37:
2076:
706:
57:
1342:
1331:
305:
936:
293:
1795:
2125:
1734:
1541:
921:, the Godwin family estates were valued at £7,000, Earl Leofric of Mercia at £2,400, and Earl Siward of Northumbria at £350. In comparison, the king's lands were valued at £5,000. This concentration of land and wealth in the hands of the earls, and one family in particular, weakened the Crown's authority. The situation was reversed when Harold Godwinson became king, and he was able to restore the Crown's authority.
3659:
1472:, husband of the senior co-heir, argued that as a county palatine the earldom of Chester should not be partitioned, but this argument was rejected by the king's court. Ultimately, the king himself gained possession of all the lands attached to the Chester earldom through a series of land exchanges with the co-heirs.
1505:
By the 13th century earls had a social rank just below the king and princes, but were not necessarily more powerful or wealthier than other noblemen. The only way to become an earl was to inherit the title or to marry into one—and the king reserved a right to prevent the transfer of the title. By the
2800:
Godwine rose to power under King Cnut the Great (d.1035) and his immediate successors, being made earl of Wessex c.1018, and according to the twelfth-century historian Eadmer, the earl of Kent. He was step-father to King Edward the
Confessor (c.1003-1066) and father to Harold Godwinesson, the last
1467:
claimed the earldom of
Huntingdon. While the king's council dismissed this claim, the Scottish king was granted the lands attached to Huntingdon but not the title. This reduced the land available to John's co-heirs and created the possibility of an earl who was virtually landless. Earl Ranulf had
2243:
There is no difference between the courtesy titles given to the children of earls and the children of countesses in their own right, provided the husband of the countess has a lower rank than she does. If her husband has a higher rank, their children will be given titles according to his rank.
2785:"The Godwine charter, granting to Leofwine the Red the swine-pasture of Swithraedingden (probably Southernden, Kent) for the rent of forty pence and two pounds and an allowance of corn, in Anglo-Saxon, single-sheet document on vellum [Kent (probably Christ Church, Canterbury), 1013-20]"
1408:
The real power possessed by any individual earl in this period depended on the amount of land and wealth he possessed that could be translated into patronage and influence. The more land and resources concentrated in a region, the more influence an earl had. The most powerful were the earls of
796:
Earldoms were not permanent territorial divisions; kings could transfer shires from one earldom to another. The fact that there was no local government administration beyond the shire also limited the autonomy of the earls. They could not raise taxation, mint coins, issue
1897:
were introduced at a similar time to earls, but unlike
England, where sheriffs were officers who implemented the decisions of the shire court, in Scotland they were specifically charged with upholding the king's interests in the region, thus being more like a
819:
argued that given the evidence, it must be "assumed that the 'comital manors' in each shire could be transferred by the king from one earl to another with relative ease". However, not all scholars agree with the existence of such "comital" property.
2801:
Anglo-Saxon king, killed in 1066 at
Hastings by the Norman invaders. Domesday Book records that immediately before the Norman Conquest Broughton Malherbe and its estates were held by one "Ælfwine ... from Earl Godwine" (DB., Kent, 5:79).
855:
as earl. The earldom of East Anglia appears to have been used as a training ground for new earls. Nevertheless, the earldoms of Wessex and Mercia were becoming hereditary. For four generations, Mercia was passed from father to son:
832:(1042–1066), the earls were still royal officers governing their earldoms in the king's name. However, they were developing more autonomy and becoming a threat to royal power. Three great aristocratic families had emerged: the
1929:. By the 16th century there started to be earls of towns, of villages, and even of isolated houses; it had simply become a label for marking status, rather than an office of intrinsic power. In 1746, in the aftermath of the
1054:
in 1075, only four earldoms remained, all held by Anglo-Normans: Kent, Shrewsbury, Chester, and
Northumbria. This number was reduced to three after 1082 when Odo of Bayeux was arrested and deprived of Kent. At the death of
1404:
by allowing them to die with their holders and did not create new ones. During his reign, "the title became a mark of rank, rather than a substantive office: the real power lay with the king's sheriffs and justices."
898:
In 1053, Harold succeeded his father, and Ælfgar, son of Earl
Leofric, became earl of East Anglia. A major reshuffle occurred after both Leofric and Ralf died in 1057. Ælfgar succeeded his father in Mercia, and
1008:) reduced the size of earldoms; those created after 1071 had responsibility for one shire. Like Norman counts, earls became military governors assigned to vulnerable border or coastal areas. To protect the
1506:
14th century, creating an earl included a special public ceremony where the king personally tied a sword belt around the waist of the new earl, emphasizing the fact that the earl's rights came from him.
1094:
After the
Conquest, new earldoms tended to be named for the city and castle in which they were based. Some titles became attached to the family name rather than location. For example, the holder of the
1463:. John died in 1237, and once again the estate had to be divided between five co-heirs (the two daughters of his eldest sister and his three surviving sisters). Before the land could be divided, King
1902:. As such, a parallel system of justice arose, between that provided by magnates (represented by the earls), and that by the king (represented by sheriffs), in a similar way to England having both
1680:. The earls of Tyrone and Tyrconnell later rebelled against the crown and were forced to flee Ireland in 1607; their departure, along with about ninety followers, is famed in Irish history as the
3178:
1849:
It is important to distinguish between the land controlled directly by the earl, in a landlord-like sense, and the region over which he could exercise his office. Scottish use of Latin terms
747:, ruling in the king's name, keeping the peace, dispensing justice, and raising armies. Like the earlier ealdormen, they received the third penny from their jurisdictions. Earls ranked above
847:
In theory, earls could be removed by the king. Edward deliberately broke the hereditary succession to
Northumbria when Earl Siward died in 1055. He ignored the claims of Siward's son,
2784:
1103:, whose holder was called "Earl Gifford". These earls may have preferred to be known by family names that were older and more prestigious than their newer territorial designations.
