, with the notable roles of the imperial chancery and the chancery of the Wettin Elector

3014:, had only a limited degree of political autonomy. By the late 14th century, the powerful league enforced its interests with military means, if necessary. This culminated in 3557: 3319:. But Maximilian resented the new organization, while the Estates failed to support it. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502. 2983:

include legislation, which was virtually nonexistent until well into the 15th century. Court practice heavily relied on traditional customs or rules described as customary.

10862: 10589:

Events That Formed the Modern World: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror [5 volumes]: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror

6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 145: 3136:, which was mostly scattered and difficult to administer, these territories were relatively compact and thus easier to control. In 1282, Rudolf I thus lent Austria and 14436: 7003: 3315:(central imperial government, consisting of twenty members including the Electors, with the Emperor or his representative as its chairman), first organized in 1501 in 797: 783: 769: 3442: 11728: 19825: 4419:

A credible estimate for 1800 gives 27–28 million inhabitants for the Empire (which at this point had already lost the remaining Low Countries, Italy, and the

3332: 2539:, another basis of imperial power. A further important constitutional move at Roncaglia was the establishment of a new peace mechanism for the entire empire, the 19639: 5152:

Territories in which secular authority was held by an ecclesiastical dignitary, such as an archbishop, bishop, or abbot. Such an ecclesiastic or Churchman was a

11466: 3994:

became Emperor, and like his father accepted the existence of Protestantism and the need for occasional compromise with it. Maximilian was succeeded in 1576 by

19880: 17019: 3203:

Simultaneously, the Catholic Church experienced crises of its own, with wide-reaching effects in the Empire. The conflict between several papal claimants (two

2901:

But the electors, the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, were unhappy with both Charles and Rudolf. Instead Count

19810: 17385: 12609: 10177: 6811:

Referred to in the source as "Austrian Lombardy." A large portion of the former duchy had been annexed by the Venetian Republic earlier in the 18th century.

2050:), who briefly reunited the Empire, attaining the prize. In the 9th century, Charlemagne and his successors promoted the intellectual revival, known as the 19629: 1852: 6853:

being lost in this time. The figures also exclude lands held outside of the Empire (including German ones), such as the Hohenzollern Prussian territories.

17521: 14589: 10450: 3192:

The "constitution" of the Empire still remained largely unsettled at the beginning of the 15th century. Feuds often happened between local rulers. The "

2713:, who competed for the crown. After Philip was murdered in a private squabble in 1208, Otto prevailed for a while, until he began to also claim Sicily. 19890: 19885: 19504: 8316:

A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

4118:, which possessed territories inside the Empire. Throughout the 18th century, the Habsburgs were embroiled in various European conflicts, such as the 3737:

and Baumgartner families, is considered the capital city of early capitalism. Augsburg benefitted majorly from the establishment and expansion of the

3269:(Court Treasury) and the Court Chancery, which functioned as "the most influential body in Maximilian's government". Painting of Albrecht Dürer (1496) 18185: 3375: 2951:

depicting the structure of the Reich: The Holy Roman Emperor is sitting; on his right are three ecclesiastics; on his left are four secular electors.

2633:. German-speaking farmers, traders, and craftsmen from the western part of the Empire, both Christians and Jews, moved into these areas. The gradual 1204:

remarked sardonically: "This body which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was in no way holy, nor Roman, nor an empire."

2416:

in 1077, by which he achieved a lifting of the excommunication at the price of humiliation. Meanwhile, the German princes had elected another king,

13353:. Vol. Band 1: Hof und Dynastie, Kaiser und Reich, Zentralverwaltungen, Kriegswesen und landesfürstliches Finanzwesen. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. 10488: 2223:

prominent role in political and ecclesiastic affairs, often combining their functions as religious leader and advisor, regent or co-ruler, notably

3010:

and along the connected navigable rivers. Each of the affiliated cities retained the legal system of its sovereign and, with the exception of the

2369:

Kings often employed bishops in administrative affairs and often determined who would be appointed to ecclesiastical offices. In the wake of the

1731: 1150: 10506: 3409:

but this theory is now considered unlikely), although it would not be abolished completely until 1811 (when it was abolished under the order of

2215:, also made them consider themselves as successors to Ancient Rome. The flowering of arts beginning with Otto the Great's reign is known as the 19644: 18444: 17034: 14581: 14429: 2894:, many were not keen to see an expansion of French power, least of all Clement V. The principal rival to Charles appeared to be Count Palatine 2583:

since the Investiture Controversy but were enumerated for the first time at Roncaglia. This comprehensive list included public roads, tariffs,

2034:), and over the course of the later 9th century the title of emperor was disputed by the Carolingian rulers of the Western Frankish Kingdom or 15846: 6257:

turn, the Habsburgs' imperial rule also "depended on holding these additional extensive lands as independent sources of wealth and prestige."

19669: 15191: 6716: 4303:

which united the German-speaking territories outside of Austria and Switzerland under Prussian leadership in 1871. This state developed into

3763: 122: 19014: 17111: 6426: 4323:

The only princely member states of the Holy Roman Empire that have preserved their status as monarchies until today are the Grand Duchy of

3676: 3370:. Satire against Maximilian's legal reform, associated with imperial tyranny. Created on behalf of the councilors of Augsburg. Plate 89 of 2747: 6833:

Going by the given areas, Wilson's figures only include the German and Czech speaking parts of the Reich, thus excluding the French (e.g.

3148:

was crowned as the first Holy Roman Emperor since Frederick II. After him all kings and emperors relied on the lands of their own family (

2955:

During the 13th century, a general structural change in how land was administered prepared the shift of political power toward the rising

17612: 13722: 12841: 9614: 6167: 5077:

onwards, the Holy Roman Empire was marked by an uneasy coexistence with the princes of the local territories who were struggling to take

3108: 12787: 10516: 10308: 8947: 5022: 3484:

and mercenaries, would affect the way neighbours viewed the German polity, although in the longue durée, Germany tended to be at peace.

1935:

became King of the Franks, and later gained the sanction of the Pope. The Carolingians would maintain a close alliance with the Papacy.

1288:

independent territorial entities. The status of Italy in particular varied throughout the 16th to 18th centuries. Some territories like

10219: 5125:("little states") covered no more than a few square miles, or included several non-contiguous pieces, so the Empire was often called a 1169:), a form first used in a document in 1474. The adoption of this new name coincided with the loss of imperial territories in Italy and 14021:

Ce corps qui s'appelait, & qui s'appelle encore, le Saint-Empire Romain, n'était en aucune manière, ni saint, ni romain, ni empire

13368:

Holleger, Manfred (2012). "Personality and reign The biography of Emperor Maximilian I". In Michel, Eva; Sternat, Maria Luise (eds.).

7117:

Hof, Regierung, Stadtverwaltung: Wien als Sitz der österreichischen Zentralverwaltung von den Anfängen bis zum Untergang der Monarchie

6911:, p. 810; "Otto can be considered the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though that term was used until the twelfth century". 5783: 19865: 19820: 19584: 14422: 11312: 5208: 3527:, the founder of the Spanish branch, and the Habsburg hereditary lands to his brother Ferdinand, the founder of the Austrian branch. 3102:(reigned 1378–1419 as King of Bohemia, 1376–1400 as King of the Romans), who also faced opposition from 150 local baronial families. 7345: 4339:. All other historic member states of the Holy Roman Empire were either dissolved or have adopted republican systems of government. 3915:

was elected pope and took the side of France, whereupon an exhausted Charles finally gave up his hopes of a world Christian empire.

2688:, the Hohenstaufen dynasty reached its apex, with the addition of the Norman kingdom of Sicily through the marriage of Henry VI and 18858: 6824:(after 1556 usually the Emperor himself). Some other princes were kings by virtue of kingdoms they controlled outside of the Empire 2061:, the parts of the realm "spewed forth kinglets", and each part elected a kinglet "from its own bowels". The last such emperor was 1845: 11379: 4049:, decisively defeated a large Turkish army, stopping the western Ottoman advance and leading to the eventual dismemberment of the 3713:

In the 1450s, the economic development in Southern Germany gave rise to banking empires, cartels and monopolies in cities such as

1197:

never had an official status and points out that documents were thirty times as likely to omit the national suffix as include it.

18498: 10843: 10451:"H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 1500–2000 | H-German | H-Net" 10242: 6681: 6371: 5369: 1404: 4310:

The abdication indicated that the Kaiser no longer felt capable of fulfilling his duties as head of the Reich, and so declared:

18946: 6862:

In 1648: Saxony, Bavaria, and the Electoral Palatinate. At later dates: Saxony, Bavaria, the Electoral Palatinate, and Hanover.

6789:

or just its Italian territories of Piedmont and the Aosta Valley (thus excluding Savoy proper and the County of Nice). However

4411:

Imperial knights' territories, numbering into the several hundreds, with 2 percent of the land and 1 percent of the population.

3112:, which always belonged to the king of the day and included many Imperial Cities. After the 13th century, the relevance of the 2895: 2666: 151: 14203:[The languages of the king. The role of language in dynastic propaganda communication during the time of Charles IV]. 6980: 19524: 18178: 16989: 16799: 16181: 14295: 14240: 14178: 14112: 14088: 14067: 14039: 13980: 13840: 13766: 13716: 13668: 13636: 13588: 13565: 13543: 13522: 13501: 13461: 13440: 13419: 13382: 13358: 13306: 13224: 13193: 13167: 13141: 13088: 13005: 12960: 12924: 12903: 12868: 12835: 12805: 12756: 12729: 12679: 12645: 12574: 12540: 12506: 12420: 12386: 12315: 12262: 12125: 12091: 12057: 12023: 11854: 11820: 11786: 11693: 11243: 11209: 11163: 11117: 11083: 11037: 11003: 10959: 10925: 10856: 10819: 10785: 10706: 10643: 10597: 10562: 10412: 10378: 10344: 10302: 10213: 10141: 10107: 10073: 10039: 9946: 9912: 9878: 9832: 9798: 9764: 9730: 9696: 9662: 9608: 9495: 9458: 9409: 9375: 9348: 9263: 9217: 9147: 9101: 9067: 9033: 8847: 8813: 8755: 8721: 8687: 8653: 8619: 8512: 8478: 8444: 8358: 8324: 8263: 8229: 8123: 8089: 7824: 7534: 7505: 7469: 7435: 7304: 7219: 7180: 7128: 7099: 7070: 6942: 5485:

After being elected, the King of the Romans could theoretically claim the title of "Emperor" only after being crowned by the

5395:

had been elected since the 9th century; at that point they were chosen by the leaders of the five most important tribes (the

3928: 3907:, but the momentum was lost and the Protestant estates were able to survive politically despite military defeat. In the 1555 3031: 2594:

Frederick's policies were primarily directed at Italy, where he clashed with the free-minded cities of the north, especially

2143:, would continue to rule the Eastern kingdom or the Kingdom of Germany for roughly a century. Upon Henry the Fowler's death, 1785: 1716: 1649: 1124:

The exact term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, before which the empire was referred to variously as

13267:

Reichs Matrikel aller Kreise: nebst Usual-Matrikeln des Kaiserlichen und ReichsKammergerichts, mit beygefügten Veränderungen

3645: 19860: 14477: 13878: 6468: 6037: 5646:

the treasury, violations of the Emperor's decrees or the laws passed by the Imperial Diet, disputes about property between

4151: 3542: 3337: 2330: 2284:

the first German pope. A foreign pope and foreign papal officers were seen with suspicion by Roman nobles, who were led by

1265: 961: 788: 663: 564: 331: 218: 16705: 19717: 18368: 18127: 17445: 17420: 17360: 15158: 11738: 6785:

A figure of 800,000 is given by Smith for "Savoy in Italy", with no clarification as to whether that refers to the whole

4245: 1838: 1612: 1380: 871: 14131:

Wilson, Peter H. (December 2006). "Bolstering the Prestige of the Habsburgs: The End of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806".

3790: 3354: 2598:. He also embroiled himself in another conflict with the Papacy by supporting a candidate elected by a minority against 2587:, collecting punitive fees, and the seating and unseating of office-holders. These rights were now explicitly rooted in 2160: 2152:

the same time, he was careful to prevent members of his own family from making infringements on his royal prerogatives.

19870: 17981: 17536: 16851: 15851: 14574: 11389: 7848: 4054: 3924: 3848:. The Holy Roman Empire would end up going to a more junior branch of the Habsburgs in the person of Charles's brother 2938: 2499:

When the Salian dynasty ended with Henry V's death in 1125, the princes chose not to elect the next of kin, but rather

1751: 1545: 1400: 2395: 2313:, was elected king only after some debate among dukes and nobles. This group eventually developed into the college of 1113:("holy", in the sense of "consecrated") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was used beginning in 1157 under 19689: 18335: 17579: 17541: 17071: 15495: 15391: 15371: 15351: 15184: 14502: 13115: 11477: 10743: 6138: 5878: 5867: 5752: 5710: 5514: 5215:

and Brandenburg (prior to the acquisition of Prussia) were all close to 40,000 km (15,000 sq mi); the

3991: 3984: 3955: 3605: 3241: 3186: 1903:

declined during the 5th century, local Germanic tribes assumed control. In the late 5th and early 6th centuries, the

530: 362: 14938: 6887: 5115:

The number of territories represented in the Imperial Diet was considerable, numbering about 300 at the time of the

3852:, while the senior branch continued to rule in Spain and the Burgundian inheritance in the person of Charles's son, 2696:. The Byzantine emperor worried that Henry would turn his Crusade plan against his empire, and began to collect the 2057:

After the death of Charles the Fat in 888, the Carolingian Empire broke apart, and was never restored. According to

19519: 18880: 18363: 18171: 18112: 17707: 15386: 15356: 15326: 12472: 6180: 5642:

chief justice, always a highborn aristocrat, several divisional chief judges, and some of the other puisne judges.

5067: 3496: 3465: 3250: 2720: 2702: 2197:, defeating her enemies, marrying her, and taking control over Italy. In 955, Otto won a decisive victory over the 2105:

did not turn to the Carolingian ruler of West Francia to take over the realm but instead elected one of the dukes,

1395: 987: 14201:"Les langues du roi. Le rôle de la langue dans la communication de propagande dynastique à l'époque de Charles IV" 10917:

The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478–1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks

6171:

Dominions of Friedrick II around 1200 (Kingdom of Sicily, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Teutonic Order)

1446: 19752: 19619: 19554: 18599: 18137: 17740: 17605: 17039: 16477: 15411: 15366: 15306: 14778: 14365: 14258: 13940: 12934: 9995: 6253: 5855: 5160:, this temporal territory (called a prince-bishopric) frequently overlapped with his often larger ecclesiastical 4066: 3871:. The empire then became divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities – 3849: 3629: 3585: 3520: 2859:, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. After Richard's death in 1273, 2812: 2500: 1557: 1422: 1114: 15639: 14080:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806

14031:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648–1806

6958: 6244:) had managed to combine the crowns of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia under his rule, but he died young. 1276:. Later territorially only the Kingdom of Germany and Bohemia remained, with the Burgundian territories lost to 19850: 19840: 18810: 18422: 17924: 17757: 17695: 17405: 17345: 17317: 17076: 15431: 15426: 15406: 15341: 6431: 6366: 5431: 4127: 3161: 3075: 3048: 2796: 2346: 1426: 1385: 1045: 515: 128: 12739:

Arnold, Benjamin (1995). "14 The Western Empire 1125–1197". In Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (eds.).

10243:"Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schriftsprache vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert unter dem Einfluss der Konfessionen" 5654:. The Aulic Council even allowed the emperors the means to depose rulers who did not live up to expectations. 5216: 5097:. Several Emperors attempted to reverse this steady dilution of their authority but were thwarted both by the 3223:

into a single political entity, with the Church and the Empire as its leading institutions, began to decline.

2014:, who had been his co-ruler. By this point the territory of Charlemagne was divided into several territories ( 1028:. Nevertheless, in the Holy Roman Empire, the imperial office was traditionally elective by the mostly German 19895: 18963: 18325: 18132: 18041: 17491: 17322: 16915: 15421: 15416: 15396: 15376: 15361: 15346: 15331: 15291: 15286: 14728: 14567: 14414: 14384: 12209: 11846:

Queen's Apprentice: Archduchess Elizabeth, Empress María, the Habsburgs, and the Holy Roman Empire, 1554–1569

11109:

The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, and International Change

6286: 6220: 5859: 5716: 5704: 5494: 4328: 4119: 4042: 3995: 3818: 3794: 3785: 3617: 3235: 3141: 3002:

of towns and cities in the empire and all over northern and central Europe. It dominated marine trade in the

2902: 2762: 1919:

river valley region. By the middle of the 8th century, the Merovingians were reduced to figureheads, and the

503: 9059:

Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters: historische Portraits von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (919–1519)

7394: 5479: 3132:

increasingly relied on the lands of their respective dynasties to support their power. In contrast with the

19845: 19574: 19559: 19454: 18313: 18308: 18248: 16910: 16794: 15449: 15401: 15381: 15336: 15316: 15296: 15281: 15276: 15177: 14623: 6176: 5775:. In practice, the imperial troops often had local allegiances stronger than their loyalty to the Emperor. 4123: 3609: 3530:

In France and England, from the 13th century onward, stationary royal residences had begun to develop into

3153: 2685: 2637:

of these lands was a complex phenomenon that should not be interpreted in the biased terms of 19th-century

2382: 2302: 2296: 1418: 366: 259: 13288:

The Hero of Italy: Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma, his Soldiers, and his Subjects in the Thirty Years' War

12610:"Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' | H-German | H-Net" 10178:"Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' | H-German | H-Net" 6605:(†1024) ruled the state and died shortly before the Schism, yet is venerated as a Saint by both Catholics 19815: 18980: 18491: 18253: 18091: 18086: 17702: 17501: 16920: 15957: 15321: 15301: 15271: 5680: 5556:, consisted of the electors, or the princes who could vote for King of the Romans. The second class, the 5447: 4360:

In the early 17th century, the electors held under their rule the following number of Imperial subjects:

4304: 3822: 3015: 2840: 2710: 2619: 2424: 1995: 1971: 1966:, who declared herself sole ruler. As the Latin Church only regarded a male Roman emperor as the head of 1438: 1390: 1375: 1370: 1325: 1280:. Although the Italian territories were formally part of the empire, the territories were ignored in the 10842:

Behringer, Wolfgang (2011). "Core and Periphery: The Holy Roman Empire as a Communication(s) Universe".

6922: 3346:

was entrusted with not only hereditary lands' affairs, but Maximilian's affairs as the German king too.

19805: 18851: 18574: 18208: 18147: 18142: 17598: 17496: 17486: 17450: 17292: 17194: 14333: 9597:

Gosman, Martin; Alasdair, A.; MacDonald, A.; Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan (2003).

7740: 5423:). In the Holy Roman Empire, the main dukes and bishops of the kingdom elected the King of the Romans. 4990:, etc. coexisted illegally within the Empire. Anabaptism came in a variety of denominations, including 4296: 4261: 4257: 3457: 3426: 2991:, Bavaria. It was slower in those scattered territories that were founded through imperial privileges. 2144: 2094: 1617: 1587: 1360: 1173:

to the south and west by the late 15th century, but also to emphasize the new importance of the German

1056: 815: 10404:

When Information Came of Age: Technologies of Knowledge in the Age of Reason and Revolution, 1700–1850

7320: 5145:, it had no authority above it except the Holy Roman Emperor himself. The imperial estates comprised: 5009:

Following the Peace of Augsburg, the official religion of a territory was determined by the principle

19835: 19499: 19459: 18900: 18117: 17871: 17832: 17219: 16982: 16878: 16026: 15590: 14843: 10336:

Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

6198: 5529: 5082: 5010: 4248:(from 1804, Emperor Francis I of Austria) abdicated, following a military defeat by the French under 4169: 3641: 2868: 1434: 1430: 1365: 1277: 1084: 14399: 12254:

History of european integration in 2500 years: Ancient origins are renewed in the present aeternitas

8747:

Eurasian Transformations, Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries: Crystallizations, Divergences, Renaissances

5164:, giving the bishop both civil and ecclesiastical powers. Examples are the prince-archbishoprics of 19599: 19327: 19089: 19049: 19039: 18987: 18228: 17470: 16836: 16811: 16661: 16320: 16315: 14808: 14527: 13647: 12721:

Die Reichsreform 1410–1555: die Staatsproblematik in Deutschland zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart

10489:"Forster on Brady Jr., 'German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650' | H-German | H-Net" 7004:"Federico Ii Di Svevia, Imperatore, Re Di Sicilia E Di Gerusalemme, Re Dei Romani In 'Federiciana'" 6651: 6330: 6184: 4281: 3999: 3942: 3672: 3193: 3099: 2930: 2891: 2886:, to be elected the next king of the Romans. Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope, 1442: 13055: 10587: 8407: 6720: 19855: 19377: 19285: 18584: 18579: 18298: 18194: 18122: 17780: 17174: 17144: 16903: 16784: 16325: 16278: 16221: 15920: 15864: 15612: 8350:

Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic Worlds: Interaction of Three Cultures

6579: 6241: 5455: 5392: 5090: 5046:. Instead, it was divided into dozens – eventually hundreds – of individual entities governed by 4399:

65 ecclesiastical states with 14 percent of the total land area and 12 percent of the population;

4095: 4077: 4014:

to make his infamous quip that the Holy Roman Empire was "neither Holy nor Roman nor an Empire."

3857: 3287:, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. A new tax was launched to finance it, the 2852: 2412:

Henry. The king found himself with almost no political support and was forced to make the famous

2378: 2364: 2051: 1709: 1410: 1080: 821: 14858: 13369: 12777: 10685:(Capitals in European nation states), ed T Schieder & G Brunn, Munich/Vienna, 1983, pp. 1–29 6227:

and later consolidated his power with the marriage to the capable and well-connected noblewoman

4441:

There are also numerous estimates for the Italian states that were formally part of the Empire:

4405:

60 dynastic counties and lordships with 3 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population;

3588:, the younger brother of the then Emperor Charles V, who moved his main residence to the Vienna 3327:) in Innsbruck, which became responsible for all the hereditary lands. The chamber of accounts ( 3234:

The vision for a simultaneous reform of the Empire and the Church on a central level began with

1946:

had long persisted within Italy, a political rupture was set in motion in earnest in 726 by the

19549: 19539: 19128: 19059: 19044: 18525: 18484: 17946: 17775: 17531: 17287: 17061: 16925: 16826: 16821: 16509: 16457: 16377: 16310: 16214: 16199: 16092: 15859: 15813: 15654: 15541: 14683: 14059:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

12410: 10983: 10811:

Methods in Premodern Economic History: Case studies from the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1300–c. 1600

6842: 6290: 6224: 5173: 5169: 4424: 4420: 3814: 3738: 3515:). Maximilian had seriously considered combining the Burgundian lands (inherited from his wife 3469: 3246: 3054: 2943: 2400: 2240: 1575: 1469: 383: 19735: 14914: 14748: 14738: 14638: 14003: 13970: 13830: 13706: 13576: 13533: 13512: 13491: 13430: 13409: 13216: 12858: 12825: 12635: 12564: 12496: 12482: 12376: 12081: 12013: 11199: 11107: 11027: 10949: 10809: 10775: 10696: 10633: 10402: 10368: 10097: 9936: 9902: 9788: 9754: 9686: 9598: 9485: 9448: 9338: 9207: 9091: 9057: 9023: 8803: 8745: 8677: 8609: 8536: 8502: 8468: 8434: 8314: 8253: 7526: 7170: 7091: 7062: 6921:

von Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr (31 December 1983). Schieder, Theodor; Brunn, Gerhard (eds.).

6802:

Excluding the 500,000 inhabitants of the island of Sardinia, which was not part of the Empire.

3665: 3554:

which, in the High Middle Ages, led to kings of very different regional origins being elected

3261: 2649:, as did the intermarriage of the local, still mostly Slavic, rulers with German spouses. The 1117:("Holy Empire"): the term was added to reflect Frederick's ambition to dominate Italy and the 19786: 19659: 19634: 19564: 19247: 18975: 18748: 18706: 18676: 18383: 18268: 18026: 17891: 17350: 17242: 17199: 16856: 16816: 16629: 16504: 15568: 15558: 15517: 15488: 14818: 14768: 14102: 13932: 13658: 13451: 13133: 13078: 13028: 12998:

The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century

12914: 12889: 12669: 12530: 12305: 12252: 11844: 11776: 11683: 11233: 11153: 11073: 10542: 10334: 10292: 10063: 10029: 9970: 9822: 9720: 9652: 9399: 9365: 9253: 8837: 8780:

German Polish Dialogue: Letters of the Polish and German Bishops and International Statements

8643: 8219: 8113: 7497: 7211: 5871: 5684: 5459: 5373: 5165: 3468:. The development of the printing industry together with the emergence of the postal system ( 3430: 3410: 2792: 2693: 2224: 1772: 1414: 1059:, a confederation of German client states loyal not to the Holy Roman emperor but to France. 1049: 1011: 857: 16744: 13756: 13411:

The Crusades and the Military Orders: Expanding the Frontiers of Medieval Latin Christianity

12047: 11313:"Erklärung Franz II. zur Niederlegung der Krone des Heiligen Römischen Reiches – Wikisource" 10203: 10131: 10031:

The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany

9137: 9056:

Ehlers, Joachim (2003). "Heinrich VI.". In Schneidmüller, Bernd; Weinfurter, Stefan (eds.).

7296: 6923:"Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? Die Multizentralitat der Hauptstadtfunktionen im Reich bis 1806" 3805: 3523:. His elder grandson Charles V later gave Spain and most of the Burgundian lands to his son 3116:

faded, even though some parts of it did remain until the Empire's end in 1806. Instead, the

3062:

The difficulties in electing the king eventually led to the emergence of a fixed college of

1264:

Until the end of the 15th century, the empire was in theory composed of three major blocs –

19875: 19830: 19654: 19409: 19322: 19300: 19223: 19219: 19148: 19064: 19009: 19004: 18827: 18671: 18560: 18378: 18218: 18081: 18076: 18016: 17951: 17856: 17569: 17511: 17307: 17214: 17184: 17169: 16975: 16949: 16779: 16749: 16624: 16555: 16526: 16445: 15779: 15617: 15607: 15311: 15043: 14492: 10065:

Germania und ihre Söhne: Repräsentationen von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne

6834: 6594: 6586: 6237: 5764:

Despite appearances to the contrary, the Army of the Empire did not constitute a permanent

5576: 5471: 5153: 4995: 4354: 4288: 4253: 4249: 4237: 4176: 4007: 3946: 3593: 3438: 3358:

Maximilian I paying attention to an execution instead of watching the betrothal of his son

3212: 2856: 2832: 2788: 2738: 2576: 2521: 2477: 2373:, this involvement was increasingly seen as inappropriate by the Papacy. The reform-minded 2216: 1951: 1947: 1896: 1767: 1595: 1582: 1474: 1309: 1301: 991: 650: 22: 19769: 16729: 15128: 13739: 12566:

German Imperial Knights: Noble Misfits between Princely Authority and the Crown, 1479–1648

3987:

formally accepted Dutch neutrality in 1653, a decision ratified by the Reichstag in 1728.

3536: 2265:. Still, Otto II formed marital ties with the east when he married the Byzantine princess 1048:

abdicated and formally dissolved the empire following the creation – the month before, by

1018:

although the emperor's theoretical legitimacy from the beginning rested on the concept of

8: 19679: 19544: 19414: 19204: 19133: 18890: 18863: 18846: 18834: 18656: 18612: 18340: 18046: 17976: 17919: 17836: 17662: 17455: 17435: 17415: 17380: 17312: 17224: 17091: 16641: 16521: 16487: 16389: 16209: 16204: 16016: 15735: 15671: 15546: 15531: 15261: 15251: 15108: 14883: 14678: 12895: 12353:

Maximilian I and the Holy Roman Empire: The Authority of a King of the Romans (1486–1490)

12015:

Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Précis of Continental Integration

7353: 6546: 6232: 6162: 6121: 6096: 6006: 5846: 5633: 5572: 5563:

The third class was the Council of Imperial Cities, which was divided into two colleges:

5553: 5435: 5400: 5232: 5116: 5094: 4975: 4111: 4018: 3967: 3512: 3359: 3296: 3283: 3145: 3129: 3071: 3018:

with the sovereign Kingdom of Denmark from 1361 to 1370. The league declined after 1450.

