255:
29:
972:), such occupation was considered demeaning by the upper classes, particularly by the 19th century, when the earlier mercantile endeavours of younger sons were increasingly discontinued. Younger sons, who could not expect to inherit the family estate, were instead urged into professions of state service. It became a pattern in many families that while the eldest son would inherit the estate and enter politics, the second son would join the army, the third son go into law, and the fourth son join the church.
74:
799:, the gentry were landowners whose wealth "made possible a certain kind of education, a standard of comfort, and a degree of leisure and a common interest in ways of spending it". Leisure distinguished gentry from businessmen who gained their wealth through work. The gentry, did not enterprise or marketeer but were known most for working in management of estates; their income came largely from rents paid by
1034:
657:) in social status. Nevertheless, their economic base in land was often similar, and some of the landed gentry were wealthier than some peers. Many gentry were close relatives of peers, and it was not uncommon for gentry to marry into peerage. With or without noble title, owning rural land estates often brought with it the legal rights of the
948:. So while yeoman farmers owned enough land to support a comfortable lifestyle, they nevertheless farmed it themselves and were excluded from the "landed gentry" because they worked for a living, and were thus "in trade" as it was termed. Apart from a few "honourable" professions connected with the governing elite (the
1117:
Even so, almost half of the 5,000 families listed in the new volume are in there because their forefathers were: they themselves have no land left. Their estates are mere street addresses, like that of the
Molineux-Montgomeries, formerly of Garboldisham Old Hall, now of No. 14 Malton Avenue, Haworth.
1130:
at the end of the 19th century, together with the introduction in the 20th century of increasingly heavy levels of taxation on inherited wealth, put an end to agricultural land as the primary source of wealth for the upper classes. Many estates were sold or broken up, and this trend was accelerated
1008:
wrote that the gentry's lack of titles "did not matter, for it was obvious to contemporaries that the landed gentry were all for practical purposes the equivalent of continental nobles, with their hereditary estates, their leisured lifestyle, their social pre-eminence, and their armorial bearings".
872:
describes a number of approaches to deciding who was gentry. One is to view the gentry as those recognised legally as possessing gentility. However, Coss finds this method unsatisfactory because it "seems certain that gentility was widely felt and articulated within society long before legislation
1163:
In the 21st century, the term "landed gentry" is still used, as the landowning class still exists, but it increasingly refers more to historic than to current landed wealth or property in a family. Moreover, the deference which was once automatically given to members of this class by most
British
1116:
Landed Gentry used to limit itself to owners of domains that could properly be called "stately" (i.e. more than 500 acres or 200 hectares). Now it has lowered the property qualification to 200 acres (0.81 km) for all
British families whose pedigrees have been "notable" for three generations.
1057:) were often listed in books or manuals known as "Peerages", "Baronetages", or combinations of these categories, such as the "Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage". As well as listing genealogical information, these books often also included details of the right of a given family to a
885:. Coss proposes that the gentry had three main characteristics: (1) landownership, (2) a nobility or gentility (shared with the peerage) that distinguished them from the rest of the population, and (3) a territorial-based collective identity and power over the larger population.
979:
and estate, but often also to sever financial ties with the business which had made him wealthy in order to cleanse his family of the "taint of trade", depending somewhat on what that business was. However, during the 18th and 19th centuries, as the new rich of the
1147:" which was in many cases retained without the surrounding lands. Many of these buildings were purchased for the nation and preserved as monuments to the lifestyles of their former owners (who sometimes remained in part of the house as lessees or tenants) by the
687:. They also exploited timber and minerals (such as coal), and owned mills and other sources of income. Many heads of families also had careers in politics or the military, and the younger sons of the gentry provided a high proportion of the
1908:
1138:
began, in the 20th century, to include families historically in this category who had ceased to own their ancestral lands. The focus of those who remained in this class shifted from the lands or estates themselves, to the
1159:
by owners who could no longer afford to maintain them. Those who retained their property usually had to supplement their incomes from sources other than the land, sometimes by opening their properties to the public.
873:
was in place to tell us so". Other historians define gentry by land ownership and income level, but there is still the problem of whether this should include professionals and town dwellers.
1102:
as a description of the untitled upper classes in
England (although the book also included families in Wales, Scotland and Ireland, where, however, social structures were rather different).
1002:
omits the distinction between titled and untitled nobility. The titled nobility in
Britain are the peers of the realm, whereas the untitled nobility comprise those here described as gentry.
