112:. It is an example of community-led management of the production and distribution of goods and services. The organization of food provisioning through commoning is complementary to the horizontal axis of market mediated food provisioning and the verticality of the state distribution and regulation on food. As a model where market agents do not interact solely as competitors but as âmembers of a community collaborating in pursuing a collective action for the commonwealthâ it is also recognized and supported by public policies in some countries. Such frameworks of collaboration between public administration and the cooperative sector are known as
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as a beneficial marketing strategy. This has led to three ideologically based types of CSAs. The first type is instrumental, the CSA is considered a market in the traditional sense, instead of an alternative form of economy and relationship. The second type is functional; there is a relationship of solidarity between the farmer and the subscribers, but this extends mostly to social functions, not managerial or administrative functions. This is the most common type of CSA. The final type is collaborative; this is the closest to the original aims of CSAs where the relationship between the farmer and the subscribers is seen as a partnership.
402:. This network aims to help people set up their CSAs, as well as providing helpful information to help these relations to run more successfully. Registered CSAs are mostly distributed across the east of Scotland. Yet, it is likely there are many more âinformalâ CSAs on the west coast and the Isles. Across Wales and Northern Ireland, CSA's are spread evenly. In England, most CSA's are located in the South East. CSA enterprises across the UK have been growing fast, with most of the farm to community connections beginning and remaining as grassroots initiates, despite limited funding from government or private sector.
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actively participate in the management of agricultural production together with the producers. Producers assume the day-to-day management and work on the farm and are often formally employed by the cooperative, as well as being part of it. Cooperative members participate in production and distribution costs by purchasing shares in the cooperative and paying annual fees for the delivery of vegetables. Cooperative members also participate in some production or distribution tasks as part of their commitment to the cooperative.
184:. Two European farmers, Jan Vander Tuin from Switzerland and Trauger Groh from Germany, brought European biodynamic farming ideas to the United States in the mid-1980s. Vander Tuin had co-founded a community-supported agricultural project named Topinambur located near Zurich, Switzerland. Coinage of the term "community-supported agriculture" stems from Vander Tuin. This influence led to the separate and simultaneous creation of two CSAs in 1986. The CSA Garden at Great Barrington was created in Massachusetts by
390:â Solidarity Purchase Groups). GAS and CSA share similar ethical values and organizational structures, operating based on principles of solidarity, mutuality, and sustainability. However, there are distinct differences between CSAs and GASs in terms of risk-sharing. In a CSA, members choose to provide financial support to farmers, thereby sharing the risks inherent in agricultural work. On the other hand, GAS members do not enter into a formal contract that obligates them to share any potential costs.
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the farmer).The baskets with vegetables and/or fruits are delivered to consumers on a regular basis. The distribution and management of production is the responsibility of the producer and there is usually no collaboration or shared investment between consumers and producers. For the producer it means a capacity and possibility to diversify production and has the advantage of a new distribution channel with very low entry costs.
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half shares, which feed 1 to 3 people. Prices range from $ 200 to $ 500 per season. Full shares are sold at a median of $ 400 and half shares are sold at a median of $ 250. Share prices are mostly determined by overhead costs of production, but are also determined by share prices of other CSAs, variable costs of production, market forces, and income level of the community. Many CSAs have payment plans and low-income options.
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in an alternative community-based arrangement. Galt's 2013 study of CSA farmers found that many farmers charged lower fees and prices for their goods than would provide them with financial security. This study suggested that farmers may charge less than they need to earn fair wages due to undervaluing their expenses and to offset the high costs of CSA products and make it more affordable for customers; see
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over time, these three characteristics have remained constant. The functioning of a CSA also relies on four practical arrangements: for farmers to know the needs of a community, for consumers to have the opportunity to express to farmers what their needs and financial limitations are, for commitments between farmers and consumers to be consciously established, and for farmers needs to be recognized.
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is willing to fund a whole season's budget in order to get quality foods. The system has many variations on how the farm budget is supported by the consumers and how the producers then deliver the foods. CSA theory purports that the more a farm embraces whole-farm, whole-budget support, the more it can focus on quality and reduce the risk of
439:" where the consumer surplus comes from the consumers' willingness to pay for something further than the product as well as for the products inputs themselves. Although these markets still exist within a larger capitalist economy, they are able to exist because of the "economic rents" that are collected.