1509:
Earls still held influence and, as "companions of the king", generally acted in support of the king's power. They showed their own power prominently in 1327 when they deposed King
2228:. The eldest son of the eldest son of an earl is entitled to use one of his grandfather's lesser titles, normally the second-highest of the lesser titles. Younger sons are styled
250:
758:
The office of earl was not hereditary. While sons of earls could expect to inherit their father's office, this was not automatic. Only the king could make someone an earl.
336:
2220:, usually the highest of his father's lesser titles (if any). For instance, prior to his father's elevation to the Dukedom of Edinburgh, the eldest son of the
1842:. While the power attached to the office of earl was swept away in England by the Norman Conquest, in Scotland earldoms retained substantial powers, such as
1502:, thereby passing over his eldest son by his first wife. It may have been thought that Margaret's royal blood made her children more worthy of inheritance.
2742:
2701:
1967:) in Welsh history were those from the West of England. As Wales remained independent of any Norman jurisdiction, the more powerful Earls in England were
1518:
930:
1259:, and Empress Matilda elected "Lady of the English" in April. At this time, she created three earldoms for her own supporters. Her illegitimate brother
807:
wrote, "with the estates of the earls, we find it impossible to distinguish between private property and official property". He noted the existence of "
1410:
1401:
3170:
1861:
makes the difference clear. Initially these terms were synonymous, as in
England, but by the 12th century they were seen as distinct concepts, with
1432:. If the only heirs were female, then the land would be partitioned equally between co-heirs with the eldest co-heir receiving the title. In 1204,
1123:
3702:
1657:
1260:
975:. The definition and powers of French counts varied widely. Some counts were nearly independent rulers who gave only nominal loyalty to the
2247:
In the peerage of
Scotland, when there are no courtesy titles involved, the heir to an earldom, and indeed any level of peerage, is styled
329:
1934:
1826:, etc.; subsequent earldoms developed by analogy. The principal distinction between earldom and mormaer is that earldoms were granted as
1456:
1138:
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1211:
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possessed less than an acre of land in Oxfordshire (most of his land was in Essex), and therefore possessed no power in the county.
1661:
1441:
785:(having been unified with western Mercia in the tenure of earldorman Ælfhere), which he had held since 1007. Cnut gave Godwin the
456:
Alternative names for the rank equivalent to "earl" or "count" in the nobility structure are used in other countries, such as the
3990:
1306:
During the Anarchy, earls took advantage of the power vacuum to assume Crown rights. Robert of Gloucester, Patrick of Salisbury,
322:
914:, the brother of Earl Edwin of Mercia, as Northumbria's new earl. The king accepted this, and Tostig was expelled from England.
1626:
1499:
1469:
1445:
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1177:
1167:
256:
1498:, the earldom of Kent. The terms of inheritance were unprecedented: the earldom was to pass to Hubert's son by his third wife
3575:
3274:
3224:
2759:
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1673:
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been the greatest landholder in England, but after two partitions in five years, the land granted to each co-heir was small.
1268:
1237:
1157:
246:
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1703:
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1201:
1021:
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41:
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883:, Godwin's second oldest son, was made the earl of East Anglia. In 1045, an earldom was created for Godwin's nephew,
857:
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In 1140, Roumare was given the earldom of Lincoln in exchange for Cambridge, and William d'Aubigny received the
561:
title 'Count' was abandoned in England in favour of the Germanic 'Earl' precisely because of the uncomfortable
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199:
1417:. Their power derived from owning most of the land in Cheshire. As a result, the shire court and the earl's
1437:
241:
45:
1459:
died childless. His lands were divided between his four sisters with the title going to the eldest's son,
3939:
1811:
887:. After Sweyn left England in disgrace in 1047, some of his estates were taken over by Harold and Beorn.
761:
Initially, Cnut kept Wessex for himself and divided the rest of England into three earldoms. He gave the
984:
697:), it became customary for one ealdorman to administer three or four shires together as an ealdormanry.
3186:
1687:
Ireland became part of the United Kingdom in 1801, and the last Irish earldom was created in 1824. The
816:
2368:
Godwin became an earl in 1018 with control of eastern Wessex. After 1020, Godwin gained all of Wessex.
56:
3479:
1637:
1618:
968:
801:, or hold their own courts (the shire courts that earls presided over were held in the king's name).
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out of the south-eastern shires belonging to Harold. In exchange, Harold received Ralf's earldom.
557:
was and is used for the female title. Geoffrey Hughes writes, "It is a likely speculation that the
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28:
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An earldom became, with a few exceptions, the default rank of the peerage to which a former
3810:
2099:) around the rim (five visible). The actual coronet is rarely, if ever, worn except at the
1907:
1510:
1476:
829:
798:
743:, extended beyond England, forcing him to delegate power to earls. Earls were governors or
442:
236:
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with responsibility for guarding border regions. In 1066, there were three Norman counts:
8:
3793:
2278:
2015:
1839:
1723:
1688:
1681:
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1337:, seat of the Earls of Oxford, is in Essex where most of the earl's land was concentrated
1072:
1051:
1013:
988:
184:
157:
3670:
1937:
brought the powers of the remaining ancient earldoms under the control of the sheriffs;
1921:
came to be disassociated from the office, and later kings started granting the title of
1400:) to again curtail the power of earls. He confiscated or demolished illegal castles. He
3904:
3817:
3519:
3472:
3431:
3414:
3397:(1955). "Gesiths and Thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the Seventh to Tenth Century".