679:, while the inheritances of daughters and younger sons were in cash or stocks, and relatively small. Typically the gentry farmed some of their land through employed managers, but
1148:
860:
or landowning farmers. The
Statute of Additions of 1413 recognised gentlemen as a distinct social rank, but the line between the lower gentry and the yeomanry remained blurred.
992:
Persons who are closely related to peers are also more correctly described as gentry than as nobility, since the latter term, in the modern
British Isles, is synonymous with
1151:. The National Trust, which had originally concentrated on open landscapes rather than buildings, accelerated its country house acquisition programme during and after the
1017:. Through grants of arms, new families are admitted into the untitled nobility regularly, thus making the gentry a class that remains open both legally and practically.
906:
1156:
1386:, edited by H.W. & F.G.Fowler, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1972 reprint, p. 1516; note the definition does not apply to 1972, but to an earlier time.
944:
wrote that "a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres" (40 hectares) and in social status is one step down from the gentry, but above, say, a
898:
1943:
Jakubowski, Nicola. "Masculine gentry identity in the long eighteenth century: a case study of Cannon Hall" (Diss. University of
Sheffield, 2021)
1576:
893:
From the late 16th-century, the gentry emerged as the class most closely involved in politics, the military and law. It provided the bulk of
1164:
people has almost completely dissipated as its wealth, political power and social influence have declined, and other social figures such as
1898:
2097:
1074:
A Genealogical and
Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank
596:
877:
argues that an urban gentry existed in the 15th century. For some historians of early modern
England, the gentry included families with
622:
1532:
1451:
The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the continent
2092:
1127:
740:
707:
230:
1683:
1515:
1490:
975:
A newly rich man who wished his family to join the gentry (and they nearly all did so wish), was expected not only to buy a
2102:
1009:
British armigerous families who hold no title of nobility are represented, together with those who hold titles through the
850:, were considered to be esquires. It was also applied to the sons of peers and the firstborn sons of baronets and knights.
759:, a word indicating high birth, high status, or gentleness. The term gradually came to be used for the lower ranks of the
1990:
Rothery, Mark. "The reproductive behavior of the English landed gentry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."
1955:
1997:
Rothery, Mark. "Communities of kin and English landed gentry families of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries."
2031:
Thompson, F. M. L. “Presidential Address: English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century IV. Prestige without Power?”
1866:
787:(Latin for "minor nobility"). Eventually, the terms nobility and gentry came to refer to completely separate classes.
703:
often used their accumulated wealth to buy country estates, with the aim of establishing themselves as landed gentry.
1787:
1768:
1746:
1727:
1693:
1672:
1639:
1131:
by the introduction of protection for agricultural tenancies, encouraging outright sales, from the mid-20th century.
1971:
1072:, expanded his market and his readership by publishing a similar volume for people without titles, which was called
2112:
1255:
914:
1961:
1106:
continued to appear at regular intervals throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. A review of the 1952 edition in
589:
254:
1893:
French, Henry. "The ‘remembered family’ and dynastic senses of identity among the English gentry c. 1600–1800."
1813:
764:
517:
20:
1944:
1883:
Drake, S. J. "Since the time of King Arthur: gentry identity and the commonalty of Cornwall c. 1300–c. 1420."
897:, with many gentry families maintaining political control in a certain locality over several generations (see
1214:
442:
261:
1903:
French, Henry, and Mark Rothery. "Male Anxiety among Younger Sons of the English Landed Gentry, 1700–1900."
1978:
The Irish And Anglo-Irish Landed Gentry, When Cromwell Came to Ireland: or, a Supplement to Irish Pedigrees
1966:
Milne-Smith, Amy. "Queensberry’s misrule: reputation, celebrity, and the idea of the Victorian gentleman."
828:. Knighthood eventually lost its martial connotations and was awarded to civilians in honour of service to
1931:
Hoyle, R. W. "The Listers of Gisburn: The Fashioning of A Gentry Family In The Early Eighteenth Century."
223:
1737:
Fletcher, T. W. (1973). "The Great Depression of English Agriculture 1873–1896". In Perry, P. J. (ed.).
1888:
1861:
Collins, Marcus. "The fall of the English gentleman: the national character in decline, c. 1918–1970."
582:
206:
2048:
Wallis, Patrick, and Cliff Webb. "The education and training of gentry sons in early modern England."
2002:
48:, a couple from the landed gentry, a marriage alliance between two local landowning families – one
1660:
1069:
1028:
712:
1584:
1086:
A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry; or, Commons of Great Britain and Ireland
2068:
1424:
846:. In the 14th century, this rank could be conferred by the Crown. Certain officeholders, such as
1960:
Langevin, Nicole. "Femininity and Feminism in Courtship in Eighteenth-Century Britain." (2016).
