266:
40:
983:), such occupation was considered demeaning by the upper classes, particularly by the 19th century, when the earlier mercantile endeavours of younger sons were increasingly discontinued. Younger sons, who could not expect to inherit the family estate, were instead urged into professions of state service. It became a pattern in many families that while the eldest son would inherit the estate and enter politics, the second son would join the army, the third son go into law, and the fourth son join the church.
85:
810:, the gentry were landowners whose wealth "made possible a certain kind of education, a standard of comfort, and a degree of leisure and a common interest in ways of spending it". Leisure distinguished gentry from businessmen who gained their wealth through work. The gentry, did not enterprise or marketeer but were known most for working in management of estates; their income came largely from rents paid by
1045:
668:) in social status. Nevertheless, their economic base in land was often similar, and some of the landed gentry were wealthier than some peers. Many gentry were close relatives of peers, and it was not uncommon for gentry to marry into peerage. With or without noble title, owning rural land estates often brought with it the legal rights of the
959:. So while yeoman farmers owned enough land to support a comfortable lifestyle, they nevertheless farmed it themselves and were excluded from the "landed gentry" because they worked for a living, and were thus "in trade" as it was termed. Apart from a few "honourable" professions connected with the governing elite (the
1128:
Even so, almost half of the 5,000 families listed in the new volume are in there because their forefathers were: they themselves have no land left. Their estates are mere street addresses, like that of the
Molineux-Montgomeries, formerly of Garboldisham Old Hall, now of No. 14 Malton Avenue, Haworth.
1141:
at the end of the 19th century, together with the introduction in the 20th century of increasingly heavy levels of taxation on inherited wealth, put an end to agricultural land as the primary source of wealth for the upper classes. Many estates were sold or broken up, and this trend was accelerated
1019:
wrote that the gentry's lack of titles "did not matter, for it was obvious to contemporaries that the landed gentry were all for practical purposes the equivalent of continental nobles, with their hereditary estates, their leisured lifestyle, their social pre-eminence, and their armorial bearings".
883:
describes a number of approaches to deciding who was gentry. One is to view the gentry as those recognised legally as possessing gentility. However, Coss finds this method unsatisfactory because it "seems certain that gentility was widely felt and articulated within society long before legislation
1174:
In the 21st century, the term "landed gentry" is still used, as the landowning class still exists, but it increasingly refers more to historic than to current landed wealth or property in a family. Moreover, the deference which was once automatically given to members of this class by most
British
1127:
Landed Gentry used to limit itself to owners of domains that could properly be called "stately" (i.e. more than 500 acres or 200 hectares). Now it has lowered the property qualification to 200 acres (0.81 km) for all
British families whose pedigrees have been "notable" for three generations.
1068:) were often listed in books or manuals known as "Peerages", "Baronetages", or combinations of these categories, such as the "Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage". As well as listing genealogical information, these books often also included details of the right of a given family to a
896:. Coss proposes that the gentry had three main characteristics: (1) landownership, (2) a nobility or gentility (shared with the peerage) that distinguished them from the rest of the population, and (3) a territorial-based collective identity and power over the larger population.
990:
and estate, but often also to sever financial ties with the business which had made him wealthy in order to cleanse his family of the "taint of trade", depending somewhat on what that business was. However, during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the new rich of the
1158:" which was in many cases retained without the surrounding lands. Many of these buildings were purchased for the nation and preserved as monuments to the lifestyles of their former owners (who sometimes remained in part of the house as lessees or tenants) by the
698:. They also exploited timber and minerals (such as coal), and owned mills and other sources of income. Many heads of families also had careers in politics or the military, and the younger sons of the gentry provided a high proportion of the
1919:
1149:
began, in the 20th century, to include families historically in this category who had ceased to own their ancestral lands. The focus of those who remained in this class shifted from the lands or estates themselves, to the
1170:
by owners who could no longer afford to maintain them. Those who retained their property usually had to supplement their incomes from sources other than the land, sometimes by opening their properties to the public.
884:
was in place to tell us so". Other historians define gentry by land ownership and income level, but there is still the problem of whether this should include professionals and town dwellers.
1113:
as a description of the untitled upper classes in
England (although the book also included families in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, where, however, social structures were rather different).
1013:
omits the distinction between titled and untitled nobility. The titled nobility in
Britain are the peers of the realm, whereas the untitled nobility comprise those here described as gentry.