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CSAs market their farms and shares in different ways. CSAs employ different channels of marketing to diversify their sales efforts and increase subscriptions. CSAs use local farmers' markets, restaurants, on-farm retail, wholesale to natural food stores, and wholesale to local groceries in addition
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As CSAs have increased in both number and size since they were first developed, they have also changed ideologically. While original CSAs and some more current CSAs are still philosophically oriented, most CSAs today are commercially oriented and community-supported agriculture is predominantly seen
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In return for subscribing to a harvest, subscribers receive either a weekly or bi-weekly box of produce or other farm goods. This includes in-season fruits, vegetables, and can expand to dried goods, eggs, milk, meat, etc. Typically, farmers try to cultivate a relationship with subscribers by sending
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if this puts the price above the cost of production) if they know where it is coming from, who is involved, and have special access to it. However, some farmers participating in community-supported agriculture do not experience the economic benefits that they are perceived to obtain by participating
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In most original CSAs, a core group of members existed. This core group of members helped to make decisions about and run the CSA including marketing, distribution, administrative, and community organization functions. CSAs with a core group of members are most profitable and successful. However,
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Community-supported agriculture farms in the United States today share three common characteristics: an emphasis on community and/or local produce, share or subscriptions sold prior to season, and weekly deliveries to members/subscribers. Though CSA operation varies from farm to farm and has evolved
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methods, and a shared risk membershipâmarketing structure. This kind of farming operates with a much greater degree of involvement of consumers and other stakeholders than usualâresulting in a stronger consumer-producer relationship. The core design includes developing a cohesive consumer group that
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Food cooperatives are the oldest form of organization and the first CSA projects in
Switzerland were organized as cooperatives. They belong to the category of farmer-shareholder cooperatives. Cooperatives are based on direct cooperation between farmers and consumers. Consumers or cooperative members
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Even if the systems of community-supported agriculture vary in different countries, there are a number of umbrella-organizations connecting the farms. In the United States the governmental program SARE offered grants for research and education projects that advance sustainable agricultural practices
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Some CSAs are also initiated by producers, often created to open a new distribution channel. This form of organization is often referred to as farmer-run CSAs. Producers offer baskets with the farm's produce to any interested consumer (consumers are not organized, but have individual contracts with
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Shares are distributed in several different ways. Shares are most often distributed weekly. Most CSAs allow share pick up at the farm. Shares are also distributed through regional dropoff, direct home or office dropoff, farmers' markets, and community center/church dropoff. For example, the new
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Shares of a CSA originally and predominantly consist of produce. In more recent years, shares have diversified and include non-produce products including eggs, meat, flowers, honey, dairy and soaps. Share prices vary from CSA to CSA. Shares are sold as full shares, which feed 2 to 5 people, and
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in 1999, 72 percent of CSAs did not have a core group of members. CSAs with a core group of members operate more successfully as a farmer-shareholder cooperative and CSAs without a group of core members rely much more on subscriptions and run most prominently as shareholder/subscriber CSAs.
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to their CSAs to market shares. One problem that CSAs encounter is over-production, so CSAs often sell their produce and products in ways other than shares. Often, CSA farms also sell their products at local farmers' markets. Excess products are sometimes given to food banks.
418:â scheme which ran from 2007 to 2012. This supported the growth of CSAs across each of the countries, through providing funding that enabled the use of community and social enterprise approaches to link consumers and producers in the local food-related third sector.
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The consumer pays for things such as transparency, environmental stewardship, producer relationships, etc. The farmers engaged in CSAs do so to fulfill goals other than income and are not compensated fairly in these exchanges. This kind of market holds
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The CSA Garden at Great
Barrington remained together until 1990 when many members left to form the Mahaiwe Harvest CSA. One of the original founders, Robyn Van En, became incredibly influential in the CSA movement in America and founded
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CSA was introduced to China following a series of food safety scandals in the late 2000s. It was estimated that there were more than 500 CSA farms in China by 2017. They have been a critical force in the development of the organic and
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practice that decommodifies food and âstrengthens the imaginary of community as a source of reward and space of emancipationâ CSA has been acknowledged as an important step-stone in a sustainability transition in agri-food systems.
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and the members and farmers share the risk of farming. The goals of the first CSA model in the US were to have the producer and consumer to come into the market as equals and make an exchange with fair prices and fair wages.