2948: 2879: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2689: 2495:. Imperial and directly held Hohenstaufen lands in the Empire are shown in bright yellow. 2106: 2062: 1977:

Charlemagne's good service to the Church in his defense of Papal possessions against the

1920: 1915:

tribes and extended hegemony over others to gain control of northern Gaul and the middle

1904: 1305: 624: 598: 544: 16357: 16347: 14848: 14379: 13558:

The Man Who Invented the Third Reich: The Life and Times of Arthur Moeller van den Bruck

13083:. Vol. Band 5: Bayern: Teilband 3: Bayerisch-Schwaben. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 5662: 4402:

45 dynastic principalities with 80 percent of the land and 80 percent of the population;

4114:, the Habsburgs were chiefly dependent on their hereditary lands to counter the rise of 3291:, although this would only be collected under Charles V and Ferdinand I, and not fully. 2831:

After the death of Frederick II in 1250, the German kingdom was divided between his son

2185: 19399: 19315: 19305: 19138: 19101: 19031: 18970: 18953: 18907: 18817: 18731: 18545: 18465: 18286: 18258: 18243: 18152: 18056: 17840: 17792: 17787: 17690: 17680: 17637: 17629: 17559: 17395: 17370: 17272: 17149: 17101: 17096: 17086: 17024: 16754: 16734: 16717: 16668: 16533: 16342: 16293: 16226: 16144: 16085: 16080: 16075: 16031: 16001: 15893: 15791: 15659: 15634: 15241: 15200: 15028: 14916: 14590: 14532: 14482: 14404: 14148: 13957: 13901: 13796: 13472: 10568: 10258: 8941: 6344: 6302: 5894: 5557: 5380: 5359: 5179: 5149:

Territories ruled by a hereditary nobleman, such as a prince, archduke, duke, or count.

5086: 4957: 4273: 4188: 4103: 4081: 3853: 3798: 3779: 3524: 3500: 3380: 3183: 3045: 3011: 2968: 2934: 2867:

to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. After Rudolf's death in 1291,

2817: 2780: 2724: 2599: 2481: 2454: 2428: 2336: 2324: 2211: 2202: 2078: 2031: 2027: 1970:, Pope Leo III sought a new candidate for the dignity, excluding consultation with the 1876: 1562: 1522: 1494: 1334: 1269: 1182: 1138: 1074: 1033: 1020: 1003: 953: 843: 802: 459: 14823: 12287:"Sehepunkte – Rezension von: Kaiser Sigismund (1368–1437) – Ausgabe 14 (2014), Nr. 11" 10777:

The Political Economic Foundation of Democratic Capitalism: From Genesis to Maturation

10266: 9139:

For the Common Good: The Bohemian Land Law and the Beginning of the Hussite Revolution

6277:

Since 1542, Charles V and Ferdinand had been able to collect the Common Penny tax, or

6191:. The Hohenstaufen dream of world empire ended with Frederick's death in 1250 though. 5970: 3975:

influence. After the Dutch revolt against Spain erupted, the Empire remained neutral,

2978:

Peasants were increasingly required to pay tribute to their landlords. The concept of

2399:

Henry begging Matilda of Tuscany and Hugh of Cluny in Canossa Castle (miniature in an

1958:

saw as the latest in a series of imperial heresies. In 797, the Eastern Roman Emperor

187:

The Holy Roman Empire at its greatest territorial extent imposed over modern borders,

19529: 19431: 19419: 19404: 19384: 19295: 19242: 19214: 19196: 18999: 18875: 18868: 18681: 18629: 18607: 18535: 18415: 18373: 18213: 18031: 18006: 17986: 17966: 17956: 17828: 17797: 17730: 17647: 17621: 17555: 17297: 17267: 17257: 17247: 17164: 17154: 17006: 16863: 16759: 16695: 16690: 16619: 16516: 16159: 16154: 15996: 15925: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15698: 15649: 15226: 14596: 14522: 14472: 14291: 14266: 14236: 14174: 14152: 14108: 14084: 14063: 14035: 14011: 13976: 13905: 13836: 13821: 13800: 13762: 13712: 13664: 13632: 13584: 13561: 13539: 13518: 13497: 13457: 13436: 13415: 13378: 13354: 13302: 13220: 13189: 13163: 13137: 13111: 13107: 13084: 13057:

Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor Napoleon at Saint Helena

13001: 12956: 12920: 12899: 12864: 12831: 12801: 12752: 12725: 12675: 12641: 12570: 12536: 12502: 12416: 12382: 12311: 12258: 12121: 12087: 12053: 12019: 11850: 11816: 11782: 11689: 11287: 11239: 11205: 11159: 11113: 11079: 11033: 10999: 10955: 10921: 10852: 10815: 10781: 10739: 10702: 10639: 10593: 10572: 10558: 10408: 10374: 10340: 10298: 10262: 10209: 10137: 10103: 10069: 10035: 9942: 9908: 9874: 9828: 9794: 9760: 9726: 9692: 9658: 9604: 9491: 9454: 9405: 9371: 9344: 9259: 9213: 9143: 9097: 9063: 9029: 8843: 8809: 8751: 8717: 8683: 8649: 8615: 8508: 8474: 8440: 8381: 8354: 8320: 8259: 8225: 8119: 8085: 7868: 7820: 7530: 7501: 7465: 7431: 7300: 7215: 7176: 7124: 7095: 7066: 6938: 6850: 6538: 6526: 6149:

place where envoys met as it was where representatives of the Diet could be reached.

6057: 5950: 5798:

Throughout the first half of its history the Holy Roman Empire was reigned over by a

5692: 5364: 5236: 5078: 4967: 4942: 4938: 4917: 4384: 4269: 4208: 4184: 4099: 4085: 4046: 3908: 3834: 3549: 3363: 2883: 2825: 2730: 2716: 2658: 2492: 2289: 2232: 2194: 2174: 2168: 1450: 1293: 1089: 957: 913: 611: 443: 422: 327: 19674: 14718: 6820:

The only prince allowed to call himself "king" of a territory in the Empire was the

6460:

Some historians refer to the beginning of the Empire as 800, with the coronation of

6187:

and regained Bethlehem and Nazareth for the Christian side through negotiation with

2487: 2058: 2023: 19290: 19280: 19106: 19054: 18958: 18822: 18711: 18661: 18639: 18634: 18565: 18330: 18319: 18233: 18021: 17936: 17881: 17851: 17802: 17762: 17745: 17735: 17670: 17642: 17516: 17465: 17460: 17400: 17365: 17277: 17234: 17204: 17126: 17044: 17014: 16712: 16499: 16494: 16450: 16437: 16367: 16335: 16330: 16194: 16189: 16171: 16132: 16065: 16048: 15989: 15979: 15974: 15915: 15871: 15841: 15801: 15784: 15767: 15730: 15481: 15246: 15231: 15152: 14688: 14394: 14208: 14140: 13949: 13893: 13788: 13776: 13691: 13680:"Crisis and catastrophe: The global crisis of the seventeenth century reconsidered" 12984: 12744: 11279: 11029:

Creating A World Economy: Merchant Capital, Colonialism, And World Trade, 1400–1825

10991: 10550: 10250: 10003: 8115:

The Two Latin Cultures and the Foundation of Renaissance Humanism in Medieval Italy

7860: 6930: 6882: 6602: 6562: 6534: 6530: 6506: 6228: 5982: 5863: 5834: 5688: 5404: 5183: 5074: 4199:

to another, often leaving the annexed some rights. For example, the estates of the

4038: 3938: 3904: 3516: 3492: 3473: 3091: 3027: 2995: 2964: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2906: 2706: 2678: 2654: 2650: 2417: 2374: 2340: 2179: 2140: 2114: 2082: 2043: 2019: 1983: 1943: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1273: 1170: 1094: 1014:

in the mid-13th century, but overextension of its power led to a partial collapse.

164: 14144: 12748: 11709: 6838: 3421: 3215:(1414–1418); after 1419 the Papacy directed much of its energy to suppressing the 2625:

During the Hohenstaufen period, German princes facilitated a successful, peaceful

19664: 19604: 19489: 19337: 19332: 19310: 19230: 19184: 18941: 18895: 18793: 18770: 18753: 18726: 18511: 18347: 18303: 18263: 18238: 18061: 18036: 17824: 17807: 17652: 17526: 17440: 17410: 17134: 17051: 16930: 16898: 16771: 16739: 16722: 16678: 16673: 16651: 16646: 16604: 16597: 16572: 16432: 16427: 16268: 16149: 16043: 16038: 16006: 15831: 15821: 15715: 15708: 15703: 15688: 15644: 15526: 15512: 15256: 15236: 15216: 14943: 14933: 14658: 14517: 14467: 14453: 14445: 14301: 14274: 14246: 14098: 14078: 14057: 14029: 13626: 13553: 13348: 13296: 13276: 13265: 13199: 13181: 13155: 13011: 12938: 12885: 12719: 12115: 11810: 11644: 11235:

Allies with the Infidel: The Ottoman and French Alliance in the Sixteenth Century

10915: 10698:

The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: State Power and World Trade, 1350–1750

9868: 9340:

The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: A Biographical Dictionary

8778: 8711: 8436:

The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium

8348: 8079: 7814: 7459: 7425: 7145: 7120: 6821: 6639: 6554: 6550: 6522: 6514: 6498: 6358: 6270: 6249: 5890: 5799: 5792: 5748: 5720: 5671: 5647: 5638: 5475: 5443: 5190: 5110: 4953: 4933: 4292: 4277: 4265: 4200: 4161: 3888: 3581: 3572: 3452: 3174: 3083: 2972: 2670: 2536: 2504: 2413: 2404: 2370: 2133: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2047: 2007: 1963: 1955: 1932: 1659: 1281: 1178: 1174: 1154: 1040: 1010:

period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the

965: 829: 451: 396: 101: 65: 16352: 13909: 13298:

Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346–1521

13077:

Ehlers, Caspar; Flachenecker, Helmut; Päffgen, Bernd; Schieffer, Rudolf (2016).

10007: 7494:

The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100–1350: Essays by German Historians

4156: 3179: 19694: 19614: 19569: 19509: 19474: 19266: 19179: 19084: 18992: 18783: 18617: 18540: 18389: 18292: 18011: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17971: 17961: 17876: 17819: 17712: 17675: 17430: 17375: 17329: 17282: 17262: 17106: 17029: 16873: 16868: 16831: 16806: 16789: 16700: 16685: 16656: 16614: 16462: 16422: 16417: 16372: 16298: 16258: 16248: 16238: 16053: 15932: 15826: 15693: 15575: 15266: 15083: 14878: 14853: 14648: 14487: 13928: 13316:

Härter, Karl. "The Permanent Imperial Diet in European Context, 1663–1806". In

13234: 13177: 13151: 13125: 12981:

The Rebirth of a Communications Network: Europe at the Time of the Carolingians

12378:

Orthodox Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Southeastern Europe

11649:

Museum and Research Center for the Imperial Chamber Court (Reichskammergericht)

9450:

Balkan Wars: Habsburg Croatia, Ottoman Bosnia, and Venetian Dalmatia, 1499–1617

8221:

Itinerant Kingship and Royal Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, C. 936–1075

6846: 6786: 6717:"Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229" 6631: 6590: 6566: 6558: 6518: 6510: 6472: 6260: 6101: 5910: 5833:

This practice eventually ended during the 16th century, as the emperors of the

5740: 5524: 5519: 5451: 5439: 5231:

were also more coherent than Germany, being entirely under the dominion of the

5194: 5121: 5039: 4753: 4651: 4408:

60 imperial towns with 1 percent of the land and 3.5 percent of the population;

4218: 4196: 4180: 4131: 4050: 3311: 3278: 3274: 3137: 3095: 3063: 2821: 2757: 2595: 2584: 2525: 2462: 2314: 2310: 2285: 2281: 2274: 1959: 1924: 1825: 1811: 1552: 1289: 1162: 1153:

in 1512, the name was changed to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation (

1136:("Roman empire"), but the Emperor's legitimacy always rested on the concept of 1029: 983: 899: 885: 447: 417: 400: 263: 255: 87: 51: 14668: 14444: 14189: 11283: 10995: 6934: 5592: 4364:

Habsburg Monarchy: 5,350,000 (including 3 million in the Bohemian crown lands)

4183:

that occurred between 1795 and 1814, during the latter part of the era of the

19799: 19649: 19534: 19449: 19394: 19254: 19174: 19069: 18919: 18912: 18805: 18758: 18651: 18507: 18107: 17906: 17189: 16954: 16841: 16636: 16609: 16582: 16560: 16538: 16305: 16288: 16273: 16117: 16070: 16058: 15984: 15876: 15750: 15745: 15720: 15602: 14873: 14015: 13432:

State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000

12948: 12791:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 341–342. 12782: 11291: 8936: 7872: 7203: 6593:) was Orthodox Christian, being under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the 6461: 6294: 6158: 6080: 5765: 5651: 5628: 5396: 5228: 5157: 5027: 4941:, which laid the legal groundwork for two co-existing religious confessions ( 4300: 3979:

allowing the Netherlands to depart the empire in 1581. A side effect was the

3884: 3864: 3830: 3681: 3633: 3367: 3302: 2836: 2734: 2662: 2634: 2615: 2532: 2508: 2450: 2206: 2164: 1639: 1250: 1228: 999: 976: 577: 309: 18476: 16382: 16362: 15460: 14958: 14897: 14838: 14773: 14758: 14409: 14305: 14278: 13953: 13203: 13015: 10554: 10254: 7876: 6141:

had no control over these diplomats; occasionally the Diet criticised them.

4331:. The only Free Imperial Cities still existing as states within Germany are 4244:

The empire was dissolved on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor

3472:), initiated by Maximilian himself with contribution from Frederick III and 1999:("renewal of the Roman Empire"). In 802, Irene was overthrown and exiled by 19684: 19484: 19389: 19235: 19209: 19118: 18800: 18788: 18736: 18696: 18691: 18555: 18550: 18410: 18066: 17896: 17767: 17685: 17355: 17252: 17056: 16846: 16587: 16577: 16543: 16472: 16467: 16394: 16184: 16166: 16127: 16122: 16102: 16097: 15969: 15962: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15836: 15774: 15755: 15740: 15676: 15068: 15063: 15038: 14953: 14270: 14250: 13696: 13679: 12286: 6338: 5043: 4315: 4287:

The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the

3912: 3531: 3394: 2516: 2102: 2039: 2035: 2000: 1748: 1744: 1679: 1669: 1630: 1517: 1297: 1254: 1143: 1025: 972: 774: 740: 637: 267: 29: 18163: 14286:

Coy, Jason Philip; Marschke, Benjamin; Sabean, David Warren, eds. (2010).

13933:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 13339: 12891:

Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Tudors but Were Afraid to Ask

7970: 6352: 5751:

came to an end even before the Empire. It should not be confused with the

5197:, immediate subject to the Emperor but unrepresented in the Imperial Diet. 5081:

away from it. To a greater extent than in other medieval kingdoms such as

4749: 4431:

9 million Austrian subjects (including Silesia, Bohemia and Moravia);

3951: 3596:). The emperors continued to travel to their elections and coronations at 2998:

established itself as a commercial and defensive alliance of the merchant

2641:. The eastward settlement expanded the influence of the empire to include 1345: 19624: 19372: 19367: 19359: 19344: 19169: 19074: 18885: 18721: 18686: 18666: 18646: 18624: 18589: 18400: 18051: 17929: 17914: 17886: 17722: 17506: 17209: 17116: 16998: 16565: 16550: 16399: 16112: 16021: 16011: 15937: 15585: 15580: 15211: 15123: 14988: 14868: 14828: 14788: 14321:

German thought and culture: From the Holy Roman Empire to the present day

13065: 9935:

Beccaria, Cesare marchese di; Beccaria, Cesare; Stevenson, Bryan (2008).

6598: 6464: 5930: 5898: 5803: 5788: 4987: 4963: 4946: 4213: 4026: 3980: 3868: 3775: 3632:

in Munich. A German capital in the true sense only existed in the Second

3625: 3565: 3481: 3456:, written by Tacitus. According to Peter H. Wilson, the female figure of 3406: 3265:

Innsbruck, most important political centre under Maximilian, seat of the

3220: 3157: 2956: 2844: 2784: 2638: 2626: 2572: 2552: 2540: 2453:

push for autonomy from the Polish Crown. From the late 12th century, the

2440: 1987: 1967: 1532: 1102: 979: 560: 540: 478: 427: 15146: 15073: 13257:

The Symbolic Language of Authority in the Carolingian World (c. 751–877)

11918: 9996:"Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dürers Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian" 9401:

Reformation and the German Territorial State: Upper Franconia, 1300–1630

5962: 4229:

and the annexation of the secularized territory to a secular territory.

3696: 2737:

in 1228, which ended in negotiations and a temporary restoration of the

1304:, the external borders of the Empire did not change noticeably from the 19155: 19143: 19113: 19079: 19019: 18701: 17814: 17081: 16967: 16592: 16409: 16283: 16243: 16176: 15093: 15058: 15053: 14973: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14723: 14693: 14653: 13961: 13897: 13860: 13213:

Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook

12776: 11075:

Holland Under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic

7864: 6502: 6145: 6113: 6073: 6030: 5990: 5902: 5201:

A sum total of 1,500 Imperial estates has been reckoned. For a list of

5142: 4999: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4956:

constituted the single official religion of the Empire until 1555; the

4913: 4901: 4831: 4819: 4761: 4717: 4627: 4324: 4314:"That we consider the tie that has bound us to the body politic of the 4192: 3872: 3718: 3613: 3402: 3204: 3003: 2863:, a minor pro-Hohenstaufen count, was elected. He was the first of the 2630: 2512: 2458: 2320:

The Holy Roman Empire eventually came to be composed of four kingdoms:

2219:, centered in Germany but also happening in Northern Italy and France. 2074: 1602: 1238: 354: 15169: 14213: 14200: 14010:(in French). Vol. 3 (nouvelle ed.). Neuchâtel. p. 338. 13248:

Reich and Nation. The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806

12083:

The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon

9972:

The New American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge

7819:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 3, 5, 12, 60, 73, 103, 180, 254. 4897: 4815: 4232: 4090: 1241:

propaganda would identify the Holy Roman Empire as the "First" Reich (

1237:). Beginning in 1923, early twentieth-century German nationalists and 19589: 19426: 19161: 19123: 18716: 18530: 18223: 17861: 17390: 17159: 16482: 16253: 16137: 16107: 15888: 15762: 15553: 15221: 15103: 15088: 14783: 14753: 14733: 14713: 14643: 13879:"Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions" 13103: 12741:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4: c. 1024–c. 1198, Part 2

11733: 8470:

The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe

6671:

While Charlemagne and his successors assumed variations of the title

6109: 5978: 5954: 5914: 5886: 5811: 5408: 5132: 4971: 4893: 4885: 4839: 4799: 4737: 4733: 4697: 4030: 4022: 3880: 3876: 3743: 3597: 3316: 3007: 2960: 2887: 2864: 2642: 2588: 2556: 2543:, with the first imperial one being issued in 1103 under Henry IV at 2306: 2266: 2236: 2011: 2006:

After Charlemagne died in 814, the imperial crown passed to his son,

594: 432: 319: 305: 277: 17590: 13852: 13708:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]

12988: 7291:

Coy, Jason Philip; Marschke, Benjamin; Sabean, David Warren (2010).

6264:

The empire of Charles V at its peak after the Peace of Crépy in 1544

4905: 4811: 4757: 3450:

reintroduced or became notable. The humanists rediscovered the work

2611: 1142:, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of 1024:, that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of 19579: 19275: 19096: 18924: 18839: 18778: 18741: 18460: 18071: 17866: 17425: 17302: 17179: 15883: 15666: 15624: 15563: 14998: 14978: 14963: 14813: 14763: 14673: 14633: 13999: 13792: 13350:

Verwaltungsgeschichte der Habsburgermonarchie in der Frühen Neuzeit

12351: 9487:

The Last Muslim Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe

6589:(a gradual process), the Holy Roman Empire (along with the rest of 6240:(who was Sigismund's son-in-law and heir through his marriage with 6188: 6105: 6061: 6022: 6014: 5974: 5934: 5922: 4877: 4823: 4803: 4783: 4681: 4667: 4011: 3751: 3726: 3722: 3216: 2979: 2771:

owners of their lands, a remarkable change in terminology as well.

2603: 2560: 2270: 2247: 2125: 1978: 1908: 1285: 1201: 1052: 736: 172: 14968: 13076: 11715: 11268:"The Holy Roman Empire was Neither Holy, Nor Roman, Nor an Empire" 10339:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 9003: 8868: 8866: 8163: 8151: 8139: 4982:

denominations, while various other Protestant confessions such as

4145: 3534:

that grew rapidly and developed corresponding infrastructure: the

3036: 2975:

class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism.

2524:

succeeded him and made peace with the Welfs, restoring his cousin

235:

800–888 (as capital) 800–1562 (coronation of the king of Germany)

19494: 19349: 19261: 17941: 17752: 17066: 15796: 15725: 15681: 15536: 15118: 15048: 15033: 15013: 14983: 14948: 14863: 14708: 14698: 14663: 14549:

Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles

11467:"International trade and institutional change: A death in Venice" 6542: 6125: 6069: 6049: 6045: 6018: 5966: 5926: 5815: 5416: 5161: 4889: 4881: 4855: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4693: 4643: 4332: 4217:. "Secularization" was the abolition of the temporal power of an 4139: 4135: 4115: 3934: 3755: 3589: 2646: 2446: 2427:, reached an agreement with the Pope and the bishops in the 1122 2292:

briefly held Rome, until the Holy Roman emperor seized the city.

2251: 2228: 2198: 2129: 1990: 1697: 1499: 1207:

In the modern period, the Empire was often informally called the

732: 557: 375: 242: 15597: 13660:

Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation

13609:

Les relations entre la France et le Saint-Empire au XVIIe siècle

13130:

Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Central Europe c. 1683–1867

9596: 7208:

The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938

5014:

to another faith did not entail the conversion of his subjects.

4379:

Electorates of Mainz, Trier, and Cologne: 300–400,000 altogether

4319:

until now and conducted imperial government, as is hereby done."

3863:

Before Charles's reign in the Holy Roman Empire began, in 1517,

2449:

became part of the Holy Roman Empire as the result of the local

19514: 18427: 15629: 15504: 15113: 15003: 14993: 14833: 14743: 14703: 13992:

A history of Germany from the earliest times to the present day

13618:

Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI

13347:

Hochedlinger, Michael; Mata, Petr; Winkelbauer, Thomas (2019).

11969: 11663: 10370:

The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350–1750

9578: 8917: 8893: 8863: 7697: 6117: 6088: 6010: 5994: 5986: 5958: 5942: 5938: 5918: 5906: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5807: 5607: 5564: 5420: 5412: 5098: 5059: 4921: 4873: 4869: 4843: 4827: 4807: 4779: 4745: 4741: 4729: 4721: 4709: 4701: 4689: 4659: 4639: 4336: 4222: 3826: 3747: 3734: 3730: 3649: 3637: 3621: 3601: 3208: 3160:(king 1314, emperor 1328–1347) relied on his lands in Bavaria; 2800: 2607: 2564: 2148: 2113:. On his deathbed, Conrad yielded the crown to his main rival, 1912: 1118: 1007: 995: 949: 945: 728: 580: 491: 340: 296: 227: 11567: 11565: 10099:

Renaissance Humanism, Volume 2: Foundations, Forms, and Legacy

8940: 8883: 8881: 7169:

Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (2018).

4978:

of 1648. Those two constituted the only officially recognized

3041: 2277:, ruled over Rome and part of Italy, ostensibly in his stead. 1881: 1200:

In a famous assessment of the name, the political philosopher

19711: 19479: 19469: 19464: 18936: 18931: 16263: 15078: 15018: 15008: 14928: 14628: 14328:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630

13972:

Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective

13779:(1986). "The Development of the Eternal Diet in Regensburg". 13581:

The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 6, c. 1300–c.1 415

12331: 10951:

Urban Empires: Cities as Global Rulers in the New Urban World

9524: 9522: 6714:

Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229:

6601:

broke communion with the other churches. As a prime example,

6298: 6065: 6053: 6026: 5946: 5568: 5467: 5463: 5186:, which were subject only to the jurisdiction of the emperor. 5063: 5055: 5003: 4865: 4847: 4835: 4775: 4771: 4725: 4705: 4685: 4677: 4647: 4635: 4280:

until the Habsburg empire's final dissolution in 1918 in the

4226: 3558:

List of royal and imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire

3125:

no longer matched the needs of either the king or the dukes.

3087: 3058:

The Holy Roman Empire when the Golden Bull of 1356 was signed

2999: 2544: 1916: 1121:. The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward. 1068: 994:

in 476. The title lapsed in 924, but was revived in 962 when

12412:

Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, from 1453 to the Present

11758: 11756: 11446: 9904:

The Collected Historical Works of Sir Francis Palgrave, K.H.

9654:

The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law

8046: 8044: 7951: 7373: 7371: 6467:("Charles the Great"). Others refer to the beginning as the 5243:

Territorial shares of the Reich after the Thirty Years' War

5070:. There were also some areas ruled directly by the Emperor. 4172:

was at war with various parts of the Empire intermittently.

3309:

In 1500, Maximilian agreed to establish an organ called the

2875:

were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor.

2068: 1128:("the whole kingdom", as opposed to the regional kingdoms), 1032:. In theory and diplomacy, the emperors were considered the 19609: 18405: 15098: 15023: 14410:

The Holy Roman Empire in the 18th century (interactive map)

13346: 11924: 11870: 11613: 11562: 10897: 10895: 9367:

The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History

8951:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8905: 8878: 8175: 7630: 7628: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7040: 7038: 6422:

List of state leaders in the 19th-century Holy Roman Empire

6417:

List of state leaders in the 18th-century Holy Roman Empire

6412:

List of state leaders in the 17th-century Holy Roman Empire

6407:

List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

6402:

List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

6397:

List of state leaders in the 14th-century Holy Roman Empire

6392:

List of state leaders in the 13th-century Holy Roman Empire

6387:

List of state leaders in the 12th-century Holy Roman Empire

6382:

List of state leaders in the 11th-century Holy Roman Empire

6377:

List of state leaders in the 10th-century Holy Roman Empire

6310: 6041: 6002: 5998: 5486: 5478:

was given the right to vote as the eighth elector, and the

5051: 5047: 4713: 4663: 4655: 4631: 4445:

States of Imperial Italy by population, early 17th century

3962: 1900: 1095:

double-headed eagle with coats of arms of individual states

206: 15473: 14340:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2018. 12695: 12590: 11577: 10468: 10294:

Digital Communication: Communication, Multimedia, Security

9688:

Popular Sovereignty in Early Modern Constitutional Thought

9519: 7927: 4534:

States of Imperial Italy by population, late 18th century

4437:

14–15 million inhabitants for the rest of the Empire.

4272:

survived the demise of the empire, continuing to reign as

4017:

Still, its actual end did not come for two centuries. The

3070:), whose composition and procedures were set forth in the 2878:

Albert was assassinated in 1308. Almost immediately, King

2377:

was determined to oppose such practices, which led to the

1097:, the symbol of the Holy Roman Empire (painting from 1510) 12232: 12117:

The Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, Immutator Mundi

11981: 11894: 11753: 10948:

Glaeser, Edward; Kourtit, Karima; Nijkamp, Peter (2020).

10433: 10431: 10205:

The Habsburg Chancery Language in Perspective, Volume 114

9934: 9556: 9554: 9296: 9294: 9117: 9025:

Europas Weg in die Neuzeit: vom Weltstaat zur Staatenwelt

8589: 8279: 8199: 8061: 8059: 8041: 7794: 7640: 7591: 7589: 7405: 7368: 7228: 7090:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 5687:, the imperial fiefs in northern Italy, the lands of the 5666:

A map of the Empire showing division into Circles in 1512

4909: 4851: 3714: 3576:. From the late Middle Ages onward, the weakly fortified 2563:, possibly the economic model for many later cities, and 2295:

Otto died young in 1002, and was succeeded by his cousin

13758:

Class, Culture, and Race in American Schools: A Handbook

13186:

The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806: A European Perspective

12210:"Mályusz (Elemér). Kaiser Sigismund in Ungarn 1387–1437" 12153: 11993: 11947: 11945: 11882: 11540: 11538: 11355: 10892: 10880: 10522: 9848: 9541: 9539: 9537: 9279: 9163: 8979: 8967: 8955: 8296: 8294: 7903: 7849:"Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany [Book Review]" 7721: 7657: 7655: 7625: 7601: 7555: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7168: 7119:(in German). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik. p. 7088:

Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800

7035: 6981:"Enrico Vi, Re Di Sicilia E Imperatore In 'Federiciana'" 4949:) in the German-speaking states of the Holy Roman Empire 3887:

while the southern and western regions largely remained

2629:

of lands that were uninhabited or inhabited sparsely by

2147:, his son and designated successor, was elected king in 2132:, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the 19594: 13814:

Basic structures of the constitution in the Middle Ages

12165: 11906: 11729:"Seven German cities you never knew were once capitals" 11721: 11637: 11625: 11589: 11487: 11436: 11434: 11419: 11407: 11395: 11343: 11179: 10984:"A troubled marriage. Maximilian and the Low Countries" 10613: 9318: 8005: 7770: 7709: 7687: 7685: 7059:

Beiträge zur bayerischen Geschichte, Sprache und Kultur

6758:

1.35 million population given for the Duchy of Milan. (

4370:

Duchy of Bavaria (later Electorate of Bavaria): 800,000

2559:. Cities that were founded in the 12th century include 1253:

as the "Second" Reich and what would eventually become

12860:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

12436: 12189: 12079: 11930: 11645:"Society for Imperial Chamber Court Research, Wetzlar" 11601: 11523: 11511: 11133: 11053: 10988:"Per Tot Discrimina Rerum" – Maximilian I. (1459–1519) 10635:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

10428: 10157: 9551: 9291: 8991: 8565: 8056: 8017: 7981: 7939: 7782: 7672: 7670: 7586: 7025: 7023: 7021: 12863:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–106, 116. 12448: 12141: 11957: 11942: 11535: 10947: 10851:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 347–358. 10659: 10297:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 31. 10068:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 37. 9790:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

9566: 9534: 9425: 9187: 9028:(in German). Röhrig Universitätsverlag. p. 342. 8553: 8291: 8187: 7993: 7758: 7652: 7613: 7461:

Representations of Power in Medieval Germany 800–1500

7267: 6313:, although these attempts generally did not succeed. 5030:

and during the wars of religion in the 16th century.

