1965:
1615:
1895:
2007:
1783:
1825:
1671:
1713:
1867:
1853:
1657:
2035:
1629:
1811:
1797:
1979:
2049:
1909:
1741:
1643:
1839:
1699:
2021:
1993:
1573:
1601:
1755:
1881:
1587:
1685:
1923:
1769:
1937:
1727:
3635:
1951:
1210:
Earls, being in reality the "Count" of
Continental Europe, were also named after the County over which they exercised control. The range of names adopted for titles gradually expanded from territorial names alone. Later titles used a wide variety of names, including surname (unrelated to territorial
214:
It is often wrongly assumed that knighthoods and life peerages cannot grant hereditary nobility. The bestowal of a peerage or a knighthood is seen as due reason for a grant of arms by Garter King of Arms or Lord Lyon, and thus, those who make use of it attain hereditary nobility. The eldest son of a
2787:
Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol. IV, page 26): "With regard to the words 'untitled nobility' employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the (Minor) Baronage of
Scotland, Finds and Declares that the (Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this nobiliary
943:), possession of a title in the peerage (except Irish) entitled its holder to a seat in the House of Lords. Since then, only 92 hereditary peers are entitled to sit in the House of Lords, of which 90 are elected by the hereditary peers by ballot and replaced on death. The two exceptions are the
1485:
was a clan designation which was effectively terminated in 1601 with the collapse of the Gaelic order, and which, through the policy of surrender and regrant, eliminated the role of a chief in a clan or sept structure. This does not mean there is no longer a Chief or a sept today. Contemporary
1486:
individuals today designated or claiming a title of an Irish chief treat their title as hereditary, whereas chiefs in the Gaelic order were nominated and elected by a vote of their kinsmen. Modern "chiefs" of tribal septs descend from provincial and regional kings with pedigrees beginning in
688:
because they held land directly from the king. According to
Domesday Book, there were 1,100 tenants-in-chief in 1086. Those with estates worth over £30 a year were considered the greater tenants-in-chief. Those with smaller estates were considered the lesser tenants-in-chief.
931:
to create three hereditary peerages (two of them, to men who had no heirs). Until changes in the twentieth century, only a proportion of those holding
Scottish and Irish peerages were entitled by that title to sit in the House of Lords; these were nominated by their peers.
719:) originally meant "man". In Norman England, the term came to refer to the king's greater tenants-in-chief. King's barons corresponded to king's thegns in the Anglo-Saxon hierarchy. Baron was not yet a hereditary title but rather described a social status.
2720:
Cokayne, G. E.; H. A. Doubleday & Lord Howard de Walden, eds. (1945). The
Complete Peerage, or a history of the House of Lords and all its members from the earliest times (Oakham to Richmond). 10 (2nd ed.). London: The St. Catherine Press, p.80, note
218:
The only form of non-hereditary nobility in Great
Britain is that associated with certain offices, which give the rank of Gentleman for the duration of tenure, or for life. Some offices and ranks also give the rank of Esquire for life.
879:, a representative body that increasingly asserted for itself the right to consent to taxation. Initially, participation in Parliament was still determined by one's status as a tenant-in-chief. Earls and greater barons received a
963:
and accompanies them on certain state occasions; both are automatically entitled to sit in the House. Typically, those due to inherit a peerage—or indeed have done so, in recent times—have been educated at one of the major
1089:
1062:
710:) used in Normandy. This was the only hereditary title before 1337, and it was the most exclusive rank within the aristocracy. Between 1000 and 1300, there were never more than 25 extant earldoms at any one time.
273:, the United Kingdom remains one of the few countries in which nobility is still granted and the nobility (except for the hereditary peerage and baronetage) does not form a closed, purely "historical" class.
2167:
If there was no male heir, a barony was partitioned between female heiresses who might hold a half, quarter, or thirty-sixth of the barony. These lesser barons were closer in status to the knightly class.
1114:
1182:
The name adopted by the grantee of a title of nobility originally was the name of his seat or principal manor, which often had also been adopted as his surname, for example the
Berkeley family seated at
1223:
after a naval victory in foreign territory, setting a precedent which has been repeatedly followed. Later earldoms also adopted family names, and omitted the preposition "of", an early example being
227:
The
Monarch grants Peerages, Baronetcies and Knighthoods (nowadays mostly Life Peerages and Knighthoods) to citizens of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Realms at the advice of the Prime Minister.
1506:, the two of royal origins). The related Irish Mór ("Great") is sometimes used by the dominant branches of the larger Irish dynasties to declare their status as the leading princes of the blood, e.g.
1239:
was created in 1711 for Robert
Shirley, 14th Baron Ferrers, whose earlier title was named after the de Ferrers family, or Norman origin. Another early example of a surname being used as a title is
1964:
1894:
1614:
1036:
1246:
Modern life peers do not generally own large estates, from which to name their title, so more imagination is required, unless the simple option of using the surname is selected.
2788:
Court and in the Court of
Session recognised as a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e. Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland".
1131:
1084:
1032:
202:
landowners whose families hailed from the medieval feudal class (referred to as gentlemen due to their income solely deriving from land ownership). Roughly a third of
1079:
1533:; their use of Gaelic customs did not extend to their titles of nobility, as they continuously utilized titles granted under the authority of the English monarchy.
565:. Below ealdormen were king's thegns, so called because they only served the king. The lowest thegnly rank were the median thegns who owed service to other thegns.