690:, while the inheritances of daughters and younger sons were in cash or stocks, and relatively small. Typically the gentry farmed some of their land through employed managers, but
1159:
871:
or landowning farmers. The
Statute of Additions of 1413 recognised gentlemen as a distinct social rank, but the line between the lower gentry and the yeomanry remained blurred.
1003:
Persons who are closely related to peers are also more correctly described as gentry than as nobility, since the latter term, in the modern
British Isles, is synonymous with
1162:. The National Trust, which had originally concentrated on open landscapes rather than buildings, accelerated its country house acquisition programme during and after the
1028:. Through grants of arms, new families are admitted into the untitled nobility regularly, thus making the gentry a class that remains open both legally and practically.
917:
1167:
1397:, edited by H.W. & F.G.Fowler, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972 reprint, p. 1516; note the definition does not apply to 1972, but to an earlier time.
955:
wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) and in social status is one step down from the gentry, but above, say, a
909:
1954:
Jakubowski, Nicola. "Masculine gentry identity in the long eighteenth century: a case study of Cannon Hall" (Diss. University of
Sheffield, 2021)
1587:
904:
From the late 16th-century, the gentry emerged as the class most closely involved in politics, the military and law. It provided the bulk of
1175:
people has almost completely dissipated as its wealth, political power and social influence have declined, and other social figures such as
1909:
2108:
1085:
A Genealogical and
Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank
607:
888:
argues that an urban gentry existed in the 15th century. For some historians of early modern
England, the gentry included families with
633:
1543:
1462:
The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent
2103:
1138:
751:
718:
241:
1694:
1526:
1501:
17:
986:
A newly rich man who wished his family to join the gentry (and they nearly all did so wish), was expected not only to buy a
2113:
1020:
British armigerous families who hold no title of nobility are represented, together with those who hold titles through the
861:, were considered to be esquires. It was also applied to the sons of peers and the firstborn sons of baronets and knights.
770:, a word indicating high birth, high status, or gentleness. The term gradually came to be used for the lower ranks of the
2001:
Rothery, Mark. "The reproductive behavior of the English landed gentry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."
1966:
2008:
Rothery, Mark. "Communities of kin and English landed gentry families of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."
2042:
Thompson, F. M. L. “Presidential Address: English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century IV. Prestige without Power?”
1877:
798:(Latin for "minor nobility"). Eventually, the terms nobility and gentry came to refer to completely separate classes.
714:
often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry.
1798:
1779:
1757:
1738:
1704:
1683:
1650:
1142:
by the introduction of protection for agricultural tenancies, encouraging outright sales, from the mid-20th century.
1982:
1083:, expanded his market and his readership by publishing a similar volume for people without titles, which was called
2123:
1266:
925:
1972:
1117:
continued to appear at regular intervals throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. A review of the 1952 edition in
600:
265:
1904:
French, Henry. "The ‘remembered family’ and dynastic senses of identity among the English gentry c. 1600–1800."
1824:
775:
528:
31:
1955:
1894:
Drake, S. J. "Since the time of King Arthur: gentry identity and the commonalty of Cornwall c. 1300–c. 1420."
908:, with many gentry families maintaining political control in a certain locality over several generations (see
1225:
453:
272:
1914:
French, Henry, and Mark Rothery. "Male Anxiety among Younger Sons of the English Landed Gentry, 1700–1900."
1989:
The Irish And Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry, When Cromwell Came to Ireland: or, a Supplement to Irish Pedigrees
1977:
Milne-Smith, Amy. "Queensberry’s misrule: reputation, celebrity, and the idea of the Victorian gentleman."
839:. Knighthood eventually lost its martial connotations and was awarded to civilians in honour of service to
1942:
Hoyle, R. W. "The Listers of Gisburn: The Fashioning of A Gentry Family In The Early Eighteenth Century."
234:
1748:
Fletcher, T. W. (1973). "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896". In Perry, P. J. (ed.).
1899:
1872:
Collins, Marcus. "The fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c. 1918–1970."
593:
217:
2059:
Wallis, Patrick, and Cliff Webb. "The education and training of gentry sons in early modern England."
2013:
59:, a couple from the landed gentry, a marriage alliance between two local landowning families – one
1671:
1080:
1039:
723:
1595:
1097:
A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry; or, Commons of Great Britain and Ireland
2079:
1435:
857:. In the 14th century, this rank could be conferred by the Crown. Certain officeholders, such as
1971:
Langevin, Nicole. "Femininity and Feminism in Courtship in Eighteenth-Century Britain." (2016).