3729:

in particular, associated with the reputation of the

3331:) at Vienna was made subordinate to this body. Under 2684:

Under the son and successor of Frederick Barbarossa,

2155: 1312:, with the main exceptions being the Italian states. 14205:

Revue de l'Institut Français d'Histoire en Allemagne

14162:

Europe's Tragedy: A History of the Thirty Years' War

13628:

The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians 751–987

12460: 12177: 11550: 11431: 11331: 10808:

Kypta, Ulla; Bruch, Julia; Skambraks, Tanja (2019).

10695:

Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (1997). Tracy, James D. (ed.).

10208:. University of California Press. pp. 1, 3, 9. 9233: 9175: 7891: 7682: 7574: 7543: 7245: 7243: 6320: 4260:). Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the 2882:

began aggressively seeking support for his brother,

1181:. The Hungarian denomination "German Roman Empire" ( 14171:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

14124:

From Reich To Revolution: German History, 1558–1806

13989: 13038:

A dictionary of military history and the art of war

12532:

Monarchy, Aristocracy and State in Europe 1300–1800

10807: 9907:Cambridge University Press. pp. xiv, 203–204. 9722:

German Political Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Law

8169: 8157: 8145: 7915: 7667: 7018: 6225:

Mary, Queen regnal and the rightful heir of Hungary

4021:in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War allowed 3273:Major measures for the Reform were launched at the 2531:

The Hohenstaufen rulers increasingly lent land to "