334:
may have caused famine and other societal disruptions that compelled previously independent farmers to submit to the rule of strong lords. The Old English word for
1171:
1126:
1007:
was passed enabling hereditary peers to renounce their titles. Titles, while often considered central to the upper class, are not always strictly so. Both Captain
1151:
1057:
326:, made up the other half. By the late 6th century, the archeological evidence (grander burials and buildings) suggests the development of a social elite. The
2102:
2006:
1852:
1146:
163:, deemed members of the non-peerage nobility below whom they rank. The untitled nobility consists of all those who bear formally matriculated, or recorded,
1104:
1052:
2034:
46:
has played a major role in shaping the history of the country, although the hereditary peerage now retain only the rights to stand for election to the
1782:
1712:
1670:
1578:
1824:
2040:
1970:
1900:
1816:
871:
The baronage (including barons, earls, and high-ranking churchmen) had a duty as tenants-in-chief to provide the king with advice when summoned to
1866:
492:
in the 10th century. In 1066, there were an estimated 5,000 thegns in England. Thegns were the backbone of local government and the military.
3538:
1455:
for between the 12th and 16th centuries, the Gaelic system coexisted with the British system. A modern survivor of this coexistence is the
3266:
1928:
1830:
2706:
2680:
1156:
1788:
1542:
888:
187:
1858:
1704:
2238:
2107:
1656:
1020:
960:
748:
3591:
585:
2048:
1628:
726:. Domesday Book identifies around 170 greater tenants-in-chief, and the ten wealthiest among them owned 25 percent of the land:
3578:
2077:
1443:
continue informally to use their provincial titles, few are recognised as royal extraction by the British Royal Family such as
766:
809:
Domesday Book also records around 6,000 under-tenants. Earls and barons granted land to their own vassals in a process called
3421:
3056:
1718:
1690:
803:
2730:
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Rivers, Earl". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 385.
1810:
1796:
3613:
1620:
2286:
3963:
3389:
2054:
1872:
1648:
655:
692:
The greater tenants-in-chief constituted the highest ranks of the Anglo-Norman aristocracy: earls and the king's barons
2965:
2874:
2258:
2192:
2012:
1676:
1634:
1228:
3144:
1978:
923:
rapidly became obsolete, almost ceasing after 1964. This is only a convention, and was not observed by prime minister
304:
and came to dominate the east and southeast of the island. Around half the population were free, independent farmers (
127:
and, as "the fountain and source of all dignities cannot hold a dignity from himself", cannot hold a British peerage.
3106:
3034:
2944:
2822:
2202:
1956:
584:) paralleled the secular aristocracy. The church's power derived from its spiritual authority as well as its virtual
172:
1908:
1740:
4152:
3531:
3478:
1074:
895:. Over time, baronies by writ became the main method of creating baronies, and baronies by tenure became obsolete.
868:
was ranked below a baron but above a regular knight. There was overlap between this group and the "lesser barons".
569:
17:
1207:(1814) is an early example of a dukedom being named after a mere village, or manor, after Wellington in Somerset.
3364:
3259:
1642:
1166:
43:
3082:
2920:
2898:
2850:
2143:
965:
112:
71:
35:
2020:
1838:
4208:
4175:
4127:
4022:
3503:
3396:
2814:
2138:
1984:
1600:
883:
issued directly from the king, while lesser barons were summoned through the local sheriffs. In the reign of
784:
247:
147:
Descendants in the male line of peers and children of women who are peeresses in their own right, as well as
3585:
1914:
1216:
1992:
832:
The lower ranks of the aristocracy included the landless younger sons of important families and wealthier
3656:
3601:
3524:
2832:
2802:
1774:
1463:. The Prince of Thomond is one of three remaining claimants to the non-existent, since the 12th century,
1460:
1047:
501:
327:
76:
The British nobility in the narrow sense consists of members of the immediate families of peers who bear
1880:
1572:
646:) confiscated the property of the old Anglo-Saxon nobility, he kept 17 percent of the land as his royal
515:, king's thegns, and median thegns. The ealdorman was an official appointed by the king to administer a
4005:
3252:
3139:
Collins, Marcus. "The fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c. 1918–1970."
2842:
1518:
1440:
1231:. The title was not derived from the name of a place, but from the family name de Redvers, or Reviers,
1698:
59:
4299:
3811:
3725:
1844:
1886:
829:. These could also be wealthy and powerful, with some eclipsing the lesser important king's barons.
4090:
3997:
3092:
2930:
2908:
2860:
2148:
2123:
2092:
1922:
1684:
992:
2764:
813:. Their most important vassals were honorial barons, who were of lesser status than king's barons
3860:
3854:
3847:
3044:
2282:
2026:
1998:
1003:. He fought and won the ensuing by-election, but was disqualified from taking his seat until the
940:
258:
on the Continent; depending on jurisdiction and circumstances it can be seen as either an act of
120:
1754:
1586:
4104:
3374:
2225:
1553:
1317:
952:
908:
282:
251:
243:
3237:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with David Cannadine, Rosemary Sweet & Felipe Fernandez-Armesto (
1768:
3926:
3306:
1726:
1507:
1472:
1161:
876:
798:
723:
636:
434:
By the 10th century, Anglo-Saxon society was divided into three main social classes: slaves,
136:
825:
in return for service and had their own tenants. For this reason, they were intermediate or
520:
164:
4142:
3596:
3463:
2072:
1936:
1464:
1342:
1016:
959:
and one of a number of persons can hold it), who serves as the monarch's representative in
821:. They corresponded to the lesser thegn of Anglo-Saxon England. Honorial barons were given
793:
677:
546:
305:
246:. Part of the Monarch's fons honorum—the power to grant arms—has been de facto devolved to
2700:
2259:"The Conflict Between British and Continental Concepts of Nobility and the Order of Malta"
1191:, amongst many others. Dukes were originally named after counties, the earliest one being
368:
8:
4110:
4056:
3992:
3921:
3883:
3473:
3453:
3438:
2133:
1950:
1559:
1491:
1452:
1444:
1359:
1264:
956:
884:
757:
620:
aristocracy also included smaller groups originating from other parts of France, such as
562:
558:
331:
228:
55:
2263:
The Conflict Between British and Continental Concepts of Nobility and the Order of Malta
1511:
4170:
4137:
4015:
4010:
3987:
3832:
3746:
3693:
3573:
3498:
3433:
3336:
3071:
3008:
2991:(1955). "Gesiths and Thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the Seventh to Tenth Century".