342:(FRACP) is a French-speaking federation of CSAs and supports the creation of new CSAs. It was created in 2008 with 13 CSA groups as founding members. FRACP is sponsored by Uniterre, a small farmers' union that is part of
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in 1992. The Temple-Wilton
Community Garden was more successful and still operates as a CSA today. It became an important member of the Wilton community and it receives funding from state, federal, and local sources.
383:, boasting 220 active members and 500 associates. As of 2021, a survey conducted by Numes, a project born in collaboration with the Arvaia CSA, identified 15 formal CSAs, although the actual number is likely higher.
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Much of the growth in women labour participation in agriculture is outside the "male dominated field of conventional agriculture". In community supported agriculture women represent 40 percent of farm operators.
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weekly letters of what is happening on the farm, inviting them for harvest, or holding an open-farm event. Some CSAs provide for contributions of labor in lieu of a portion of subscription costs.
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538:"Farmie Markets" of upstate New York take orders online and have a number of farmers who send that week's orders to a central point in a limited region, for distribution by the organizers.
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259:, California which in 2010 delivered boxes to 13,000 customers a week as well as selling at 15 farmers markets, operating a retail store, and delivering special orders to restaurants.
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New forms of economy: that the economy should not be based on increasing profit, but should be based on the actual needs of the people and land involved in an enterprise
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Since the 1980s, community supported farms have been organized throughout North
Americaâmainly in New England, the Northwest, the Pacific coast, the Upper-Midwest and
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677:
Galt, Ryan E. (October 1, 2013). "The Moral
Economy Is a Double-edged Sword: Explaining Farmers' Earnings and Self-exploitation in Community-Supported Agriculture".
1956:
Kumar, S., Duell, J., Soergell, A., & Ali, R. (2011). Towards direct marketing of produce by farmers in India: Lessons from the United States of
America.
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Cone, C. A., & Myhre, A. (2000). Community-Supported
Agriculture: A Sustainable Alternative to Industrial Agriculture? Human Organization 59(2), 187â197.
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Member
Assembler (2015). "CSA Models - The Comprehensive guide to CSA Distribution Models and Fundamental Questions to ask when developing a CSA model".
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Lamine, Claire; Renting, Henk; Rossi, Adanella; Wiskerke, J. S. C.; Brunori, Gianluca (2012), Darnhofer, Ika; Gibbon, David; Dedieu, BenoĂźt (eds.),
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New forms of property ownership: the idea that land should be held in common by a community through a legal trust, which leases the land to farmers
1296:"International Network for Community-Supported Agriculture (Urgenci): An agricultural model built around shared responsibility, risk, and reward"
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Committee on Twenty-First
Century Systems Agriculture, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Division on Earth and Life Sciences (2010).
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closer by allowing the consumer to subscribe to the harvest of a certain farm or group of farms. It is an alternative socioeconomic model of
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Shareholder/subscriber: Local residents set up a CSA and hire a farmer to grow crops, and shareholders/subscribers control most management.
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in China. Chinese CSA farmers, researchers and civil society organizations gather annually at the national CSA symposium held since 2009.
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New forms of cooperation: the idea that a network of human relationships should replace the traditional system of employers and employees
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2010:. (2003). âFresh Off the Farm, A new breed of planters and eaters are joining forces to nurture the local-foods movement,â, November. 3.
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The UK's first CSA was established in
Findhorn, Scotland in 1994. The national umbrella organisation was set up in 2013 - this is the
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322:). Among others there are two important forms of organization for CSA in Switzerland: the cooperative and the individual initiative.
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Many CSA farmers can capitalize on a closer relationship between customers and their food, since some customers will pay more (an
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931:"Sustainability transitions: Insights on processes of niche-regime interaction and regime reconfiguration in agri-food systems"
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Jose Luis, Vivero-Pol (2018). "24 FOOD AS COMMONS Towards a new relationship between the public, the civic and the private".
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The term "community-supported agriculture" was coined in the northeastern United States in the 1980s, influenced by European
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Urgenci, based in France, helps network together consumers and producers across Europe, the Mediterranean, and West Africa.
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DeMuth, Suzanne. (1993). "Community Supported Agriculture (CSA): An Annotated Bibliography and Resource Guide", September.