1962:was removed from the throne by his mother, Empress 14919:or no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire by 1792 13407: 13317: 13150: 11499: 11372: 11370: 10286: 10284: 9873:. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 133. 9306: 9009: 8577: 7971:"France: History, Map, Flag, Capital, & Facts" 7741:"német-római birodalom – Magyar Katolikus Lexikon" 6152: 3461:formed the core of a national political culture." 2791:(bearing the title "king" since 1198) extracted a 2461:of the Holy Roman Empire and the conquests of the 14285: 12640:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 307. 12049:Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler Between East and West 11778:Maximilian I (1459–1519): An Analytical Biography 10585: 8839:Empire and Order: The Concept of Empire, 800–1800 7290: 7240: 7057:Wissenschaften, Neuhausener Akademie der (2021). 5802:. Kings and emperors toured between the numerous 5493:: the last Emperor to be crowned by the Pope was 3983:, which ravaged much of the upper Rhine. Emperor 2912: 2760:, and the right to build fortification. The 1232 2602:(1159–1181). Frederick supported a succession of 2010:. Upon Louis' death in 840, it passed to his son 960:and lasted for almost a thousand years until its 19797: 13851: 12972:Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy 12671:The Renaissance of Empire in Early Modern Europe 12307:The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction 10701:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–160. 10202:Tennant, Elaine C.; Johnson, Carroll B. (1985). 9209:The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476–1648 8607: 5372:(2nd half of the 10th century), now held in the 5038:The Holy Roman Empire was neither a centralized 4295:. It lasted until 1866 when Prussia founded the 4057:and two thirds forces of the Holy Roman Empire. 4053:in Europe. The army was one third forces of the 3844:in Spain, Charles took up the imperial title as 3608:at different places and to other occasions. The 3393:The legal reform seriously weakened the ancient 2843:(died 1256). Conrad's death was followed by the 1227:). After its dissolution through the end of the 19826:1806 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire 14405:The Holy Roman Empire in the 17th century (map) 13035: 12823: 12080:O'Connell, Monique; Dursteler, Eric R. (2016). 11669: 11367: 10632:Brady, Thomas A.; Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). 10586:Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (2012). 10281: 9969:Ripley, George; Dana, Charles Anderson (1869). 9824:Introduction to Public Law: A Comparative Study 9756:John Selden and the Western Political Tradition 9584: 8805:Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia 8743: 6036:Until the 15th century the elected emperor was 5858:(reigned 1556–1564). Except for a period under 5691:, and certain other small territories like the 5637:(Imperial Chamber Court), established with the 4619:Largest cities or towns of the Empire by year: 4146:French Revolutionary Wars and final dissolution 3817:, grandfather of the future Holy Roman Emperor 3037:Rise of the territories after the Hohenstaufens 2128:in 919. Henry reached a truce with the raiding 1885:A map of the Carolingian Empire within Europe, 18445:Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma 14400:The Holy Roman Empire in the 16h century (map) 13994:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. p. 117. 13471:Jorio, Marco; Braun, Bettina (25 April 2016), 11231: 10201: 10130:Quevedo, Francisco de; Britton, R. K. (1989). 10129: 9657:. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. pp. 19, 20. 9640:. North Carolina State University. p. 81. 9255:The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia 8611:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 7147:Werke und Briefe: historisch-kritische Ausgabe 7056: 5379:A prospective Emperor first had to be elected 3856:. Many factors contribute to this result. For 3769: 2756:in favour of the bishops, among them tariffs, 2677:) and its later German successor state of the 2003:and henceforth there were two Roman emperors. 1062: 1002:, fashioning himself as Charlemagne's and the 19881:States and territories disestablished in 1806 18506: 18492: 18179: 17606: 16983: 15489: 15465: 15185: 14575: 14430: 13990:Taylor, Bayard; Hansen-Taylor, Marie (1894). 13810:Grundstrukturen der Verfassung im Mittelalter 13705:Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). 13263: 12114:Van, Cleve; Cleve, Thomas Curtis Van (1972). 11583: 10732:The emergence of the global political economy 9442: 9440: 9089: 8709: 7457: 7172:The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History 6456: 6454: 6452: 5747:) was created in 1422 and as a result of the 5093:and was more or less concluded with the 1648 3894:At the beginning of Charles's reign, another 3809:The Holy Roman Empire during the 16th century 3416: 2767:first time that the German dukes were called 2491:The Hohenstaufen-ruled Holy Roman Empire and 1846: 19811:960s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 16946:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14352:The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook 14008:Essais sur les mœurs et l'ésprit des nations 13835:. University of Toronto Press. p. 156. 13652:. Vol. 4. Munich & Zürich: Artemis. 13408:Hunyadi, Zsolt; Laszlovszky, József (2001). 13398: 13301:. Oxford Historical Monographs. OUP Oxford. 13070:Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes 13053: 11452: 11155:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation 9941:. University of Toronto Press. p. 133. 9938:On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings 9205: 8744:Arnason, Johann P.; Wittrock, Björn (2005). 8181: 7458:Weiler, Björn K. U.; MacLean, Simon (2006). 7388: 7386: 7061:(in German). BoD – Books on Demand. p. 6708: 6665: 6427:List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire 6100:was established, which variously resided in 5770: 5756: 5734: 5728: 5631:) at the court of the King/Emperor, and the 5504: 5202: 5136: 5126: 2783:was a significant regional power during the 2748:Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis 2139:Henry died in 936, but his descendants, the 1714: 1600: 1232: 1222: 1212: 93: 57: 18193: 14233:Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany 13828: 13624: 13583:. Vol. 6. Cambridge University Press. 13453:Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends 13399:Hoyt, Robert S.; Chodorow, Stanley (1976). 13176: 12795: 12478: 11112:. Princeton University Press. p. 135. 10683:Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten 10638:. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. 10247:Zeitschrift der Germanisten Rumäniens (ZGR) 10133:Francisco de Quevedo: Dreams and Discourses 9786: 9759:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 9514: 8929: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8887: 8872: 8710:Rowland, Christopher; Barton, John (2002). 8648:. Georgetown University Press. p. 83. 8439:. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. 8346: 8050: 7957: 7520: 6927:Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten 6735: 6553:were recommended to learn the languages of 4142:dominated the empire's history after 1740. 3256: 1167:Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae 686:1,100,000 km (420,000 sq mi) 81:Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae 79: 43: 18499: 18485: 18186: 18172: 17613: 17599: 16990: 16976: 15496: 15482: 15192: 15178: 14582: 14568: 14437: 14423: 13829:Smail, Daniel Lord; Gibson, Kelly (2009). 13775: 13740:"The Great Depression of the 14th Century" 13704: 13552: 13470: 13329:(in German). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH. 13254: 12827:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 12817:Society and Politics in Germany, 1500–1750 12717: 12674:. Cambridge University Press. p. 78. 11912: 11900: 11762: 11688:(in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 27. 11197: 11158:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 10780:. Universal-Publishers. pp. 189–191. 10631: 10328: 10326: 10290: 10034:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 9968: 9528: 9437: 9404:. University Rochester Press. p. 45. 9123: 8224:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 8118:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. 7800: 7788: 7595: 7491: 7234: 7210:. University of California Press. p. 7044: 6920: 6478: 6449: 5066:, and other rulers, collectively known as 4506:County of Gorizia and Gradisca (Austrian) 3867:launched what would later be known as the 2905:, with the aid of his brother, Archbishop 2803:to be the seat of the Holy Roman emperor. 2579:. Imperial rights had been referred to as 2528:to his – albeit diminished – possessions. 2358: 2189:The Holy Roman Empire between 972 and 1032 1853: 1839: 1105:, the realm was merely referred to as the 181: 21:"HRE" redirects here. For other uses, see 19891:States and territories established in 962 19886:States and territories established in 800 14212: 13927: 13754: 13695: 13602:. Vol. II. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. 13489: 13371:Emperor Maximilian I and the Age of Durer 13245: 12974:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 12912: 12884: 12768:Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics 12052:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. 11987: 11925:Hochedlinger, Mata & Winkelbauer 2019 11888: 11876: 10841: 10000:Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 9718: 9453:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 163. 9169: 9062:(in German). C.H.Beck. pp. 258–271. 9021: 8682:. Harvard University Press. p. 138. 8217: 7963: 7607: 7383: 7143: 6959:"UNIO REGNI AD IMPERIUM in 'Federiciana'" 6908: 6619: 5778: 5209:List of Imperial Diet participants (1792) 4353:believed the demographic disaster of the 4203:were formally mediatized in 1806, having 3405:, traditionally held to be instituted by 3349: 2681:was never part of the Holy Roman Empire. 2069:Post-Carolingian Eastern Frankish Kingdom 1942:Although antagonism about the expense of 1159:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation 95:Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation 16997: 13998: 13870:The Social Background of the Reformation 13850:Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton (1914). 13738:Rothbard, Murray N. (23 November 2009). 13737: 13646:Moraw, Peter (1999) . "Heiliges Reich". 13606: 13535:The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature 13367: 13324: 12800:. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc. 12667: 12494: 12374: 12113: 11842: 11631: 11078:. Univ of California Press. p. 46. 10728: 10619: 10407:. Oxford University Press. p. 184. 10400: 10373:. Oxford University Press. p. 173. 10291:Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (2014). 9993: 9900: 9691:. Oxford University Press. p. 243. 9479: 9477: 9193: 8961: 8935: 8801: 8608:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (2006). 8507:. Oxford University Press. p. 169. 8077: 8034: 8032: 7812: 7776: 7492:Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen (2017). 7202: 7175:. Oxford University Press. p. 762. 7114: 6297:as well as other imperial fiefs such as 6259: 6197: 6166: 5782: 5661: 5518: 5363: 4932: 4427:) with an overall breakdown as follows: 4231: 4155: 4089: 3961: 3950: 3804: 3789: 3671:Map of Augsburg, corresponding with the 3491: 3420: 3353: 3260: 3178: 3053: 3040: 2942: 2816: 2715: 2486: 2472: 2394: 2246:In 963, Otto deposed John XII and chose 2184: 2173: 2159: 2097:) reemerged. After the Carolingian king 1880: 1231:, it was often called "the old Empire" ( 1195:"Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" 1088: 982:as Roman emperor, reviving the title in 16770: 15199: 14478:Westphalian (Lower Rhenish-Westphalian) 14187: 14076: 14055: 13968: 13876: 13807: 13656: 13615: 13449: 13333: 13274: 13036:Corvisier, André; Childs, John (1994). 13025:The Habsburgs: The History of a Dynasty 12995: 12969: 12814: 12562: 12337: 12238: 12214:Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire 12207: 12195: 11999: 11774: 11681: 11619: 11595: 11571: 11556: 11493: 11464: 11458: 11425: 11413: 11401: 11185: 11151: 11059: 10981: 10913: 10512: 10323: 10027: 9650: 9600:Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650 9483: 9363: 9251: 9181: 8973: 8835: 8571: 8500: 8374: 8251: 8065: 7999: 7727: 7661: 7619: 7568: 7150:(in German). W. de Gruyter. p. 999 7085: 6814: 6765: 6746: 6372:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire 3821:, died. Charles initiated his reign in 2468: 2124:), who was elected king at the Diet of 19798: 14345:The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780 14338:The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History 14230: 14168: 14159: 14130: 14121: 14097: 14027: 13849: 13832:Vengeance in Medieval Europe: A Reader 13725:from the original on 21 September 2021 13677: 13597: 13574: 13531: 13477:Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS) 13377:. Prestel; Albertina. pp. 32–33. 13315: 13285: 13044: 13022: 12947: 12824:Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C.A. (2014). 12774: 12765: 12738: 12701: 12633: 12596: 12454: 12442: 12303: 12171: 12159: 12147: 12045: 11975: 11963: 11951: 11936: 11607: 11529: 11517: 11385: 11361: 11349: 11139: 10665: 10528: 10437: 10332: 10311:from the original on 26 September 2021 10222:from the original on 27 September 2021 10175: 10163: 10095: 10061: 9866: 9854: 9820: 9752: 9635: 9572: 9431: 9300: 9055: 8997: 8595: 8583: 8559: 8466: 8432: 8405: 8312: 8300: 8285: 8258:. Yale University Press. p. 131. 8205: 8193: 7933: 7764: 7715: 7691: 7676: 7549: 7423: 7411: 7377: 7313: 7278: 7261: 7144:Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (1974). 6790: 6773: 6752: 6545:and other languages. According to the 6486: 5822:1328–1347 and 1744–1745), Habsburger ( 4071: 3990:After Ferdinand died in 1564, his son 3435:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 2205:. In 962, Otto was crowned emperor by 2193:In 951, Otto came to the aid of Queen 2073:Around 900, East Francia's autonomous 942:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 18480: 18167: 17620: 17594: 16971: 15477: 15464: 15173: 14913: 14612: 14563: 14418: 14257: 14198: 13867: 13645: 13428: 13414:. Central European University Press. 13294: 13233: 13210: 13124: 13064: 12978: 12933: 12856: 12528: 12466: 12408: 12250: 12183: 12018:. Universal-Publishers. p. 202. 11808: 11544: 11505: 11440: 11337: 11265: 11238:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58. 11105: 11071: 11025: 10990:(in German). Böhlau Verlag: 421–432. 10694: 10681:(The empire without a capital?), in: 10474: 10366: 10240: 9545: 9474: 9446: 9397: 9370:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 79. 9336: 9324: 9312: 9285: 9239: 9135: 8783:. Ed. Atlantic-Forum. 1966. p. 9 8675: 8641: 8534: 8029: 8023: 7987: 7945: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7846: 7703: 7646: 7634: 7580: 7392: 7249: 7029: 6759: 6650: 6185:Isabella II (or Yolande) of Jerusalem 5830:1438–1576, 1611–1740 and 1745–1806). 5353: 4191:. "Mediatization" was the process of 4179:was the series of mediatizations and 3929:Pomerania during the Early Modern Age 3032:Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages 2774: 2591:, a far-reaching constitutional act. 2280:In 996 Otto III appointed his cousin 1870: 19718: 14323:(Manchester University Press, 1995). 13816:] (in German). Vol. Bd. 3 ( 13611:(in French). Paris: Honoré Champion. 13510: 13097: 12011: 11685:Geschichte des Landes Sachsen-Anhalt 10901: 10886: 10773: 10540: 10249:(17–18 / 2000 (9th year)): 155–162. 10102:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9617:from the original on 24 October 2021 9560: 8716:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 173. 8713:Apocalyptic in History and Tradition 8645:Nomads and Crusaders, A.D. 1000–1368 8111: 8011: 7427:Europe: the World of the Middle Ages 6612: 6578:According to the perspective of the 6131: 6056:. Since 1508 (emperor Maximilian I) 5670:As part of the Imperial Reform, six 5623:The Empire also had two courts: the 4152:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 3219:. The medieval idea of unifying all 2745:ecclesiastical princes: in the 1220 2667:monastic state of the Teutonic Order 2288:to revolt. Otto III's former mentor 2038:and the Eastern Frankish Kingdom or 1865: 219:Coronation of the Holy Roman emperor 16:European political entity (800–1806) 18369:Church and state in medieval Europe 18128:History of the Mediterranean region 17575: 17020:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 14288:The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered 13755:Rothstein, Stanley William (1995). 12953:The Civilization of the Middle Ages 12844:from the original on 5 October 2021 12381:. Fordham Univ Press. p. 255. 12349: 10982:Haemers, Jelle (5 September 2022). 10868:from the original on 9 October 2022 10541:Asch, Ronald G. (28 October 2021). 10486: 9684: 7293:The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered 7115:Buchmann, Bertrand Michael (2002). 6124:before it was moved permanently to 6029:before it was moved permanently to 5657: 5141:(imperial estate) if, according to 5104: 3655: 3300:, in 1497 Maximilian establish the 3021: 2959:at the expense of the aristocratic 2353: 1036:of all Europe's Catholic monarchs. 13: 17112:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 14223: 14199:Žůrek, Václav (31 December 2014). 13318:Evans, Schaich & Wilson (2011) 12284: 11232:Isom-Verhaaren, Christine (2011). 7395:"History of the Holy Roman Empire" 6883:"Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor" 5582: 5189:The scattered estates of the free 5101:and by the princes of the Empire. 4376:Electorate of Brandenburg: 350,000 4291:in 1815, following the end of the 3925:Germany in the early modern period 3764:Flemish revolts against Maximilian 3281:. A new organ was introduced, the 3168: 2939:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire 2465:made that region German-speaking. 2156:Formation of the Holy Roman Empire 1993:. Charlemagne adopted the formula 14: 19907: 19690:Western European and Others Group 18336:Norman conquest of southern Italy 17542:Historiography in the Middle Ages 14395:Heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire 14359: 14347:(3rd ed. 2003). pp. 374–426. 13579:. In Jones, Michael C. E. (ed.). 10738:. London: Routledge. p. 67. 9651:Burdick, William Livesey (2004). 7525:. Greenhaven Publishing. p. 7352:. 9 November 2009. Archived from 6652:[ˈhaɪlɪɡəsˈʁøːmɪʃəsˈʁaɪç] 6060:took place in Frankfurt am Main, 5711:Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) 5515:Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire) 4966:was officially recognized in the 4614: 4434:4 million Prussian subjects; 4160:The Holy Roman Empire before the 3918: 3833:, in conjunction with his mother 3487: 3470:the first modern one in the world 2343:and raised to a kingdom in 1198), 2178:The Holy Roman Empire during the 1911:and his successors, consolidated 1302:the loss of Franche-Comté in 1678 583:is crowned Emperor of the Romans 19866:History of Catholicism in Europe 19821:1806 disestablishments in Europe 19778: 19761: 19744: 19727: 18459: 18113:Bibliography of European history 17708:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 17574: 17565: 17564: 17554: 15445: 15444: 14896: 14595: 14501: 14133:The International History Review 13160:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 12916:Nuremberg: The imaginary capital 12830:. Routledge. pp. 120, 121. 12770:. Vol. 1. New York: Algora. 12661: 12627: 12602: 12556: 12522: 12498:Lineages of the Absolutist State 12488: 12402: 12368: 12343: 12297: 12278: 12244: 12201: 12120:. Clarendon Press. p. 120. 12107: 12073: 12039: 12005: 11836: 11802: 11768: 11737:. 18 August 2016. Archived from 11675: 11305: 11266:Renna, Thomas (September 2015). 11259: 11225: 11191: 11145: 11099: 11065: 11019: 10975: 10941: 10907: 10845:The Holy Roman Empire, 1495–1806 10835: 10814:. Springer Nature. p. 116. 10801: 10767: 10722: 10688: 10671: 10625: 10579: 10534: 10480: 10443: 10394: 10360: 10234: 10195: 10169: 10123: 10089: 10055: 10021: 9987: 9962: 9928: 9894: 9860: 9814: 9780: 9746: 9712: 9678: 9644: 9638:The Othering of the Landsknechte 9629: 9590: 9398:Smith, William Bradford (2008). 9391: 9357: 9330: 9245: 9199: 9129: 9083: 9049: 9015: 8829: 8795: 8771: 8737: 7816:Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany 7496:. Taylor & Francis. p. 7001: 6856: 6827: 6805: 6796: 6779: 6351: 6337: 6323: 6219:and the Habsburgs. It was under 6206:), including Italy and Bohemia ( 5606: 5591: 4752:(now Strasbourg) 20,000 people. 4060: 3695: 3664: 3425:Personification of the Reich as 2141:Liudolfing (or Ottonian) dynasty 1819: 1805: 1344: 1177:in ruling the Empire due to the 986:more than three centuries after 918: 904: 890: 876: 862: 848: 834: 820: 795: 781: 767: 171: 144: 121: 18138:History of Western civilization 17741:Christianity in the Middle Ages 17040:Christianity in the Middle Ages 17035:Decline of Hellenistic religion 14104:The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806 13941:International Studies Quarterly 13493:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia 13490:Kleinhenz, Christopher (2004). 13162:. US: Oxford University Press. 13098:Erbe, Michael (2000). "Urban". 12919:. Rochester, NY: Camden House. 12668:Dandelet, Thomas James (2014). 8703: 8669: 8635: 8601: 8528: 8494: 8460: 8426: 8408:"Otto I. – Deutsche Biographie" 8399: 8347:Geanakoplos, Deno John (1979). 8340: 8306: 8245: 8211: 8170:Taylor & Hansen-Taylor 1894 8158:Taylor & Hansen-Taylor 1894 8146:Taylor & Hansen-Taylor 1894 8105: 8071: 7847:Brown, Warren (February 2015). 7840: 7806: 7733: 7514: 7485: 7451: 7417: 7338: 7284: 7196: 7162: 7137: 7108: 7079: 7050: 6699: 6625: 6572: 6492: 6153:Imperial families and dynasties 5648:immediate tenants of the Empire 5227:and a half million people. The 5135:"). An entity was considered a 5033: 4367:Electorate of Saxony: 1,200,000 4342: 4067:18th-century history of Germany 2813:Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire) 2387: 2327:(part of the empire since 962), 2256: 2119: 2042:, with first the western king ( 1613:German revolutions of 1848–1849 18423:Separation of church and state 17982:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 17925:Christianity in the modern era 17696:Christianity in late antiquity 17318:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 14316:(Gotham Books, New York, 1985) 14235:. Cambridge University Press. 13532:Kurian, George Thomas (2010). 13435:. Cambridge University Press. 13264:Gumpelzhaimer, H.S.G. (1796). 12796:Barraclough, Geoffrey (1984). 11465:Puga, Diego; Trefler, Daniel, 9994:Strieder, Peter (8 May 2017). 9636:Hodnet, Andrew Arthur (2018). 9206:Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2015). 9022:Boettcher, Carl-Heinz (2005). 9010:Hunyadi & Laszlovszky 2001 8642:Lewis, Archibald Ross (1988). 7975:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7430:. Prentice-Hall. p. 418. 7325:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6995: 6973: 6951: 6914: 6888:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6875: 6686:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 6432:Succession of the Roman Empire 6367:Family tree of German monarchs 5627:(also known in English as the 5370:crown of the Holy Roman Empire 5299:Other secular prince-electors 4128:War of the Austrian Succession 4055:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3673:wooden city model made in 1563 3570:as transit stations for their 2913:Changes in political structure 2806: 2752:Frederick gave up a number of 2434: 1: 18133:History of the European Union 17492:Disability in the Middle Ages 17165:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 17097:Rise of the Venetian Republic 14145:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641109 14083:. Vol. II. Oxford: OUP. 13969:Tellier, Luc-Normand (2009). 13781:The Journal of Modern History 13600:Dictionary of World Biography 13255:Garipzanov, Ildar H. (2008). 13215:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 13054:de Las Cases, E.A.D. (1824). 12857:Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). 12819:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 12798:The Origins of Modern Germany 12766:Avakov, Alexander V. (2015). 12749:10.1017/CHOL9780521414111.016 12415:. Basic Books. p. 1737. 11812:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 11198:MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2005). 10729:Thompson, William R. (2000). 9343:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 9090:Koenigsberger, H. G. (2014). 8802:Emmerson, Richard K. (2013). 8538:Mores Catholici: Books VII–IX 7086:Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2021). 6719:. Fordham.edu. Archived from 6583: 6437: 5826:1355–1437 and 1576–1611; and 5717:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 5705:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 5534: 5220: 5006:, and multiple other groups. 4373:Electoral Palatinate: 600,000 4347: 4329:Principality of Liechtenstein 4120:War of the Spanish Succession 4043:Army of the Holy Roman Empire 3840:In 1519, already reigning as 3829:, a union which evolved into 3786:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 3366:. The top right corner shows 2971:and the emergence of the new 2763:Statutum in favorem principum 1931:rulers. In 751, Martel's son 1886: 1284:and splintered into numerous 1189:) is the shortening of this. 565:crowned Emperor of the Romans 188: 132: 18314:First Council of the Lateran 18249:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 14903:Free Imperial Cities by 1792 14385:Resources in other libraries 14062:. Vol. I. Oxford: OUP. 13616:McBrien, Richard P. (2000). 13575:Legauy, Jean Pierre (1995). 13403:. Harcourt brace Jovanovich. 13278:The Rise and Fall of Prussia 12563:Ninness, Richard J. (2020). 12501:. Verso Books. p. 303. 12375:Leustean, Lucian N. (2014). 11843:Patrouch, Joseph F. (2010). 10920:. Edward Elgar. p. 48. 10401:Headrick, Daniel R. (2000). 9870:An Encyclopedia of Occultism 9787:Mousourakis, George (2017). 8535:Digby, Kenelm Henry (1891). 8382:"Otto I – Legacy Britannica" 8353:. D. C. Heath. p. 207. 6869: 6040:and anointed by the Pope in 4748:(now Gdańsk) 20,000 people. 4124:War of the Polish Succession 3610:Perpetual Diet of Regensburg 3441:, being carried in front of 3372:Von der Arztney bayder Glück 2963:that would characterize the 2892:Henry, Archbishop of Cologne 2392:, crowned emperor in 1084). 266:, it became the seat of the 254:(Connected to the Empire by 7: 19861:Former monarchies of Europe 18309:First Battle of Langensalza 18254:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 18092:Russian invasion of Ukraine 17703:Crisis of the Third Century 15503: 15157:Member or associate of the 14613: 14334:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara 14314:Germany: A Complete History 14188:Zeumern, Karl, ed. (1908), 13456:. Oxford University Press. 13250:. Indiana University Press. 13246:Gagliardo, John H. (1980). 13241:. Harvard University Press. 13080:Die deutschen Königspfalzen 12913:Brockmann, Stephen (2006). 12637:Isabella: The Warrior Queen 12310:. Oxford University Press. 11670:Corvisier & Childs 1994 10136:. Oxford University Press. 10008:10.11588/azgnm.1954.0.38143 9585:Berenger & Simpson 2014 8313:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). 8218:Bernhardt, John W. (2002). 8078:Chambers, Mortimer (1974). 7813:Bachrach, David S. (2014). 6316: 6044:, among some exceptions in 5818:1220–1254), Wittelsbacher ( 5814:, from 955), Frederick II ( 5681:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 5448:Count Palatine of the Rhine 4928: 3770:Reformation and Renaissance 2851:, who was supported by the 2620:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 2101:died without issue in 911, 1996:Renovatio imperii Romanorum 1972:patriarch of Constantinople 1063:Name and general perception 403:(administrative/liturgical/ 262:of the hereditary title of 10: 19912: 18209:Atto (archbishop of Milan) 18148:Military history of Europe 18143:Maritime history of Europe 17293:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 13886:Waterloo Historical Review 13684:American Historical Review 13473:"Heiliges Römisches Reich" 13325:Herrmann, Joachim (1970). 13060:. Vol. 3. H. Colburn. 12970:Cipolla, Carlo M. (1981). 12718:Angermeier, Heinz (1984). 12710: 12569:. Routledge. p. 106. 12086:. JHU Press. p. 102. 11032:. Routledge. p. 103. 10954:. Routledge. p. 148. 10914:Poitras, Geoffrey (2000). 10679:Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? 10547:Early Modern Court Culture 10096:Albert, Rabil Jr. (2016). 9901:Palgrave, Francis (2013). 9821:Zoller, Élisabeth (2008). 9793:. Routledge. p. 435. 9364:Wilson, Peter H. (2016b). 9337:Drees, Clayton J. (2000). 9212:. McFarland. p. 116. 9096:. Routledge. p. 105. 8808:. Routledge. p. 497. 8614:. Routledge. p. 119. 8412:www.deutsche-biographie.de 7295:. Berghahn Books. p. 6221:Sigismund of the Luxemburg 6156: 5708: 5702: 5512: 5480:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5357: 5282:Brandenburg Hohenzollerns 5217:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 5156:. In the common case of a 5108: 4555:Duchy of Milan (Austrian) 4297:North German Confederation 4270:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 4262:Confederation of the Rhine 4149: 4075: 4064: 4000:classical Greek philosophy 3932: 3922: 3783: 3773: 3417:National political culture 3294:To create a rival for the 3200:) became a social factor. 3172: 3140:to his own sons. In 1312, 3025: 2916: 2810: 2438: 2362: 2261:) adopted the designation 1874: 1618:North German Confederation 1588:Confederation of the Rhine 1315: 1249:meaning empire), with the 1149:In a decree following the 1066: 1057:Confederation of the Rhine 816:Confederation of the Rhine 418:Various official religions 27: 20: 19871:History of Central Europe 19460:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 19440: 19358: 19195: 19030: 18901:Standard Average European 18769: 18598: 18518: 18454: 18436: 18356: 18326:Saxon revolt of 1077–1088 18277: 18201: 18118:Genetic history of Europe 18100: 17905: 17721: 17661: 17628: 17550: 17479: 17338: 17233: 17220:Mongol invasion of Europe 17125: 17005: 16939: 16891: 16408: 15812: 15511: 15471: 15466:Links to related articles 15440: 15207: 15141: 14924: 14909: 14894: 14619: 14608: 14541: 14510: 14499: 14460: 14380:Resources in your library 14231:Arnold, Benjamin (1991). 14169:Wilson, Peter H. (2016). 14160:Wilson, Peter H. (2009). 14122:Wilson, Peter H. (2004). 14107:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 14077:Whaley, Joachim (2012b). 14056:Whaley, Joachim (2012a). 13868:Smith, Preserved (1920). 13808:Schulze, Hans K. (1998). 13711:. ABC-CLIO. p. 143. 13678:Parker, Geoffrey (2008). 13657:Mullett, Michael (2010). 13401:Europe in the Middle Ages 13327:Die Slawen in Deutschland 13023:Curtis, Benjamin (2013). 12535:. Routledge. p. 50. 12208:Populer, Michèle (1993). 11781:. Routledge. p. 25. 11775:Benecke, Gerhard (2019). 11682:Tullner, Mathias (2013). 11284:10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60 11106:Nexon, Daniel H. (2009). 10996:10.7767/9783205216032.421 10592:. ABC-CLIO. p. 133. 10367:Scott, Hamish M. (2015). 9975:. D. Appleton. p. 43 9725:. Routledge. p. 12. 9719:Thornhill, Chris (2007). 9252:Mahoney, William (2011). 8473:. Springer. p. 153. 8433:Davids, Adelbert (2002). 8319:. ABC-CLIO. p. 412. 7521:Streissguth, Tom (2009). 6935:10.1515/9783486992878-003 6675:, none termed themselves 5530:Codex Balduini Trevirorum 5458:, and the archbishops of 5011:cuius regio, eius religio 4904:(now Strasbourg) 25,000. 4834:(now Strasbourg) 20,000. 4458:Duchy of Milan (Spanish) 4211:in 1803 in the so-called 4207:been seized by the great 4045:, led by the Polish King 3128:The kings beginning with 2709:and Henry the Lion's son 2111:Rex Francorum Orientalium 1132:("Christian empire"), or 1085:Historiography of Germany 746: 723: 719: 709: 699: 695: 690: 682: 677: 673: 660: 647: 634: 621: 608: 591: 574: 554: 550: 536: 526: 522: 509: 497: 485: 472: 468: 458: 439: 413: 392: 258:after the inheritance by 198: 180: 162: 117: 112: 37: 19600:Lancaster House Treaties 19090:Christian existentialism 19050:Ancient Roman philosophy 19040:Ancient Greek philosophy 18229:Gotofredo da Castiglione 14350:Zophy, Jonathan W., ed. 14028:Whaley, Joachim (2011). 