2977:
2884:
2807:
2128:
2118:
1592:
1530:
1468:
1204:
1000:
981:
761:
629:
625:
519:
or group of shires (an ealdormanry). In the 11th century, while England was ruled by a
319:
255:
175:
both consider armorial bearings as the main, if not sole, mark of nobility in Britain.
3073:
The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540
4117:
4095:
4085:
4080:
4051:
4046:
3720:
3618:
3448:
3369:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3275:
3102:
3078:
3052:
3030:
2961:
2940:
2916:
2894:
2870:
2846:
2818:
2674:
2198:
1482:
1220:
924:
788:
775:
730:
613:
301:
111:
All modern British honours, including peerage dignities, are created directly by the
4162:
4157:
4061:
3949:
3932:
3916:
3741:
3670:
3488:
3483:
3458:
3379:
3316:
3311:
3291:
3004:
3000:
1942:
1760:
1200:
1192:
1109:
1012:
1004:
951:), who is responsible for certain ceremonial functions on state occasions, and the
948:
872:
816:
752:
734:
685:
293:
270:
266:
203:
2979:
The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485
2740:
700:. The Normans continued to use the title of earl and equated it with the title of
4132:
3958:
3910:
3778:
3401:
3384:
3296:
3129:
3096:
3024:
2955:
2934:
2888:
2864:
2836:
1802:
1662:
1503:
1495:
1456:
1434:
1280:
1196:
1184:
920:
880:
841:
779:
617:
605:
239:
124:
4122:
4040:
3976:
3970:
3866:
3806:
3677:
3493:
3443:
3359:
3326:
3301:
3020:
1746:
1732:
1526:
1522:
1487:
1476:
1188:
973:
916:
837:
810:
770:
554:
550:
505:
416:
323:
116:
77:
47:
3872:
108:, although individual dukes are not so styled when addressed or by reference.
4293:
4268:
3877:
3168:
2695:
2669:
1606:
1232:
1008:
985:
977:
853:
739:
659:
609:
191:
51:
39:
3234:
4263:
3066:
2684:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 421–422.
1240:
1236:
969:
944:
928:
743:
695:
651:
297:
190:. The largest portion of the British aristocracy has historically been the
3188:
Trevor-Roper, H. R. "The Elizabethan Aristocracy: An Anatomy Anatomized."
4245:
4200:
3837:
2067:
1499:
1300:
1224:
822:
497:
315:
259:
2710:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 840.
991:
A member of the House of Lords cannot simultaneously be a member of the
4237:
3426:
3414:
3203:
3193:
3183:
2988:
2087:
1490:, whereas Scottish chiefly lines arose well after the formation of the
936:
826:
573:
81:
3173:
The Dukes: The Origins, Ennoblement and History of Twenty-six Families
3162:
3012:
684:
in return for military service and counsel. These vassals were called
4219:
3623:
3516:
3244:
1413:
1383:
1187:
had the surname "de Berkeley" ("from Berkeley") and gained the title
996:
912:
904:
512:
215:
Knight and his eldest sons in perpetuity attain the rank of Esquire.
179:
3762:
374:
159:
and certain other persons who bear no peerage titles, belong to the
4147:
3665:
3608:
3558:
3547:
3468:
3283:
2097:
1430:
1426:
1416:- the lowest rank and lowest common denominator of British nobility
1403:
1347:
865:
857:
672:
8 percent went to minor royal officials and lesser tenants-in-chief
621:
496:
were drawn from this class, and thegns were required to attend the
254:, respectively. A grant of arms is in every regard equivalent to a
97:
89:
4274:
3049:
The Anglo-Saxons: A History of the Beginnings of England: 400–1066
588:. Secular government depended on educated clergy to function, and
4191:
3842:
3784:
3409:
2699:
2112:
1448:
1376:
1307:
861:
647:
589:
542:
493:
235:
199:
195:
183:
148:
3157:
Manning, Brian. "The nobles, the people, and the constitution."
528:
483:
451:
435:
426:
372:
339:
3768:
3634:
3178:
Stone, Lawrence. "The Anatomy of the Elizabethan Aristocracy."
2082:
1391:
1296:
903:
Non-hereditary positions began to be created again in 1867 for
833:
577:
401:
168:
160:
152:
142:
3198:
Stone, Lawrence. "The Elizabethan Aristocracy-A Restatement."
1525:
families adopted Gaelic customs, the most prominent being the
4255:
2482:
2371:
1364:
701:
593:
581:
516:
461:
421:
310:
101:
3098:
The World Before Domesday: The English Aristocracy, 900–1066
2673:
2566:
2472:
2470:
1037:
List of the titled nobility of England and Ireland 1300–1309
186:, they enjoy only the privilege of a position in the formal
4227:
3755:
2590:
1329:
1132:
List of viscountcies in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
1085:
List of marquessates in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
892:
681:
536:
524:
156:
105:
93:
85:
2638:
2614:
2578:
2518:
1033:
List of nobles and magnates of England in the 13th century
662:
of 1086, the rest of the land was distributed as follows:
549:'s reign (1042–1066), there were four principal earldoms:
541:). After the king, the earl was the most powerful secular
399:) to describe an aristocrat. By the 8th century, the word
2467:
2431:
2395:
1137:
1080:
List of marquesses in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
104:. British peers are sometimes referred to generically as
1127:
List of viscounts in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
2936:
Forging the Kingdom: Power in English Society, 973–1189
2650:
1152:
List of baronies in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
1058:
List of dukedoms in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
844:
were small) were likely excluded from the aristocracy.