984:
became more and more numerous and politically powerful, this expectation was gradually relaxed.
2107:
700:
216:
1950:
Kaemmer, Hannah. "Social meaning in the English lesser gentry house: a West Yorkshire study."
1551:
1839:
The image of the English gentleman in twentieth-century literature: Englishness and nostalgia
1134:
So devastating was this for the ranks formerly identified as being of the landed gentry that
981:
976:
894:
847:
457:
1480:
1219:
957:
658:
396:
352:
246:
28:
1045:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the names and families of those with titles (specifically
8:
1878:
1534:
Index to the Pedigree in Burke's Commoners: Originally Prepared by George Ormerod in 1840
1204:
933:
642:
342:
287:
45:
1925:
1802:
1708:
507:
347:
33:
2087:
2019:
1809:
1783:
1764:
1742:
1723:
1689:
1668:
1635:
1511:
1486:
1062:
865:
661:
382:
357:
106:
1084:
was published in four volumes from 1833 to 1838. Subsequent editions were re-titled
1715:
936:. He is sometimes described as a small landowner, a farmer of the middle classes."
803:
living these estates. By the 17th century, the gentry was divided into four ranks:
795:
The gentry were aristocratic landowners who were not peers. According to historian
692:
654:
537:
140:
85:
57:
928:
farmers, who were defined as "a person qualified by possessing free land of forty
2117:
2072:
1759:(1988). "The Urban Gentry in the Fifteenth Century". In Thomson, J. A. F. (ed.).
1756:
1449:
1429:, vol. 9–10, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1837, p. 13
1234:
1178:
1108:
1010:
1005:
941:
910:
874:
824:: originally a mounted warrior who fought for the king and his barons during the
650:
467:
337:
268:
199:
173:
92:
65:
1936:
1013:, by the Commission and Association for Armigerous Families of Great Britain at
739:. But by the late 19th century, the term was also applied to peers, such as the
953:
937:
811:
497:
472:
387:
322:
297:
81:
2081:
2053:
1875:
Gentry culture and the politics of religion: Cheshire on the eve of civil war
1719:
1411:
961:
921:
878:
800:
710:; however, there are still many hereditary gentry in the UK. The book series
684:
676:
634:
630:
527:
1856:
1832:
A gentry community: Leicestershire in the fifteenth century, c. 1422-c. 1485
1797:
1229:
1224:
1152:
1140:
1058:
920:
The gentry ranked above the agricultural sector's middle class: the larger
796:
557:
462:
1199:
1194:
1144:
825:
771:. In the 16th and 17th centuries, writers referred to the peerage as the
760:
724:
452:
432:
392:
372:
166:
1256:"Gainsborough by James Hamilton review – the painter's secret sauciness"
1703:
945:
882:
869:
552:
292:
159:
118:
99:
2009:
English Nobility: The Gentry, the Heralds and the Continental Context
1983:
Rothery, Mark. "The Wealth of the English Landed Gentry, 1870–1935,"
1209:
1165:
969:
965:
853:
829:
626:
572:
502:
487:
312:
129:
114:
19:
This article is about the British social class. For other uses, see
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492:
477:
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317:
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110:
53:
2036:
73:
1409:
The education and training of gentry sons in early modern England
1183:
1050:
1046:
994:
839:
807:
736:
646:
562:
547:
482:
427:
422:
402:
327:
191:
187:
148:
125:
1149:
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty
1054:
1014:
949:
925:
857:
843:
821:
696:
688:
638:
542:
362:
332:
307:
195:
144:
49:
1053:, less often including those with the non-hereditary title of
929:
1714:. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge University Press.
1663:(2015). "Gentry". In Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.).
778:
680:
669:
407:
856:: the lowest rank within the gentry. Gentlemen ranked above
2043:
The Gentleman's Daughter: Women's Lives in Georgian England
637:. It is the British element of the wider European class of
417:
282:
1454:(2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and Marshall.
932:
annual value, and who can serve on juries and vote for a
1168:
have grown to take their place in the public's interest.
814:
in 1611, giving the holder the right to be addressed as
1808:. Themes in British Social History. New York: Longman.
2065:
1611:
1599:
1485:
United Kingdom: Ediciones Hidalguia. 1989. p. 5.