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and food distribution that allows the producer and consumer to share the risks of farming. The model is a subcategory of
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192:. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm was created in New Hampshire by Anthony Graham, Trauger Groh, and Lincoln Geiger.
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En, Robyn Van. (1995). "Eating for Your Community: A Report from the Founder of Community Supported Agriculture,"
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but a variety of similar production and economic sub-systems are in use worldwide and in Austria and Germany as
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Farmer managed: A farmer sets up and maintains a CSA, recruits subscribers, and controls management of the CSA.
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962:"Agri-Food systems and territorial development: Innovations, new dynamics and changing governance mechanisms"
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Greenwood, Deborah, and Robin Leichenko. (2012). "Community-Supported Agriculture." In Danto, William, ed.,
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352:(RVL) is a German-speaking organization created in 2011 with the help of FRACP. RVL collaborates with the
239:, and because food acquisition from local sources can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, CSAs contribute to
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1336:"Beyond 'Inherit It or Marry It': Exploring How Women Engaged in Sustainable Agriculture Access Farmland"
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220:, a professor of agriculture in Alabama, advocated for Clientele Membership Clubs as early as the 1960s.
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McFadden, Steven (2015). "Awakening Community Intelligence: CSA Farms as Community Cornerstones" (
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Farmer-shareholder cooperative: Farmers and local residents set up and cooperatively manage a CSA.
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CSAs generally focus on the production of high quality foods for a local community, often using
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The first CSA established in Italy was the C.A.P.S. (Agrarian Community of Social Promotion) in
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Obach, Brian K.; Tobin, Kathleen (June 1, 2014). "Civic agriculture and community engagement".
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1361:"Community Supported Agriculture | Alternative Farming Systems Information Center| NAL | USDA"
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1833:"CSA Across the Nation" Center for Integrated Agricultural Services. Accessed 05-22-2013
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Scott, Steffanie; Si, Zhenzhong; Schumilas, Theresa; Chen, Aijuan (September 4, 2018).
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510:. The Temple-Wilton Community Farm used his ideas to develop three main goals of CSAs:
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in 2007. The rise of CSAs seems to be correlated with the increase in awareness of the
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Leitheiser, Stephen; Trell, Elen-Maarja; Horlings, Ina; Franklin, Alex (May 2022).
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1863:"Community Supported Agriculture Entering the 21st Century". Accessed 23 May 2013.
1315:"Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives"
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now has at least 13,000 CSA farms of which 12,549 are in the US according to the
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Egan, Timothy. (2003). "Amid Dying Towns of Rural Plains, One Makes a Stand,"
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Community-supported agriculture in America was influenced by the ideas of
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Farms of Tomorrow: Community Supported Farms - Farm Supported Communities
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CSAs create direct connections between producers and consumers through
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Bottiglieri, Maria; Pettenati, Giacomo; Toldo, Alessia (May 1, 2016).
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1589:"CAPS - ComunitĂ Agricola di Promozione Sociale: CAPS PISA Home page"
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is a relatively young movement that began to gain traction in 2011.
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What is a CSA, HarvestHand (2014). "Community Shared Agriculture,"
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Community-supported agriculture can be considered as a practice of
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1535:"Le nuove Csa nate nella pandemia per un'agricoltura di relazione"
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Bui, Sibylle; Cardona, A.; Lamine, C.; Cerf, M. (December 2016).
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Farming Systems Research into the 21st Century: The New Dynamic
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The Call of the Land: An Agrarian Primer for the 21st Century
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Routledge Handbook Of Food As A Commons: Expanding Approaches
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From this base, four main types of CSAs have been developed:
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is a system that connects producers and consumers within the
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Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century
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Russell, Bertie; Milburn, Keir; Heron, Kai (May 27, 2022).
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Farmer cooperative: Multiple farmers develop a CSA program.
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Fédération Romande d'Agriculture Contractuelle de Proximité
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existed in Japan as early as the mid-1960s. Similarly, Dr.
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Type of sharing system for food production and distribution
1843:"Devon Acres CSA: local struggles in a global food system"
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In Switzerland, community farming is often referred to as
2037:
2014:
VanderTuin, Jan. (1992). "ZĂŒrich Supported Agriculture",
1894:
Bryant, Greg. (1992). "Community Supported Agriculture,"
1411:"Entstehung :: Netzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft"
1226:"Fifth of global food-related emissions due to transport"
895:"Toward the Turin Food Policy. Good practices and vision"
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255:. One of the largest subscription CSAs was Capay Inc. in
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that has an overarching goal of strengthening a sense of
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2009 Survey of Community Supported Agriculture Producers
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502:, an Austrian philosopher. He developed the concepts of
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UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
1666:"Overview of Community Supported Agriculture in Europe"
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and offers courses on community supported agriculture.