2542:
2443:
2407:
2343:
2292:
856:
numbered around 3,000 landholders. Half of these were
608:
of 1066 marked the creation of a new, French-speaking
234:
Untitled nobility, i.e. gentility, being identical to
2809:
England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225
2626:
2554:
2419:
2309:
2307:
2103:
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
1270:
1177:
1147:
List of barons in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
592:
were important politicians and royal advisers in the
488:) meant servant or warrior, and it replaced the term
2530:
2383:
2331:
2319:
2186:
2184:
1105:
List of earls in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
1053:
List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland
3152:
Contested spaces of nobility in early modern Europe
2602:
2506:
2494:
2455:
3070:
2976:
2806:
2304:
713:Below earls were the king's barons. Baron (Latin:
2181:
1370:
4291:
2041:David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley
1389:, in the sense of shield bearer, via Old French
1090:List of marquessates in the baronage of Scotland
500:and give judgment. For these reasons, historian
231:are published regularly at important occasions.
60:an audience (a private meeting) with the monarch
58:, the right to certain titles, and the right to
3150:Lipp, Charles, and Matthew P. Romaniello, eds.
3134:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
3026:The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327
875:. In the 1200s, the great council evolved into
676:Land was distributed according to the rules of
534:
2866:The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300
2194:The Nobilities of Europe - Melville H. Ruvigny
1211:designation indicated by the French particule
1015:, the respective first and second husbands of
3532:
3260:
1172:List of lordships in the baronage of Scotland
722:The estate of an earl or baron was called an
84:. Members of the peerage carry the titles of
3222:The British and Irish Ruling Class 1660-1945
3065:
2890:The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
2883:
2644:
2620:
2584:
2524:
2488:
2476:
2437:
2401:
1420:
1157:List of baronies in the baronage of Scotland
1115:List of earldoms in the baronage of Scotland
1063:List of dukedoms in the baronage of Scotland
1019:, do not hold peerages. Most members of the
599:
206:is owned by the nobility and landed gentry.
2838:The Struggle for Mastery: Britain 1066–1284
1381:
1254:
1249:
714:
705:
666:50 percent went to greater tenants-in-chief
3539:
3525:
3267:
3253:
1543:List of British Jewish nobility and gentry
1439:Outside the United Kingdom, the remaining
1286:
860:knights, while the other half were styled
318:of land (enough to provide for a family).
209:
188:orders of precedence in the United Kingdom
3019:
2831:
2656:
2361:
1547:
3091:
2983:(4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.
2974:
2953:
2801:
2694:
2668:
2596:
2449:
2425:
2413:
2377:
2365:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2108:Order of precedence in England and Wales
935:Until constitutional reforms soon after
123:. The Sovereign is considered to be the
2662:
2190:
1335:
523:, the office changed from ealdorman to
287:
42:. The nobility of its four constituent
14:
4292:
3546:
3274:
3215:Born to Rule: British Political Elites
3043:
2859:
2632:
2560:
2536:
2298:
2078:Forms of address in the United Kingdom
1459:, still referred to in Ireland as the
1138:Barons/Lords of Parliament of Scotland
658:and other followers. According to the
511:Thegns were divided into three ranks:
178:Other than their designation, such as
3520:
3248:
3077:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2929:
2907:
2733:
2608:
2572:
2548:
2512:
2500:
2461:
2389:
2223:Opinion of the House of Lords in the
1719:Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore
1453:the overlordship of the English Crown
1397:) - comparable to the French-Belgian
1353:
1219:. Edward Russell in 1697 was created
238:, falls into the jurisdiction of the
3124:The Aristocracy in England 1660-1914
2987:
2313:
2191:Ruvigny, Melville H. (August 2000).
1143:Royal baronies in the United Kingdom
1101:Royal earldoms in the United Kingdom
2055:Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton
1229:Richard Woodville, 1st Baron Rivers
919:, and from then on the creation of
431:as the common term for a nobleman.
24:
3116:
1536:
1178:Names adopted for titles of honour
836:(men who held substantial land by
25:
4311:
3228:
2913:The Aristocracy of Norman England
2197:. Adegi Graphics LLC. p. 2.
1901:Robert, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
1677:The Lord Bishop Jonathan Trelawny
612:aristocracy with estates in both
173:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
3633:
2047:
2033:
2019:
2005:
1991:
1977:
1963:
1949:
1935:
1921:
1907:
1893:
1879:
1865:
1851:
1837:
1823:
1809:
1795:
1781:
1767:
1753:
1739:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1683:
1669:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1613:
1599:
1585:
1571:
1510:, lit. (The) Great Macarthy or
1075:Marquesses in the United Kingdom
999:inherited his father's title as
130:
2781:
2757:
2724:
2714:
2688:
2355:
2161:
2115:, an exposition of great detail
1859:William, 7th Duke of Devonshire
1621:Margaret, Countess of Salisbury
1167:List of lordships of Parliament
1026:
898:
852:By 1300, the knightly class or
847:
641:
262:or a confirmation of nobility.
3202:, 4#3 1952, pp. 302–321.
2939:. Cambridge University Press.
2915:. Cambridge University Press.
2276:
2251:
2231:
2217:
1873:Sir William Molesworth, 8th Bt
1371:Untitled members of the gentry
1271:Hereditary knights (styled as
222:
72:Peerages in the United Kingdom
54:there, position in the formal
27:Nobility in the United Kingdom
13:
1:
3182:18#1/2, 1948, pp. 1–53.
2993:The English Historical Review
2815:New Oxford History of England
2795:
2769:LEO German-English dictionary
2139:Peerage of the United Kingdom
1971:Winifred, Duchess of Portland
1831:Charles, 5th Duke of Richmond
1607:The Lord Bishop William Smyth
1494:, (with the exception of the
1068:
669:25 percent went to the church
654:). The rest was given to the
119:are issued, affixed with the
3192:3#3 1951, pp. 279–298.
3005:10.1093/ehr/LXX.CCLXXVII.529
2174:
1915:John Roddam Spencer Stanhope
1789:Elizabeth, Countess of Derby
1649:Philip, 20th Earl of Arundel
1514:, lit. (The) Great O'Neill.