13877:Szepesi, Istvan (2015). 13649:Lexikon des Mittelalters 13631:. Taylor & Francis. 13625:McKitterick, R. (2018). 13607:Malettke, Klaus (2001). 13511:Kohn, George C. (2006). 13450:Johnson, Lonnie (1996). 13334:Hirschi, Caspar (2005). 13286:Hanlon, Gregory (2014). 13100:Die Habsburger 1493–1918 13072:. Yale University Press. 12778:"Imperial Chamber" 12724:(in German). C.H. Beck. 12634:Downey, Kirstin (2014). 12495:Anderson, Perry (2013). 12304:Whaley, Joachim (2018). 11978:, pp. 122–123, 132. 11815:. F. Watts. p. 74. 11204:. Penguin. p. 362. 11072:Tracy, James D. (2018). 10176:Whaley, Joachim (2009). 10062:Brandt, Bettina (2010). 10028:Hirschi, Caspar (2011). 9447:Tracy, James D. (2016). 9258:. ABC-CLIO. p. 51. 9093:Medieval Europe 400–1500 8842:. Springer. p. 35. 8676:Fried, Johannes (2015). 8541:. P. O'Shea. p. 939 8182:Hoyt & Chodorow 1976 8112:Witt, Ronald G. (2012). 6644:Heiliges Römisches Reich 6489:, pp. 122–123, 132) 6442: 6331:Holy Roman Empire portal 5328:217,653 km (31.7%) 5325:226,278 km (32.9%) 5322:235,628 km (34.3%) 5319:302,146 km (44.0%) 5311:121,988 km (17.7%) 5308:123,153 km (17.9%) 5305:122,823 km (17.9%) 5294:131,822 km (19.2%) 5291:124,122 km (18.1%) 5277:215,875 km (31.4%) 5274:213,785 km (31.1%) 5271:251,185 km (36.5%) 5268:225,390 km (32.8%) 4579:Duchy of Parma-Piacenza 4490:Duchy of Parma-Piacenza 4282:aftermath of World War I 3943:Catholic League (German) 3401:, or Secret Tribunal of 3257:Creation of institutions 2994:In the 12th century the 2931:Swabian League of Cities 2046:) and then the eastern ( 1986:toward the new power of 952:, usually headed by the 664:Abdication of Francis II 73:Holy Roman Empire of the 59:Heiliges Römisches Reich 28:Not to be confused with 19378:Equality before the law 18585:Romano-Germanic culture 18299:Donation of Constantine 18195:Investiture Controversy 18123:History of Christianity 17175:Investiture Controversy 17145:Second Bulgarian Empire 14354:(Greenwood Press, 1980) 13954:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 13429:Innes, Matthew (2000). 13045:Davies, Norman (1996). 12788:Encyclopædia Britannica 12775:Barker, Ernest (1911). 12479:Evans & Wilson 2012 12409:Simms, Brendan (2013). 12356:(Thesis). pp. 1–39 12257:. Tektime. p. 85. 12251:Amati, Roberto (2022). 12046:Houben, Hubert (2002). 11026:Smith, Alan K. (2019). 10677:Karl Otmar von Aretin: 10555:10.4324/9780429277986-3 10333:Metzig, Gregor (2016). 10255:10.1515/jbgsg-2018-0014 9484:Ágoston, Gábor (2021). 8986:Smail & Gibson 2009 8948:Encyclopædia Britannica 8501:MacLean, Simon (2017). 8252:Wickham, Chris (2016). 7424:Peters, Edward (1977). 6636:Sacrum Romanum Imperium 6580:Eastern Orthodox Church 6242:Elizabeth of Luxembourg 5885:) resided variously in 5698: 5683:were excluded, as were 5675:parliament, known as a 5456:Margrave of Brandenburg 5302:89,333 km (13.1%) 5288:77,702 km (11.3%) 5285:70,469 km (10.2%) 5091:Investiture Controversy 4587:Duchy of Modena-Reggio 4563:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4498:Duchy of Modena-Reggio 4482:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4096:Austro-Prussian rivalry 4078:Austro-Prussian rivalry 2949:Schedelsche Weltchronik 2379:Investiture Controversy 2365:Investiture Controversy 2359:Investiture Controversy 2052:Carolingian Renaissance 1224:Römisch-Deutsches Reich 1081:Problem of two emperors 998:was crowned emperor by 948:in Central and Western 299:(1550s–1583, 1612–1806) 289:and the Court Chancery 45:Sacrum Imperium Romanum 19540:Eastern European Group 19129:Continental philosophy 19060:Judeo-Christian ethics 19045:Hellenistic philosophy 18526:Cradle of civilization 18466:Catholicism portal 17947:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17532:Post-classical history 17288:Fall of Constantinople 17195:Capet–Plantagenet feud 17062:First Bulgarian Empire 13854:How to See the Vatican 13697:10.1086/ahr.113.4.1053 13598:Magill, Frank (1998). 13336:Wettkampf der Nationen 13132:. OUP Oxford. p. 12996:Collins, Paul (2014). 12529:Zmora, Hillay (2002). 12012:Ertl, Alan W. (2008). 11763:Pavlac & Lott 2019 11152:Holborn, Hajo (1982). 9867:Spence, Lewis (1993). 9603:. Brill. p. 298. 9529:Pavlac & Lott 2019 9136:Grant, Jeanne (2014). 9124:Pavlac & Lott 2019 8750:. Brill. p. 100. 8406:Biographie, Deutsche. 8084:. Knopf. p. 204. 8081:The Western Experience 7789:Jorio & Braun 2016 7235:Pavlac & Lott 2019 7045:Pavlac & Lott 2019 6682:"Nature of the empire" 6679:until Otto II in 983. 6643: 6635: 6291:Burgundian Netherlands 6265: 6215: 6204:Német-római Császárság 6172: 5795: 5787:Vienna, circa 1580 by 5779:Administrative centres 5771: 5757: 5744: 5735: 5729: 5724: 5667: 5541: 5376: 5239:, at least nominally. 5203: 5137: 5127: 4950: 4900:(now Wrocław) 40,000. 4818:(now Wrocław) 25,000. 4425:Treaty of Campo Fornio 4421:Left Bank of the Rhine 4299:, a forerunner of the 4241: 4165: 4107: 3971: 3959: 3815:Ferdinand II of Aragon 3810: 3802: 3739:Kaiserliche Reichspost 3504: 3446: 3386: 3350:Reception of Roman law 3333:Paul von Liechtenstein 3270: 3247:Berthold von Henneberg 3211:) ended only with the 3189: 3059: 3051: 2952: 2828: 2727: 2674: 2496: 2484: 2408: 2401:illuminated manuscript 2333:(from 962 until 1801), 2241:Matilda of Quedlinburg 2190: 2182: 2171: 1892: 1715: 1601: 1470:Linear Pottery culture 1257:as the "Third" Reich. 1233: 1223: 1213: 1186: 1166: 1158: 1115:Frederick I Barbarossa 1098: 956:. It developed in the 384:Imperial Chamber Court 94: 80: 58: 44: 19851:Former confederations 19841:Christian terminology 19660:Three Seas Initiative 19635:Pacific Islands Forum 19500:British–Irish Council 19248:Greek Orthodox Church 18707:Industrial Revolution 18677:Scientific Revolution 18384:Divine right of kings 18269:Rudolf of Rheinfelden 18027:Industrial Revolution 16916:Medieval great powers 14263:The Holy Roman Empire 12940:The Holy Roman Empire 12340:, pp. 18–19, 69. 11849:. Brill. p. 11. 9827:. Brill. p. 64. 9753:Haivry, Ofir (2017). 7853:Early Medieval Europe 6263: 6201: 6170: 6087:) was established in 6079:In December 1497 the 5872:deliberative assembly 5786: 5709:Further information: 5665: 5522: 5374:Schatzkammer (Vienna) 5367: 4960:was always Catholic. 4936: 4235: 4159: 4126:(1733–1735), and the 4093: 4076:Further information: 3966:The Empire after the 3965: 3956:Emperor Maximilian II 3954: 3933:Further information: 3808: 3793: 3774:Further information: 3543:Palace of Westminster 3495: 3424: 3357: 3264: 3231:was urgently needed. 3207:and the "legitimate" 3182: 3057: 3044: 3026:Further information: 2947:An illustration from 2946: 2917:Further information: 2820: 2793:Golden Bull of Sicily 2719: 2694:Richard the Lionheart 2490: 2476: 2398: 2225:Matilda of Ringelheim 2188: 2177: 2163: 1884: 1396:Territorial evolution 1187:Német-római Birodalom 1092: 1067:Further information: 1012:House of Hohenstaufen 858:Old Swiss Confederacy 597:assumes crown of the 393:Common languages 154:(15th-century design) 19896:Western Christianity 19655:Special Relationship 19065:Christian philosophy 19010:Western Christianity 18672:Age of Enlightenment 18546:Hellenistic Kingdoms 18379:College of Cardinals 18219:Antipope Clement III 18082:European debt crisis 18077:European integration 18017:Age of Enlightenment 17857:Republic of Florence 17512:Medieval reenactment 17308:Renaissance Humanism 17215:Medieval Warm Period 17185:Republic of Florence 16999:European Middle Ages 16926:European colonialism 16911:Ancient great powers 14859:Weißenburg in Bayern 14591:Free imperial cities 14343:Treasure, Geoffrey. 14319:Hahn, Hans Joachim. 13275:Haffner, S. (2019). 13211:Flood, John (2011). 13154:; Schaich, Michael; 12979:Claus, Edda (1997). 12955:. Harper Perennial. 12815:Benecke, G. (1974). 11809:Grant, Neil (1970). 11272:Michigan Academician 10755:on 19 September 2013 10477:, pp. 110, 128. 9685:Lee, Daniel (2016). 9142:. Brill. p. 8. 8836:Muldoon, J. (1999). 8038:Bryce, pp. 44, 50–52 7936:, pp. 232, 234. 7745:lexikon.katolikus.hu 7649:, pp. 128, 129. 7464:. Isd. p. 126. 7204:Johnston, William M. 6841:) and Italian (e.g. 6835:Austrian Netherlands 6595:Patriarchate of Rome 6587:Great Schism of 1054 6238:Albert II of Germany 5438:, which limited the 5316:Other German rulers 5180:Free imperial cities 5154:prince of the Church 4996:Schwarzenau Brethren 4387:and Duchy of Milan. 4289:German Confederation 4254:Battle of Austerlitz 4238:Battle of Austerlitz 4177:German mediatization 4170:revolutionary France 3686:and now kept in the 3636:from 1871, when the 3594:Archduchy of Austria 3439:Triumphal Procession 3213:Council of Constance 3012:Free imperial cities 2857:Alfonso X of Castile 2835:(died 1254) and the 2739:Kingdom of Jerusalem 2661:to Christianize the 2577:Corpus Juris Civilis 2522:Frederick Barbarossa 2478:Frederick Barbarossa 2469:Hohenstaufen dynasty 2349:(from 1032 to 1378). 2217:Ottonian Renaissance 1952:Leo III the Isaurian 1944:Byzantine domination 1732:Expulsion of Germans 1698:Contemporary Germany 1596:German Confederation 1310:German Confederation 1130:imperium christianum 992:Western Roman Empire 971:On 25 December 800, 940:, also known as the 651:Battle of Austerlitz 23:HRE (disambiguation) 19846:Early modern period 19680:West Nordic Council 19545:Eastern Partnership 19134:Analytic philosophy 18835:Classical tradition 18657:Early modern period 18613:Classical antiquity 18608:European Bronze Age 18047:Revolutions of 1848 17977:Early modern France 17758:Anglo-Saxon England 17663:Classical antiquity 17225:Kingdom of Portugal 17092:Old Church Slavonic 17077:Anglo-Saxon England 16921:Modern great powers 15201:Holy Roman emperors 15124:Weißenburg in Elsaß 14312:Donaldson, George. 13663:. Scarecrow Press. 13538:. Scarecrow Press. 13342:: Wallstein Verlag. 13178:Evans, Robert J. W. 13152:Evans, Robert J. W. 13126:Evans, Robert J. W. 13047:A History of Europe 12896:Amberley Publishing 12704:, pp. ii–IA29. 12599:, pp. ii–IA30. 11622:, pp. 393–399. 11574:, pp. 624–625. 11483:on 3 September 2015 10904:, pp. 188–189. 10889:, pp. 189–191. 10774:Ertl, Alan (2007). 8926:, pp. 123–134. 8902:, pp. 122–124. 8875:, pp. 101–134. 8598:, pp. 215–217. 8467:Jansen, S. (2002). 8288:, pp. 214–215. 8208:, pp. 212–213. 8014:, pp. 113–114. 7912:, pp. 167–170. 7637:, pp. 104–106. 7414:, pp. 316–317. 7393:Gascoigne, Bamber. 7380:, pp. 212–215. 7356:on 6 September 2022 7321:"Holy Roman Empire" 6547:Golden Bull of 1356 6305:'s Spanish Empire. 6233:Kingdom of Burgundy 6202:Holy Roman Empire ( 6163:Empire of Charles V 6097:Reichskammergericht 5810:from 794), Otto I ( 5634:Reichskammergericht 5599:Reichskammergericht 5573:Peace of Westphalia 5554:Council of Electors 5544:The Imperial Diet ( 5265:Austrian Habsburgs 5244: 5233:Spanish Netherlands 5117:Peace of Westphalia 5095:Peace of Westphalia 4976:Peace of Westphalia 4535: 4446: 4274:Emperors of Austria 4258:Treaty of Pressburg 4098:illustrated as the 4072:Prussia and Austria 4019:Peace of Westphalia 3968:Peace of Westphalia 3616:from 1663 to 1806. 3584:. It was only King 3513:Empire of Charles V 3360:Philip the Handsome 3297:Reichskammergericht 3284:Reichskammergericht 3146:House of Luxembourg 3130:Rudolf I of Germany 3072:Golden Bull of 1356 2903:Henry of Luxembourg 2880:Philip IV of France 2861:Rudolf I of Germany 2849:Richard of Cornwall 2721:Caesar Frederick II 2690:Constance of Sicily 2627:eastward settlement 2347:Kingdom of Burgundy 2263:imperator Romanorum 2107:Conrad of Franconia 2065:, who died in 924. 2063:Berengar I of Italy 1546:Early Modern period 1533:Eastward settlement 1306:Peace of Westphalia 1219:Roman-German Empire 962:dissolution in 1806 872:Kingdom of Sardinia 625:Peace of Westphalia 599:Kingdom of Burgundy 545:early modern period 367:perpetual from 1663 19816:962 establishments 19139:Post-structuralism 19102:Christian humanism 18732:Universal suffrage 18287:Concordat of Worms 18259:Matilda of Tuscany 18244:Henry I of England 18153:Crusading movement 18057:Russian Revolution 17892:Hundred Years' War 17788:Maritime republics 17691:Early Christianity 17681:Hellenistic period 17638:Paleolithic Europe 17406:In popular culture 17371:Crusading movement 17243:Hundred Years' War 17102:Civitas Schinesghe 17087:Carolingian Empire 17072:Kingdom of Croatia 17025:Barbarian kingdoms 14917:imperial immediacy 14290:. Berghahn Books. 13931:(September 1997). 13915:on 17 October 2021 13898:10.15353/whr.v7.33 13560:. Stroud: Sutton. 13514:Dictionary of Wars 13295:Hardy, D. (2018). 12614:networks.h-net.org 12350:Wanders, Patrick. 12285:Irgang, Winfried. 11716:Ehlers et al. 2016 11584:Gumpelzhaimer 1796 11474:Venice Seminar MIT 10493:Networks.h-net.org 10455:networks.h-net.org 10269:on 23 January 2008 10241:Wiesinger, Peter. 10182:Networks.h-net.org 10002:: 128–142 Seiten. 9288:, pp. 73, 74. 8504:Ottonian Queenship 8386:www.britannica.com 7865:10.1111/emed.12090 7264:, pp. v–xxvi. 6705:"transfer of rule" 6345:Middle Ages portal 6266: 6216: 6173: 6058:Imperial elections 5895:Ingelheim am Rhein 5796: 5761:) of the Emperor. 5668: 5558:Council of Princes 5542: 5381:King of the Romans 5377: 5360:King of the Romans 5354:King of the Romans 5242: 4958:Holy Roman Emperor 4951: 4937:Front page of the 4595:Republic of Lucca 4571:Republic of Genoa 4533: 4514:Republic of Lucca 4474:Republic of Genoa 4444: 4242: 4209:territorial states 4168:From 1792 onward, 4166: 4108: 4082:Kingdom of Prussia 3972: 3960: 3854:Philip II of Spain 3811: 3803: 3799:Holy Roman Emperor 3780:German Renaissance 3525:Philip II of Spain 3505: 3501:Holy Roman Emperor 3466:Frederick the Wise 3447: 3387: 3271: 3190: 3184:Holy Roman Emperor 3060: 3052: 3046:Holy Roman Emperor 2967:. The rise of the 2953: 2935:Imperial immediacy 2841:William of Holland 2829: 2781:Kingdom of Bohemia 2775:Kingdom of Bohemia 2728: 2725:Holy Roman Emperor 2675:Deutschordensstaat 2600:Pope Alexander III 2596:the Duchy of Milan 2497: 2485: 2482:Holy Roman Emperor 2455:Duchy of Pomerania 2429:Concordat of Worms 2409: 2339:(from 1002 as the 2337:Kingdom of Bohemia 2325:Kingdom of Germany 2212:translatio imperii 2203:Battle of Lechfeld 2191: 2183: 2172: 2032:Treaty of Ribemont 2028:Treaty of Meerssen 1893: 1877:Carolingian Empire 1871:Carolingian Empire 1826:History portal 1812:Germany portal 1563:Kingdom of Prussia 1523:Kingdom of Germany 1495:Barbarian kingdoms 1139:translatio imperii 1099: 1076:Translatio imperii 1034:first among equals 1021:translatio imperii 1004:Carolingian Empire 954:Holy Roman Emperor 944:after 1512, was a 844:Kingdom of Prussia 803:Carolingian Empire 19806:Holy Roman Empire 19714:Holy Roman Empire 19709: 19708: 19703: 19702: 19530:Council of Europe 19432:International law 19385:Constitutionalism 19243:Eastern Orthodoxy 18749:Post–Cold War era 18682:Age of Revolution 18536:Greco-Roman world 18474: 18473: 18416:Donation of Pepin 18396:Holy Roman Empire 18374:Clerical celibacy 18214:Pope Callixtus II 18161: 18160: 18087:COVID-19 pandemic 18032:French Revolution 18007:Habsburg monarchy 17987:Cossack Hetmanate 17967:Portuguese Empire 17957:Absolute monarchy 17952:Thirty Years' War 17847:Holy Roman Empire 17772:Bulgarian Empire 17731:Early Middle Ages 17648:Bronze Age Europe 17622:History of Europe 17588: 17587: 17497:Basic topics list 17298:Swiss mercenaries 17248:Wars of the Roses 17155:Kingdom of Poland 17140:Holy Roman Empire 17007:Early Middle Ages 16965: 16964: 16887: 16886: 16852:Polish–Lithuanian 16027:Gurjara-Pratihara 15458: 15457: 15167: 15166: 15159:Swiss Confederacy 15137: 15136: 14904: 14892: 14891: 14602:Holy Roman Empire 14557: 14556: 14528:Electoral Rhenish 14450:Holy Roman Empire 14371:Holy Roman Empire 14366:Library resources 14297:978-1-8454-5992-5 14242:978-0-5215-2148-2 14214:10.4000/ifha.8045 14207:(in French) (6). 14194:, Hermann Böhlaus 14180:978-0-6740-5809-5 14173:. Belknap Press. 14114:978-1-3492-7649-3 14090:978-0-1996-9307-8 14069:978-0-1987-3101-6 14041:978-0-1916-2822-1 13982:978-2-7605-2209-1 13842:978-1-4426-0126-0 13822:Kohlhammer Verlag 13777:Schindling, Anton 13768:978-0-3132-9102-9 13742:. Mises Institute 13718:978-1-4408-4856-8 13670:978-0-8108-7393-3 13638:978-1-3178-7248-1 13590:978-0-5213-6290-0 13567:978-0-7509-1866-4 13545:978-0-8108-7283-7 13524:978-1-4381-2916-7 13503:978-1-1359-4880-1 13463:978-0-1980-2607-5 13442:978-1-1394-2558-2 13421:978-9-6392-4142-8 13384:978-3-7913-5172-8 13360:978-3-2052-3246-9 13308:978-0-1925-6217-3 13270:(in German). Ulm. 13226:978-3-1109-1274-6 13195:978-9-0042-0683-0 13169:978-0-1996-0297-1 13143:978-0-1992-8144-2 13108:Kohlhammer Verlag 13090:978-3-6473-6523-7 13007:978-1-6103-9368-3 13000:. PublicAffairs. 12962:978-0-0609-2553-6 12949:Cantor, Norman F. 12926:978-1-5711-3345-8 12905:978-1-4456-3845-4 12870:978-1-1394-8115-1 12837:978-1-3178-9570-1 12807:978-0-3933-0153-3 12758:978-0-5214-1411-1 12731:978-3-4063-0278-7 12681:978-0-5217-6993-8 12647:978-0-3855-3412-3 12576:978-1-0002-8502-4 12542:978-1-1347-4798-6 12508:978-1-7816-8010-0 12422:978-0-4650-6595-0 12388:978-0-8232-5608-2 12317:978-0-1910-6563-7 12264:978-8-8354-3496-2 12241:, pp. 18–19. 12162:, pp. 52–53. 12127:978-0-1982-2513-3 12093:978-1-4214-1901-5 12059:978-0-5216-5573-6 12025:978-1-5994-2983-0 11879:, pp. 22–23. 11856:978-9-0041-8030-7 11822:978-0-5310-0937-6 11788:978-1-0000-0840-1 11695:978-3-3229-7346-7 11453:de Las Cases 1824 11364:, pp. 18–23. 11317:de.wikisource.org 11245:978-0-8577-3227-9 11211:978-1-1015-6395-3 11165:978-0-6910-0795-3 11119:978-0-6911-3793-3 11085:978-0-5203-0403-1 11039:978-0-4297-1042-1 11005:978-3-2052-1602-5 10961:978-0-4298-9236-3 10927:978-1-8406-4455-5 10858:978-0-1996-0297-1 10821:978-3-0301-4660-3 10787:978-1-5994-2424-8 10708:978-0-5215-7464-8 10645:978-0-5218-8909-4 10599:978-1-5988-4902-8 10564:978-0-4292-7798-6 10531:, pp. 46–52. 10487:Forster, Marc R. 10414:978-0-1980-3108-6 10380:978-0-1995-9725-3 10346:978-3-1104-5673-8 10304:978-3-6425-4331-9 10215:978-0-5200-9694-3 10143:978-1-8003-4588-1 10109:978-1-5128-0576-5 10075:978-3-5253-6710-0 10041:978-1-1395-0230-6 9948:978-0-8020-8990-8 9914:978-1-1076-2636-2 9880:978-0-8065-1401-7 9857:, pp. 79–81. 9834:978-9-0041-6147-4 9800:978-1-3518-8840-0 9766:978-1-1070-1134-2 9732:978-1-1343-8280-4 9698:978-0-1910-6244-5 9664:978-1-5847-7253-8 9610:978-9-0041-3572-7 9563:, pp. 19–30. 9497:978-0-6912-0538-0 9460:978-1-4422-1360-9 9411:978-1-5804-6274-7 9377:978-0-1419-5691-6 9350:978-1-56750-749-2 9327:, pp. 75–81. 9265:978-0-3133-6306-1 9219:978-1-4766-6230-5 9149:978-9-0042-8326-8 9103:978-1-3178-7088-3 9069:978-3-4065-0958-2 9035:978-3-8611-0390-5 8849:978-0-2305-1223-8 8815:978-1-1367-7518-5 8757:978-9-0474-1467-4 8723:978-0-8264-6208-4 8689:978-0-6747-4467-7 8655:978-0-2533-4787-9 8621:978-1-1347-1985-3 8514:978-0-1988-0010-1 8480:978-0-2306-0211-3 8446:978-0-5215-2467-4 8360:978-0-6690-0868-5 8326:978-1-8510-9672-5 8265:978-0-3002-2221-0 8231:978-0-5215-2183-3 8125:978-0-5217-6474-2 8091:978-0-3943-1806-6 8026:, pp. 62–63. 7990:, pp. 38–42. 7960:, pp. 48–50. 7948:, pp. 35–38. 7826:978-1-8438-3927-9 7730:, pp. 52–55. 7718:, pp. 19–20. 7706:, col. 2025–2028. 7571:, pp. 17–21. 7536:978-0-7377-4636-5 7507:978-1-3170-2200-8 7471:978-2-5035-1815-2 7437:978-0-1329-1898-5 7306:978-1-8454-5992-5 7221:978-0-5200-4955-0 7182:978-0-1910-8838-4 7130:978-3-4865-6541-6 7101:978-3-1107-4443-9 7072:978-3-0006-9644-2 6944:978-3-4869-9287-8 6851:Burgundian Circle 6723:on 14 August 2014 6214:) under Sigismund 6132:Foreign relations 5951:Frankfurt am Main 5758:Kaiserliche Armee 5745:exercitus imperii 5693:Lordship of Jever 5577:Thirty Years' War 5550:Reichsversammlung 5472:Thirty Years' War 5430:In 1356, Emperor 5351: 5350: 5237:Burgundian Circle 5184:Imperial villages 4968:Peace of Augsburg 4943:Roman Catholicism 4939:Peace of Augsburg 4918:Frankfurt am Main 4612: 4611: 4531: 4530: 4385:Burgundian Circle 4355:Thirty Years' War 4195:the lands of one 4185:French Revolution 4130:(1740–1748). The 4122:(1701–1714), the 4086:Habsburg monarchy 4047:John III Sobieski 4008:Thirty Years' War 3947:Thirty Years' War 3909:Peace of Augsburg 3835:Joanna of Castile 3580:were replaced by 3550:Imperial election 3537:Palais de la Cité 3364:Joanna of Castile 2884:Charles of Valois 2826:Holy Roman Church 2731:Pope Innocent III 2711:Otto of Brunswick 2659:Konrad of Masovia 2493:Kingdom of Sicily 2305:died in 1024 and 2290:Antipope John XVI 2233:Adelaide of Italy 2195:Adelaide of Italy 2169:Holy Roman Church 1866:Early Middle Ages 1863: 1862: 1794: 1793: 1688: 1687: 1528:Holy Roman Empire 1405:Holy Roman Empire 958:Early Middle Ages 938:Holy Roman Empire 934: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 914:Kingdom of France 808: 807: 617:25 September 1555 612:Peace of Augsburg 511:• 1792–1806 499:• 1519–1556 444:Elective monarchy 423:Roman Catholicism 39:Holy Roman Empire 19903: 19836:Christian states 19791: 19783: 19782: 19781: 19774: 19766: 19765: 19764: 19757: 19749: 19748: 19747: 19740: 19732: 19731: 19730: 19720: 19575:EU Customs Union 19107:Secular humanism 19055:Christian ethics 19005:East–West Schism 18988:Physical culture 18712:Great Divergence 18662:Age of Discovery 18501: 18494: 18487: 18478: 18477: 18464: 18463: 18331:Gregorian Reform 18320:In nomine Domini 18234:Pope Gregory VII 18188: 18181: 18174: 18165: 18164: 18022:Great Divergence 17937:Age of Discovery 17882:Late Middle Ages 17852:High Middle Ages 17763:Byzantine Empire 17746:Christianization 17736:Migration Period 17671:Classical Greece 17643:Neolithic Europe 17615: 17608: 17601: 17592: 17591: 17578: 17577: 17568: 17567: 17558: 17517:Medieval studies 17361:Church and State 17235:Late Middle Ages 17127:High Middle Ages 17045:Christianization 17015:Migration Period 16992: 16985: 16978: 16969: 16968: 16768: 16767: 16433:Austro-Hungarian 16133:Chagatai Khanate 15498: 15491: 15484: 15475: 15474: 15462: 15461: 15448: 15447: 15194: 15187: 15180: 15171: 15170: 15153:Hanseatic League 14911: 14910: 14902: 14900: 14819:Schwäbisch Gmünd 14610: 14609: 14600: 14599: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14561: 14560: 14505: 14439: 14432: 14425: 14416: 14415: 14309: 14282: 14254: 14218: 14216: 14195: 14184: 14165: 14156: 14127: 14118: 14099:Wilson, Peter H. 14094: 14073: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14024: 13995: 13986: 13965: 13937: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13914: 13908:. Archived from 13883: 13873: 13864: 13858: 13846: 13825: 13818:Kaiser und Reich 13804: 13772: 13751: 13749: 13747: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13701: 13699: 13690:(4): 1053–1079. 13674: 13653: 13642: 13621: 13620:. HarperCollins. 13612: 13603: 13594: 13571: 13554:Lauryssens, Stan 13549: 13528: 13507: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13467: 13446: 13425: 13404: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13376: 13364: 13343: 13330: 13321: 13312: 13291: 13282: 13281:. Plunkett Lake. 13271: 13260: 13259:. Leiden: Brill. 13251: 13242: 13230: 13207: 13173: 13156:Wilson, Peter H. 13147: 13121: 13094: 13073: 13061: 13050: 13041: 13032: 13019: 12992: 12975: 12966: 12944: 12930: 12909: 12886:Breverton, Terry 12881: 12879: 12877: 12853: 12851: 12849: 12820: 12811: 12792: 12780: 12771: 12762: 12735: 12705: 12699: 12693: 12692: 12690: 12688: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12631: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12560: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12526: 12520: 12519: 12517: 12515: 12492: 12486: 12476: 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12446: 12440: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12406: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12324: 12301: 12295: 12294: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12248: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12225: 12205: 12199: 12193: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12174:, pp. lxxv. 12169: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12145: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12111: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12068: 12066: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12032: 12009: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11940: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11916: 11910: 11904: 11898: 11892: 11886: 11880: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11806: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11772: 11766: 11760: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11641: 11635: 11629: 11623: 11617: 11611: 11605: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11581: 11575: 11569: 11560: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11509: 11503: 11497: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11476:, archived from 11471: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11438: 11429: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11383: 11377: 11374: 11365: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11263: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11252: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11149: 11143: 11137: 11131: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11103: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11023: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10979: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10934: 10911: 10905: 10899: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873: 10867: 10850: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10754: 10748:. Archived from 10737: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10692: 10686: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10583: 10577: 10576: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10447: 10441: 10435: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10421: 10398: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10330: 10321: 10320: 10318: 10316: 10288: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10265:. Archived from 10238: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10188: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9966: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9887: 9864: 9858: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9705: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9671: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9549: 9543: 9532: 9526: 9517: 9509: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9481: 9472: 9471: 9469: 9467: 9444: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9418: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9361: 9355: 9354: 9334: 9328: 9322: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9298: 9289: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9249: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9203: 9197: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9110: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9053: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9019: 9013: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8983: 8977: 8976:, pp. 6–10. 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8944: 8933: 8927: 8924:Barraclough 1984 8921: 8915: 8912:Barraclough 1984 8909: 8903: 8900:Barraclough 1984 8897: 8891: 8888:Barraclough 1984 8885: 8876: 8873:Barraclough 1984 8870: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8775: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8741: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8696: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8489: 8487: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8109: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8054: 8051:McKitterick 2018 8048: 8039: 8036: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7967: 7961: 7958:McKitterick 2018 7955: 7949: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7875:. Archived from 7844: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7833: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7751: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7680: 7674: 7665: 7659: 7650: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7446: 7444: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7390: 7381: 7375: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7331: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7033: 7027: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6955: 6949: 6948: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6879: 6863: 6860: 6854: 6831: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6794: 6783: 6777: 6769: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6712: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6649: 6629: 6623: 6616: 6610: 6603:Emperor Henry II 6585: 6576: 6570: 6496: 6490: 6482: 6476: 6458: 6361: 6356: 6355: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6289:to transfer the 6229:Barbara of Cilli 6210:), and Hungary ( 5983:Quierzy-sur-Oise 5866:would summon at 5864:Imperial Estates 5835:Habsburg dynasty 5800:travelling court 5774: 5760: 5738: 5732: 5689:Imperial Knights 5672:Imperial circles 5658:Imperial circles 5610: 5595: 5539: 5536: 5405:Ripuarian Franks 5245: 5241: 5225: 5222: 5206: 5191:Imperial Knights 5140: 5133:patchwork carpet 5130: 5119:. Many of these 5105:Imperial estates 5075:High Middle Ages 4774:100,000 people. 4684:110,000 people. 4680:120,000 people. 4536: 4532: 4447: 4443: 4278:Kings of Hungary 4266:French satellite 4221:ruler such as a 4201:Imperial Knights 4102:elephant vs the 4039:Battle of Vienna 3998:, who preferred 3939:Protestant Union 3905:Schmalkaldic War 3795:Caesar Charles V 3699: 3685: 3668: 3656:Early capitalism 3582:imperial castles 3573:itinerant courts 3517:Mary of Burgundy 3474:Charles the Bold 3411:Jérôme Bonaparte 3384: 3341: 3080:Kaiser und Reich 3028:Late Middle Ages 3022:Late Middle Ages 2996:Hanseatic League 2965:Late Middle Ages 2927:Hanseatic League 2923:League of cities 2919:Medieval commune 2907:Baldwin of Trier 2787:. In 1212, King 2707:Philip of Swabia 2679:Duchy of Prussia 2653:were invited to 2651:Teutonic Knights 2418:Rudolf of Swabia 2391: 2390: 1056–1106 2389: 2375:Pope Gregory VII 2354:High Middle Ages 2341:Duchy of Bohemia 2331:Kingdom of Italy 2260: 2258: 2180:Ottonian dynasty 2123: 2121: 2115:Henry the Fowler 2044:Charles the Bald 2020:Treaty of Verdun 1984:Byzantine Empire 1891: 1888: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1720: 1703: 1702: 1636: 1635: 1606: 1490:Migration Period 1485:Germanic peoples 1480:Urnfield culture 1348: 1338: 1320: 1319: 1236: 1226: 1216: 1175:Imperial Estates 1134:Romanum imperium 1126:universum regnum 922: 921: 908: 907: 894: 893: 880: 879: 866: 865: 852: 851: 838: 837: 824: 812: 811: 799: 798: 789:Kingdom of Italy 785: 784: 771: 770: 764: 763: 748: 747: 404: 312:from 1497/1498) 193: 192: 1200–1250 190: 185: 175: 165:Quaternion Eagle 148: 137: 134: 125: 107: 106: 105: 97: 91: 83: 71: 70: 69: 61: 55: 47: 35: 34: 19911: 19910: 19906: 19905: 19904: 19902: 19901: 19900: 19796: 19795: 19794: 19790:from Wikivoyage 19784: 19779: 19777: 19767: 19762: 19760: 19750: 19745: 19743: 19739:from Wiktionary 19733: 19728: 19726: 19723: 19719:sister projects 19716:at Knowledge's 19710: 19705: 19704: 19699: 19665:UKUSA Agreement 19605:Lublin Triangle 19490:Baltic Assembly 19442: 19436: 19354: 19191: 19026: 18896:Eurolinguistics 18765: 18754:Information age 18727:Interwar period 18594: 18514: 18505: 18475: 18470: 18458: 18450: 18432: 18352: 18348:Walk to Canossa 18304:Excommunication 18279: 18273: 18264:Pope Paschal II 18239:Guido da Velate 18197: 18192: 18162: 18157: 18096: 18062:Interwar period 18037:Napoleonic Wars 17901: 17872:Mongol invasion 17825:Crown of Aragon 17717: 17657: 17653:Iron Age Europe 17624: 17619: 17589: 17584: 17546: 17527:Neo-medievalism 17475: 17411:Itinerant court 17334: 17229: 17150:Georgian Empire 17135:Norman Conquest 17121: 17067:Frankish Empire 17001: 16996: 16966: 16961: 16950:American Empire 16935: 16931:African empires 16883: 16766: 16458:Central African 16404: 16222:Romano-Germanic 15808: 15542:Middle Assyrian 15515: 15507: 15502: 15467: 15459: 15454: 15436: 15203: 15198: 15168: 15163: 15133: 14920: 14905: 14901: 14888: 14824:Schwäbisch Hall 14615: 14604: 14594: 14588: 14558: 14553: 14537: 14511:Created in 1512 14506: 14497: 14461:Created in 1500 14456: 14454:Imperial Reform 14443: 14391: 14390: 14389: 14374: 14373: 14369: 14362: 14357: 14326:Scribner, Bob. 14298: 14243: 14226: 14224:Further reading 14221: 14181: 14115: 14091: 14070: 14046: 14044: 14042: 13983: 13935: 13929:Taagepera, Rein 13918: 13916: 13912: 13881: 13843: 13769: 13745: 13743: 13728: 13726: 13719: 13671: 13639: 13591: 13577:"6. Urban Life" 13568: 13546: 13525: 13504: 13481: 13479: 13464: 13443: 13422: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13374: 13361: 13309: 13235:Fried, Johannes 13227: 13196: 13184:, eds. (2012). 13170: 13158:, eds. (2011). 