1761:, The Center for Social Research. Accessed 05-15-2013.
1466:
Overview of Community Supported Agriculture in Europe
968:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 229â256,
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1312:
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https://www.regionalevertragslandwirtschaft.ch/rvl/
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1966:Lawson, Jered. (1993). "Cabbages and Compassion",
354:Kooperationsstelle fĂŒr solidarische Landwirtschaft
286:In Germany and Austria the CSA groups founded the
1795:"Guide to Financing the Community Supported Farm"
1276:"Capay farm, distributor buys West Sac warehouse"
199:Mustard Seed Farms, an organic CSA farm in Oregon
3072:
1468:(1 ed.). RĂłisin Nic CĂłil. pp. 105â107.
1944:. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association.
2961:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
1937:. Biodynamic Farming and Gardening Association
1780:, Technotes: Office of Community Development,
1749:, University of Kentucky, accessed 05-15-2013.
1696:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
801:Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space
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346:and promotes the concept of food sovereignty.
116:and have also been established in relation to
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1198:. February 1, 2009. p. 2. Archived from
1940:Groh, Trauger, and Steven McFadden. (1998).
1933:Groh, Trauger, and Steven McFadden. (1990).
1716:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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414:âs programme within the Big Lottery funded â
40:An example of a week's CSA share, including
1991:. (1984). "Produce by Subscription," April.
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237:environmental movement in the United States
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1056:"Defining Community Supported Agriculture"
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386:It is closely connected to the history of
288:Bundesnetzwerk Solidarische Landwirtschaft
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2972:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
1997:. (1986). "From Farms to Families," July.
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3000:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
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1187:"USDA 2007 Agricultural Census Table 44"
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350:Verband Regionale Vertragslandwirtschaft
290:(Federal Network of CSA-farms) in 2011.
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1782:United States Department of Agriculture
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1195:United States Department of Agriculture
1061:United States Department of Agriculture
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400:Community Supported Agriculture Network
233:United States Department of Agriculture
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2570:Corporate environmental responsibility
1962:, 23(4), 539â547. doi:10.1002/jid.1600
1510:www.regionalevertragslandwirtschaft.ch
1300:Global Alliance for the Future of Food
1256:New York City Coalition Against Hunger
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249:New York City Coalition Against Hunger
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1464:European CSA, Research Group (2016).
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1165:Bowens, Natasha (February 13, 2015).
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379:, while the largest CSA is Arvaia in
366:CSA (Community-Supported Agriculture)
29:Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA)
2943:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
1959:Journal of International Development
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1003:Rossi, Adanella (January 19, 2017).
797:"Toward the commoning of governance"
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245:become popular in urban environments
2033:Find a local CSA (localharvest.org)
2004:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2002:The bridge at the edge of the world
1928:Food and Famine in the 21st Century
1764:
1415:www.solidarische-landwirtschaft.org
132:The term CSA is mostly used in the
13:
2585:Environmental full-cost accounting
2077:
1887:
1553:
1533:Facchini, Marta (April 30, 2021).
1523:
1454:
1327:
1274:Anderson, Mark (August 22, 2010).
1259:. October 26, 2007. Archived from
1054:DeMuth, Suzanne (September 1993).
529:Distribution and marketing methods
14:
3152:
2519:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2026:
1930:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 86â94.
1771:"Community Supported Agriculture"
1759:"Community Supported Agriculture"
1223:
1134:"Community Supported Agriculture"
756:
614:Development-supported agriculture
393:
388:GAS (Gruppi di acquisto solidale)
114:Public-Commons-Partnerships (PCP)
3086:Agriculture in the United States
3031:
3020:
3019:
2989:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
334:Regional networks in Switzerland
277:
251:'s CSA program that helps serve
2575:Corporate social responsibility
2504:Ocean thermal energy conversion
2443:Community-supported agriculture
2128:Human impact on the environment
1787:
1657:
1632:
1606:
1581:
1498:
1472:
1428:
1403:
1378:
1353:
1306:
1288:
1267:
1243:
1217:
1179:
1158:
1125:
79:Community-supported agriculture
2815:Socially responsible marketing
1874:"Farmie Markets of Upstate NY"
1167:"CSAs Rooted in Black History"
996:
953:
947:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.10.003
922:
886:
837:
788:
713:
293:
1:
3006:Sustainable Development Goals
2810:Socially responsible business
2000:Speth, James Gustav. (2008).