1217:Richard Rich, 1st Baron Rich
1120:
568:High-ranking members of the
7:
3029:. Oxford University Press.
2975:Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961).
2960:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
2745:Online Etymology Dictionary
2061:
2027:Sir Thomas Innes of Learney
1887:The Hon Jane Plumer Erskine
1747:The Reverend Nicolas Tindal
1048:Dukes in the United Kingdom
814:
693:
328:Late Antique Little Ice Age
10:
4316:
2954:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
2843:Penguin History of Britain
2239:"Grande-Bretagne – CILANE"
2013:Edward, 17th Earl of Derby
1803:The Rt Hon William Windham
1564:
1557:
1551:
1540:
1519:Norman invasion of Ireland
1441:Gaelic nobility of Ireland
1424:
1314:("labourer" or "servant").
1030:
280:
276:
140:
134:
69:
65:
4254:
4236:
4218:
4199:
4190:
4071:
4033:
3942:
3903:
3896:
3822:
3796:
3734:
3713:
3706:
3686:
3649:
3642:
3631:
3566:
3555:
3335:
3282:
2957:Ruling England, 1042-1217
1929:Dudley, 24th Baron de Ros
1845:Rowland Egerton-Warburton
1635:Walter, 1st Earl of Essex
1421:Irish and Gaelic nobility
911:enabled (non-hereditary)
840:). Poorer knights (whose
600:Norman period (1066–1154)
508:of Anglo-Saxon England".
504:described thegns as "the
371:use the Old English word
3180:Economic History Review,
3175:(1975; revised ed. 2001)
3069:; Wallis, Keith (1968).
2585:Powell & Wallis 1968
2489:Powell & Wallis 1968
2438:Powell & Wallis 1968
2402:Powell & Wallis 1968
2287:Who really owns Britain?
2154:
2149:Welsh peers and baronets
2124:Peerage of Great Britain
2093:List of British monarchs
1957:John, 9th Duke of Argyll
1691:Admiral George Churchill
1465:High Kingship of Ireland
1323:
1306:("boy" or "servant"), a
1250:Gentry titles and styles
1095:
1041:
947:(a position held by the
616:and England. This cross-
527:(related to Old English
3557:(*) : state where
3200:Economic History Review
3190:Economic History Review
2707:Encyclopædia Britannica
2681:Encyclopædia Britannica
2575:, pp. 12 & 16.
2364:, p. 66 quoted in
2283:Country Life (magazine)
1999:Lady Margaret Sackville
1392:
1379:(ultimately from Latin
1215:), for example in 1547
941:House of Lords Act 1999
887:(1272–1307), the first
680:. Vassals were granted
535:
529:
484:
452:
436:
427:
373:
369:early law codes of Kent
340:
309:
210:Non-hereditary nobility
121:Great Seal of the Realm
3206:, a famous controversy
3143:75.187 (2002): 90-111
2909:Green, Judith A. Green
2226:Buckhurst Peerage Case
2144:British Public Schools
1985:Simon, 14th Lord Lovat
1775:Sir John Acton, 6th Bt
1579:Lady Margaret Beaufort
1554:Black British nobility
1548:Black British nobility
1382:
1318:British honours system
953:Lord Great Chamberlain
909:Life Peerages Act 1958
804:Geoffrey de Mandeville
715:
706:
656:Conqueror's companions
596:(the king's council).
420:
296:collectively known as
283:History of the Peerage
252:Lord Lyon King of Arms
3101:. London: Continuum.
2380:, pp. 3 & 5.
1508:MacCarthy Mor dynasty
1473:MacCarthy Mor dynasty
1162:List of life peerages
1031:Further information:
1011:and Vice-Admiral Sir
997:Anthony Wedgwood Benn
799:Geoffrey of Coutances
586:monopoly on education
137:British landed gentry
115:and take effect when
3434:Hungary and Slovakia
3355:Austria and Slovenia
3165:during 17th century.
2073:British Royal Family
1943:Sir Clements Markham
1451:was nominally under
1343:Baronage of Scotland
1336:Non-peerage nobility
1255:Baronets (styled as
1227:created in 1466 for
794:Richard fitz Gilbert
547:Edward the Confessor
292:In the 5th century,
288:Early English period
3619:South Africa (Zulu)
3141:Historical Research
2885:Given-Wilson, Chris
2817:. Clarendon Press.
2599:, pp. 202–203.
2265:. 28 September 2021
2134:Peerage of Scotland
1817:Lord Robert Manners
1733:Thomas Forster Esq.
1663:Sir William Dugdale
1560:Black British elite
1492:Kingdom of Scotland
1467:, the others being
1310:of the German word
1287:Knights (styled as
1265:List of baronetcies
1195:(1337) followed by
1021:British upper class
939:came to power (the
921:hereditary peerages
758:Roger de Montgomery
332:Plague of Justinian
314:) who cultivated a
248:Garter King of Arms
198:and the non-titled
56:order of precedence
3375:Estonia and Latvia
3284:Present monarchies
3276:Nobility of Europe
3159:Past & Present
2701:"Parliament"
2129:Peerage of Ireland
2119:Peerage of England
1593:Elizabeth de Clare
1531:FitzGerald dynasty
1354:Clan chiefs/Lairds
1205:Duke of Wellington
1001:Viscount Stansgate
767:William de Warenne
762:earl of Shrewsbury
749:William FitzOsbern
256:patent of nobility
167:(a coat of arms).
34:is made up of the
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4186:
4185:
4100:Baltic countries
3892:
3891:
3702:
3701:
3514:
3513:
3337:Former monarchies
3058:978-1-64313-312-6
3051:. Pegasus Books.
2845:. Penguin Books.
2645:Given-Wilson 1996
2621:Given-Wilson 1996
2551:, pp. 11–12.
2525:Given-Wilson 1996
2491:, pp. 39–40.
2477:Given-Wilson 1996
2301:, pp. 49–55.