1314:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1780:
Reshaping Rural England. A Social History 1850–1925
1552:"Burke's Peerage and Landed Gentry Database Search"
1915:Country house life: family and servants, 1815-1914
1801:
1707:
1364:
1336:
1307:
1290:
917:was largely in the hands of the landowning class.
735:(in the British sense)—that is, they did not hold
723:originally referred exclusively to members of the
1416:
1157:destruction of country houses in the 20th century
706:The decline of the gentry largely began with the
2079:
2026:English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century
1681:
1464:
1324:
1266:
899:List of political families in the United Kingdom
836:; however, the rank of knight is not hereditary.
1853:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
1804:The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class
1782:. London: HarperCollins Academic. p. 138.
1632:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
1467:The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy
1761:Towns and Townspeople in the Fifteenth Century
781:for "greater nobility") and the gentry as the
1458:
987:
590:
224:
2033:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
716:records the names of members of this class.
1682:Copeland, Edward; McMaster, Juliet (2011).
1505:
924:, who rented land from the landowners, and
782:
772:
767:had previously been considered part of the
16:British social class of wealthy land owners
1922:The gentry in England and Wales, 1500–1700
1412:http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/27958/1/WP128.pdf
881:, but Coss notes that not all gentry were
832:. Like baronets, knights are addressed as
597:
583:
231:
217:
1667:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
1629:
1577:"Foreign News: Twentieth Century Squires"
1736:
1605:
1441:
1032:
1020:
27:
1777:
1665:The Oxford Companion to British History
1659:
1617:
1530:
1447:
1301:
1128:Great Depression of British Agriculture
790:
664:, and the less formal name or title of
2080:
1796:
1755:
1685:The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen
1354:
1318:
1284:
1121:
901:). Owning land was a prerequisite for
262:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
1546:
1544:
1068:In the 1830s, one peerage publisher,
842:: originally a knight's attendant or
746:
617:(sometimes collectively known as the
1702:
1370:
1358:
1342:
1330:
1272:
1041:(from Volume 2 of the 1898 edition).
1834:(Cambridge University Press, 2003).
1155:, partly because of the widespread
13:
2098:Social class in the United Kingdom
1824:
1583:. 10 December 1951. Archived from
1541:
1448:Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) .
14:
2129:
2066:European Landowners' Organization
2059:
2016:An Open Elite? England, 1540–1880
1710:The Origins of the English Gentry
998:. However, this popular usage of
1098:gave currency to the expression
810:: a hereditary title created by
253:
72:
1873:Cust, Richard, and Peter Lake.
1763:. Alan Sutton. pp. 22–44.
1623:
1569:
1524:
1499:
1473:
1407:Patrick Wallis and Cliff Webb,
1401:
1389:
1376:
743:, who lived on landed estates.
2093:Feudalism in the British Isles
1999:Family & Community History
1688:. Cambridge University Press.
1506:de Diesbach, Ghislain (1967).
1348:
1248:
1061:. They were comparable to the
888:
649:, the gentry ranked below the
518:Peerages in the United Kingdom
21:Landed gentry (disambiguation)
1:
1739:British Agriculture 1875–1914
1652:
1537:. Provost of Queen's College.
1384:The Concise Oxford Dictionary
1215:Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
905:(the civil right to vote) in
708:1870s agricultural depression
629:who could live entirely from
443:Feudal land tenure in England
38:
1398:, Oxford, 1965, pps: 125–30.
1241:
7:
2103:High society (social class)
1985:Agricultural History Review
1968:Canadian journal of history
1634:. London: Pan. p. 92.
1171:
956:, the officer corps of the
621:), is a largely historical
10:
2134:
2035:vol. 3, (1993), pp. 1–22.
1992:Journal of British Studies
1357:, pp. 22–44 cited in
1026:
988:Landed gentry and nobility
675:Generally lands passed by
18:
1980:(2 vols) (reprinted 2007)
1952:Post-Medieval Archaeology
1630:Cannadine, David (1992).
1465:Cannadine, David (1999).
1897:92.257 (2019): 529-546.
1887:91.252 (2018): 236-254.
1720:10.1017/CBO9780511522383
1531:Ormerod, George (1907).
1065:in continental Europe.
66:Feudal titles and status
2113:English gentry families
2071:25 January 2007 at the
1865:75.187 (2002): 90-111.
763:, which along with the
2001:21.2 (2018): 112-128.
1970:48.2 (2013): 277-306.
1954:52.2 (2018): 193-209.
1935:56.1-2 (2019): 46-77.
1907:62.4 (2019): 967-995.