995:
became more and more numerous and politically powerful, this expectation was gradually relaxed.
2118:
711:
227:
1961:
Kaemmer, Hannah. "Social meaning in the English lesser gentry house: a West Yorkshire study."
1562:
1850:
The image of the English gentleman in twentieth-century literature: Englishness and nostalgia
1145:
So devastating was this for the ranks formerly identified as being of the landed gentry that
992:
987:
905:
858:
468:
1491:
1230:
968:
669:
407:
363:
257:
39:
1056:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the names and families of those with titles (specifically
8:
1889:
1545:
Index to the Pedigree in Burke's Commoners: Originally Prepared by George Ormerod in 1840
1215:
944:
653:
353:
298:
56:
1936:
1813:
1719:
518:
358:
44:
2098:
2030:
1820:
1794:
1775:
1753:
1734:
1700:
1679:
1646:
1522:
1497:
1073:
876:
672:
393:
368:
117:
1095:
was published in four volumes from 1833 to 1838. Subsequent editions were re-titled
1726:
947:. He is sometimes described as a small landowner, a farmer of the middle classes."
814:
living these estates. By the 17th century, the gentry was divided into four ranks:
806:
The gentry were aristocratic landowners who were not peers. According to historian
703:
665:
548:
151:
96:
68:
939:
farmers, who were defined as "a person qualified by possessing free land of forty
2128:
2083:
1770:(1988). "The Urban Gentry in the Fifteenth Century". In Thomson, J. A. F. (ed.).
1767:
1460:
1440:, vol. 9–10, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1837, p. 13
1245:
1189:
1119:
1021:
1016:
952:
921:
885:
835:: originally a mounted warrior who fought for the king and his barons during the
661:
478:
348:
279:
210:
184:
103:
76:
1947:
1024:, by the Commission and Association for Armigerous Families of Great Britain at
750:. But by the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers, such as the
964:
948:
822:
508:
483:
398:
333:
308:
92:
2092:
2064:
1886:
Gentry culture and the politics of religion: Cheshire on the eve of civil war
1730:
1422:
972:
932:
889:
811:
721:; however, there are still many hereditary gentry in the UK. The book series
695:
687:
645:
641:
538:
1867:
1843:
A gentry community: Leicestershire in the fifteenth century, c. 1422-c. 1485
1808:
1240:
1235:
1163:
1151:
1069:
931:
The gentry ranked above the agricultural sector's middle class: the larger
807:
568:
473:
1210:
1205:
1155:
836:
782:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, writers referred to the peerage as the
771:
735:
463:
443:
403:
383:
177:
1267:"Gainsborough by James Hamilton review – the painter's secret sauciness"
1714:
956:
893:
880:
563:
303:
170:
129:
110:
2020:
English Nobility: The Gentry, the Heralds and the Continental Context
1994:
Rothery, Mark. "The Wealth of the English Landed Gentry, 1870–1935,"
1220:
1176:
980:
976:
864:
840:
637:
583:
513:
498:
323:
140:
125:
30:
This article is about the British social class. For other uses, see
1199:
1044:
913:
779:
743:
739:
503:
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423:
328:
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191:
163:
121:
64:
2047:
84:
1420:
The education and training of gentry sons in early modern England
1194:
1061:
1057:
1005:
850:
818:
747:
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573:
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493:
438:
433:
413:
338:
202:
198:
159:
136:
1160:
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
1065:
1025:
960:
936:
868:
854:
832:
707:
699:
649:
553:
373:
343:
318:
206:
155:
60:
1064:, less often including those with the non-hereditary title of
940:
1725:. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge University Press.
1674:(2015). "Gentry". In Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.).
789:
691:
680:
418:
867:: the lowest rank within the gentry. Gentlemen ranked above
2054:
The Gentleman's Daughter: Women's Lives in Georgian England
648:. It is the British element of the wider European class of
428:
293:
1465:(2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall.
943:
annual value, and who can serve on juries and vote for a
1179:
have grown to take their place in the public's interest.
825:
in 1611, giving the holder the right to be addressed as
1819:. Themes in British Social History. New York: Longman.
2076:
1622:
1610:
1496:
United Kingdom: Ediciones Hidalguia. 1989. p. 5.
1325:
1323:
1321:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1289:
1791:
Reshaping Rural England. A Social History 1850–1925
1563:"Burke's Peerage and Landed Gentry Database Search"
1926:Country house life: family and servants, 1815-1914
1812:
1718:
1375:
1347:
1318:
1301:
928:was largely in the hands of the landowning class.