1705:John, Earl of Mar
1483:Chief of the Name
1461:Prince of Thomond
1221:Viscount Barfleur
955:(a position held
925:Margaret Thatcher
889:hereditary barons
815:(see for example
789:count of Boulogne
731:Robert of Mortain
533:and Scandinavian
302:sub-Roman Britain
265:Thus, along with
165:armorial bearings
16:(Redirected from
4307:
4300:British nobility
4246:Marshall Islands
4197:
4196:
4072:Central, Eastern
3901:
3900:
3711:
3710:
3647:
3646:
3637:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:, Jun. 19, 2003)
3161:9 (1956): 42-64
3154:(Ashgate, 2013).
3130:Cannadine, David
3112:
3088:
3076:
3067:Powell, J. Enoch
3062:
3040:
3021:Maddicott, J. R.
3016:
2999:(277): 529–549.
2984:
2982:
2971:
2950:
2931:Green, Judith A.
2926:
2904:
2880:
2856:
2833:Carpenter, David
2828:
2812:
2803:Bartlett, Robert
2789:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2188:
2168:
2165:
2051:
2037:
2023:
2009:
1995:
1981:
1967:
1953:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1897:
1883:
1869:
1855:
1841:
1827:
1813:
1799:
1785:
1771:
1761:James Oglethorpe
1757:
1743:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1687:
1673:
1659:
1645:
1631:
1617:
1603:
1589:
1575:
1527:De Burgh dynasty
1445:O'Donovan family
1395:
1387:
1201:Duke of Somerset
1193:Duke of Cornwall
1110:List of earldoms
1013:Timothy Laurence
1005:Peerage Act 1963
993:House of Commons
949:Dukes of Norfolk
891:were created by
820:
817:Barony of Halton
776:Hugh d'Avranches
753:earl of Hereford
735:earl of Cornwall
718:
709:
699:
686:tenants-in-chief
645:
644: 1066–1087
643:
570:church hierarchy
540:
532:
487:
477:
474:
471:
467:
464:
459:
455:
449:
446:
443:
439:
430:
414:
411:
408:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
382:
378:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
322:, mostly native
294:Germanic peoples
32:British nobility
21:
18:English nobility
4315:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4279:
4250:
4232:
4214:
4182:
4073:
4067:
4029:
3971:The Netherlands
3938:
3888:
3818:
3792:
3730:
3698:
3682:
3638:
3629:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3515:
3510:
3331:
3278:
3273:
3235:The Aristocracy
3231:
3220:Wasson, Ellis,
3213:Wasson, Ellis,
3122:Beckett, J. V.
3119:
3117:Further reading
3109:
3085:
3059:
3037:
2968:
2947:
2923:
2901:
2877:
2853:
2825:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2693:
2689:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2189:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2024:
2015:
2010:
2001:
1996:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1861:
1856:
1847:
1842:
1833:
1828:
1819:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1791:
1786:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1623:
1618:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:Jewish nobility
1504:Clan MacDougall
1496:Clann Somhairle
1457:Baron Inchiquin
1437:
1435:Early Irish law
1423:
1373:
1356:
1338:
1326:
1293:
1281:Knight of Kerry
1277:
1261:
1252:
1197:Duke of Norfolk
1185:Berkeley Castle
1180:
1140:
1123:
1098:
1071:
1044:
1039:
1029:
907:. In 1958, the
901:
881:writ of summons
850:
780:earl of Chester
640:
606:Norman Conquest
602:
502:David Carpenter
475:
472:
469:
465:
460:
457:
447:
444:
441:
425:) had replaced
412:
409:
406:
396:
393:
390:
386:
383:
380:
361:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
290:
285:
279:
240:College of Arms
225:
212:
145:
139:
133:
125:fount of honour
78:courtesy titles
74:
68:
40:(landed) gentry
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:Samoan Islands
4260:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4023:United Kingdom
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3982:United Kingdom
3979:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3759:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3671:post-Columbian
3668:
3660:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3322:United Kingdom
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3230:
3229:External links
3227:
3226:
3225:
3224:(2017) 2 vols.
3218:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3176:
3169:Masters, Brian
3166:
3155:
3148:
3137:
3127:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3089:
3083:
3063:
3057:
3041:
3035:
3017:
2985:
2972:
2967:978-1138786554
2966:
2951:
2945:
2927:
2921:
2905:
2899:
2881:
2876:978-0415755047
2875:
2857:
2851:
2829:
2823:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2756:
2732:
2723:
2713:
2698:, ed. (1911).
2696:Chisholm, Hugh
2687:
2672:, ed. (1911).
2670:Chisholm, Hugh
2661:
2657:Maddicott 2010
2649:
2637:
2635:, p. 116.
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2563:, p. 106.
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2503:, pp. 16.
2493:
2481:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2392:, p. 103.
2382:
2370:
2362:Carpenter 2003
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2316:, p. 530.
2303:
2291:
2275:
2250:
2230:
2216:
2203:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1552:Main article:
1549:
1546:
1541:Main article:
1538:
1535:
1523:Hiberno-Norman
1517:Following the
1488:Late Antiquity
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1341:Titles in the
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1292:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1233:Earls of Devon
1189:Baron Berkeley
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1028:
1025:
1023:are untitled.
966:public schools
917:House of Lords
915:to sit in the
900:
897:
873:great councils
849:
846:
838:knight-service
811:subinfeudation
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
782:
773:
771:earl of Surrey
764:
755:
746:
737:
674:
673:
670:
667:
601:
598:
521:Danish dynasty
506:country gentry
482:(Old English:
289:
286:
281:Main article:
278:
275:
236:armigerousness
224:
221:
211:
208:
135:Main article:
132:
129:
117:letters patent
70:Main article:
67:
64:
48:House of Lords
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4312:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3998:Great Britain
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3813:
3812:Indo-European
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:pre-Columbian
3664:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3549:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3108:9781847252395
3104:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:Williams, Ann
3090:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3036:9780199585502
3032:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2946:9780521193597
2942:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:. Routledge.