2405:
2286:
2274:
2000:
1988:
1799:
1649:
1630:
1530:
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in 1207. This was the first new hereditary earldom created since the reign of Stephen.
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The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540
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837:
793:. Thorkell vanished from the records after 1023, and Godwin became the leading earl.
786:
782:
766:
20:
3929:
3884:
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3788:
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3410:
3406:
2747:
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2059:
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1996:
1992:
1622:
1513:. They would later do the same with other kings of whom they disapproved. In 1337
1334:
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66:
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Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall
3171:"Edward III and the English Aristocracy at the Beginning of the Hundred Years War"
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147:
1455:
An earldom could be dramatically impacted upon by multiple partitions. In 1232,
572:
In the other languages of Great Britain and Ireland, the term is translated as:
441:. Since the 1960s, earldoms have typically been created only for members of the
3980:
3934:
3879:
3846:
3778:
3756:
2751:
2269:
There are many earldoms, extant, extinct, dormant, abeyant, or forfeit, in the
2217:
1956:
1911:
1602:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1362:
1330:
1292:
1060:
976:
888:
804:
778:
595:
582:
573:
383:
278:
24:
2710:
2209:, but her husband does not have a title (unless he has one in his own right).
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3540:
3315:
3262:
2033:
1980:
1972:
1894:
1429:
1378:
1370:
1272:
1244:, and his is the oldest surviving charter of creation. Around the same time,
1241:
1205:
1056:
1036:
1009:
956:
935:
918:
558:
3944:
3851:
3829:
3514:
3311:
Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English
2108:
1374:
1191:
1080:
1040:
1030:
2551:
2193:
when the title comes from a surname. In either case, he is referred to as
686:
revenues. Initially, the ealdorman governed a single shire. Starting with
1903:
1350:
1127:
808:
671:
475:
410:
261:
1891:, was not historically used for Scotland's main political subdivisions.
1794:
1644:
and clan chiefs were encouraged to submit to the English king (now also
292:
3680:
3452:
3426:
3394:
2873:
2381:
in the shires of Somerset, Hereford, Gloucester, Oxford, and Berkshire.
2100:
2088:
1835:
419:, meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the
3485:
Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England
3418:
3146:
1111:
The number of earls rose from seven in 1135 to twenty in 1141 as King
2029:
2021:
1487:
1134:
for the English throne. In 1138, Stephen created eight new earldoms:
649:
509:
500:
498:. In the 11th century, under Danish influence, the Old English title
458:
420:
152:
19:
This article is about the title of nobility. For the given name, see
3357:
The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541-1641
3192:
The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Later Anglo-Saxon England
2124:
1733:
1540:
1428:
An earldom along with its land was inherited generally according to
481:
3570:. Vol. 1 A-M (6th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3076:
3074:
3059:
2993:
2378:
2104:
1843:
1807:
1707:
562:
395:
391:
379:
120:
111:
101:
1099:
was more commonly called "Earl Warenne". The same was true of the
959:
aristocracy that gradually replaced the old Anglo-Saxon elite. In
3437:. Governance of England. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press.
2270:
2213:
2084:
1899:
1815:
744:
438:
3071:
3049:
3047:
726:
654:
The office of earl evolved from the ealdorman, an office within
487:
479:
414:
3658:
3219:(New ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
3110:
2909:
2885:
2092:
2054:
was elevated. The last prime minister to accept an earldom was
911:
675:
2334:
is rarely attested, but considered nonstandard and uneducated.
1914:, with the king's offering – the Sheriff – gradually winning.
875:
To reward Godwin for his support, Edward made his eldest son,
370:
3044:
2981:
2737:"Godwine [Godwin], earl of Wessex (d. 1053), magnate"
2354:
2205:. A countess who holds an earldom in her own right also uses
2096:
972:
964:
752:
748:
663:
544:
494:
434:
116:
3602:
The World Before Domesday: The English Aristocracy, 900–1066
3545:
Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy
2682:
2680:
2678:
1865:
referring to the land under direct control of the earl, and
1830:
of the King, while mormaers were virtually independent. The
815:" that belonged to the office rather than the officeholder.
367:
358:
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3098:
2570:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2201:
2195:
1827:
812:
734:
714:
667:
566:
515:
425:
96:
2945:
2921:
2552:"Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: DOST :: erle n"
1444:, succeeded as earl of Leicester, and Margaret's husband,
1421:
were identical, and the sheriff answered to the earl. The
2969:
2806:
2675:
2609:
2508:
2346:
2469:
2032:, which has traditionally had a particular resonance in
1684:, seen as the ultimate demise of native Irish monarchy.
1208:
in reward for service during the Battle of the Standard.
1059:
in 1100, there were five earldoms: Chester, Shrewsbury,
3290:
Forging the Kingdom: Power in English Society, 973–1189
3257:
3152:
3086:
3005:
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2851:
2849:
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Sweyn's earldom was probably located in the south-west
639:
List of earldoms § Earldoms in England before 1066
3457:
A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England
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without it, and gradually without even an associated
1436:, died without children. His heirs were his sisters,
662:
appointed the ealdorman to be the chief officer in a
2957:
2861:
2846:
2532:
2420:
1910:, respectively. Inevitably, this led to a degree of
1652:. Notable among those who agreed to this policy of "
361:
3017:
2636:
2621:
2520:
1648:) and were, in return, granted noble titles in the
1295:in 1142. Sometime around 1143, Matilda's constable
931:
List of earls in the reign of William the Conqueror
910:In 1065, a rebellion deposed Tostig and recognised
751:in precedence and were the chief counselors in the
3563:
3518:
3430:
2746:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004.