746:(in the British sense)—that is, they did not hold
734:originally referred exclusively to members of the
1427:
1168:destruction of country houses in the 20th century
717:The decline of the gentry largely began with the
2090:
2037:English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century
1692:
1475:
1335:
1277:
910:List of political families in the United Kingdom
847:; however, the rank of knight is not hereditary.
1864:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
1815:The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class
1793:. London: HarperCollins Academic. p. 138.
1643:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
1478:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
1772:Towns and Townspeople in the Fifteenth Century
792:for "greater nobility") and the gentry as the
1469:
998:
601:
235:
2044:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
727:records the names of members of this class.
1693:Copeland, Edward; McMaster, Juliet (2011).
1516:
935:, who rented land from the landowners, and
793:
783:
778:had previously been considered part of the
27:British social class of wealthy land owners
1933:The gentry in England and Wales, 1500–1700
1423:http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27958/1/WP128.pdf
892:, but Coss notes that not all gentry were
843:. Like baronets, knights are addressed as
608:
594:
242:
228:
1678:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1640:
1588:"Foreign News: Twentieth Century Squires"
1747:
1616:
1452:
1043:
1031:
38:
1788:
1676:The Oxford Companion to British History
1670:
1628:
1541:
1458:
1312:
1139:Great Depression of British Agriculture
801:
675:, and the less formal name or title of
14:
2091:
1807:
1766:
1696:The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen
1365:
1329:
1295:
1132:
912:). Owning land was a prerequisite for
273:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
1557:
1555:
1079:In the 1830s, one peerage publisher,
853:: originally a knight's attendant or
757:
628:(sometimes collectively known as the
1713:
1381:
1369:
1353:
1341:
1283:
1052:(from Volume 2 of the 1898 edition).
1845:(Cambridge University Press, 2003).
1166:, partly because of the widespread
24:
2109:Social class in the United Kingdom
1835:
1594:. 10 December 1951. Archived from
1552:
1459:Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) .
25:
2140:
2077:European Landowners' Organization
2070:
2027:An Open Elite? England, 1540–1880
1721:The Origins of the English Gentry
1009:. However, this popular usage of
1109:gave currency to the expression
821:: a hereditary title created by
264:
83:
1884:Cust, Richard, and Peter Lake.
1774:. Alan Sutton. pp. 22–44.
1634:
1580:
1535:
1510:
1484:
1418:Patrick Wallis and Cliff Webb,
1412:
1400:
1387:
754:, who lived on landed estates.
2104:Feudalism in the British Isles
2010:Family & Community History
1699:. Cambridge University Press.
1517:de Diesbach, Ghislain (1967).
1359:
1259:
1072:. They were comparable to the
899:
660:, the gentry ranked below the
529:Peerages in the United Kingdom
32:Landed gentry (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1750:British Agriculture 1875–1914
1663:
1548:. Provost of Queen's College.
1395:The Concise Oxford Dictionary
1226:Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
916:(the civil right to vote) in
719:1870s agricultural depression
640:who could live entirely from
454:Feudal land tenure in England
49:
1409:, Oxford, 1965, pps: 125–30.
1252:
7:
2114:High society (social class)
1996:Agricultural History Review
1979:Canadian journal of history
1645:. London: Pan. p. 92.
1182:
967:, the officer corps of the
632:), is a largely historical
10:
2145:
2046:vol. 3, (1993), pp. 1–22.
2003:Journal of British Studies
1368:, pp. 22–44 cited in
1037:
999:Landed gentry and nobility
686:Generally lands passed by
29:
1991:(2 vols) (reprinted 2007)
1963:Post-Medieval Archaeology
1641:Cannadine, David (1992).
1476:Cannadine, David (1999).
1908:92.257 (2019): 529-546.
1898:91.252 (2018): 236-254.
1731:10.1017/CBO9780511522383
1542:Ormerod, George (1907).
1076:in continental Europe.
77:Feudal titles and status
2124:English gentry families
2082:25 January 2007 at the
1876:75.187 (2002): 90-111.
774:, which along with the
2012:21.2 (2018): 112-128.
1981:48.2 (2013): 277-306.
1965:52.2 (2018): 193-209.
1946:56.1-2 (2019): 46-77.
1918:62.4 (2019): 967-995.