1845:(2008), retrieved 04-11-2013.
649:
442:
1640:"Gas | economiasolidale.net"
974:10.1007/978-94-007-4503-2_11
722:Agriculture and Human Values
463:
7:
3106:Rural community development
2835:Sustainability organization
2620:Standards and certification
2211:Social return on investment
1859:September 12, 2018, at the
1829:September 12, 2018, at the
1664:AA. VV., AA VV (May 2016).
1281:Sacramento Business Journal
599:Community supported fishery
562:
493:
300:Solidarische Landwirtschaft
146:Solidarische Landwirtschaft
10:
3157:
2260:Systemic change resistance
1978:, 2nd ed. NorLights Press.
1974:McFadden, Steven. (2011).
1950:HarvestHand- What is a CSA
1132:Adam, Katherine L (2006).
1022:10.3390/agriculture7010006
405:
171:
18:
3126:Agricultural cooperatives
3015:
2926:
2863:
2635:
2562:
2471:
2438:Climate-smart agriculture
2423:
2395:
2352:
2306:
2273:
2146:
2103:
2085:
1334:Pilgeram, Ryanne (2015).
863:10.1177/00420980221094700
814:10.1177/23996544211033992
774:(1 ed.). Routledge.
734:10.1007/s10460-013-9477-z
604:Community wealth building
241:climate change mitigation
33:
2580:Environmental accounting
2329:Sustainable architecture
2319:Environmental technology
1340:Academic Search Complete
1230:The University of Sidney
935:Journal of Rural Studies
359:
253:under-served communities
212:A parallel model called
19:Not to be confused with
3136:Sustainable food system
3131:Consumers' cooperatives
3116:Community organizations
2453:Sustainable agriculture
629:Sustainable agriculture
105:through local markets.
3096:Agricultural economics
2996:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
2865:Sustainable management
2850:Urban drainage systems
2590:Environmental planning
2554:Water recycling shower
2544:Tidal stream generator
2339:Sustainable industries
2298:Sustainable population
2283:Demographic transition
2265:Tragedy of the commons
1784:, accessed 05-15-2013.
1109:. 2005. Archived from
910:Cite journal requires
546:Challenges for farmers
508:biodynamic agriculture
416:Making Local Food Work
410:Support came from the
313:solidarity agriculture
200:
178:biodynamic agriculture
159:solidarity agriculture
3111:Community development
2888:Humanistic capitalism
2703:Environmental finance
2344:Sustainable packaging
2038:https://www.fracp.ch/
2018:14(2), Winter/Spring.
1898:14(2), Winter/Spring.
1880:on November 10, 2013.
1803:University of Vermont
1146:on September 28, 2006
198:
2855:Urban infrastructure
2549:Water heat recycling
2372:Conservation biology
2216:Steady-state economy
2191:Micro-sustainability
2176:Ecological footprint
2133:Planetary boundaries
1644:economiasolidale.net
1251:"Farm-fresh project"
1106:The Rodale Institute
1068:on February 24, 2015
594:Community land trust
422:Socio-economic model
180:ideas formulated by
2956:Earth Summit (1992)
2610:Metrics and indices
2463:Sustainable fishery
2382:Holocene extinction
2201:Product stewardship
2171:Earth Overshoot Day
609:Community gardening
428:alternative markets
30:
3101:Agricultural labor
2415:Sustainable energy
2377:Endangered species
2334:Sustainable design
2248:Consumer behaviour
1776:2012-08-23 at the
1745:2012-08-23 at the
691:10.1111/ecge.12015
679:Economic Geography
639:Worker cooperative
569:Agrarian socialism
453:biodynamic farming
268:ecological farming
201:
188:, Susan Witt, and
28:
3081:Urban agriculture
3068:
3067:
2994:Earth Summit 2002
2977:Lisbon Principles
2949:Our Common Future
2627:Sustainable yield
2433:Civic agriculture
2186:Green consumption
2123:Global governance
1995:Organic Gardening
1989:Organic Gardening
1983:Soul*Sparks Books
1593:www.caps-pisa.org
1172:Mother Earth News
1113:on April 26, 2013
983:978-94-007-4502-5
856:(11): 2133â2157.