2892:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2869:. Routledge.
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:Crouch, David
2858:
2854:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:9780199251018
2820:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2784:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:"Baron"
2671:
2665:
2659:, p. 77.
2658:
2653:
2647:, p. 12.
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2623:, p. 14.
2622:
2617:
2611:, p. 12.
2610:
2605:
2598:
2597:Bartlett 2000
2593:
2587:, p. 40.
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2539:, p. 44.
2538:
2533:
2527:, p. 29.
2526:
2521:
2515:, p. 11.
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2464:, p. 40.
2463:
2458:
2452:, p. 13.
2451:
2450:Bartlett 2000
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2426:Williams 2008
2422:
2416:, p. 28.
2415:
2414:Huscroft 2016
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2378:Williams 2008
2374:
2368:, p. 28.
2367:
2366:Huscroft 2016
2363:
2358:
2352:, p. 29.
2351:
2350:Huscroft 2016
2346:
2339:
2338:Williams 2008
2334:
2327:
2326:Williams 2008
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2206:
2204:9781402185618
2200:
2196:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:Princess Anne
1014:
1010:
1009:Mark Phillips
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
845:
843:
842:knight's fees
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
818:
812:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
786:
783:
781:
777:
774:
772:
768:
765:
763:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
745:
741:
740:Odo of Bayeux
738:
736:
732:
729:
728:
727:
725:
720:
717:
711:
708:
703:
697:
690:
687:
683:
679:
671:
668:
665:
664:
663:
661:
660:Domesday Book
657:
653:
649:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
538:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
481:
463:
454:
438:
432:
429:
424:
423:
418:
404:
403:
377:
376:
370:
365:
349:loaf-guardian
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
284:
274:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
229:Honours lists
220:
216:
207:
205:
201:
197:
194:, made up of
193:
192:landed gentry
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
144:
138:
131:Landed gentry
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
63:
61:
57:
53:
52:dining rights
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4105:Ritterschaft
4103:
4074:and Caucasus
3981:
3783:
3761:
3754:
3561:still exists
3427:Early Modern
3327:Vatican City
3321:
3238:
3221:
3214:
3199:
3189:
3179:
3172:
3158:
3151:
3140:
3133:
3123:
3097:
3072:
3048:
3045:Morris, Marc
3025:
2996:
2992:
2978:
2956:
2935:
2912:
2889:
2865:
2837:
2808:
2783:
2772:. Retrieved
2768:
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2735:
2726:
2716:
2705:
2690:
2679:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2479:, p. 8.
2457:
2445:
2440:, p. 4.
2433:
2428:, p. 3.
2421:
2409:
2404:, p. 6.
2397:
2385:
2373:
2357:
2345:
2340:, p. 2.
2333:
2328:, p. 5.
2321:
2294:
2289:, 16.10.2010
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2253:
2242:. Retrieved
2233:
2224:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2193:
2163:
1516:
1481:
1438:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1380:
1311:
1303:
1288:
1272:
1256:
1245:
1241:Earl Poulett
1237:Earl Ferrers
1212:
1209:
1203:(1547). The
1181:
1027:Noble titles
990:
945:Earl Marshal
934:
927:, who asked
902:
899:20th century
870:
851:
848:13th century
831:
808:
744:earl of Kent
721:
712:
696:Feudal baron
691:
675:
652:Crown Estate
634:
610:Anglo-Norman
603:
567:
510:
489:
479:
433:
400:
366:
335:
300:migrated to
298:Anglo-Saxons
291:
264:
233:
226:
217:
213:
204:British land
177:
146:
110:
75:
44:home nations
31:
29:
4201:Australasia
3977:Switzerland
3873:Philippines
3829:Indonesia*
3494:Switzerland
3302:Netherlands
3239:In Our Time
2989:Loyn, H. R.
2633:Crouch 1992
2561:Crouch 1992
2537:Crouch 1992
2299:Morris 2021
2068:Aristocracy
1512:Ó Néill Mór
1500:Clan Donald
1477:O'Conor Don
1469:The O'Neill
1407:and German
1301:Old English
1225:Earl Rivers
1199:(1483) and
995:. In 1960,
827:mesne lords
574:archbishops
563:East Anglia
559:Northumbria
498:shire court
473:aristocrats
359:bread-giver
306:Old English
260:ennoblement
223:Ennoblement
4238:Micronesia
4143:Montenegro
4091:Azerbaijan
3609:Madagascar
3464:Montenegro
3084:0297761056
2922:0521524652
2900:0415148839
2852:0140148248
2796:References
2774:2009-04-07
2750:2009-04-07
2609:Green 1997
2573:Green 1997
2549:Green 1997
2513:Green 1997
2501:Green 1997
2462:Green 1997
2390:Green 2017
2269:2022-08-18
2244:2022-08-18
2210:2016-12-06
2088:Honourable
1558:See also:
1425:See also:
1360:Clan chief
1069:Marquesses
982:Winchester
968:, such as
961:Parliament
937:Tony Blair
913:life peers
877:Parliament
785:Eustace II
244:Lyon Court
200:armigerous
141:See also:
82:honorifics
4256:Polynesia
4220:Melanesia
4209:Australia
4171:Ruthenian
4111:Lithuania
3823:Southeast
3550:by nation
3454:Lithuania
2314:Loyn 1955
2175:Citations
1414:Gentleman
1384:scutarius
1121:Viscounts
929:the Queen
905:Law Lords
678:feudalism
650:(now the
637:William I
545:. During
513:ealdormen
410:companion
384:high born
180:Gentleman
4294:Category
4167:Ukraine
4057:Portugal
4041:Holy See
4002:Ireland
3993:Scotland
3878:Thailand
3867:Cambodia
3855:Malaysia
3843:Javanese
3833:Balinese
3779:Nobility
3747:Mongolia
3643:Americas
3592:Ethiopia
3586:Eswatini
3559:monarchy
3548:Nobility
3474:Portugal
3422:Medieval
3095:(2008).