2735:
2594:
2457:
1917:As in England, as the centuries wore on, the term
1694:Notable later Irish earls include Jacobite leader
3265:; Menna, Baines; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008).
3134:
2496:
2307:Earls have appeared in various works of fiction.
2010:The first Earldoms created within Wales were the
979:. In Normandy, counts were junior members of the
895:, a territory formerly part of Sweyn's earldom.
682:: one-third of the shire court's profits and the
3967:
2212:The eldest son of an earl, though not himself a
2065:
789:in 1018. Eventually Godwin was also granted the
386:. In modern Britain, an earl is a member of the
3433:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087
2189:when the title originates from a placename, or
732:
525:
513:
492:. However, this was later replaced by the term
3632:The House of Godwine: The History of a Dynasty
3240:The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300
1658:Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde
1255:In February 1141, Stephen was captured at the
433:, it became the equivalent of the continental
3696:
3493:Owen, Hywel Wyn; Gruffydd, Ken Lloyd (2017).
3177:. The Society for Medieval Military History.
1234:earldom of Sussex (commonly known as Arundel)
903:took East Anglia. An earldom was created for
619:
437:. In Scotland, it assimilated the concept of
330:
3513:
3492:
3459:(2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
3128:
3116:
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3065:
3053:
2999:
2987:
2951:
2927:
2705:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2686:
2615:
2576:
2514:
2478:
2107:an earl may bear his coronet of rank on his
2352:
2344:
2153:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1569:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1180:, nephew of the Earl of Pembroke, was made
610:
604:
598:
589:
576:
542:
3703:
3689:
1885:, which ultimately evolved from the Latin
1834:is thought to have been introduced by the
1457:Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester
1385:. From Parliament Procession Roll of 1512.
1322:(castles built without royal permission).
337:
323:
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2782:
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2728:
2490:
2426:
2173:Learn how and when to remove this message
1782:Learn how and when to remove this message
1589:Learn how and when to remove this message
1434:Robert de Beaumont, 4th Earl of Leicester
3710:
3595:
3584:
3488:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3478:
3332:
3267:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales
3038:
2975:
2915:
2840:
2824:
2812:
2669:
2657:
2564:
2074:
1875:might now only be a small region of the
1793:
1340:
1329:
1314:all minted their own coinage. Earls and
1145:in Normandy and the twin brother of the
934:
704:
530:, came to signify the rank of a leader.
35:
3539:
3377:Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse
3080:
2743:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2702:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1691:does not recognise titles of nobility.
1353:on 4 February 1512. Left to right: The
1130:, the civil war fought with his cousin
823:
3968:
3307:
3269:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
3233:
3209:
3185:
3092:
3011:
2963:
2939:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2836:
2725:
2538:
2502:
1871:referring to the province; hence, the
1670:Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
1106:
3684:
3628:
3525:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
3283:
3181:from the original on 18 January 2020.
3168:
3140:
3026:
2855:
2630:
1700:Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty
1674:Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim
1666:Donald McCarthy, 1st Earl of Clancare
1662:Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond
632:
3729:Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom
3451:
3425:
3393:
3353:
2645:
2603:
2588:
2526:
2463:
2151:adding citations to reliable sources
2118:
1955:Some of the most significant Earls (
1760:adding citations to reliable sources
1727:
1704:William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne
1696:Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan
1567:adding citations to reliable sources
1534:
1461:John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon
1035:. Likewise, the king's half-brother
453:, prime minister from 1957 to 1963.
3195:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2258:
2114:
891:, Edward's Norman nephew, was made
678:. As compensation, he received the
549:) was not introduced following the
13:
3621:
3169:Ayton, Andrew (30 December 2013).
971:, the equivalent of an earl was a
947:. Odo was later made Earl of Kent.
924:
42:Thomas Fermor, 1st Earl of Pomfret
14:
4002:
3920:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
3915:Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
3651:
3566:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2882:, pp. 74 & 89–91, 93–94.
2039:
1881:. Thus, unlike England, the term
1411:by the middle of the 13th century
1194:in reward for service during the
700:
3925:Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh
3900:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn
3657:
3635:. London: Hambledon and London.
2123:
2091:leaves (four visible) and eight
2083:A British earl is entitled to a
1814:) originated from the office of
1732:
1601:The first Irish earldom was the
1539:
354:
303:
291:
55:
3895:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews
3161:
2830:
2776:
2692:
2544:
2371:
2362:
2337:
1712:John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan
1605:, granted to the Norman knight
1481:
1395:
1389:It fell to Stephen's successor
1325:
1117:
1003:
939:Odo of Bayeux, fighting in the
709:Earldoms of Anglo-Saxon England
692:
474:In the 7th century, the common
3991:Peerages in the United Kingdom
3669:Morris, Marc (December 2005).
3562:Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2007).
3360:. Cambridge University Press.
3293:. Cambridge University Press.
2432:
2394:
2322:
1402:reduced the number of earldoms
445:. The last non-royal earldom,
1:
3890:Duke of Clarence and Avondale
3591:. Llandovery, Wales: Roderic.
3499:. University of Wales Press.
3471:1st edition available at the
3399:The English Historical Review
2343:In Latin, it was rendered as
2310:
2296:
2240:being a well-known example).
2066:Insignia and forms of address
2046:Peerage of the United Kingdom
1710:) and the (alleged) murderer
1517:declared that he intended to
462:(伯爵) of the post-restoration
3547:. HarperCollins Publishers.
3411:10.1093/ehr/LXX.CCLXXVII.529
2770:UK public library membership
2719:UK public library membership
2388:
1941:is now simply a noble rank.