1905:The Historical Journal
1877:(Manchester UP, 2020)
1837:Berberich, Christine.
1778:Howkins, Alun (1991).
1119:
1090:Burke's Landed Gentry.
1042:
938:Anthony Richard Wagner
783:
773:
61:
1994:48.3 (2009): 674-694.
1136:Burke's Landed Gentry
1114:
1104:Burke's Landed Gentry
1096:Burke's Landed Gentry
1076:, popularly known as
1039:Burke's Landed Gentry
1036:
1029:Burke's Landed Gentry
1022:Burke's Landed Gentry
982:Industrial Revolution
960:, the diplomatic and
907:county constituencies
895:Members of Parliament
848:justices of the peace
713:Burke's Landed Gentry
662:lordship of the manor
458:English feudal barony
31:
2052:36.1 (2011): 36–53.
1987:55#2 (2007): 251–68.
1508:Secrets of the Gotha
1220:Polish landed gentry
958:British Armed Forces
791:Definition and ranks
641:. While part of the
633:, or at least had a
623:British social class
353:Feudal fragmentation
2024:Thompson, F. M. L.
1895:Historical Research
1885:Historical Research
1863:Historical Research
1741:. London: Methuen.
1587:on 23 November 2010
1205:National liberalism
1122:Contemporary status
934:Knight of the Shire
741:Duke of Westminster
643:British aristocracy
288:Ecclesiastical fief
68:
46:Thomas Gainsborough
1851:Cannadine, David.
1841:(Routledge, 2016).
1510:. Meredith Press.
1094:The popularity of
1043:
954:established church
747:Origin of the term
508:Customary freehold
348:Feudal maintenance
64:
62:
34:Mr and Mrs Andrews
2041:Vickery, Amanda.
2014:Stone, Lawrence.
1917:(Blackwell, 1994)
1913:Gerard, Jessica.
1517:978-1-5661908-6-2
1492:978-84-89851-20-7
1396:English Genealogy
1262:. 17 August 2017.
1082:Burke's Commoners
1078:Burke's Commoners
1063:Almanach de Gotha
1037:Typical entry in
866:historiographical
693:military officers
655:"titled nobility"
607:
606:
383:Lord of the manor
358:Bastard feudalism
247:English feudalism
241:
240:
107:Lord of the manor
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1933:Northern History
1920:Heal, Felicity.
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1469:. Vintage Books.
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719:The designation
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538:Avera and inward
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174:Domestic servant
86:Territorial lord
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58:National Gallery
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40:
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2128:
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2077:
2073:Wayback Machine
2062:
2011:(Norwich, 1979)
1830:Acheson, Eric.
1827:
1825:Further reading
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1287:, pp. 2–3.
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1235:Unearned income
1179:American gentry
1174:
1124:
1031:
1025:
1011:College of Arms
1006:David Cannadine
990:
942:Richmond Herald
911:Reform Act 1832
891:
875:Rosemary Horrox
793:
784:nobilitas minor
774:nobilitas major
749:
651:British peerage
603:
567:
522:
437:
367:
274:
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269:Bayeux Tapestry
266:
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93:Tenant-in-chief
41:
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2060:External links
2058:
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2056:
2050:Social History
2046:
2039:
2029:
2022:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1976:O'Hart, John.
1974:
1964:
1958:
1948:
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1911:
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922:tenant farmers
913:; until then,
890:
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801:tenant farmers
792:
789:
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727:who were both
685:tenant farmers
683:most of it to
668:, in Scotland
645:, and usually
635:country estate
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2007:Sayer, M. J.
2006:
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1843:
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1799:
1798:Mingay, G. E.
1795:
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1789:0-04-445706-5
1785:
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1766:
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1661:Beckett, John
1658:
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1643:
1641:0-330-32188-9
1637:
1633:
1626:
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1614:
1608:, p. 54.
1607:
1606:Fletcher 1973
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717:
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699:. Successful
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677:primogeniture
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528:Feudal duties
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36:
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30:
26:
22:
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2032:
2025:
2015:
2008:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1967:
1951:
1932:
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1862:
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1838:
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1779:
1760:
1738:
1709:
1684:
1664:
1631:
1625:
1618:Howkins 1991
1613:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1580:
1571:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1533:
1526:
1507:
1501:
1482:C.i.l.a.n.e.
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1443:
1431:, retrieved
1425:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1366:
1350:
1338:
1333:, p. 4.
1326:
1321:, p. 3.
1302:Beckett 2015
1280:
1275:, p. 2.