13144: 13118: 13091: 13008: 12983:(M.Sc thesis). 12963: 12927: 12906: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12847: 12845: 12838: 12808: 12759: 12743:. Vol. 4. 12732: 12713: 12708: 12700: 12696: 12686: 12684: 12682: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12632: 12628: 12618: 12616: 12608: 12607: 12603: 12595: 12591: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12561: 12557: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12527: 12523: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12493: 12489: 12477: 12473: 12465: 12461: 12453: 12449: 12441: 12437: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12407: 12403: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12373: 12369: 12359: 12357: 12348: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12302: 12298: 12283: 12279: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12249: 12245: 12237: 12233: 12223: 12221: 12206: 12202: 12194: 12190: 12182: 12178: 12170: 12166: 12158: 12154: 12146: 12142: 12132: 12130: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12098: 12096: 12094: 12078: 12074: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12044: 12040: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12010: 12006: 12002:, p. 2028. 11998: 11994: 11986: 11982: 11974: 11970: 11962: 11958: 11950: 11943: 11935: 11931: 11923: 11919: 11913:Angermeier 1984 11911: 11907: 11901:Schindling 1986 11899: 11895: 11887: 11883: 11875: 11871: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11807: 11803: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11773: 11769: 11761: 11754: 11744: 11742: 11741:on 20 June 2019 11727: 11726: 11722: 11718:, pp. 31–. 11714: 11710: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11680: 11676: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11652: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11630: 11626: 11618: 11614: 11606: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11582: 11578: 11570: 11563: 11555: 11551: 11543: 11536: 11528: 11524: 11516: 11512: 11504: 11500: 11492: 11488: 11480: 11469: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11439: 11432: 11424: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11400: 11396: 11384: 11380: 11375: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11352:, p. 1058. 11348: 11344: 11336: 11332: 11322: 11320: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11296: 11294: 11264: 11260: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11230: 11226: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11201:The Reformation 11196: 11192: 11184: 11180: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11150: 11146: 11138: 11134: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11104: 11100: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11070: 11066: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10980: 10976: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10946: 10942: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10912: 10908: 10900: 10893: 10885: 10881: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10859: 10848: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10806: 10802: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10772: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10746: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10693: 10689: 10676: 10672: 10664: 10660: 10650: 10648: 10646: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10584: 10580: 10565: 10539: 10535: 10527: 10523: 10511: 10507: 10497: 10495: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10469: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10448: 10444: 10436: 10429: 10419: 10417: 10415: 10399: 10395: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10331: 10324: 10314: 10312: 10305: 10289: 10282: 10272: 10270: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10223: 10216: 10200: 10196: 10186: 10184: 10174: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10060: 10056: 10046: 10044: 10042: 10026: 10022: 10012: 10010: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9967: 9963: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9899: 9895: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9865: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9819: 9815: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9785: 9781: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9703: 9701: 9699: 9683: 9679: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9649: 9645: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9611: 9595: 9591: 9583: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9559: 9552: 9544: 9535: 9527: 9520: 9512: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9482: 9475: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9445: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9396: 9392: 9382: 9380: 9378: 9362: 9358: 9351: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9319: 9311: 9307: 9299: 9292: 9284: 9280: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9250: 9246: 9238: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9192: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9134: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9088: 9084: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9020: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8984: 8980: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8942:"Silesia" 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8886: 8879: 8871: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8834: 8830: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8784: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8742: 8738: 8728: 8726: 8724: 8708: 8704: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8679:The Middle Ages 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8558: 8554: 8544: 8542: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8499: 8495: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8447: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8327: 8311: 8307: 8299: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8270: 8268: 8266: 8255:Medieval Europe 8250: 8246: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8110: 8106: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8057: 8049: 8042: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7969: 7968: 7964: 7956: 7952: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7879:on 31 July 2022 7845: 7841: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7811: 7807: 7801:Lauryssens 1999 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7747: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7641: 7633: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7596:Garipzanov 2008 7594: 7587: 7583:, pp. 2–3. 7579: 7575: 7567: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7523:The Middle Ages 7519: 7515: 7508: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7456: 7452: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7391: 7384: 7376: 7369: 7359: 7357: 7344: 7343: 7339: 7329: 7327: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7153: 7151: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7084: 7080: 7073: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7019: 7009: 7007: 7002:Kamp, Norbert. 7000: 6996: 6986: 6984: 6979: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6945: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6832: 6828: 6822:King of Bohemia 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6766: 6757: 6753: 6740: 6736: 6726: 6724: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6690: 6688: 6680: 6670: 6666: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6630: 6626: 6617: 6613: 6577: 6573: 6551:prince-electors 6497: 6493: 6483: 6479: 6459: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6359:Monarchy portal 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6271:Imperial Reform 6250:imperial reform 6165: 6155: 6134: 5971:Schwäbisch Hall 5891:Bad Lippspringe 5874:of the empire. 5793:Frans Hogenberg 5781: 5772:Reichsheerfahrt 5749:Napoleonic Wars 5713: 5707: 5701: 5660: 5639:Imperial Reform 5621: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5585: 5583:Imperial courts 5537: 5525:Prince-electors 5517: 5511: 5505:Imperial Diet ( 5476:Duke of Bavaria 5444:King of Bohemia 5389:römischer König 5362: 5356: 5235:as part of the 5223: 5195:Imperial Counts 5113: 5111:Imperial Estate 5107: 5036: 5023:Jewish minority 4931: 4850:16,000 people. 4846:18,000 people. 4838:19,000 people. 4826:20,000 people. 4810:28,000 people. 4798:40,000 people. 4794:40,000 people. 4786:50,000 people. 4778:70,000 people. 4760:15,000 people. 4756:20,000 people. 4744:20,000 people. 4740:20,000 people. 4736:20,000 people. 4732:21,000 people. 4728:24,000 people. 4724:25,000 people. 4720:30,000 people. 4716:32,000 people. 4712:32,000 people. 4708:35,000 people. 4704:40,000 people. 4700:40,000 people. 4696:60,000 people. 4692:77,000 people. 4688:90,000 people. 4666:16,000 people. 4630:40,000 people. 4617: 4547:Piedmont-Savoy 4466:Piedmont-Savoy 4350: 4345: 4293:Napoleonic Wars 4197:imperial estate 4181:secularizations 4162:Napoleonic Wars 4154: 4148: 4110:By the rise of 4088: 4074: 4069: 4063: 3958:with his family 3949: 3931: 3923:Main articles: 3921: 3788: 3782: 3772: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3692: 3691: 3688:Maximilianmusem 3679: 3669: 3658: 3490: 3419: 3378: 3376:Petrarcameister 3352: 3335: 3289:Gemeine Pfennig 3259: 3177: 3175:Imperial Reform 3171: 3169:Imperial Reform 3064:prince-electors 3039: 3034: 3024: 2941: 2915: 2815: 2809: 2777: 2618:, dying in the 2505:Henry the Proud 2471: 2443: 2437: 2414:Walk to Canossa 2405:Vatican Library 2386: 2371:Cluniac Reforms 2367: 2361: 2356: 2309:, first of the 2255: 2158: 2134:Battle of Riade 2118: 2099:Louis the Child 2071: 2048:Charles the Fat 2008:Louis the Pious 1956:Pope Gregory II 1889: 1879: 1873: 1868: 1859: 1820: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1777: 1756: 1723: 1700: 1690: 1689: 1660:Weimar Republic 1633: 1623: 1622: 1609: 1578: 1568: 1567: 1548: 1538: 1537: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1500:Frankish Empire 1475:Únětice culture 1465: 1457: 1456: 1401:Historic states 1356: 1336: 1329: 1318: 1282:Imperial Reform 1214:Deutsches Reich 1179:Imperial Reform 1151:Diet of Cologne 1087: 1065: 1041:Imperial Reform 1030:prince-electors 990:of the ancient 966:Napoleonic Wars 919: 905: 891: 877: 863: 849: 835: 830:Austrian Empire 796: 782: 768: 712: 702: 666: 656:2 December 1805 653: 640: 630:24 October 1648 627: 614: 604:2 February 1033 601: 584: 570:25 December 800 567: 512: 500: 488: 487:• 962–973 475: 474:• 800–814 452:Imperial Reform 446: 431: 426: 421: 406: 388: 380: 379: 371: 359: 358: 350: 345: 344: 336: 324: 323: 315: 301: 300: 292: 282: 281: 273: 251: 250: 238: 232: 231: 223: 215: 214: 194: 191: 176: 169: 158: 157: 156: 153: 149: 141: 140: 135: 130: 129:Imperial Banner 126: 108: 99: 92: 85: 78: 77: 76: 74: 72: 63: 56: 49: 42: 41: 40: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19909: 19899: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19878: 19873: 19868: 19863: 19858: 19856:Former empires 19853: 19848: 19843: 19838: 19833: 19828: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19808: 19793: 19792: 19775: 19773:from Wikiquote 19758: 19741: 19712: 19707: 19706: 19701: 19700: 19698: 19697: 19695:Westernization 19692: 19687: 19682: 19677: 19675:Visegrád Group 19672: 19667: 19662: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19615:Nordic Council 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19510:Bucharest Nine 19507: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19477: 19475:Arctic Council 19472: 19467: 19462: 19457: 19452: 19446: 19444: 19438: 19437: 19435: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19423: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19407: 19402: 19397: 19387: 19382: 19381: 19380: 19370: 19364: 19362: 19356: 19355: 19353: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19341: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19320: 19319: 19318: 19313: 19308: 19303: 19293: 19288: 19283: 19273: 19272: 19271: 19270: 19269: 19259: 19258: 19257: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19240: 19239: 19238: 19228: 19227: 19226: 19201: 19199: 19193: 19192: 19190: 19189: 19188: 19187: 19177: 19172: 19167: 19166: 19165: 19153: 19152: 19151: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19110: 19109: 19104: 19094: 19093: 19092: 19085:Existentialism 19082: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19036: 19034: 19028: 19027: 19025: 19024: 19023: 19022: 19017: 19012: 19007: 18997: 18996: 18995: 18985: 18984: 18983: 18978: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18956: 18951: 18950: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18929: 18928: 18927: 18917: 18916: 18915: 18905: 18904: 18903: 18898: 18888: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18872: 18871: 18861: 18856: 18855: 18854: 18844: 18843: 18842: 18832: 18831: 18830: 18820: 18815: 18814: 18813: 18803: 18798: 18797: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18775: 18773: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18763: 18762: 18761: 18756: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18649: 18644: 18643: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18622: 18621: 18620: 18618:Late antiquity 18610: 18604: 18602: 18596: 18595: 18593: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18572: 18571: 18570: 18569: 18568: 18563: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18533: 18528: 18522: 18520: 18516: 18515: 18504: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18481: 18472: 18471: 18469: 18468: 18455: 18452: 18451: 18449: 18448: 18440: 18438: 18434: 18433: 18431: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18419: 18418: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18393: 18390:Dominium mundi 18386: 18381: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18360: 18358: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18350: 18345: 18344: 18343: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18316: 18311: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18293:Dictatus papae 18289: 18283: 18281: 18275: 18274: 18272: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18205: 18203: 18199: 18198: 18191: 18190: 18183: 18176: 18168: 18159: 18158: 18156: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18140: 18135: 18130: 18125: 18120: 18115: 18110: 18104: 18102: 18098: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18049: 18044: 18039: 18034: 18029: 18024: 18019: 18014: 18012:Russian Empire 18009: 18004: 18002:British Empire 17999: 17997:Dutch Republic 17994: 17992:Swedish Empire 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17972:Spanish Empire 17969: 17964: 17962:Ottoman Empire 17959: 17954: 17949: 17944: 17939: 17934: 17933: 17932: 17922: 17917: 17911: 17909: 17903: 17902: 17900: 17899: 17894: 17889: 17884: 17879: 17877:Serbian Empire 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17811: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17785: 17784: 17783: 17778: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17749: 17748: 17738: 17733: 17727: 17725: 17719: 17718: 17716: 17715: 17713:Late antiquity 17710: 17705: 17700: 17699: 17698: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17676:Roman Republic 17673: 17667: 17665: 17659: 17658: 17656: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17634: 17632: 17626: 17625: 17618: 17617: 17610: 17603: 17595: 17586: 17585: 17583: 17582: 17572: 17562: 17551: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17522:Misconceptions 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17483: 17481: 17477: 17476: 17474: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17342: 17340: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17332: 17330:Little Ice Age 17327: 17326: 17325: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17283:Western Schism 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17239: 17237: 17231: 17230: 17228: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17147: 17142: 17137: 17131: 17129: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17048: 17047: 17037: 17032: 17030:Late antiquity 17027: 17022: 17017: 17011: 17009: 17003: 17002: 16995: 16994: 16987: 16980: 16972: 16963: 16962: 16960: 16959: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16943: 16941: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16907: 16906: 16895: 16893: 16889: 16888: 16885: 16884: 16882: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16860: 16859: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16787: 16782: 16776: 16774: 16765: 16764: 16763: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16732: 16727: 16726: 16725: 16715: 16710: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16688: 16683: 16682: 16681: 16676: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16634: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16570: 16569: 16568: 16563: 16553: 16548: 16547: 16546: 16541: 16531: 16530: 16529: 16524: 16514: 16513: 16512: 16507: 16497: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16460: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16414: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16345: 16340: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16303: 16302: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16276: 16271: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16235: 16234: 16229: 16219: 16218: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16163: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16142: 16141: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16063: 16062: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16036: 16035: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15993: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15972: 15967: 15966: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15940: 15930: 15929: 15928: 15923: 15913: 15912: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15886: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15818: 15816: 15814:Post-classical 15810: 15809: 15807: 15806: 15805: 15804: 15794: 15789: 15788: 15787: 15782: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15760: 15759: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15712: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15686: 15685: 15684: 15679: 15669: 15664: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15652: 15647: 15642: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15621: 15620: 15615: 15613:Middle Kingdom 15610: 15600: 15595: 15594: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15573: 15572: 15571: 15569:Neo-Babylonian 15566: 15561: 15559:Old Babylonian 15551: 15550: 15549: 15544: 15534: 15529: 15523: 15521: 15509: 15508: 15501: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15478: 15472: 15469: 15468: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15452: 15441: 15438: 15437: 15435: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15197: 15196: 15189: 15182: 15174: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15161: 15155: 15151:Member of the 15149: 15145:Member of the 15142: 15139: 15138: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14925: 14922: 14921: 14907: 14906: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14606: 14605: 14587: 14586: 14579: 14572: 14564: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14545: 14543: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14514: 14512: 14508: 14507: 14500: 14498: 14496: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14442: 14441: 14434: 14427: 14419: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14360:External links 14358: 14356: 14355: 14348: 14341: 14331: 14324: 14317: 14310: 14296: 14283: 14255: 14241: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14219: 14196: 14185: 14179: 14166: 14157: 14139:(4): 709–736. 14128: 14119: 14113: 14095: 14089: 14074: 14068: 14053: 14040: 14034:. OUP Oxford. 14025: 14004:"Chapitre LXX" 13996: 13987: 13981: 13966: 13925: 13874: 13865: 13847: 13841: 13826: 13820:). Stuttgart: 13805: 13793:10.1086/243149 13773: 13767: 13752: 13735: 13717: 13702: 13675: 13669: 13654: 13643: 13637: 13622: 13613: 13604: 13595: 13589: 13572: 13566: 13550: 13544: 13529: 13523: 13508: 13502: 13487: 13468: 13462: 13447: 13441: 13426: 13420: 13405: 13396: 13383: 13365: 13359: 13344: 13331: 13322: 13313: 13307: 13292: 13283: 13272: 13261: 13252: 13243: 13231: 13225: 13208: 13194: 13174: 13168: 13148: 13142: 13122: 13116: 13095: 13089: 13074: 13062: 13051: 13042: 13033: 13020: 13006: 12993: 12976: 12967: 12961: 12945: 12931: 12925: 12910: 12904: 12882: 12869: 12854: 12836: 12821: 12812: 12806: 12793: 12783:Chisholm, Hugh 12772: 12763: 12757: 12736: 12730: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12706: 12694: 12680: 12660: 12646: 12626: 12601: 12589: 12575: 12555: 12541: 12521: 12507: 12487: 12471: 12459: 12447: 12445:, p. 221. 12435: 12421: 12401: 12387: 12367: 12342: 12330: 12316: 12296: 12277: 12263: 12243: 12231: 12200: 12188: 12176: 12164: 12152: 12150:, pp. 69. 12140: 12126: 12106: 12092: 12072: 12058: 12038: 12024: 12004: 11992: 11990:, p. 342. 11988:Boettcher 2005 11980: 11968: 11956: 11941: 11939:, p. 341. 11929: 11917: 11905: 11893: 11889:Brockmann 2006 11881: 11877:Gagliardo 1980 11869: 11855: 11835: 11821: 11801: 11787: 11767: 11752: 11720: 11708: 11694: 11674: 11672:, p. 306. 11662: 11636: 11624: 11612: 11610:, p. 307. 11600: 11598:, p. 188. 11588: 11576: 11561: 11549: 11547:, p. 118. 11534: 11532:, p. 104. 11522: 11520:, p. 587. 11510: 11498: 11496:, p. 290. 11486: 11457: 11455:, p. 197. 11445: 11430: 11428:, p. 351. 11418: 11416:, p. 633. 11406: 11404:, p. 162. 11394: 11378: 11376:Wilson, p. 788 11366: 11354: 11342: 11330: 11304: 11258: 11244: 11224: 11210: 11190: 11188:, p. 334. 11178: 11164: 11144: 11142:, p. 326. 11132: 11118: 11098: 11084: 11064: 11052: 11038: 11018: 11004: 10974: 10960: 10940: 10926: 10906: 10891: 10879: 10857: 10834: 10820: 10800: 10786: 10766: 10744: 10721: 10707: 10687: 10670: 10658: 10644: 10624: 10612: 10598: 10578: 10563: 10533: 10521: 10505: 10479: 10467: 10442: 10440:, p. 370. 10427: 10413: 10393: 10379: 10359: 10345: 10322: 10303: 10280: 10233: 10214: 10194: 10168: 10166:, p. 263. 10156: 10142: 10122: 10108: 10088: 10074: 10054: 10040: 10020: 9986: 9961: 9947: 9927: 9913: 9893: 9879: 9859: 9847: 9833: 9813: 9799: 9779: 9765: 9745: 9731: 9711: 9697: 9677: 9663: 9643: 9628: 9609: 9589: 9587:, p. 132. 9577: 9565: 9550: 9548:, p. 429. 9533: 9531:, p. 143. 9518: 9510: 9496: 9473: 9459: 9436: 9424: 9410: 9390: 9376: 9356: 9349: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9303:, p. 278. 9290: 9278: 9264: 9244: 9232: 9218: 9198: 9186: 9174: 9172:, pp. 9–. 9170:Rothstein 1995 9162: 9148: 9128: 9116: 9102: 9082: 9068: 9048: 9034: 9014: 9012:, p. 129. 9002: 9000:, p. 398. 8990: 8978: 8966: 8964:, p. 530. 8954: 8939:, ed. (1911). 8937:Chisholm, Hugh 8928: 8916: 8914:, p. 123. 8904: 8892: 8890:, p. 109. 8877: 8862: 8848: 8828: 8814: 8794: 8770: 8756: 8736: 8722: 8702: 8688: 8668: 8654: 8634: 8620: 8600: 8588: 8576: 8574:, p. 138. 8564: 8562:, p. 708. 8552: 8527: 8513: 8493: 8479: 8459: 8445: 8425: 8398: 8373: 8359: 8339: 8325: 8305: 8303:, p. 707. 8290: 8278: 8264: 8244: 8230: 8210: 8198: 8196:, p. 706. 8186: 8184:, p. 197. 8174: 8172:, p. 121. 8162: 8160:, p. 118. 8150: 8148:, p. 117. 8138: 8124: 8104: 8090: 8070: 8068:, p. 131. 8055: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8004: 7992: 7980: 7977:. 16 May 2023. 7962: 7950: 7938: 7926: 7924:, pp. 35. 7914: 7902: 7900:, p. 183. 7890: 7859:(1): 117–120. 7839: 7825: 7805: 7803:, p. 102. 7793: 7781: 7779:, p. 338. 7769: 7767:, p. 719. 7757: 7732: 7720: 7708: 7696: 7681: 7666: 7651: 7639: 7624: 7612: 7610:, p. 104. 7608:Breverton 2014 7600: 7585: 7573: 7554: 7542: 7535: 7513: 7506: 7484: 7470: 7450: 7436: 7416: 7404: 7382: 7367: 7337: 7312: 7305: 7283: 7281:, p. 496. 7266: 7254: 7239: 7237:, p. 278. 7227: 7220: 7195: 7181: 7161: 7136: 7129: 7107: 7100: 7078: 7071: 7049: 7047:, p. 249. 7034: 7032:, p. 211. 7017: 6994: 6972: 6950: 6943: 6913: 6909:Kleinhenz 2004 6901: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6855: 6847:Piedmont-Savoy 6826: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6787:Savoyard state 6778: 6764: 6751: 6734: 6707: 6698: 6664: 6624: 6622:, p. 494) 6620:Taagepera 1997 6611: 6591:Western Europe 6571: 6491: 6477: 6473:Otto the Great 6447: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6348: 6334: 6318: 6315: 6223:, who married 6154: 6151: 6133: 6130: 5868:Imperial Diets 5780: 5777: 5703:Main article: 5700: 5697: 5659: 5656: 5612: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5513:Main article: 5510: 5503: 5452:Duke of Saxony 5442:to seven: the 5358:Main article: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5199: 5198: 5187: 5177: 5150: 5128:Flickenteppich 5109:Main article: 5106: 5103: 5035: 5032: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4859: 4765: 4764:11,000 people. 4671: 4616: 4615:Largest cities 4613: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4529: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4413: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4305:modern Germany 4219:ecclesiastical 4189:Napoleonic Era 4150:Main article: 4147: 4144: 4132:German dualism 4073: 4070: 4065:Main article: 4062: 4059: 4051:Ottoman Empire 3920: 3919:Baroque period 3917: 3901:Reichsregiment 3896:Reichsregiment 3858:James D. Tracy 3771: 3768: 3701: 3694: 3693: 3670: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3606:Imperial Diets 3532:capital cities 3489: 3488:Imperial power 3486: 3418: 3415: 3351: 3348: 3312:Reichsregiment 3275:1495 Reichstag 3258: 3255: 3173:Main article: 3170: 3167: 3038: 3035: 3023: 3020: 2914: 2911: 2822:Pope Clement V 2811:Main article: 2808: 2805: 2776: 2773: 2526:Henry the Lion 2470: 2467: 2463:Teutonic Order 2457:was under the 2439:Main article: 2436: 2433: 2363:Main article: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2328: 2311:Salian dynasty 2286:Crescentius II 2275:Crescentius II 2259: 967–983 2157: 2154: 2122: 919–936 2070: 2067: 2059:Regino of Prüm 2024:Treaty of Prüm 1960:Constantine VI 1925:Charles Martel 1875:Main article: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1815: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1786:Modern history 1782: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1754: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726:1945–1949/1952 1724: 1722: 1721: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1624: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1579: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1408: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1366:Historiography 1363: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1314: 1298:cadet branches 1290:Piedmont-Savoy 1234:das alte Reich 1064: 1061: 1050:French emperor 984:Western Europe 932: 931: 928: 927: 924: 923: 916: 910: 909: 902: 900:Dutch Republic 896: 895: 888: 886:Duchy of Savoy 882: 881: 874: 868: 867: 860: 854: 853: 846: 840: 839: 832: 826: 825: 818: 809: 806: 805: 800: 792: 791: 786: 778: 777: 772: 760: 759: 754: 744: 743: 725: 721: 720: 717: 716: 713: 710: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 688: 687: 684: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 661: 658: 657: 654: 648: 645: 644: 641: 635: 632: 631: 628: 622: 619: 618: 615: 609: 606: 605: 602: 592: 589: 588: 587:2 February 962 585: 575: 572: 571: 568: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 538: 537:Historical era 534: 533: 528: 524: 523: 520: 519: 513: 510: 507: 506: 501: 498: 495: 494: 489: 486: 483: 482: 476: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 448:Mixed monarchy 441: 437: 436: 415: 411: 410: 401:Medieval Latin 394: 390: 389: 387: 386: 374: 373: 372: 370: 369: 353: 352: 351: 349: 348: 339: 338: 337: 335: 334: 318: 317: 316: 314: 313: 295: 294: 293: 291: 290: 276: 275: 274: 272: 271: 264:King of Sicily 256:personal union 241: 240: 239: 237: 236: 226: 225: 224: 222: 221: 205: 204: 203: 202:Multicentral 200: 196: 195: 186: 178: 177: 170: 160: 159: 150: 143: 142: 127: 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 110: 109: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19908: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19882: 19879: 19877: 19874: 19872: 19869: 19867: 19864: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19847: 19844: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19832: 19829: 19827: 19824: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19801: 19789: 19788: 19787:Travel guides 19776: 19772: 19771: 19759: 19755: 19754: 19742: 19738: 19737: 19725: 19724: 19721: 19715: 19696: 19693: 19691: 19688: 19686: 19683: 19681: 19678: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19661: 19658: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19640:PROSUR/PROSUL 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19535:Craiova Group 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19511: 19508: 19506: 19503: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19471: 19468: 19466: 19463: 19461: 19458: 19456: 19453: 19451: 19450:ABCANZ Armies 19448: 19447: 19445: 19439: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19421: 19418: 19416: 19413: 19411: 19408: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19398: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19379: 19376: 19375: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19365: 19363: 19361: 19357: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19304: 19302: 19299: 19298: 19297: 19294: 19292: 19289: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19277: 19274: 19268: 19265: 19264: 19263: 19260: 19256: 19255:Protestantism 19253: 19249: 19246: 19245: 19244: 19241: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19232: 19229: 19225: 19221: 19218: 19217: 19216: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19208: 19207: 19206: 19203: 19202: 19200: 19198: 19194: 19186: 19183: 19182: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19175:Sovereigntism 19173: 19171: 19168: 19164: 19163: 19159: 19158: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19147: 19146: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19099: 19098: 19095: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19070:Scholasticism 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19043: 19041: 19038: 19037: 19035: 19033: 19029: 19021: 19018: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19002: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18991: 18990: 18989: 18986: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18973: 18972: 18969: 18965: 18962: 18961: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18933: 18930: 18926: 18923: 18922: 18921: 18918: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18909: 18906: 18902: 18899: 18897: 18894: 18893: 18892: 18889: 18887: 18884: 18882: 18879: 18877: 18874: 18870: 18867: 18866: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18853: 18850: 18849: 18848: 18845: 18841: 18838: 18837: 18836: 18833: 18829: 18826: 18825: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18812: 18809: 18808: 18807: 18804: 18802: 18799: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18781: 18780: 18777: 18776: 18774: 18772: 18768: 18760: 18759:War on terror 18757: 18755: 18752: 18751: 18750: 18747: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18654: 18653: 18652:Modern period 18650: 18648: 18645: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18627: 18626: 18623: 18619: 18616: 18615: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18605: 18603: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18558: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18538: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18523: 18521: 18517: 18513: 18509: 18508:Western world 18502: 18497: 18495: 18490: 18488: 18483: 18482: 18479: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18456: 18453: 18447: 18446: 18442: 18441: 18439: 18435: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18417: 18414: 18413: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18391: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18380: 18377: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18361: 18359: 18355: 18349: 18346: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18321: 18317: 18315: 18312: 18310: 18307: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18294: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18284: 18282: 18276: 18270: 18267: 18265: 