1846:throughout the Middle Ages.
1678:Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone
1617:. Other early earldoms were
1345:The royal procession to the
1126:to reward supporters during
643:
469:
409:The title originates in the
46:robes of the British peerage
7:
3940:Duke of Kent and Strathearn
3375:Lindström, Fredrik (2006).
3339:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
2079:A coronet of a British earl
1935:Heritable Jurisdictions Act
1812:Earldom of Dunbar and March
1810:(with the exception of the
1717:
1638:Tudor reconquest of Ireland
1440:and Margaret. Amice's son,
1028:
811:of the shire" and "comital
10:
4007:
3480:Maitland, Frederic William
3333:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
2300:
2262:
2070:
2043:
2014:(a comital title) and the
1948:
1721:
1528:
1524:
1156:Waleran's younger brother
928:
917:In 1066, according to the
647:
636:
627:
449:, was created in 1984 for
402:never developed; instead,
18:
3867:
3737:
3716:
3585:Williams, Robert (1865).
3496:Place-Names of Flintshire
3336:Ruling England, 1042-1217
3308:Hughes, Geoffrey (1998).
3083:, pp. 166 & 175.
2894:, pp. 127 & 197.
2444:Oxford English Dictionary
2251:, and successive sons as
2103:of a new monarch, but in
1971:and establish effective "
955:of 1066 introduced a new
666:. He commanded the local
524:, or the later Old Norse
310:United Kingdom portal
125:Lord / Lady of Parliament
16:English title of nobility
3724:List of British monarchs
3517:; Wallis, Keith (1968).
3129:Powell & Wallis 1968
3117:Powell & Wallis 1968
3105:Powell & Wallis 1968
3066:Powell & Wallis 1968
3054:Powell & Wallis 1968
3000:Powell & Wallis 1968
2988:Powell & Wallis 1968
2952:Powell & Wallis 1968
2928:Powell & Wallis 1968
2687:Powell & Wallis 1968
2616:Powell & Wallis 1968
2577:Powell & Wallis 1968
2515:Owen & Gruffydd 2017
2479:Powell & Wallis 1968
2315:
1951:Welsh peers and baronets
1944:
1465:Alexander II of Scotland
1261:Reginald de Dunstanville
1124:created twelve new earls
725:(related to Old English
3955:Duke of York and Albany
3671:"The King's Companions"
3068:, pp. 67 & 69.
3002:, pp. 51 & 60.
2918:, pp. 20 & 23.
2839:, p. 13 quoted in
2303:List of fictional earls
2216:, is entitled to use a
1806:The oldest earldoms in
1519:create six new earldoms
733:
727:
611:
605:
599:
526:
514:
488:
480:
478:terms for nobility was
415:
267:Territorial designation
23:. For the surname, see
3354:Kane, Brendan (2010).
2752:10.1093/ref:odnb/10887
2353:
2345:
2329:
2226:James, Viscount Severn
2185:An earl has the title
2080:
2005:English Earls of March
1983:included the earls of
1887:
1877:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1803:
1613:, King of England and
1386:
1359:Earl of Northumberland
1338:
1238:Geoffrey de Mandeville
1196:Battle of the Standard
948:
771:earldom of Northumbria
763:earldom of East Anglia
717:'s reign (1016–1035),
710:
670:and presided over the
656:Anglo-Saxon government
620:
590:
577:
543:
112:Viscount / Viscountess
102:Marquess / Marchioness
49:
27:. For other uses, see
3605:. London: Continuum.
2711:10.1093/ref:odnb/8511
2078:
2044:Further information:
2012:Lordship of Glamorgan
1949:Further information:
1797:
1722:Further information:
1698:; Postmaster General
1654:surrender and regrant
1640:(1530s–1603), native
1529:Further information:
1347:Parliament of England
1344:
1333:
1147:2nd Earl of Leicester
1101:earldom of Buckingham
999:William the Conqueror
938:
929:Further information:
842:Siward of Northumbria
739:). Cnut's realm, the
708:
637:Further information:
464:Japanese Imperial era
398:. A feminine form of
39:
29:Earl (disambiguation)
3711:British royal titles
3666:at Wikimedia Commons
3629:Mason, Emma (2004).
3216:Edward the Confessor
2147:improve this section
1977:autonomous lordships
1969:encouraged to invade
1756:improve this section
1563:improve this section
1500:Margaret of Scotland
1357:(second from left),
1312:Henry of Northumbria
1297:Patrick of Salisbury
830:Edward the Confessor
828:During the reign of
824:Edward the Confessor
537:-derived equivalent
3986:Men's social titles
3119:, pp. 162–166.
2699:"Eadric Streona".
2493:, pp. 113–115.
2408:. 23 September 2014
2016:Earldom of Pembroke
1724:Peerage of Scotland
1689:Republic of Ireland
1682:Flight of the Earls
1308:Robert of Leicester
1139:Waleran de Beaumont
1107:Stephen and Matilda
1052:Revolt of the Earls
1014:Roger de Montgomery
879:, an earl in 1043.
378:) is a rank of the
298:Politics portal
3905:Duke of Cumberland
3818:Duke of Gloucester
3153:Davies et al. 2008
2406:Collins Dictionary
2238:Lady Diana Spencer
2199:, and his wife as
2111:above the shield.
2081:
1804:
1650:Peerage of Ireland
1531:Peerage of Ireland
1450:earl of Winchester
1448:, was created the
1413:were described as
1387:
1367:Earl of Shrewsbury
1355:Marquess of Dorset
1339:
1320:adulterine castles
1269:Baldwin de Redvers
1222:William de Roumare
1141:, who was already
1089:earl of Gloucester
1018:earl of Shrewsbury
949:
941:Battle of Hastings
905:Leofwine Godwinson
755:(king's council).