1268:
1260:The Guardian
1259:
1250:
1230:Ratione soli
1225:Rent-seeking
1162:
1141:stately home
1135:
1133:
1125:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1059:coat of arms
1044:
1038:
1021:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
974:
919:
892:
863:
833:
815:
797:G. E. Mingay
794:
756:
752:
750:
720:
718:
711:
705:
674:
665:
618:
614:
610:
608:
558:Scot and lot
512:
468:Knight's fee
463:Feudal baron
260:
133:
32:
25:
1704:Coss, Peter
1561:13 December
1423:"Esquire",
1361:, p. 5
1355:Horrox 1988
1319:Mingay 1976
1285:Mingay 1976
1200:Manorialism
1195:Magna Carta
1191:(or entail)
1166:celebrities
1145:family seat
889:Occupations
826:Middle Ages
761:aristocracy
725:upper class
619:squirearchy
453:Land tenure
433:Free tenant
393:Manor house
373:Manorialism
167:Free tenant
42: 1750
2082:Categories
1815:0582484030
1653:References
1591:14 January
1070:John Burke
946:husbandman
915:Parliament
909:until the
883:armigerous
870:Peter Coss
627:landowners
553:Feudal aid
293:Crown land
160:Husbandman
119:Liege lord
100:Mesne lord
1371:Coss 2003
1359:Coss 2003
1343:Coss 2003
1331:Coss 2003
1273:Coss 2003
1242:Citations
1210:Old money
970:judiciary
930:shillings
854:Gentleman
830:the Crown
751:The term
733:commoners
729:landlords
613:, or the
573:Feudalism
503:Gavelkind
488:Serjeanty
313:Feoffment
130:Gentleman
60:, London.
2088:Nobility
2069:Archived
1800:(1976).
1706:(2003).
1556:ukga.org
1433:12 March
1189:Fee tail
1172:See also
1051:baronets
1000:nobility
903:suffrage
868:survey,
769:nobility
757:gentrice
737:peerages
701:burghers
647:armigers
498:Freehold
493:Copyhold
478:Baronage
413:Overlord
343:Affinity
318:Seignory
303:Appanage
181:Vagabond
153:Vavasour
141:Franklin
111:Overlord
2045:(1998).
2018:(1984)
1924:(1994)
1855:(1999)
1184:Artisan
1112:noted:
968:or the
952:of the
840:Esquire
812:James I
808:Baronet
765:peerage
697:lawyers
563:Tallage
548:Scutage
483:Peerage
428:Serfdom
423:Peasant
403:Demesne
328:Feoffee
192:Villein
149:Retinue
126:Esquire
2118:Gentry
2054:online
2037:online
2028:(1963)
2020:online
2003:online
1972:online
1962:online
1956:online
1945:online
1937:online
1926:online
1909:online
1899:online
1889:online
1879:online
1867:online
1857:online
1848:(1954)
1812:
1786:
1767:
1745:
1726:
1692:
1671:
1638:
1514:
1489:
1055:knight
1015:CILANE
964:, the
950:clergy
926:yeoman
858:yeomen
844:squire
822:Knight
753:gentry
695:, and
689:clergy
681:leased
666:squire
659:feudal
639:gentry
615:gentry
543:Socage
363:Livery
338:Homage
333:Fealty
308:Vassal
200:Cottar
196:Bordar
145:Yeoman
52:, one
50:gentry
1047:peers
864:In a
779:Latin
670:laird
408:Glebe
207:Slave
54:trade
44:) by
1810:ISBN
1784:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1593:2013
1581:Time
1563:2017
1512:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1435:2012
1382:See
1143:or "
1126:The
1109:Time
1049:and
995:peer
731:and
653:(or
609:The
418:Lord
397:List
283:Fief
188:Serf
115:Vogt
1716:doi
1088:or
966:bar
834:Sir
816:Sir
625:of
2084::
1722:.
1579:.
1554:.
1543:^
1309:^
1292:^
1258:.
1080:.
940:,
691:,
672:.
198:/
194:/
190:/
151:/
147:/
143:/
132:/
128:/
117:/
113:/
109:/
84:/
56:.
39:c.
1947:.
1928:.
1818:.
1792:.
1773:.
1751:.
1732:.
1718::
1698:.
1677:.
1644:.
1595:.
1565:.
1520:.
1495:.
1438:.
1304:.
818:.
777:(
598:e
591:t
584:v
399:)
395:(
271:)
267:(
232:e
225:t
218:v
37:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