18262: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18196: 18189: 18184: 18182: 18177: 18175: 18170: 18169: 18166: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18139: 18136: 18134: 18131: 18129: 18126: 18124: 18121: 18119: 18116: 18114: 18111: 18109: 18108:Art of Europe 18106: 18105: 18103: 18099: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18058: 18055: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18043: 18040: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18003: 18000: 17998: 17995: 17993: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17927: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17912: 17910: 17908: 17907:Modern period 17904: 17898: 17895: 17893: 17890: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17880: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17842: 17838: 17834: 17830: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17790: 17789: 17786: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17773: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17747: 17744: 17743: 17742: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17728: 17726: 17724: 17720: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17697: 17694: 17693: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17668: 17666: 17664: 17660: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17633: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17616: 17611: 17609: 17604: 17602: 17597: 17596: 17593: 17581: 17573: 17571: 17563: 17561: 17557: 17553: 17552: 17549: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17485: 17484: 17482: 17478: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17341: 17337: 17331: 17328: 17324: 17321: 17320: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17244: 17241: 17240: 17238: 17236: 17232: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17190:Scholasticism 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17151: 17148: 17146: 17143: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17132: 17130: 17128: 17124: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17052:Rise of Islam 17050: 17046: 17043: 17042: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17010: 17008: 17004: 17000: 16993: 16988: 16986: 16981: 16979: 16974: 16973: 16970: 16956: 16955:Soviet empire 16953: 16951: 16948: 16947: 16945: 16944: 16942: 16940:Miscellaneous 16938: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16905: 16902: 16901: 16900: 16897: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16858: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16777: 16775: 16773: 16769: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16737: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16720: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16693: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16628: 16626: 16623: 16622: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16575: 16574: 16571: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16558: 16557: 16554: 16552: 16549: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16539:German Empire 16537: 16536: 16535: 16532: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16503: 16502: 16501: 16498: 16496: 16493: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16411: 16407: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16350: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16307: 16304: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16281: 16280: 16279:Turco-Persian 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16260: 16257: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16220: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16187: 16186: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16153: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16143: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16120: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16041: 16040: 16037: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16019: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15944: 15941: 15939: 15936: 15935: 15934: 15931: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15917: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15891: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15878: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15803: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15786: 15783: 15781: 15778: 15777: 15776: 15773: 15769: 15766: 15765: 15764: 15761: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15728: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15691: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15674: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15653: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15637: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15605: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15574: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15556: 15555: 15552: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15535: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15499: 15494: 15492: 15487: 15485: 15480: 15479: 15476: 15470: 15463: 15451: 15443: 15442: 15439: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15418: 15415: 15413: 15410: 15408: 15405: 15403: 15400: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15392:Ferdinand III 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15372:Maximilian II 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15352:Frederick III 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15206: 15202: 15195: 15190: 15188: 15183: 15181: 15176: 15175: 15172: 15160: 15156: 15154: 15150: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14926: 14923: 14918: 14912: 14908: 14899: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14618: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14598: 14592: 14585: 14580: 14578: 14573: 14571: 14566: 14565: 14562: 14550: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14540: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14509: 14504: 14494: 14493:Upper Rhenish 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14451: 14447: 14440: 14435: 14433: 14428: 14426: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14353: 14349: 14346: 14342: 14339: 14335: 14332: 14329: 14325: 14322: 14318: 14315: 14311: 14307: 14303: 14299: 14293: 14289: 14284: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14268: 14265:. Macmillan. 14264: 14260: 14256: 14252: 14248: 14244: 14238: 14234: 14229: 14228: 14215: 14210: 14206: 14202: 14197: 14193: 14192: 14191:Goldene Bulle 14186: 14182: 14176: 14172: 14167: 14164:. Allen Lane. 14163: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14129: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14086: 14082: 14081: 14075: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14054: 14043: 14037: 14033: 14032: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13997: 13993: 13988: 13984: 13978: 13974: 13973: 13967: 13963: 13959: 13955: 13951: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13911: 13907: 13903: 13899: 13895: 13891: 13887: 13880: 13875: 13871: 13866: 13862: 13857: 13855: 13848: 13844: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13802: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13786: 13782: 13778: 13774: 13770: 13764: 13761:. Greenwood. 13760: 13759: 13753: 13741: 13736: 13724: 13720: 13714: 13710: 13709: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13689: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13662: 13661: 13655: 13651: 13650: 13644: 13640: 13634: 13630: 13629: 13623: 13619: 13614: 13610: 13605: 13601: 13596: 13592: 13586: 13582: 13578: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13541: 13537: 13536: 13530: 13526: 13520: 13516: 13515: 13509: 13505: 13499: 13496:. Routledge. 13495: 13494: 13488: 13478: 13474: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13455: 13454: 13448: 13444: 13438: 13434: 13433: 13427: 13423: 13417: 13413: 13412: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13386: 13380: 13373: 13372: 13366: 13362: 13356: 13352: 13351: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13332: 13328: 13323: 13319: 13314: 13310: 13304: 13300: 13299: 13293: 13289: 13284: 13280: 13279: 13273: 13269: 13268: 13262: 13258: 13253: 13249: 13244: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13222: 13218: 13214: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13182:Wilson, Peter 13179: 13175: 13171: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13127: 13123: 13119: 13117:3-1701-1866-8 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13096: 13092: 13086: 13082: 13081: 13075: 13071: 13067: 13063: 13059: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13043: 13039: 13034: 13031:. p. 36. 13030: 13026: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12982: 12977: 12973: 12968: 12964: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12922: 12918: 12917: 12911: 12907: 12901: 12897: 12893: 12892: 12887: 12883: 12872: 12866: 12862: 12861: 12855: 12843: 12839: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12822: 12818: 12813: 12809: 12803: 12799: 12794: 12790: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12773: 12769: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12737: 12733: 12727: 12723: 12722: 12716: 12715: 12703: 12698: 12683: 12677: 12673: 12672: 12664: 12649: 12643: 12639: 12638: 12630: 12615: 12611: 12605: 12598: 12593: 12578: 12572: 12568: 12567: 12559: 12544: 12538: 12534: 12533: 12525: 12510: 12504: 12500: 12499: 12491: 12484: 12480: 12475: 12469:, p. 82. 12468: 12463: 12457:, p. ii. 12456: 12451: 12444: 12439: 12424: 12418: 12414: 12413: 12405: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12371: 12355: 12354: 12346: 12339: 12334: 12319: 12313: 12309: 12308: 12300: 12292: 12291:sehepunkte.de 12288: 12281: 12266: 12260: 12256: 12255: 12247: 12240: 12235: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12204: 12198:, p. 52. 12197: 12192: 12186:, p. 72. 12185: 12180: 12173: 12168: 12161: 12156: 12149: 12144: 12129: 12123: 12119: 12118: 12110: 12095: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12076: 12061: 12055: 12051: 12050: 12042: 12027: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12008: 12001: 11996: 11989: 11984: 11977: 11972: 11966:, p. 69. 11965: 11960: 11954:, p. 70. 11953: 11948: 11946: 11938: 11933: 11926: 11921: 11914: 11909: 11903:, p. 64. 11902: 11897: 11891:, p. 15. 11890: 11885: 11878: 11873: 11858: 11852: 11848: 11847: 11839: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11805: 11790: 11784: 11780: 11779: 11771: 11765:, p. 27. 11764: 11759: 11757: 11740: 11736: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11717: 11712: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11678: 11671: 11666: 11651:. 4 July 2015 11650: 11646: 11640: 11634:, p. 22. 11633: 11632:Malettke 2001 11628: 11621: 11616: 11609: 11604: 11597: 11592: 11585: 11580: 11573: 11568: 11566: 11558: 11553: 11546: 11541: 11539: 11531: 11526: 11519: 11514: 11507: 11502: 11495: 11490: 11479: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11449: 11443:, p. 19. 11442: 11437: 11435: 11427: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11403: 11398: 11391: 11387: 11382: 11373: 11371: 11363: 11358: 11351: 11346: 11340:, p. 56. 11339: 11334: 11318: 11314: 11308: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11262: 11247: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11228: 11213: 11207: 11203: 11202: 11194: 11187: 11182: 11167: 11161: 11157: 11156: 11148: 11141: 11136: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11102: 11087: 11081: 11077: 11076: 11068: 11062:, p. 81. 11061: 11056: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11022: 11007: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10978: 10963: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10944: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10910: 10903: 10898: 10896: 10888: 10883: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10847: 10846: 10838: 10823: 10817: 10813: 10812: 10804: 10789: 10783: 10779: 10778: 10770: 10751: 10747: 10745:0-4152-1452-1 10741: 10734: 10733: 10725: 10710: 10704: 10700: 10699: 10691: 10684: 10680: 10674: 10668:, p. 27. 10667: 10662: 10647: 10641: 10637: 10636: 10628: 10622:, p. 34. 10621: 10620:Holleger 2012 10616: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10582: 10574: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10525: 10518: 10514: 10509: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10439: 10434: 10432: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10405: 10397: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10363: 10348: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10329: 10327: 10310: 10306: 10300: 10296: 10295: 10287: 10285: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10237: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10198: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10160: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10134: 10126: 10111: 10105: 10101: 10100: 10092: 10077: 10071: 10067: 10066: 10058: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10032: 10024: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9974: 9973: 9965: 9950: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9931: 9916: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9897: 9882: 9876: 9872: 9871: 9863: 9856: 9851: 9836: 9830: 9826: 9825: 9817: 9802: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9783: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9757: 9749: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9715: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9681: 9666: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9647: 9639: 9632: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9602: 9601: 9593: 9586: 9581: 9575:, p. 61. 9574: 9569: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9547: 9542: 9540: 9538: 9530: 9525: 9523: 9515: 9499: 9493: 9489: 9488: 9480: 9478: 9462: 9456: 9452: 9451: 9443: 9441: 9434:, p. 79. 9433: 9428: 9413: 9407: 9403: 9402: 9394: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9360: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9341: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9314: 9309: 9302: 9297: 9295: 9287: 9282: 9267: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9248: 9242:, p. 73. 9241: 9236: 9221: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9195: 9194:Rothbard 2009 9190: 9183: 9178: 9171: 9166: 9151: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9132: 9126:, p. 17. 9125: 9120: 9105: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9086: 9071: 9065: 9061: 9060: 9052: 9037: 9031: 9027: 9026: 9018: 9011: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8987: 8982: 8975: 8970: 8963: 8962:Herrmann 1970 8958: 8950: 8949: 8943: 8938: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8884: 8882: 8874: 8869: 8867: 8851: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8832: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8806: 8798: 8782: 8781: 8774: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8740: 8725: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8706: 8691: 8685: 8681: 8680: 8672: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8646: 8638: 8623: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8604: 8597: 8592: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8561: 8556: 8540: 8539: 8531: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8497: 8482: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8463: 8448: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8429: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8387: 8383: 8377: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8343: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8309: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8287: 8282: 8267: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8248: 8233: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8195: 8190: 8183: 8178: 8171: 8166: 8159: 8154: 8147: 8142: 8127: 8121: 8117: 8116: 8108: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8082: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8060: 8053:, p. 70. 8052: 8047: 8045: 8035: 8033: 8025: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8002:, p. 22. 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7976: 7972: 7966: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7942: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7828: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7777:Voltaire 1773 7773: 7766: 7761: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7717: 7712: 7705: 7700: 7694:, p. 17. 7693: 7688: 7686: 7678: 7673: 7671: 7664:, p. 23. 7663: 7658: 7656: 7648: 7643: 7636: 7631: 7629: 7622:, p. 79. 7621: 7616: 7609: 7604: 7597: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7552:, p. 18. 7551: 7546: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7473: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7454: 7439: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7420: 7413: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7387: 7379: 7374: 7372: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7346:"Charlemagne" 7341: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7263: 7258: 7251: 7246: 7244: 7236: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7199: 7184: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7165: 7149: 7148: 7140: 7132: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7103: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7006:. Treccani.it 7005: 6998: 6983:. Treccani.it 6982: 6976: 6961:. Treccani.it 6960: 6954: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6859: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6839:Franche-Comté 6836: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6762:, p. 19) 6761: 6755: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6677:Roman emperor 6674: 6668: 6659: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582:, before the 6581: 6575: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462:Frankish king 6457: 6455: 6453: 6448: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6354: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6335: 6332: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6295:Franche-Comte 6292: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6275: 6272: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6236:predecessor, 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6159:Erbreichsplan 6150: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6139:Imperial Diet 6129: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6081:Aulic Council 6077: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879:Imperial Diet 5875: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5849:rulers chose 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804:Kaiserpfalzes 5801: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5766:standing army 5762: 5759: 5754: 5753:Imperial Army 5750: 5746: 5742: 5737: 5736:Reichsarmatur 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5653: 5652:Aulic Council 5649: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5629:Aulic Council 5626: 5616:, around 1700 5615: 5609: 5601:, around 1750 5600: 5594: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491:Emperor-Elect 5488: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5470:. During the 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5397:Salian Franks 5394: 5390: 5386: 5385:Rex Romanorum 5382: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229:Low Countries 5218: 5212: 5210: 5207:in 1792, see 5205: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158:prince-bishop 5155: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5028:First Crusade 5024: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4970:of 1555, and 4969: 4965: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4608:c. 6,000,000 4607: 4605: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4537: 4527:c. 4,600,000 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4386: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4301:German Empire 4298: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4256:in 1805 (see 4255: 4251: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4187:and then the 4186: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4068: 4061:Modern period 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3992:Maximilian II 3988: 3986: 3985:Ferdinand III 3982: 3978: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3865:Martin Luther 3861: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3702:Antwerp, 1572 3698: 3689: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646:Reichskanzler 3643: 3639: 3635: 3634:German Empire 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3612:was based in 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3561: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3431:Jörg Kölderer 3428: 3423: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368:Cain and Abel 3365: 3361: 3356: 3347: 3345: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3242:Frederick III 3239: 3237: 3232: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2769:domini terræ, 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2735:Sixth Crusade 2732: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2665:in 1226. The 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635:Germanization 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2616:Third Crusade 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:ministeriales 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2269:. Their son, 2268: 2264: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2207:Pope John XII 2204: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2165:Pope Leo VIII 2162: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1927:, became the 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1890: 814 AD 1883: 1878: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1816: 1813: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768:Reunification 1766: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1640:German Empire 1638: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:Mediatisation 1581: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1464:Early history 1461: 1460: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1251:German Empire 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1229:German Empire 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1209:German Empire 1205: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1039:A process of 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:Pope John XII 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 978: 977:Frankish king 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 917: 915: 912: 911: 903: 901: 898: 897: 889: 887: 884: 883: 875: 873: 870: 869: 861: 859: 856: 855: 847: 845: 842: 841: 833: 831: 828: 827: 823: 819: 817: 814: 813: 810: 804: 801: 794: 793: 790: 787: 780: 779: 776: 773: 766: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 708: 704: 698: 694: 689: 685: 681: 676: 672: 669:6 August 1806 668: 665: 659: 655: 652: 646: 642: 639: 633: 629: 626: 620: 616: 613: 607: 603: 600: 596: 590: 586: 582: 579: 578:East Frankish 573: 569: 566: 562: 559: 553: 549: 546: 542: 539: 535: 532: 531:Imperial Diet 529: 525: 521: 517: 514: 508: 505: 502: 496: 493: 490: 484: 480: 477: 471: 467: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 442: 438: 434: 429: 424: 419: 416: 412: 409: 402: 398: 395: 391: 385: 382: 381: 377: 368: 364: 363:Imperial Diet 361: 360: 356: 347: 346: 342: 333: 329: 326: 325: 321: 311: 310:Aulic Council 308:(seat of the 307: 303: 302: 298: 288: 284: 283: 279: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252: 249:) (1194–1254) 248: 244: 234: 233: 229: 220: 217: 216: 212: 208: 201: 197: 184: 179: 174: 168: 166: 161: 155: 147: 139: 124: 116: 111: 103: 96: 89: 82: 75:German Nation 67: 60: 53: 46: 36: 31: 24: 19: 19785: 19768: 19756:from Commons 19751: 19734: 19713: 19685:Western Bloc 19485:AUSCANNZUKUS 19441:Contemporary 19390:Human rights 19236:Latin Church 19210:Christianity 19160: 19119:Conservatism 18964:contemporary 18801:Architecture 18737:World War II 18697:Emancipation 18692:Abolitionism 18580:Romanization 18575:Roman legacy 18556:Roman Empire 18443: 18411:Papal States 18395: 18388: 18341:Sack of Rome 18318: 18291: 18067:World War II 17920:Early modern 17897:Kalmar Union 17846: 17768:Papal States 17686:Roman Empire 17351:Architecture 17323:Great Famine 17313:Universities 17253:Hussite Wars 17170:Great Schism 17139: 17057:Papal States 16706:Contemporary 16556:Indo-Persian 16544:Nazi Germany 16488:Contemporary 16390:Vijayanagara 16289:Great Seljuk 16231: 16200:Thessalonica 16128:Golden Horde 15768:Carthaginian 15547:Neo-Assyrian 15532:Neo-Sumerian 15387:Ferdinand II 15357:Maximilian I 15327:Frederick II 15074:Schlettstadt 15069:Schmalkalden 15064:Schaffhausen 15039:Pfeddersheim 14954:Diessenhofen 14601: 14449: 14370: 14351: 14344: 14337: 14327: 14320: 14313: 14287: 14262: 14259:Bryce, James 14232: 14204: 14190: 14170: 14161: 14136: 14132: 14123: 14103: 14079: 14058: 14045:. Retrieved 14030: 14020: 14019: 14007: 13991: 13971: 13945: 13939: 13917:. Retrieved 13910:the original 13889: 13885: 13869: 13859:– via 13853: 13831: 13817: 13813: 13809: 13784: 13780: 13757: 13744:. Retrieved 13729:21 September 13727:. Retrieved 13707: 13687: 13683: 13659: 13648: 13627: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13580: 13557: 13534: 13517:. Infobase. 13513: 13492: 13480:, retrieved 13476: 13452: 13431: 13410: 13400: 13388:. Retrieved 13370: 13349: 13335: 13326: 13297: 13290:. Routledge. 13287: 13277: 13266: 13256: 13247: 13238: 13212: 13185: 13159: 13129: 13099: 13079: 13069: 13066:Duffy, Eamon 13056: 13046: 13037: 13024: 12997: 12980: 12971: 12952: 12943:. Macmillan. 12939: 12935:Bryce, James 12915: 12890: 12874:. Retrieved 12859: 12846:. Retrieved 12826: 12816: 12797: 12786: 12767: 12740: 12720: 12697: 12685:. Retrieved 12670: 12663: 12651:. Retrieved 12636: 12629: 12617:. Retrieved 12613: 12604: 12592: 12580:. Retrieved 12565: 12558: 12546:. Retrieved 12531: 12524: 12512:. Retrieved 12497: 12490: 12474: 12462: 12450: 12438: 12426:. Retrieved 12411: 12404: 12392:. Retrieved 12377: 12370: 12358:. Retrieved 12352: 12345: 12338:Whaley 2012a 12333: 12321:. Retrieved 12306: 12299: 12290: 12280: 12268:. Retrieved 12253: 12246: 12239:Whaley 2012a 12234: 12222:. Retrieved 12220:(4): 953–957 12217: 12213: 12203: 12196:Johnson 1996 12191: 12179: 12167: 12155: 12143: 12131:. Retrieved 12116: 12109: 12097:. Retrieved 12082: 12075: 12063:. Retrieved 12048: 12041: 12029:. Retrieved 12014: 12007: 12000:Wilson 2016b 11995: 11983: 11971: 11959: 11932: 11920: 11908: 11896: 11884: 11872: 11860:. Retrieved 11845: 11838: 11826:. Retrieved 11811: 11804: 11792:. Retrieved 11777: 11770: 11743:. Retrieved 11739:the original 11732: 11723: 11711: 11699:. Retrieved 11684: 11677: 11665: 11653:. Retrieved 11648: 11639: 11627: 11620:Hirschi 2005 11615: 11603: 11596:Whaley 2012b 11591: 11579: 11572:Whaley 2012a 11557:Cipolla 1981 11552: 11525: 11513: 11501: 11494:Tellier 2009 11489: 11478:the original 11473: 11460: 11448: 11426:Whaley 2012b 11421: 11414:Whaley 2012a 11409: 11402:Benecke 1974 11397: 11381: 11357: 11345: 11333: 11321:. Retrieved 11316: 11307: 11295:. Retrieved 11278:(1): 60–75. 11275: 11271: 11261: 11249:. Retrieved 11234: 11227: 11215:. Retrieved 11200: 11193: 11186:Whaley 2012a 11181: 11169:. Retrieved 11154: 11147: 11135: 11123:. Retrieved 11108: 11101: 11089:. Retrieved 11074: 11067: 11060:Mullett 2010 11055: 11043:. Retrieved 11028: 11021: 11009:. Retrieved 10987: 10977: 10965:. Retrieved 10950: 10943: 10931:. Retrieved 10916: 10909: 10882: 10870:. Retrieved 10844: 10837: 10825:. Retrieved 10810: 10803: 10791:. Retrieved 10776: 10769: 10757:. Retrieved 10750:the original 10731: 10724: 10712:. Retrieved 10697: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10673: 10661: 10649:. Retrieved 10634: 10627: 10615: 10603:. Retrieved 10588: 10581: 10546: 10536: 10524: 10513:Whaley 2012a 10508: 10496:. Retrieved 10492: 10482: 10470: 10458:. Retrieved 10454: 10445: 10418:. Retrieved 10403: 10396: 10384:. Retrieved 10369: 10362: 10350:. Retrieved 10335: 10315:20 September 10313:. Retrieved 10293: 10271:. Retrieved 10267:the original 10246: 10236: 10226:21 September 10224:. Retrieved 10204: 10197: 10185:. Retrieved 10181: 10171: 10159: 10147:. Retrieved 10132: 10125: 10113:. Retrieved 10098: 10091: 10079:. Retrieved 10064: 10057: 10045:. Retrieved 10030: 10023: 10011:. Retrieved 9999: 9989: 9977:. Retrieved 9971: 9964: 9952:. Retrieved 9937: 9930: 9918:. Retrieved 9903: 9896: 9884:. Retrieved 9869: 9862: 9850: 9838:. Retrieved 9823: 9816: 9804:. Retrieved 9789: 9782: 9770:. Retrieved 9755: 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9721: 9714: 9702:. Retrieved 9687: 9680: 9668:. Retrieved 9653: 9646: 9637: 9631: 9619:. Retrieved 9599: 9592: 9580: 9568: 9513: 9501:. Retrieved 9486: 9464:. Retrieved 9449: 9427: 9415:. Retrieved 9400: 9393: 9381:. Retrieved 9366: 9359: 9339: 9332: 9320: 9308: 9281: 9269:. Retrieved 9254: 9247: 9235: 9223:. Retrieved 9208: 9201: 9189: 9182:Szepesi 2015 9177: 9165: 9153:. Retrieved 9138: 9131: 9119: 9107:. Retrieved 9092: 9085: 9073:. Retrieved 9058: 9051: 9039:. Retrieved 9024: 9017: 9005: 8993: 8981: 8974:Haffner 2019 8969: 8957: 8946: 8931: 8919: 8907: 8895: 8853:. Retrieved 8838: 8831: 8819:. Retrieved 8804: 8797: 8785:. Retrieved 8779: 8773: 8761:. Retrieved 8746: 8739: 8727:. Retrieved 8712: 8705: 8693:. Retrieved 8678: 8671: 8659:. Retrieved 8644: 8637: 8625:. Retrieved 8610: 8603: 8591: 8579: 8572:McBrien 2000 8567: 8555: 8543:. Retrieved 8537: 8530: 8518:. Retrieved 8503: 8496: 8484:. Retrieved 8469: 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8435: 8428: 8416:. Retrieved 8411: 8401: 8389:. Retrieved 8385: 8376: 8364:. Retrieved 8349: 8342: 8330:. Retrieved 8315: 8308: 8281: 8269:. Retrieved 8254: 8247: 8235:. Retrieved 8220: 8213: 8201: 8189: 8177: 8165: 8153: 8141: 8129:. Retrieved 8114: 8107: 8095:. Retrieved 8080: 8073: 8066:Collins 2014 8019: 8007: 8000:Johnson 1996 7995: 7983: 7974: 7965: 7953: 7941: 7929: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7881:. Retrieved 7877:the original 7856: 7852: 7842: 7830:. Retrieved 7815: 7808: 7796: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748:. Retrieved 7744: 7735: 7728:Schulze 1998 7723: 7711: 7699: 7679:, p. 2. 