711:
633:Anglo-Saxon period
553:of England though
390:, ranking below a
50:
3963:
3962:
3806:Duke of Edinburgh
3801:Duke of Cambridge
3662:Media related to
3577:978-0-19-920687-2
3276:978-0-7083-1953-6
3226:978-0-300-07156-6
3095:, pp. 62–63.
3056:, pp. 66–67.
3014:, pp. 57–58.
2990:, pp. 32–33.
2978:, pp. 82–83.
2942:, pp. 54–56.
2815:, pp. 23–24.
2768:(Subscription or
2761:978-0-19-861412-8
2717:(Subscription or
2591:, pp. 62–63.
2232:, and daughters,
2183:
2182:
2175:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1702:; Prime Minister
1631:Earl of Waterford
1599:
1598:
1591:
1442:Simon de Montfort
1383:Earl of Wiltshire
1301:earl of Salisbury
1257:Battle of Lincoln
1236:. The same year,
1226:earl of Cambridge
1212:William d'Aubigny
1202:Robert de Ferrers
1188:William de Aumale
1151:earl of Worcester
1097:earldom of Surrey
993:Robert of Mortain
985:Richard of Évreux
969:Kingdom of France
838:Leofric of Mercia
787:earldom of Wessex
783:earldom of Mercia
767:Thorkell the Tall
731:and Scandinavian
347:
346:
21:Earl (given name)
3998:
3930:Duke of Hereford
3885:Duke of Clarence
3842:Duke of Rothesay
3789:Duke of Cornwall
3705:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3661:
3646:
3616:
3592:
3581:
3569:
3558:
3536:
3524:
3515:Powell, J. Enoch
3510:
3489:
3473:Internet Archive
3470:
3448:
3436:
3422:
3405:(277): 529–549.
3390:
3379:. : A. Bonnier.
3371:
3350:
3329:
3304:
3285:Green, Judith A.
3280:
3254:
3230:
3206:
3182:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2634:
2628:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2326:
2265:List of earldoms
2259:List of earldoms
2178:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2127:
2119:
2115:Forms of address
2060:earl of Stockton
2056:Harold Macmillan
2028:) is an area of
1890:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1736:
1728:
1633:(1446, extant).
1594:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1543:
1535:
1485:
1484: 1216–1272
1483:
1399:
1398: 1154–1189
1397:
1335:Hedingham Castle
1285:earl of Somerset
1277:William de Mohun
1265:earl of Cornwall
1182:earl of Hertford
1178:Gilbert de Clare
1172:earl of Pembroke
1168:Gilbert de Clare
1158:Hugh de Beaumont
1121:
1120: 1135–1154
1119:
1034:
1022:Hugh d'Avranches
1012:, the king made
1007:
1006: 1066–1087
1005:
943:as shown in the
893:earl of Hereford
885:Beorn Estrithson
853:Tostig Godwinson
851:, and appointed
741:North Sea Empire
738:
730:
696:
694:
688:Edward the Elder
623:
621:yurl, yarl, yerl
614:
608:
602:
593:
580:
548:
529:
519:
491:
485:
451:Harold Macmillan
447:Earl of Stockton
418:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
364:
363:
360:
339:
332:
325:
308:
307:
306:
296:
295:
281:
257:Forms of address
117:Baron / Baroness
80:
59:
52:
51:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3950:Duke of Windsor
3863:
3767:Prince of Wales
3733:
3712:
3709:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3624:
3622:Further reading
3619:
3613:
3578:
3555:
3533:
3507:
3467:
3445:
3387:
3368:
3347:
3326:
3301:
3277:
3251:
3227:
3203:
3187:Baxter, Stephen
3164:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2793:
2791:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2716:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:, pp. 5–6.
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2299:
2267:
2261:
2253:The Honourable
2179:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2144:
2128:
2117:
2073:
2068:
2048:
2042:
1975:" to be run as
1953:
1947:
1931:Jacobite rising
1820:Mormaer of Fife
1788:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1753:
1737:
1726:
1720:
1646:King of Ireland
1627:Earl of Desmond
1623:Earl of Kildare
1619:Earl of Carrick
1615:Lord of Ireland
1595:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1560:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1496:Hubert de Burgh
1480:
1470:William de Forz
1394:
1328:
1318:had also built
1281:lord of Dunster
1250:earl of Norfolk
1216:earl of Lincoln
1162:earl of Bedford
1143:Count of Meulan
1132:Empress Matilda
1116:
1109:
1063:(or Warrenne),
1045:English Channel
1026:earl of Chester
1002:
953:Norman Conquest
945:Bayeux Tapestry
933:
927:
925:Norman Conquest
901:Gyrth Godwinson
826:
791:earldom of Kent
703:
691:
652:
646:
641:
635:
630:
587:Scottish Gaelic
551:Norman Conquest
472:
431:Norman Conquest
366:
357:
353:
343:
314:
304:
302:
290:
279:
273:
272:
271:
247:Courtesy titles
216:
215:
206:
205:
204:
174:
173:
164:
163:
162:
142:
141:
132:
131:
130:
107:Earl / Countess
91:
90:
78:
77:Peerages in the
76:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3935:Duke of Kendal
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:Duke of Albany
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3847:Duke of Sussex
3844:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3784:Royal Dukedoms
3781:
3779:Princess Royal
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3653:
3652:External links
3650:
3648:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3593:
3582:
3576:
3559:
3553:
3541:Starkey, David
3537:
3531:
3511:
3505:
3490:
3476:
3465:
3449:
3443:
3423:
3391:
3385:
3372:
3366:
3351:
3346:978-1138786554
3345:
3330:
3324:
3305:
3299:
3281:
3275:
3263:Jenkins, Nigel
3255:
3250:978-0415755047
3249:
3231:
3225:
3207:
3201:
3183:
3175:De Re Militari
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3155:, p. 872.