1916:The Historical Journal
1888:(Manchester UP, 2020)
1848:Berberich, Christine.
1789:Howkins, Alun (1991).
1130:
1101:Burke's Landed Gentry.
1053:
949:Anthony Richard Wagner
794:
784:
72:
2005:48.3 (2009): 674-694.
1147:Burke's Landed Gentry
1125:
1115:Burke's Landed Gentry
1107:Burke's Landed Gentry
1087:, popularly known as
1050:Burke's Landed Gentry
1047:
1040:Burke's Landed Gentry
1033:Burke's Landed Gentry
993:Industrial Revolution
971:, the diplomatic and
918:county constituencies
906:Members of Parliament
859:justices of the peace
724:Burke's Landed Gentry
673:lordship of the manor
469:English feudal barony
42:
18:British landed gentry
2063:36.1 (2011): 36–53.
1998:55#2 (2007): 251–68.
1519:Secrets of the Gotha
1231:Polish landed gentry
969:British Armed Forces
802:Definition and ranks
652:. While part of the
644:, or at least had a
634:British social class
364:Feudal fragmentation
2035:Thompson, F. M. L.
1906:Historical Research
1896:Historical Research
1874:Historical Research
1752:. London: Methuen.
1598:on 23 November 2010
1216:National liberalism
1133:Contemporary status
945:Knight of the Shire
752:Duke of Westminster
654:British aristocracy
299:Ecclesiastical fief
79:
57:Thomas Gainsborough
1862:Cannadine, David.
1852:(Routledge, 2016).
1521:. Meredith Press.
1105:The popularity of
1054:
965:established church
758:Origin of the term
519:Customary freehold
359:Feudal maintenance
75:
73:
45:Mr and Mrs Andrews
2052:Vickery, Amanda.
2025:Stone, Lawrence.
1928:(Blackwell, 1994)
1924:Gerard, Jessica.
1528:978-1-5661908-6-2
1503:978-84-89851-20-7
1407:English Genealogy
1273:. 17 August 2017.
1093:Burke's Commoners
1089:Burke's Commoners
1074:Almanach de Gotha
1048:Typical entry in
877:historiographical
704:military officers
666:"titled nobility"
618:
617:
394:Lord of the manor
369:Bastard feudalism
258:English feudalism
252:
251:
118:Lord of the manor
16:(Redirected from
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1944:Northern History
1931:Heal, Felicity.
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1480:. Vintage Books.
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185:Domestic servant
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69:National Gallery
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2089:
2088:
2084:Wayback Machine
2073:
2022:(Norwich, 1979)
1841:Acheson, Eric.
1838:
1836:Further reading
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1298:, pp. 2–3.
1294:
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1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:Unearned income
1190:American gentry
1185:
1135:
1042:
1036:
1022:College of Arms
1017:David Cannadine
1001:
953:Richmond Herald
922:Reform Act 1832
902:
886:Rosemary Horrox
804:
795:nobilitas minor
785:nobilitas major
760:
662:British peerage
614:
578:
533:
448:
378:
285:
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2016:
2006:
1999:
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1987:O'Hart, John.
1985:
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933:tenant farmers
924:; until then,
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812:tenant farmers
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696:tenant farmers
694:most of it to
679:, in Scotland
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2017:
2015:
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1828:
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1817:
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1809:Mingay, G. E.
1806:
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1800:0-04-445706-5
1796:
1792:
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1672:Beckett, John
1669:
1668:
1654:
1652:0-330-32188-9
1648:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1619:, p. 54.
1618:
1617:Fletcher 1973
1613:
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732:landed gentry
728:
726:
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710:. Successful
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688:primogeniture
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642:rental income
639:
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539:Feudal duties
537:
536:
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524:Landed gentry
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145:Landed gentry
142:
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62:
58:
47:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2060:
2053:
2043:
2036:
2026:
2019:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1962:
1943:
1932:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1873:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1814:
1790:
1771:
1749:
1720:
1695:
1675:
1642:
1636:
1629:Howkins 1991
1624:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:the original
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1566:
1544:
1537:
1518:
1512:
1493:C.i.l.a.n.e.
1492:
1486:
1477:
1471:
1461:
1454:
1442:, retrieved
1436:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1377:
1361:
1349:
1344:, p. 4.
1337:
1332:, p. 3.
1313:Beckett 2015
1291:
1286:, p. 2.