7662:Johnson 1996 7642: 7620:Wilson 2016b 7615: 7603: 7576: 7569:Whaley 2012a 7545: 7522: 7516: 7493: 7487: 7475:. Retrieved 7460: 7453: 7441:. Retrieved 7426: 7419: 7407: 7399:HistoryWorld 7398: 7360:19 September 7358:. Retrieved 7354:the original 7349: 7340: 7328:. Retrieved 7324: 7315: 7292: 7286: 7257: 7230: 7207: 7198: 7186:. Retrieved 7171: 7164: 7152:. Retrieved 7146: 7139: 7116: 7110: 7087: 7081: 7058: 7052: 7008:. Retrieved 6997: 6985:. Retrieved 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6953: 6926: 6916: 6904: 6892:. Retrieved 6886: 6877: 6858: 6829: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6781: 6767: 6754: 6747:Zeumern 1908 6741: 6737: 6725:. Retrieved 6721:the original 6710: 6701: 6689:. Retrieved 6685: 6676: 6672: 6667: 6627: 6614: 6606: 6574: 6549:the sons of 6494: 6480: 6307: 6283: 6278: 6276: 6267: 6246: 6217: 6212:Magyarország 6211: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6181:Frederick II 6174: 6143: 6135: 6095: 6094:In 1495 the 6093: 6085:Reichshofrat 6084: 6078: 6035: 5882: 5876: 5832: 5797: 5763: 5714: 5676: 5669: 5644: 5632: 5625:Reichshofrat 5624: 5622: 5614:Reichshofrat 5613: 5598: 5562: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5506: 5499: 5490: 5484: 5429: 5425: 5393:German kings 5388: 5384: 5378: 5333: 5213: 5204:Reichsstände 5200: 5122:Kleinstaaten 5120: 5114: 5072: 5044:nation-state 5037: 5034:Institutions 5020: 5016: 5008: 4962: 4952: 4861: 4767: 4673: 4623: 4618: 4603: 4522: 4440: 4423:in the 1797 4418: 4414: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4359: 4351: 4343:Demographics 4322: 4316:German Reich 4313: 4312: 4309: 4286: 4243: 4212: 4204: 4174: 4167: 4109: 4041:(1683), the 4036: 4016: 4005: 3989: 3976: 3973: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3862: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3812: 3760: 3712: 3708: 3687: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3510: 3506: 3497:Maximilian I 3482:Landsknechte 3478: 3463: 3451: 3448: 3434: 3398: 3395:Vehmic court 3392: 3388: 3371: 3343: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3310: 3308: 3303:Reichshofrat 3301: 3295: 3293: 3288: 3282: 3272: 3266: 3240: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3202: 3197: 3194:robber baron 3191: 3187:Fredrick III 3149: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3079: 3074:, issued by 3067: 3061: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2977: 2954: 2900: 2877: 2853:Guelph party 2830: 2778: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2746: 2743: 2729: 2703:Frederick II 2697: 2683: 2624: 2593: 2580: 2569: 2549: 2530: 2517:Hohenstaufen 2511:family, but 2498: 2451:Piast dukes' 2444: 2422: 2410: 2403:kept in the 2368: 2319: 2301: 2294: 2279: 2262: 2245: 2221: 2210: 2192: 2138: 2110: 2103:East Francia 2075:stem duchies 2072: 2056: 2040:East Francia 2036:West Francia 2015: 2005: 2001:Nikephoros I 1994: 1976: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1921:Carolingians 1905:Merovingians 1894: 1680:World War II 1670:Nazi Germany 1631:German Reich 1558:18th century 1553:Sectionalism 1527: 1518:East Francia 1263: 1259: 1255:Nazi Germany 1246: 1243:Erstes Reich 1242: 1218: 1208: 1206: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1148: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1110: 1107:Roman Empire 1106: 1100: 1075: 1069: 1038: 1019: 1016: 973:Pope Leo III 970: 941: 937: 935: 775:East Francia 757:Succeeded by 756: 751: 741:Reichsthaler 711:• 1800 701:• 1700 638:Cabinet wars 407: 304:Seat of the 286: 285:Seat of the 268:Hohenstaufen 246: 210: 163: 152:Coat of arms 113:800/962–1806 30:Roman Empire 18: 19876:Middle Ages 19831:Christendom 19736:Definitions 19625:Open Balkan 19443:integration 19373:Rule of law 19368:Natural law 19345:Agnosticism 19323:Hellenistic 19301:Anglo-Saxon 19231:Catholicism 19170:Atlanticism 19075:Rationalism 18881:Immigration 18864:Esotericism 18722:World War I 18687:Romanticism 18667:Reformation 18647:Renaissance 18625:Middle Ages 18590:Christendom 18519:Foundations 18401:Investiture 18052:World War I 18042:Nationalism 17930:Reformation 17915:Renaissance 17887:Black Death 17820:Kievan Rus' 17723:Middle Ages 17580:WikiProject 17507:Medievalism 17346:Agriculture 17210:Manorialism 17205:Communalism 17200:Monasticism 17117:Reconquista 17107:Kievan Rus' 16294:Khwarezmian 16227:Carolingian 16032:Rashtrakuta 15736:Shaishunaga 15635:Hellenistic 15618:New Kingdom 15608:Old Kingdom 15412:Charles VII 15367:Ferdinand I 15312:Frederick I 15307:Lothair III 15237:Charles III 15212:Charlemagne 15044:Rheinfelden 14989:Kaysersberg 14829:Schweinfurt 14789:Pfullendorf 14669:Dinkelsbühl 14533:Upper Saxon 14483:Lower Saxon 13919:7 September 13482:7 September 13239:Charlemagne 12702:Wilson 2016 12687:6 September 12653:6 September 12619:26 February 12597:Wilson 2016 12514:6 September 12455:Wilson 2016 12443:Wilson 2016 12428:6 September 12394:6 September 12360:6 September 12172:Wilson 2016 12160:Wilson 1999 12148:Wilson 2016 11976:Härter 2011 11964:Wilson 1999 11952:Wilson 1999 11937:Barker 1911 11655:7 September 11608:Wilson 2004 11530:Legauy 1995 11518:Kurian 2010 11386:Wilson 2009 11362:Wilson 2009 11350:Parker 2008 11319:(in German) 11140:Whaley 2011 10666:Wilson 2004 10529:Curtis 2013 10438:Whaley 2011 10420:12 December 10386:12 December 10164:Wilson 2016 9979:12 December 9954:12 December 9920:12 December 9886:12 December 9855:Hodnet 2018 9840:20 November 9806:20 November 9772:20 November 9738:20 November 9704:20 November 9670:19 November 9573:Whaley 2011 9432:Wilson 2016 9301:Whaley 2011 8998:Arnold 1995 8596:Cantor 1993 8584:Sladen 1914 8560:Magill 1998 8414:(in German) 8301:Magill 1998 8286:Cantor 1993 8206:Cantor 1993 8194:Magill 1998 7934:Davies 1996 7765:Wilson 2006 7716:Whaley 2011 7692:Whaley 2011 7677:Wilson 1999 7550:Wilson 1999 7412:Davies 1996 7378:Cantor 1993 7330:15 February 7279:Wilson 2016 7262:Wilson 2016 6791:Hanlon 2014 6774:Avakov 2015 6691:15 February 6599:Pope Leo IX 6487:Härter 2011 6465:Charlemagne 6301:to his son 6279:Türkenhilfe 5931:Quedlinburg 5899:Diedenhofen 5856:Ferdinand I 5847:Wittelsbach 5789:Georg Braun 5725:Reichsarmee 5685:Switzerland 5575:ending the 5538: 1340 5436:Golden Bull 5434:issued the 5224: 1600 5138:Reichsstand 4988:Arminianism 4964:Lutheranism 4954:Catholicism 4947:Lutheranism 4542:Population 4453:Population 4268:. Francis' 4214:Rittersturm 4027:Anabaptists 3981:Cologne War 3883:– becoming 3869:Reformation 3776:Reformation 3680: [ 3648:resided in 3630:Charles VII 3626:Wittelsbach 3620:resided in 3586:Ferdinand I 3566:Kaiserpfalz 3407:Charlemagne 3399:Vehmgericht 3379: [ 3336: [ 3229:Landfrieden 3221:Christendom 3158:Wittelsbach 2957:bourgeoisie 2845:Interregnum 2807:Interregnum 2785:Middle Ages 2639:nationalism 2573:Justinian I 2553:rule of law 2541:Landfrieden 2501:Lothair III 2441:Ostsiedlung 2435:Ostsiedlung 2117:of Saxony ( 2095:Lotharingia 1988:Carolingian 1968:Christendom 1950:of Emperor 1650:World War I 1576:Unification 1512:Middle Ages 1447:Württemberg 1427:Family tree 1335:History of 1109:. The term 1103:Charlemagne 996:Otto I 980:Charlemagne 964:during the 752:Preceded by 561:Charlemagne 541:Middle Ages 527:Legislature 479:Charlemagne 435:(1648–1806) 430:(1555–1806) 428:Lutheranism 425:(1054–1806) 405:ceremonial) 378:(1689–1806) 365:from 1594, 357:(1594–1806) 343:(1583–1612) 322:(1562–1806) 280:(1508–1519) 136: 1430 19800:Categories 19770:Quotations 19645:Rio Treaty 19156:Relativism 19114:Liberalism 19080:Empiricism 19032:Philosophy 19020:Secularism 18971:Philosophy 18908:Literature 18702:Capitalism 18280:and events 17815:Viking Age 17630:Prehistory 17502:Land terms 17456:Technology 17436:Philosophy 17416:Literature 17381:Demography 17082:Viking Age 16864:Portuguese 16745:Revival Le 16735:Vietnamese 16378:Later Tran 16348:Vietnamese 16244:Singhasari 16232:Holy Roman 15856:Bulgarian 15792:Satavahana 15763:Phoenician 15699:Achaemenid 15660:Indo-Greek 15640:Macedonian 15554:Babylonian 15432:Francis II 15427:Leopold II 15407:Charles VI 15377:Rudolph II 15342:Charles IV 15232:Charles II 15059:Sarrebourg 15054:St. Gallen 14974:Gelnhausen 14959:Donauwörth 14839:Überlingen 14809:Rothenburg 14804:Reutlingen 14799:Regensburg 14794:Ravensburg 14774:Nördlingen 14769:Nordhausen 14759:Mühlhausen 14724:Kaufbeuren 14694:Gengenbach 14523:Burgundian 14473:Franconian 14452:after the 14047:5 February 13948:(3): 494. 13872:. Collier. 13861:Wikisource 13390:2 December 13029:Bloomsbury 12876:5 February 12582:17 January 12548:17 January 12481:, p. 12467:Evans 2006 12184:Brady 2009 12133:15 October 12099:15 October 12065:15 October 12031:15 October 11862:5 February 11828:5 February 11794:5 February 11701:6 February 11545:Flood 2011 11506:Claus 1997 11441:Smith 1920 11388:, p. 11338:Fried 2016 11323:28 October 11251:6 February 11217:6 February 11171:5 February 11125:5 February 11091:5 February 11045:15 October 11011:15 October 10967:15 October 10933:15 October 10827:15 October 10793:15 October 10759:15 October 10714:15 October 10651:6 February 10605:6 February 10543:"Monarchs" 10515:, p. 10498:5 February 10475:Brady 2009 10460:5 February 10352:29 January 10273:8 November 10187:5 February 10149:5 February 10115:5 February 10081:8 February 10047:7 February 10013:7 February 9621:24 October 9546:Brady 2009 9503:17 January 9466:17 January 9417:21 January 9383:21 January 9325:Brady 2009 9313:Hardy 2018 9286:Brady 2009 9271:6 February 9240:Brady 2009 9225:5 February 9155:2 November 9109:15 October 9075:15 October 9041:15 October 8366:6 February 8332:6 February 8271:6 February 8237:6 February 8131:6 February 8097:6 February 8024:Duffy 1997 7988:Bryce 1890 7946:Bryce 1890 7922:Bryce 1890 7910:Innes 2000 7898:Bryce 1890 7704:Moraw 1999 7647:Brady 2009 7635:Brady 2009 7581:Bryce 1890 7443:6 February 7250:Žůrek 2014 7188:6 February 7154:6 February 7030:Brady 2009 6894:16 October 6760:Smith 1920 6648:pronounced 6503:Low German 6469:coronation 6438:References 6208:Csehország 6157:See also: 6146:Regensburg 6114:Regensburg 6074:Regensburg 6031:Regensburg 5991:Gelnhausen 5903:Thionville 5730:Reichsheer 5523:The Seven 5432:Charles IV 5387:; German: 5143:feudal law 5000:Hutterites 4992:Mennonites 4984:Anabaptism 4980:Protestant 4914:Regensburg 4820:Regensburg 4762:Regensburg 4718:Regensburg 4628:Regensburg 4566:1,000,000 4558:1,100,000 4550:2,400,000 4469:1,200,000 4461:1,350,000 4348:Population 4325:Luxembourg 4246:Francis II 3885:Protestant 3873:Strasbourg 3784:See also: 3719:Regensburg 3690:, Augsburg 3677:Hans Rogel 3614:Regensburg 3403:Westphalia 3329:Raitkammer 3251:Maximilian 3205:anti-popes 3198:Raubritter 3162:Charles IV 3100:Wenceslaus 3076:Charles IV 3068:Kurfürsten 3049:Charles IV 3004:Baltic Sea 2797:Charles IV 2698:alamanikon 2631:West Slavs 2557:bishoprics 2513:Conrad III 2459:suzerainty 2381:with King 1954:, in what 1948:iconoclasm 1790:since 1990 1773:New states 1717:Ostgebiete 1710:Occupation 1603:Zollverein 1451:Mediatised 1361:Chronology 1300:. Barring 1296:and their 1239:Nazi Party 1046:Francis II 727:Multiple: 715:29,000,000 705:23,000,000 691:Population 516:Francis II 440:Government 355:Regensburg 332:coronation 270:dynasty) 230:(800–1562) 19590:Five Eyes 19585:EU–UK TCA 19427:Democracy 19316:Old Norse 19205:Abrahamic 19162:Peritrope 19144:Tolerance 19124:Socialism 18954:Mythology 18942:Classical 18891:Languages 18869:Astrology 18717:Modernism 18531:Old World 18364:Canon law 18278:Documents 18224:Erlembald 17862:Feudalism 17833:Catalonia 17487:Dark Ages 17396:Household 17391:Hastilude 17160:Feudalism 16857:Couronian 16495:Ethiopian 16483:Manchukuo 16438:Brazilian 16284:Ghaznavid 16254:Srivijaya 16205:Trebizond 16190:Byzantine 16172:North Sea 16167:Norwegian 16155:Almoravid 16138:Ilkhanate 16108:Majapahit 16081:Muromachi 15990:Solomonic 15975:Ethiopian 15889:Caliphate 15822:Aragonese 15650:Ptolemaic 15422:Joseph II 15417:Francis I 15397:Leopold I 15362:Charles V 15347:Sigismund 15332:Henry VII 15292:Henry III 15287:Conrad II 15257:Louis III 15222:Lothair I 15104:Turckheim 15094:Straßburg 15089:Solothurn 14874:Windsheim 14784:Offenburg 14779:Nuremberg 14764:Mülhausen 14754:Memmingen 14739:Leutkirch 14734:Kessenich 14714:Heilbronn 14689:Friedberg 14684:Frankfurt 14644:Bopfingen 14306:38653949M 14279:17729330M 14153:154316830 14016:797016561 14002:(1773) . 13906:148667574 13801:144471373 13787:: 64–75. 13340:Göttingen 13204:25270288M 13188:. Brill. 13104:Stuttgart 13049:. Oxford. 13016:28037381M 12848:5 October 11734:The Local 11292:0026-2005 10902:Ertl 2007 10887:Ertl 2007 10573:240193601 10549:: 17–36. 10263:186566355 9561:Erbe 2000 8012:Kohn 2006 7873:0963-9462 6870:Citations 6609:Orthodox. 6303:Philip II 6287:Charles V 6254:Ferdinand 6122:Esslingen 6110:Nuremberg 6007:Esslingen 5979:Nuremberg 5955:Merseburg 5915:Forchheim 5887:Paderborn 5883:Reichstag 5860:Rudolf II 5812:Magdeburg 5546:Reichstag 5507:Reichstag 5497:in 1530. 5495:Charles V 5417:Bavarians 5409:Franconia 5073:From the 4972:Calvinism 4902:Straßburg 4894:Magdeburg 4886:Nuremberg 4872:100,000. 4868:150,000. 4840:Magdeburg 4832:Straßburg 4800:Nuremberg 4750:Straßburg 4738:Nuremberg 4734:Magdeburg 4698:Marseille 4674:1300–1350 4112:Louis XIV 4031:Arminians 4023:Calvinism 3996:Rudolf II 3881:Nuremberg 3877:Frankfurt 3850:Ferdinand 3819:Charles V 3813:In 1516, 3750:and from 3744:Innsbruck 3642:Reichstag 3618:Rudolf II 3604:, to the 3598:Frankfurt 3521:Ferdinand 3344:Hofkammer 3325:Hofkammer 3317:Nuremberg 3267:Hofkammer 3236:Sigismund 3150:Hausmacht 3142:Henry VII 3134:Reichsgut 3123:Reichsgut 3118:Reichsgut 3114:Reichsgut 3109:Reichsgut 3008:North Sea 2961:feudalism 2896:Rudolf II 2888:Clement V 2865:Habsburgs 2837:anti-king 2833:Conrad IV 2789:Ottokar I 2663:Prussians 2643:Pomerania 2604:antipopes 2589:Roman law 2307:Conrad II 2282:Gregory V 2267:Theophanu 2237:Theophanu 2079:Franconia 1923:, led by 1899:power in 1759:1949–1990 1736:1944–1950 1684:1939–1945 1674:1933–1945 1664:1918–1933 1654:1914–1918 1644:1871–1918 1419:Empresses 1294:Habsburgs 1183:Hungarian 1055:– of the 643:1648–1789 595:Conrad II 504:Charles V 433:Calvinism 414:Religion 320:Frankfurt 306:Habsburgs 287:Hofkammer 278:Innsbruck 19650:Schengen 19580:Eurozone 19420:Property 19415:Religion 19306:Frankish 19296:Germanic 19276:Paganism 19197:Religion 19185:European 19097:Humanism 19000:Religion 18959:Painting 18925:Internet 18876:Folklore 18847:Clothing 18818:Calendar 18794:Cyrillic 18779:Alphabet 18742:Cold War 18437:See also 18357:Concepts 18101:See also 18072:Cold War 17867:Crusades 17837:Valencia 17570:Category 17537:Timeline 17426:Minstrel 17421:Medicine 17303:Chivalry 17258:Burgundy 17180:Crusades 16837:Japanese 16800:Scottish 16780:American 16772:Colonial 16701:Imperial 16669:Moroccan 16605:Japanese 16583:Afsharid 16442:Burmese 16428:Austrian 16383:Later Le 16358:Early Le 16343:Venetian 16269:Tiwanaku 16182:Hellenic 16145:Moroccan 16076:Kamakura 16066:Japanese 16049:Saffarid 16002:Georgian 15916:Chalukya 15894:Rashidun 15884:Calakmul 15852:Bruneian 15731:Haryanka 15709:Sasanian 15704:Parthian 15655:Bactrian 15645:Seleucid 15625:Goguryeo 15603:Egyptian 15537:Assyrian 15527:Akkadian 15518:Colonies 15450:Category 15402:Joseph I 15382:Matthias 15337:Louis IV 15317:Henry VI 15297:Henry IV 15282:Henry II 15277:Otto III 15262:Berengar 15227:Louis II 15147:Décapole 14999:Konstanz 14964:Duisburg 14939:Besançon 14814:Rottweil 14679:Eßlingen 14674:Dortmund 14659:Buchhorn 14639:Biberach 14634:Augsburg 14518:Austrian 14468:Bavarian 14261:(1864). 14251:7744146M 14101:(1999). 14000:Voltaire 13746:14 March 13723:Archived 13556:(1999). 13237:(2016). 13128:(2006). 13068:(1997). 12989:1866/803 12951:(1993). 12937:(1890). 12888:(2014). 12842:Archived 12323:6 August 12270:6 August 11297:31 March 10872:7 August 10863:Archived 10309:Archived 10220:Archived 9615:Archived 7750:3 August 7206:(1983). 6929:: 5–14. 6727:13 April 6317:See also 6189:Al-Kamil 6177:Henry VI 6106:Augsburg 6062:Augsburg 6023:Konstanz 6015:Freiburg 5975:Augsburg 5963:Würzburg 5935:Dortmund 5923:Fritzlar 5845:and the 5677:Kreistag 5567:and the 5440:electors 5421:Swabians 5401:Lorraine 5383:(Latin: 5347:687,338 5344:687,338 5341:687,338 5338:687,338 4929:Religion 4920:20,000. 4916:20,000. 4912:21,000. 4908:23,000. 4896:40,000. 4892:40,000. 4888:40,000. 4884:40,000. 4880:45,000. 4878:Augsburg 4876:50,000. 4854:16,000. 4842:18,000. 4830:20,000. 4824:Augsburg 4822:22,000. 4814:25,000. 4806:30,000. 4804:Augsburg 4802:38,000. 4790:45,000. 4784:Florence 4682:Florence 4668:Florence 4662:20,000. 4658:20,000. 4654:20,000. 4650:20,000. 4646:21,000. 4642:25,000. 4638:30,000. 4634:35,000. 4598:100,000 4590:350,000 4582:500,000 4574:500,000 4517:110,000 4509:130,000 4501:250,000 4493:250,000 4485:649,000 4477:650,000 4327:and the 4250:Napoleon 4205:de facto 4193:annexing 4134:between 4104:Prussian 4100:Austrian 4012:Voltaire 3977:de facto 3889:Catholic 3842:Carlos I 3752:Brussels 3727:Augsburg 3723:Augsburg 3628:emperor 3540:and the 3458:Germania 3453:Germania 3427:Germania 3217:Hussites 3154:Louis IV 2980:property 2686:Henry VI 2657:by Duke 2561:Freiburg 2383:Henry IV 2315:electors 2303:Henry II 2297:Henry II 2271:Otto III 2248:Leo VIII 2126:Fritzlar 1979:Lombards 1929:de facto 1913:Frankish 1909:Clovis I 1907:, under 1752:division 1411:Monarchs 1371:Military 1326:a series 1324:Part of 1286:de facto 1274:Burgundy 1202:Voltaire 1171:Burgundy 1053:Napoleon 988:the fall 975:crowned 737:groschen 724:Currency 558:Frankish 328:Election 260:Henry VI 247:de facto 19495:Benelux 19400:Thought 19350:Atheism 19291:Finnish 19267:Culture 19262:Judaism 19224:Eastern 19220:Western 19215:Culture 19149:Paradox 19015:Decline 18976:Science 18852:History 18840:Studies 18823:Cuisine 18811:Periods 18771:Culture 18600:History 18566:Eastern 18561:Western 18512:culture 17942:Baroque 17841:Majorca 17753:Francia 17480:Related 17466:Warfare 17461:Theatre 17451:Slavery 17446:Science 17401:Hunting 17366:Cuisine 17339:Culture 17278:Castile 17273:England 16904:largest 16899:Empires 16879:Swedish 16874:Spanish 16869:Russian 16832:Italian 16807:Chinese 16795:English 16790:British 16785:Belgian 16760:Vietnam 16750:Tay son 16696:Tsarist 16691:Russian 16686:Ottoman 16652:Dzungar 16647:Khoshut 16620:Mexican 16615:Maratha 16598:Pahlavi 16578:Safavid 16573:Iranian 16500:Haitian 16463:Chinese 16423:Ashanti 16395:Wagadou 16321:Eastern 16316:Western 16299:Timurid 16259:Tibetan 16249:Songhai 16239:Serbian 16160:Almohad 16150:Idrisid 16054:Samanid 16044:Tahirid 16039:Iranian 16017:Kannauj 15997:Genoese 15933:Chinese 15926:Eastern 15921:Western 15909:Fatimid 15904:Abbasid 15899:Umayyad 15872:Burmese 15832:Ayyubid 15827:Angevin 15797:Xianbei 15785:Eastern 15780:Western 15726:Magadha 15689:Iranian 15682:Xiongnu 15667:Hittite 15576:Chinese 15564:Kassite 15513:Ancient 15505:Empires 15322:Otto IV 15302:Henry V 15272:Otto II 15247:Lambert 15217:Louis I 15119:Warburg 15049:Rosheim 15034:Obernai 15029:Munster 15014:Lucerne 14984:Herford 14979:Hagenau 14949:Cambrai 14869:Wimpfen 14864:Wetzlar 14729:Kempten 14709:Hamburg 14699:Giengen 14664:Cologne 14614:By 1792 14593:of the 14488:Swabian 14448:of the 14446:Circles 14271:1347435 13962:2600793 12785:(ed.). 12711:Sources 11745:20 June 8545:9 March 8520:9 March 8486:9 March 8452:9 March 8418:5 March 8391:2 March 7883:31 July 7832:31 July 7477:9 March 7350:History 6843:Tuscany 6673:emperor 6597:before 6563:Italian 6543:Yiddish 6539:Sorbian 6535:Slovene 6531:Romansh 6527:Frisian 6507:Italian 6475:in 962. 6126:Wetzlar 6070:Cologne 6050:Bologna 6046:Ravenna 6038:crowned 6019:Cologne 5967:Bamberg 5927:Ravenna 5816:Palermo 5460:Cologne 5166:Cologne 5162:diocese 5087:England 5068:princes 5060:bishops 4974:in the 4924:20,000. 4898:Breslau 4890:Hamburg 4882:Cologne 4858:15,000. 4856:Hamburg 4816:Breslau 4796:Cremona 4792:Antwerp 4788:Cologne 4782:70,000. 4694:Cologne 4670:15,000. 4644:Cologne 4333:Hamburg 4252:at the 4140:Prussia 4136:Austria 4116:Prussia 4037:At the 3935:Baroque 3913:Paul IV 3823:Castile 3756:Antwerp 3590:Hofburg 3578:pfalzen 3374:by the 3144:of the 3092:Italian 2973:burgher 2824:of the 2758:coining 2754:regalia 2655:Prussia 2647:Silesia 2585:coining 2581:regalia 2537:knights 2515:of the 2507:of the 2447:Silesia 2425:Henry V 2407:, 1115) 2252:Otto II 2229:Eadgyth 2201:in the 2199:Magyars 2167:of the 2130:Magyars 2083:Bavaria 2012:Lothair 1991:Francia 1439:Prussia 1435:Bavaria 1431:Austria 1386:Judaism 1376:Economy 1337:Germany 1316:History 1270:Germany 733:guilder 662:• 649:• 636:• 623:• 610:• 593:• 576:• 556:• 481:(first) 460:Emperor 450:(after 408:Various 376:Wetzlar 243:Palermo 211:de jure 199:Capital 19515:CANZUK 19405:Speech 19333:Slavic 19311:Gothic 19286:Celtic 19281:Baltic 19180:Values 18981:Values 18541:Greece 18428:Simony 18406:Papacy 18202:People 17829:Aragon 17808:Amalfi 17793:Venice 17781:Second 17560:Portal 17441:Poetry 17268:France 16842:Mongol 16827:German 16822:French 16812:Danish 16755:Dainam 16730:Tongan 16718:Somali 16713:Sokoto 16679:'Alawi 16657:Kalmyk 16637:Mongol 16630:Second 16610:Korean 16561:Mughal 16551:Indian 16534:German 16527:Second 16517:French 16510:Second 16446:Second 16418:Afghan 16410:Modern 16336:Kyrgyz 16331:Uighur 16326:Second 16306:Turkic 16274:Toltec 16210:Epirus 16195:Nicaea 16118:Mongol 16071:Yamato 16007:Huetar 15865:Second 15802:Rouran 15751:Shunga 15746:Maurya 15721:Kushan 15694:Median 15672:Hunnic 15630:Harsha 15267:Otto I 15252:Arnulf 15129:Zürich 15114:Verdun 15109:Verden 15004:Landau 14994:Kolmar 14944:Brakel 14849:Wangen 14834:Speyer 14749:Lübeck 14744:Lindau 14704:Goslar 14654:Buchau 14649:Bremen 14624:Aachen 14368:about 14330:(1995) 14304: 14294: 14277: 14269: 14249: 14239: 14177: 14151: 14111: 14087: 14066: 14038: 14014: 13979: 13960: 13904: 13856: 13839: 13799: 13765: 13715: 13667: 13635: 13587: 13564: 13542: 13521: 13500: 13460: 13439: 13418: 13381: 13357: 13305: 13223: 13202: 13192: 13166: 13140: 13114: 13087: 13014: 13004: 12959: 12923: 12902: 12867: 12834: 12804: 12755: 12728: 12678: 12644: 12573: 12539: 12505: 12419: 12385: 12314: 12261: 12224:5 July 12124: 12090: 12056: 12022: 11853: 11819: 11785: 11692: 11290: 11242: 11208: 11162: 11116: 11082: 11036: 11002: 10958: 10924: 10855: 10818: 10784: 10742: 10705: 10642: 10596: 10571: 10561: 10411: 10377: 10343: 10301: 10261: 10212: 10140: 10106: 10072: 10038: 9945: 9911: 9877: 9831: 9797: 9763: 9729: 9695: 9661: 9607: 9494: 9457: 9408: 9374: 9347: 9262: 9216: 9146: 9100: 9066: 9032: 8855:30 May 8846: 8821:30 May 8812: 8787:30 May 8763:30 May 8754: 8729:30 May 8720: 8695:30 May 8686: 8661:30 May 8652: 8627:30 May 8618: 8511: 8477: 8443: 8357: 8323: 8262: 8228: 8122: 8088: 7871: 7823: 7533: 7504: 7468: 7434: 7303: 7218: 7179: 7127: 7098: 7069: 6941: 6640:German 6555:German 6523:French 6515:Polish 6499:German 6118:Speyer 6089:Vienna 6011:Lindau 5995:Erfurt 5987:Speyer 5959:Goslar 5943:Minden 5939:Verona 5919:Trebur 5907:Aachen 5870:, the 5851:Munich 5843:Prague 5839:Vienna 5837:chose 5828:Vienna 5824:Prague 5820:Munich 5808:Aachen 5721:German 5565:Swabia 5474:, the 5466:, and 5454:, the 5450:, the 5446:, the 5419:, and 5413:Saxons 5248:Ruler 5172:, and 5099:papacy 5083:France 5064:abbots 5056:counts 5042:nor a 5002:, the 4922:Munich 4906:Lübeck 4874:Vienna 4870:Prague 4844:Modena 4828:Vienna 4812:Lübeck 4808:Mantua 4780:Prague 4758:Lübeck 4746:Danzig 4742:Vienna 4730:Aachen 4722:Speyer 4710:Erfurt 4702:Verona 4690:Prague 4660:Verona 4640:Speyer 4539:State 4450:State 4337:Bremen 4240:, 1805 4225:or an 4223:bishop 4164:, 1789 4084:, and 4025:, but 3970:, 1648 3945:, and 3879:, and 3846:Karl V 3827:Aragon 3748:Venice 3735:Welser 3731:Fugger 3721:, and 3650:Berlin 3638:Kaiser 3624:, the 3622:Prague 3602:Aachen 3548:(see: 3342:, the 3138:Styria 3094:, and 3084:German 3006:, the 3000:guilds 2969:cities 2937:, and 2873:Albert 2855:, and 2801:Prague 2671:German 2612:Lübeck 2608:Munich 2565:Munich 2239:, and 2149:Aachen 2093:, and 2091:Saxony 2087:Swabia 1443:Saxony 1415:Queens 1355:Topics 1328:on the 1278:France 1155:German 1119:Papacy 1111:sacrum 1101:Since 1083:, and 1008:Salian 950:Europe 946:polity 729:thaler 581:Otto I 518:(last) 492:Otto I 464: 397:German 341:Prague 297:Vienna 228:Aachen 167:(1510) 138:–1806) 102:German 98: 84: 66:German 62: 48: 19753:Media 19670:USMCA 19525:CEFTA 19480:AUKUS 19470:ANZUS 19465:ANZUK 19410:Press 19328:Roman 18993:Sport 18937:Chant 18932:Music 18920:Media 18913:Canon 18859:Dance 18789:Latin 18784:Greek 18630:early 17798:Genoa 17776:First 17471:Women 17431:Music 17386:Domes 17376:Dance 17263:Milan 16892:Lists 16847:Omani 16817:Dutch 16723:Isaaq 16674:Saadi 16642:Oirat 16625:First 16593:Qajar 16522:First 16505:First 16478:China 16451:Third 16311:First 16264:Tikal 16215:Morea 16185:Roman 16103:Latin 16098:Khmer 16093:Kanem 16059:Buyid 15985:Zagwe 15980:Aksum 15970:Chola 15877:First 15860:First 15847:Bornu 15842:Benin 15837:Aztec 15775:Roman 15756:Gupta 15741:Nanda 15677:White 15084:Soest 15079:Seltz 15019:Mainz 15009:Lemgo 14969:Düren 14929:Basel 14915:Lost 14879:Worms 14629:Aalen 14149:S2CID 13958:JSTOR 13936:(PDF) 13913:(PDF) 13902:S2CID 13882:(PDF) 13812:[ 13797:S2CID 13375:(PDF) 13217:cxvii 12781:. In 11481:(PDF) 11470:(PDF) 10866:(PDF) 10849:(PDF) 10753:(PDF) 10736:(PDF) 10569:S2CID 10259:S2CID 7010:4 May 6987:4 May 6965:4 May 6632:Latin 6567:Czech 6559:Latin 6519:Dutch 6511:Czech 6443:Notes 6299:Milan 6144:When 6102:Worms 6066:Rhens 6054:Reims 6027:Trier 6001:(now 5947:Mainz 5911:Worms 5901:(now 5741:Latin 5569:Rhine 5548:, or 5468:Trier 5464:Mainz 5334:Total 5260:1792 5257:1748 5254:1714 5251:1648 5174:Mainz 5170:Trier 5079:power 5052:dukes 5048:kings 5040:state 5004:Amish 4866:Milan 4848:Pavia 4836:Parma 4776:Genoa 4772:Milan 4754:Worms 4726:Mainz 4706:Padua 4686:Genoa 4678:Milan 4652:Worms 4648:Trier 4636:Mainz 4604:Total 4523:Total 4227:abbot 3831:Spain 3684:] 3383:] 3340:] 3279:Worms 3096:Czech 3088:Latin 3016:a war 2869:Adolf 2545:Mainz 2109:, as 1964:Irene 1933:Pepin 1917:Rhine 1897:Roman 1391:Women 1266:Italy 1247:Reich 1217:) or 1163:Latin 1070:Reich 88:Latin 52:Latin 19630:OSCE 19610:NATO 19555:EFTA 19520:CBSS 19505:BSEC 19395:Life 18947:Folk 18828:Diet 18640:late 18635:high 18551:Rome 18510:and 17803:Pisa 16662:Bogd 16588:Zand 16566:Sikh 16473:Qing 16468:Ming 16400:Wari 16368:Tran 16353:Dinh 16123:Yuan 16113:Mali 16022:Pala 16012:Inca 15963:Yuan 15953:Song 15948:Liao 15943:Tang 15716:Kush 15598:Dʿmt 15099:Toul 15024:Metz 14934:Bern 14884:Zell 14854:Weil 14719:Isny 14292:ISBN 14267:OCLC 14237:ISBN 14175:ISBN 14109:ISBN 14085:ISBN 14064:ISBN 14049:2022 14036:ISBN 14012:OCLC 13977:ISBN 13921:2021 13837:ISBN 13763:ISBN 13748:2019 13731:2021 13713:ISBN 13665:ISBN 13633:ISBN 13585:ISBN 13562:ISBN 13540:ISBN 13519:ISBN 13498:ISBN 13484:2021 13458:ISBN 13437:ISBN 13416:ISBN 13392:2021 13379:ISBN 13355:ISBN 13303:ISBN 13221:ISBN 13190:ISBN 13164:ISBN 13138:ISBN 13112:ISBN 13085:ISBN 13002:ISBN 12957:ISBN 12921:ISBN 12900:ISBN 12878:2022 12865:ISBN 12850:2021 12832:ISBN 12802:ISBN 12753:ISBN 12726:ISBN 12689:2022 12676:ISBN 12655:2022 12642:ISBN 12621:2022 12584:2022 12571:ISBN 12550:2022 12537:ISBN 12516:2022 12503:ISBN 12430:2022 12417:ISBN 12396:2022 12383:ISBN 12362:2022 12325:2022 12312:ISBN 12272:2022 12259:ISBN 12226:2022 12135:2022 12122:ISBN 12101:2022 12088:ISBN 12067:2022 12054:ISBN 12033:2022 12020:ISBN 11864:2022 11851:ISBN 11830:2022 11817:ISBN 11796:2022 11783:ISBN 11747:2019 11703:2022 11690:ISBN 11657:2021 11325:2022 11299:2023 11288:ISSN 11253:2022 11240:ISBN 11219:2022 11206:ISBN 11173:2022 11160:ISBN 11127:2022 11114:ISBN 11093:2022 11080:ISBN 11047:2022 11034:ISBN 11013:2022 11000:ISBN 10969:2022 10956:ISBN 10935:2022 10922:ISBN 10874:2022 10853:ISBN 10829:2022 10816:ISBN 10795:2022 10782:ISBN 10761:2022 10740:ISBN 10716:2022 10703:ISBN 10653:2022 10640:ISBN 10607:2022 10594:ISBN 10559:ISBN 10500:2022 10462:2022 10422:2021 10409:ISBN 10388:2021 10375:ISBN 10354:2022 10341:ISBN 10317:2021 10299:ISBN 10275:2021 10228:2021 10210:ISBN 10189:2022 10151:2022 10138:ISBN 10117:2022 10104:ISBN 10083:2022 10070:ISBN 10049:2022 10036:ISBN 10015:2022 9981:2021 9956:2021 9943:ISBN 9922:2021 9909:ISBN 9888:2021 9875:ISBN 9842:2021 9829:ISBN 9808:2021 9795:ISBN 9774:2021 9761:ISBN 9740:2021 9727:ISBN 9706:2021 9693:ISBN 9672:2021 9659:ISBN 9623:2021 9605:ISBN 9505:2022 9492:ISBN 9468:2022 9455:ISBN 9419:2022 9406:ISBN 9385:2022 9372:ISBN 9345:ISBN 9273:2022 9260:ISBN 9227:2022 9214:ISBN 9157:2022 9144:ISBN 9111:2022 9098:ISBN 9077:2022 9064:ISBN 9043:2022 9030:ISBN 8857:2022 8844:ISBN 8823:2022 8810:ISBN 8789:2022 8765:2022 8752:ISBN 8731:2022 8718:ISBN 8697:2022 8684:ISBN 8663:2022 8650:ISBN 8629:2022 8616:ISBN 8547:2022 8522:2022 8509:ISBN 8488:2022 8475:ISBN 8454:2022 8441:ISBN 8420:2022 8393:2022 8368:2022 8355:ISBN 8334:2022 8321:ISBN 8273:2022 8260:ISBN 8239:2022 8226:ISBN 8133:2022 8120:ISBN 8099:2022 8086:ISBN 7885:2022 7869:ISSN 7834:2022 7821:ISBN 7752:2022 7531:ISBN 7502:ISBN 7479:2022 7466:ISBN 7445:2022 7432:ISBN 7362:2022 7332:2014 7301:ISBN 7216:ISBN 7190:2022 7177:ISBN 7156:2022 7125:ISBN 7096:ISBN 7067:ISBN 7012:2022 6989:2022 6967:2022 6939:ISBN 6896:2023 6729:2020 6693:2014 6565:and 6311:Elbe 6161:and 6120:and 6052:and 6042:Rome 6025:and 6003:Cheb 5999:Eger 5877:The 5841:and 5791:and 5715:The 5699:Army 5487:Pope 5368:The 5193:and 5182:and 5085:and 4945:and 4862:1600 4768:1500 4714:Metz 4664:Metz 4656:Lyon 4632:Rome 4624:1050 4335:and 4276:and 4264:, a 4236:The 4175:The 4138:and 4106:lion 4094:The 3927:and 3825:and 3778:and 3644:and 3600:and 3443:Roma 3362:and 3209:Pope 3030:and 2989:e.g. 2871:and 2799:set 2779:The 2645:and 2610:and 2509:Welf 2145:Otto 2030:and 1901:Gaul 1780:1990 1749:East 1745:West 1423:1918 1381:LGBT 1272:and 1144:Rome 1093:The 1026:Rome 936:The 683:1150 678:Area 330:and 207:Rome 19620:OAS 19565:ESA 19560:EPC 19550:EEA 19455:AER 19360:Law 19338:Neo 18886:Law 18806:Art 17356:Art 16740:Mac 16177:Oyo 16086:Edo 15958:Jīn 15938:Sui 15591:Jin 15586:Han 15581:Qin 15242:Guy 14844:Ulm 14542:and 14209:doi 14141:doi 13950:doi 13894:doi 13789:doi 13692:doi 13688:113 12985:hdl 12745:doi 12483:126 11280:doi 10992:doi 10551:doi 10251:doi 10004:doi 7861:doi 7527:154 7092:659 7063:106 6931:doi 6745:. ( 6607:and 6471:of 6072:or 6005:), 5905:), 5733:or 5407:of 5399:of 5391:). 4910:Ulm 4852:Ulm 3754:to 3746:to 3715:Ulm 3675:by 3429:by 3413:). 3277:at 3196:" ( 3156:of 3152:): 2575:'s 1895:As 563:is 543:to 19802:: 19595:G7 19570:EU 17839:, 17835:, 17831:, 16373:Ho 16363:Ly 14336:. 14302:OL 14300:. 14275:OL 14273:. 14247:OL 14245:. 14147:. 14137:28 14135:. 14018:. 14006:. 13975:. 13956:. 13946:41 13944:. 13938:. 13900:. 13892:. 13888:. 13884:. 13795:. 13785:58 13783:. 13721:. 13686:. 13682:. 13475:, 13338:. 13219:. 13200:OL 13198:. 13180:; 13136:. 13134:82 13110:. 13106:: 13102:. 13027:. 13012:OL 13010:. 12898:. 12894:. 12840:. 12751:. 12612:. 12289:. 12218:71 12216:. 12212:. 11944:^ 11755:^ 11731:. 11647:. 11564:^ 11537:^ 11472:, 11433:^ 11390:17 11369:^ 11315:. 11286:. 11276:42 11274:. 11270:. 10998:. 10986:. 10894:^ 10861:. 10567:. 10557:. 10545:. 10517:75 10491:. 10453:. 10430:^ 10325:^ 10307:. 10283:^ 10257:. 10245:. 10218:. 10180:. 9998:. 9613:. 9553:^ 9536:^ 9521:^ 9476:^ 9439:^ 9293:^ 8945:. 8880:^ 8865:^ 8410:. 8384:. 8293:^ 8058:^ 8043:^ 8031:^ 7973:. 7867:. 7857:23 7855:. 7851:. 7743:. 7684:^ 7669:^ 7654:^ 7627:^ 7588:^ 7557:^ 7529:. 7500:. 7498:49 7397:. 7385:^ 7370:^ 7348:. 7323:. 7299:. 7269:^ 7242:^ 7214:. 7212:13 7123:. 7121:37 7094:. 7065:. 7037:^ 7020:^ 6937:. 6925:. 6885:. 6845:, 6837:, 6684:. 6646:, 6642:: 6638:; 6634:: 6584:c. 6561:, 6557:, 6541:, 6537:, 6533:, 6529:, 6525:, 6521:, 6517:, 6513:, 6509:, 6505:, 6501:, 6451:^ 6293:, 6128:. 6116:, 6112:, 6108:, 6104:, 6091:. 6076:. 6068:, 6064:, 6048:, 6033:. 6021:, 6017:, 6013:, 6009:, 5997:, 5993:, 5989:, 5985:, 5981:, 5977:, 5973:, 5969:, 5965:, 5961:, 5957:, 5953:, 5949:, 5945:, 5941:, 5937:, 5933:, 5929:, 5925:, 5921:, 5917:, 5913:, 5909:, 5897:, 5893:, 5889:, 5743:: 5739:; 5727:, 5723:: 5695:. 5579:. 5535:c. 5533:, 5462:, 5415:, 5411:, 5403:, 5221:c. 5211:. 5168:, 5131:(" 5062:, 5058:, 5054:, 5050:, 5021:A 4998:, 4994:, 4986:, 4864:: 4770:: 4676:: 4626:: 4307:. 4284:. 4080:, 4029:, 3941:, 3937:, 3891:. 3875:, 3837:. 3797:, 3733:, 3725:. 3717:, 3682:de 3652:. 3640:, 3499:, 3381:de 3338:de 3090:, 3086:, 2933:, 2929:, 2925:, 2921:, 2898:. 2839:, 2741:. 2723:, 2673:: 2622:. 2567:. 2547:. 2480:, 2420:. 2388:r. 2317:. 2257:r. 2243:. 2235:, 2231:, 2227:, 2136:. 2120:r. 2089:, 2085:, 2081:, 2026:, 2022:, 2018:. 2016:cf 1974:. 1887:c. 1449:, 1445:, 1441:, 1437:, 1433:, 1429:, 1425:, 1421:, 1417:, 1268:, 1245:, 1185:: 1165:: 1161:, 1157:: 1146:. 1079:, 1073:, 968:. 739:, 735:, 731:, 399:, 189:c. 133:c. 19722:: 19222:/ 18500:e 18493:t 18486:v 18187:e 18180:t 18173:v 17843:) 17827:( 17614:e 17607:t 17600:v 16991:e 16984:t 16977:v 15520:) 15516:( 15497:e 15490:t 15483:v 15193:e 15186:t 15179:v 14583:e 14576:t 14569:v 14438:e 14431:t 14424:v 14308:. 14281:. 14253:. 14217:. 14211:: 14183:. 14155:. 14143:: 14126:. 14117:. 14093:. 14072:. 14051:. 13985:. 13964:. 13952:: 13923:. 13896:: 13890:7 13863:. 13845:. 13824:. 13803:. 13791:: 13771:. 13750:. 13733:. 13700:. 13694:: 13673:. 13641:. 13593:. 13570:. 13548:. 13527:. 13506:. 13466:. 13445:. 13424:. 13394:. 13363:. 13320:. 13311:. 13229:. 13206:. 13172:. 13146:. 13120:. 13093:. 13040:. 13018:. 12991:. 12987:: 12965:. 12929:. 12908:. 12880:. 12852:. 12810:. 12761:. 12747:: 12734:. 12691:. 12657:. 12623:. 12586:. 12552:. 12518:. 12485:. 12432:. 12398:. 12364:. 12327:. 12293:. 12274:. 12228:. 12137:. 12103:. 12069:. 12035:. 11927:. 11915:. 11866:. 11832:. 11798:. 11749:. 11705:. 11659:. 11586:. 11559:. 11508:. 11392:. 11327:. 11301:. 11282:: 11255:. 11221:. 11175:. 11129:. 11095:. 11049:. 11015:. 10994:: 10971:. 10937:. 10876:. 10831:. 10797:. 10763:. 10718:. 10655:. 10609:. 10575:. 10553:: 10519:. 10502:. 10464:. 10424:. 10390:. 10356:. 10319:. 10277:. 10253:: 10230:. 10191:. 10153:. 10119:. 10085:. 10051:. 10017:. 10006:: 9983:. 9958:. 9924:. 9890:. 9844:. 9810:. 9776:. 9742:. 9708:. 9674:. 9625:. 9516:. 9507:. 9470:. 9421:. 9387:. 9353:. 9315:. 9275:. 9229:. 9196:. 9184:. 9159:. 9113:. 9079:. 9045:. 8988:. 8859:. 8825:. 8791:. 8767:. 8733:. 8699:. 8665:. 8631:. 8586:. 8549:. 8524:. 8490:. 8456:. 8422:. 8395:. 8370:. 8336:. 8275:. 8241:. 8135:. 8101:. 7887:. 7863:: 7836:. 7791:. 7754:. 7598:. 7539:. 7510:. 7481:. 7447:. 7401:. 7364:. 7334:. 7309:. 7297:2 7252:. 7224:. 7192:. 7158:. 7133:. 7104:. 7075:. 7014:. 6991:. 6969:. 6947:. 6933:: 6898:. 6776:) 6772:( 6749:) 6731:. 6695:. 6569:. 6083:( 5881:( 5755:( 5719:( 5540:) 5527:( 5509:) 5176:. 3801:. 3568:) 3564:( 3560:) 3556:( 3552:) 3503:. 3445:. 3397:( 3385:. 3066:( 2750:, 2669:( 2551:" 2385:( 2254:( 2077:( 1854:e 1847:t 1840:v 1747:– 1453:) 1413:( 1407:) 1403:( 1221:( 1211:( 454:) 420:: 245:( 213:) 209:( 131:( 104:) 100:( 90:) 86:( 68:) 64:( 54:) 50:( 32:. 25:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index