3145:
3133:
3131:, p. 147.
3121:
3109:
3107:, p. 111.
3097:
3085:
3070:
3058:
3043:
3031:
3016:
3004:
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2920:
2908:
2906:, p. 237.
2896:
2884:
2872:
2860:
2858:, p. 168.
2845:
2829:
2827:, p. 168.
2817:
2805:
2775:
2760:
2724:
2691:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2648:, p. 133.
2635:
2620:
2608:
2593:
2581:
2569:
2557:
2543:
2531:
2529:, p. 186.
2519:
2507:
2495:
2491:Lindström 2006
2483:
2468:
2466:, p. 530.
2456:
2431:
2427:Stevenson 2007
2419:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2370:
2361:
2336:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2301:Main article:
2298:
2295:
2291:United Kingdom
2263:Main article:
2260:
2257:
2230:The Honourable
2224:was styled as
2222:Earl of Wessex
2218:courtesy title
2181:
2180:
2131:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2087:bearing eight
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2052:prime minister
2041:
2040:United Kingdom
2038:
1946:
1943:
1912:forum shopping
1818:, such as the
1790:
1789:
1740:
1738:
1731:
1719:
1716:
1706:(later made a
1603:Earl of Ulster
1597:
1596:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1523:
1492:chief minister
1486:) granted his
1446:Saer de Quincy
1423:earl of Oxford
1415:earls palatine
1363:Earl of Surrey
1327:
1324:
1293:earl of Oxford
1289:Aubrey de Vere
1230:
1229:
1219:
1209:
1199:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1154:
1108:
1105:
981:Norman dynasty
977:King of France
926:
923:
889:Ralf of Mantes
825:
822:
817:Stephen Baxter
805:F. W. Maitland
779:Eadric Streona
702:
701:Cnut the Great
699:
695: 899–924
674:alongside the
648:Main article:
645:
642:
634:
631:
629:
626:
520:. Proto-Norse
471:
468:
384:United Kingdom
345:
344:
342:
341:
334:
327:
319:
316:
315:
313:
312:
300:
287:
284:
283:
280:House of Lords
275:
274:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
217:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:United Kingdom
197:
192:
187:
182:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
160:
158:Representative
155:
150:
144:
143:
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
129:
128:
123:, replaced by
114:
109:
104:
99:
97:Duke / Duchess
93:
92:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:United Kingdom
72:
71:
61:
60:
40:A portrait of
25:Earl (surname)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4003:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3676:
3675:History Today
3672:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3644:
3642:9781852853891
3638:
3634:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3614:
3612:9781847252395
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:Williams, Ann
3594:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3554:9780007307715
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3506:9781786831118
3502:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3466:0-393-95132-4
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3444:9780804712170
3440:
3435:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3386:9789100107895
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3367:9780521898645
3363:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3325:9780141954325
3321:
3317:
3316:Penguin Books
3313:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3300:9780521193597
3296:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:. Routledge.
3242:
3241:
3236:
3235:Crouch, David
3232:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:Barlow, Frank
3208:
3204:
3202:9780191528217
3198:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3041:, p. 83.
3040:
3039:Huscroft 2016
3035:
3029:, p. 62.
3028:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2976:Huscroft 2016
2972:
2966:, p. 57.
2965:
2960:
2954:, p. 18.
2953:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2930:, p. 33.
2929:
2924:
2917:
2916:Huscroft 2016
2912:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2876:
2870:, p. 91.
2869:
2864:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:Williams 2008
2838:
2833:
2826:
2825:Maitland 1897
2821:
2814:
2813:Williams 2008
2809:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2672:, p. 24.
2671:
2670:Williams 2008
2666:
2660:, p. 28.
2659:
2658:Huscroft 2016
2654:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2633:, p. 61.
2632:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2606:, p. 63.
2605:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2573:
2567:, p. 50.
2566:
2565:Williams 1865
2561:
2553:
2547:
2541:, p. 61.
2540:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2517:, p. 84.
2516:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:Great Britain
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2166:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2132:This section
2130:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2063:
2061:
2058:, who became
2057:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2034:Welsh culture
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:Marcher Lords
1978:
1974:
1973:buffer states
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:of Strathearn
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1775:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:This section
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1593:
1590:
1582:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:This section
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:primogeniture
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:Chester, who
1406:
1403:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1379:Earl of Derby
1376:
1372:
1371:Earl of Essex
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:earl of Devon
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:earl of Essex
1239:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:earl of Derby
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:William Rufus
1053:
1048:
1046:
1043:to guard the
1042:
1038:
1037:Odo of Bayeux
1032:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:Welsh Marches
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
946:
942:
937:
932:
922:
920:
919:Domesday Book
915:
913:
908:
906:
902:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
821:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
800:
794:
792:
788:
784:
781:retained the
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
736:
729:
724:
720:
716:
707:
698:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
640:
625:
622:
618:
613:
607:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
568:
565:proximity to
564:
560:
559:Norman French
556:
552:
547:
546:
540:
536:
531:
528:
523:
518:
517:
511:
507:
503:
502:
497:
496:
490:
484:
483:
477:
467:
465:
461:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:. After the
428:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
351:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
320:
318:
317:
311:
301:
299:
294:
289:
288:
286:
285:
282:
277:
276:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
210:
209:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
190:Great Britain
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
168:
167:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
136:
135:
126:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
85:
84:
81:
74:
73:
70:
68:
63:
62:
58:
54:
53:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3945:Duke of Ross
3875:Queen Mother
3852:Duke of York
3830:Duke of Kent
3720:
3674:
3631:
3601:
3587:
3565:
3544:
3520:
3495:
3484:
3456:
3432:
3402:
3398:
3376:
3356:
3335:
3310:
3289:
3266:
3259:Davies, John
3239:
3215:
3191:
3174:
3162:Bibliography
3148:
3136:
3124:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3081:Starkey 2010
3061:
3034:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2843:, p. 22
2832:
2820:
2808:
2799:
2792:. Retrieved
2788:
2778:
2741:
2700:
2694:
2689:, p. 7.