3047:(2021).
3023:(2010).
2933:(2017).
2911:(1997).
2887:(1996).
2863:(1992).
2835:(2003).
2805:(2000).
2765:"Knecht"
2741:"Knight"
2098:Noblesse
2062:See also
1521:several
1475:and the
1431:Derbfine
1427:Tanistry
1404:jonkheer
1401:, Dutch
1348:Noblesse
1243:(1706).
957:in gross
885:Edward I
866:banneret
704:(Latin:
630:Flanders
626:Boulogne
622:Brittany
614:Normandy
590:prelates
494:Sheriffs
445:free men
330:and the
196:baronets
171:and the
149:baronets
98:viscount
90:marquess
38:and the
4275:Hawai‘i
4192:Oceania
4176:Galicia
4153:Romania
4138:Hungary
4133:Germany
4128:Georgia
4123:Bohemia
4118:Croatia
4096:Austria
4086:Armenia
4081:Albania
4011:Ireland
3988:England
3959:Kingdom
3955:France
3950:Belgium
3922:Iceland
3917:Finland
3911:Denmark
3884:Vietnam
3838:Chinese
3807:Princes
3785:Yangban
3751:Japan*
3721:Lebanon
3662:Mexico
3624:Morocco
3614:Somalia
3597:Nigeria
3579:Mamluks
3504:Galicia
3499:Ukraine
3479:Romania
3444:Ireland
3439:Iceland
3410:Ancient
3406:Greece
3402:Germany
3397:Georgia
3380:Finland
3370:Croatia
3360:Bohemia
3350:Armenia
3345:Albania
3297:Denmark
3292:Belgium
2113:Peerage
1565:Gallery
1449:Ireland
1393:esquier
1377:Esquire
1308:cognate
1299:, from
862:esquire
834:knights
648:demesne
618:Channel
578:bishops
543:magnate
450:), and
437:ceorlas
341:hlaford
324:Britons
311:ceorlas
277:History
267:Belgium
184:Esquire
153:knights
66:Peerage
36:peerage
4163:Serbia
4158:Russia
4148:Poland
4016:Norman
4006:Gaelic
3964:Empire
3933:Sweden
3927:Norway
3897:Europe
3861:Brunei
3803:India
3775:Korea
3763:Daimyō
3726:Turkey
3694:Brazil
3657:Canada
3602:Rulers
3567:Africa
3489:Serbia
3484:Russia
3469:Poland
3415:Attica
3390:Empire
3385:France
3365:Bosnia
3317:Sweden
3307:Norway
3217:(2000)
3204:online
3194:online
3184:online
3163:online
3145:online
3136:(1990)
3126:(1986)
3105:
3081:
3055:
3033:
3013:558038
3011:
2964:
2943:
2919:
2897:
2873:
2849:
2821:
2201:
2083:Gentry
1433:, and
1399:ecuyer
1312:Knecht
1297:Knight
986:Harrow
978:Oundle
974:Radley
864:. The
858:dubbed
854:gentry
823:manors
787:, the
778:, the
769:, the
760:, the
751:, the
742:, the
733:, the
724:honour
628:, and
582:abbots
561:, and
555:Mercia
551:Wessex
490:gesith
462:thegns
453:þegnas
402:gesith
320:Slaves
169:CILANE
161:gentry
143:Gentry
4269:Tonga
4062:Spain
4052:Malta
4047:Italy
4034:South
3904:North
3848:Malay
3797:South
3769:Meiji
3742:China
3687:South
3650:North
3574:Egypt
3459:Malta
3449:Italy
3312:Spain
3009:JSTOR
2155:Notes
1498:, or
1447:. As
1409:Edler
1365:Laird
1324:Dames
1304:cniht
1096:Earls
1042:Dukes
707:comes
702:count
694:(see
682:fiefs
635:When
594:witan
517:shire
480:Thegn
422:comes
417:Latin
394:noble
271:Spain
157:dames
113:Crown
106:lords
102:baron
4228:Fiji
3943:West
3756:Kuge
3735:East
3714:West
3707:Asia
3678:Cuba
3103:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3053:ISBN
3031:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2847:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2199:ISBN
1529:and
1502:and
1330:Dame
1035:and
970:Eton
893:writ
716:baro
604:The
580:and
537:jarl
530:eorl
525:earl
485:þeġn
428:eorl
375:eorl
367:The
336:lord
316:hide
269:and
250:and
242:and
94:earl
86:duke
30:The
3001:doi
2721:(a)
1289:Sir
1273:Sir
1257:Sir
984:or
478:).
364:).
354:or
338:is
182:or
100:or
80:or
4296::
3984:*
3171:.
3132:.
3007:.
2997:70
2995:.
2841:.
2813:.
2767:.
2743:.
2704:.
2678:.
2469:^
2306:^
2285:,
2261:.
2183:^
1479:.
1471:,
1429:,
1235:.
1213:de
988:.
980:,
976:,
972:,
642:r.
632:.
624:,
576:,
557:,
553:,
468:,
419::
415:;
389:,
308::
155:,
151:,
96:,
92:,
88:,
62:.
50:,
4271:*
4211:*
4064:*
4043:*
3973:*
3952:*
3935:*
3929:*
3913:*
3880:*
3869:*
3863:*
3857:*
3659:*
3626:*
3588:*
3540:e
3533:t
3526:v
3268:e
3261:t
3254:v
3147:.
3111:.
3087:.
3061:.
3039:.
3015:.
3003::
2970:.
2949:.
2925:.
2903:.
2879:.
2855:.
2827:.
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2753:.
2272:.
2247:.
2213:.
1291:)
1275:)
1259:)
819:)
698:)
639:(
572:(
476:'
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458:'
456:(
448:'
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