1279:
1271:The Guardian
1270:
1261:
1241:Ratione soli
1236:Rent-seeking
1173:
1152:stately home
1146:
1144:
1136:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1070:coat of arms
1055:
1049:
1032:
1015:
1010:
1004:
1002:
985:
930:
903:
874:
844:
826:
808:G. E. Mingay
805:
767:
763:
761:
731:
729:
722:
716:
685:
676:
629:
625:
621:
619:
569:Scot and lot
523:
479:Knight's fee
474:Feudal baron
271:
144:
43:
36:
1715:Coss, Peter
1572:13 December
1434:"Esquire",
1372:, p. 5
1366:Horrox 1988
1330:Mingay 1976
1296:Mingay 1976
1211:Manorialism
1206:Magna Carta
1202:(or entail)
1177:celebrities
1156:family seat
900:Occupations
837:Middle Ages
772:aristocracy
736:upper class
630:squirearchy
464:Land tenure
444:Free tenant
404:Manor house
384:Manorialism
178:Free tenant
53: 1750
2093:Categories
1826:0582484030
1664:References
1602:14 January
1081:John Burke
957:husbandman
926:Parliament
920:until the
894:armigerous
881:Peter Coss
638:landowners
564:Feudal aid
304:Crown land
171:Husbandman
130:Liege lord
111:Mesne lord
1382:Coss 2003
1370:Coss 2003
1354:Coss 2003
1342:Coss 2003
1284:Coss 2003
1253:Citations
1221:Old money
981:judiciary
941:shillings
865:Gentleman
841:the Crown
762:The term
744:commoners
740:landlords
624:, or the
584:Feudalism
514:Gavelkind
499:Serjeanty
324:Feoffment
141:Gentleman
71:, London.
2099:Nobility
2080:Archived
1811:(1976).
1717:(2003).
1567:ukga.org
1444:12 March
1200:Fee tail
1183:See also
1062:baronets
1011:nobility
914:suffrage
879:survey,
780:nobility
768:gentrice
748:peerages
712:burghers
658:armigers
509:Freehold
504:Copyhold
489:Baronage
424:Overlord
354:Affinity
329:Seignory
314:Appanage
192:Vagabond
164:Vavasour
152:Franklin
122:Overlord
2056:(1998).
2029:(1984)
1935:(1994)
1866:(1999)
1195:Artisan
1123:noted:
979:or the
963:of the
851:Esquire
823:James I
819:Baronet
776:peerage
708:lawyers
574:Tallage
559:Scutage
494:Peerage
439:Serfdom
434:Peasant
414:Demesne
339:Feoffee
203:Villein
160:Retinue
137:Esquire
2129:Gentry
2065:online
2048:online
2039:(1963)
2031:online
2014:online
1983:online
1973:online
1967:online
1956:online
1948:online
1937:online
1920:online
1910:online
1900:online
1890:online
1878:online
1868:online
1859:(1954)
1823:
1797:
1778:
1756:
1737:
1703:
1682:
1649:
1525:
1500:
1066:knight
1026:CILANE
975:, the
961:clergy
937:yeoman
869:yeomen
855:squire
833:Knight
764:gentry
706:, and
700:clergy
692:leased
677:squire
670:feudal
650:gentry
626:gentry
554:Socage
374:Livery
349:Homage
344:Fealty
319:Vassal
211:Cottar
207:Bordar
156:Yeoman
63:, one
61:gentry
1058:peers
875:In a
790:Latin
681:laird
419:Glebe
218:Slave
65:trade
55:) by
1821:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1680:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1604:2013
1592:Time
1574:2017
1523:ISBN
1498:ISBN
1446:2012
1393:See
1154:or "
1137:The
1120:Time
1060:and
1006:peer
742:and
664:(or
620:The
429:Lord
408:List
294:Fief
199:Serf
126:Vogt
1727:doi
1099:or
977:bar
845:Sir
827:Sir
636:of
2095::
1733:.
1590:.
1565:.
1554:^
1320:^
1303:^
1269:.
1091:.
951:,
702:,
683:.
209:/
205:/
201:/
162:/
158:/
154:/
143:/
139:/
128:/
124:/
120:/
95:/
67:.
50:c.
1958:.
1939:.
1829:.
1803:.
1784:.
1762:.
1743:.
1729::
1709:.
1688:.
1655:.
1606:.
1576:.
1531:.
1506:.
1449:.
1315:.
829:.
788:(
609:e
602:t
595:v
410:)
406:(
282:)
278:(
243:e
236:t
229:v
48:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