2665:
2653:
2618:, p. 5.
2611:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2498:
2486:
2481:, p. 6.
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2443:
2434:
2422:
2412:23 September
2410:. Retrieved
2396:
2373:
2364:
2339:
2324:
2306:
2268:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2229:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2160:
2145:Please help
2133:
2109:coat of arms
2082:
2049:
2025:
2020:
2009:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1904:Courts Baron
1893:
1882:
1872:
1862:
1848:
1831:
1805:
1778:
1769:
1754:Please help
1742:
1693:
1686:
1635:
1607:Hugh de Lacy
1600:
1585:
1576:
1561:Please help
1549:
1508:
1504:
1474:
1454:
1427:
1419:honour court
1407:
1388:
1375:Earl of Kent
1326:Plantagenets
1305:
1254:
1231:
1192:earl of York
1110:
1093:
1081:illegitimate
1049:
1041:earl of Kent
1031:Marcher Lord
997:
989:Robert of Eu
957:Anglo-Norman
950:
916:
909:
897:
874:
846:
827:
803:
795:
760:
757:
722:
718:
712:
660:English king
653:
571:
554:
541:(from Latin
538:
532:
521:
505:
499:
493:
489:eorlcund man
473:
457:
455:
443:royal family
424:
421:Scandinavian
408:
403:
399:
394:and above a
349:
348:
106:
64:
44:wearing the
33:
3453:Lyon, Bryce
3427:Loyn, H. R.
3395:Loyn, H. R.
3093:Crouch 1992
3012:Crouch 1992
2964:Crouch 1992
2940:Crouch 1992
2904:Barlow 1997
2892:Barlow 1997
2880:Barlow 1997
2868:Barlow 1997
2837:Baxter 2007
2783:Sotheby's.
2539:Crouch 1992
2503:Hughes 1998
2026:Earl's land
1963:, singular
1908:Magistrates
1642:Irish kings
1629:(1329) and
1609:in 1205 by
1351:Westminster
1283:, was made
1149:, was made
1128:the Anarchy
1075:. In 1122,
1073:Northampton
836:of Wessex,
721:changed to
680:third penny
672:shire court
508:, from the
476:Old English
411:Old English
262:Family seat
3970:Categories
3532:0297761056
3141:Ayton 2013
3027:Green 2017
2856:Green 2017
2772:required.)
2721:required.)
2631:Green 2017
2311:References
2297:In fiction
2249:Master of
2101:coronation
2095:balls (or
2089:strawberry
2024:(English:
2003:(see also
2001:Shrewsbury
1989:Gloucester
1836:anglophile
1800:coronation
1636:After the
1515:Edward III
1246:Hugh Bigod
1069:Huntingdon
1050:After the
237:Privileges
148:Hereditary
3721:See also:
2789:Sotheby's
2646:Loyn 1984
2604:Lyon 1980
2589:Lyon 1980
2527:Kane 2010
2464:Loyn 1955
2389:Citations
2328:The form
2163:June 2023
2134:does not
2062:in 1984.
2030:Glamorgan
2022:Tir Iarll
1927:comitatus
1888:comitatus
1878:provincia
1873:comitatus
1868:provincia
1863:comitatus
1858:comitatus
1852:provincia
1772:June 2023
1743:does not
1579:June 2023
1550:does not
1511:Edward II
1488:justiciar
1477:Henry III
1475:In 1227,
1299:was made
1291:was made
1271:was made
1263:was made
1248:was made
1240:was made
1224:was made
1214:was made
1204:was made
1190:was made
1170:was made
1160:was made
1079:made his
1039:was made
719:ealdorman
684:boroughs'
650:Ealdorman
644:Ealdorman
510:Old Norse
501:ealdorman
470:Etymology
459:hakushaku
406:is used.
172:Divisions
3976:Earldoms
3868:Inactive
3772:Princess
3762:Princess
3599:(2008).
3543:(2010).
3482:(1897).
3455:(1980).
3429:(1984).
3287:(2017).
3237:(1992).
3213:(1997).
3189:(2007).
3179:Archived
2449:24 March
2379:Midlands
2289:and the
2279:Scotland
2271:peerages
2234:The Lady
2187:Earl of
2105:heraldry
1997:Pembroke
1993:Hereford
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1625:(1316),
1621:(1315),
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3835:Duchess
3823:Duchess
3811:Duchess
3794:Duchess
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2097:pearls
2093:silver
1961:ieirll
1933:, the
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1310:, and
1275:, and
1085:Robert
1067:, and
1061:Surrey
991:, and
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866:Ælfgar
840:, and
809:manors
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676:bishop
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535:Norman
214:Topics
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3664:Earls
3415:JSTOR
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2316:Notes
2207:Lady
2191:Earl
1965:iarll
1957:Welsh
1945:Wales
1838:king
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