574:Civic agriculture
318:, abbreviated to
243:. CSAs have even
218:Booker T. Whatley
206:CSA North America
164:, abbreviated to
99:civic agriculture
76:
75:
3148:
3035:
3034:
3023:
3022:
2967:Agenda 21 (1992)
2938:
2903:Natural resource
2790:Organic movement
2765:Impact investing
2484:Hydroelectricity
2458:Sustainable diet
2410:Renewable energy
2405:Carbon footprint
2387:Invasive species
2324:Natural building
2275:World population
2236:Marketing myopia
2196:Over-consumption
2166:Circular economy
2161:Anti-consumerism
2118:Environmentalism
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2048:
1882:
1881:
1876:. Archived from
1870:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1799:
1791:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1436:"Was ist Solawi"
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1365:www.nal.usda.gov
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1139:. Archived from
1138:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1097:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1064:. Archived from
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1000:
994:
993:
992:
990:
957:
951:
950:
926:
920:
919:
913:
908:
906:
898:
890:
884:
883:
865:
841:
835:
834:
816:
792:
786:
785:
767:
754:
753:
717:
711:
710:
674:
412:Soil Association
344:La Via Campesina
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
38:
31:
27:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3121:Organic farming
3071:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3011:
2936:
2928:
2927:Agreements and
2922:
2859:
2663:Climate finance
2631:
2558:
2514:Reclaimed water
2467:
2419:
2391:
2348:
2302:
2288:Family planning
2269:
2142:
2099:
2081:
2076:
2029:
1890:
1888:Further reading
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1861:Wayback Machine
1853:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1831:Wayback Machine
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:Wayback Machine
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1747:Wayback Machine
1738:
1725:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1614:"Dicono di noi"
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1531:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1462:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1311:
1307:
1302:. May 20, 2021.
1294:
1293:
1289:
1272:
1268:
1263:on May 3, 2011.
1249:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1098:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
984:
958:
954:
927:
923:
911:
909:
900:
899:
891:
887:
842:
838:
793:
789:
782:
768:
757:
718:
714:
675:
656:
652:
619:Farmers' market
565:
548:
531:
496:
466:
445:
424:
408:
396:
362:
336:
315:
312:
309:
306:
296:
280:
186:Jan Vander Tuin
174:
161:
158:
155:
152:
72:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3154:
3144:
3143:
3141:Revenue models
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3029:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
3002:(Rio+20, 2012)
2997:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:Infrastructure
2745:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2678:Eco-capitalism
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2595:Sustainability
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2563:Accountability
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2221:Sustainability
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Anthropization
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:Sustainability
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2027:External links
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1970:14(3), Spring.
1963:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1922:, Fall, p, 29.
1915:
1912:New York Times
1908:
1903:
1900:
1889:
1886:
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1471:
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1402:
1377:
1352:
1326:
1305:
1287:
1266:
1242:
1224:Smith, Loren.
1216:
1205:on May 8, 2012
1178:
1157:
1124:
1079:
1046:
995:
982:
952:
921:
912:|journal=
885:
836:
807:(3): 744â762.
787:
780:
755:
728:(2): 307â322.
712:
685:(4): 341â365.
653:
651:
648:
647:
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641:
636:
631:
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621:
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611:
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500:Rudolf Steiner
495:
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487:
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465:
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437:economic rents
423:
420:
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395:
394:United Kingdom
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295:
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182:Rudolf Steiner
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39:
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2:
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3007:
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3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:Earth Charter
2981:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
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2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Environmental
2871:
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2856:
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2841:
2838:
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2811:
2808:
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2805:Refurbishment
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2795:Organizations
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2788:
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2781:
2778:
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2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Green economy
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Eco-socialism
2691:
2689:
2688:Eco-investing
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Disinvestment
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
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2649:
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2644:
2641:
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2608:
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2598:
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2527:
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2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Marine energy
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2448:Cultured meat
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
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2311:
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2299:
2296:
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2258:
2254:
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2713:Construction
2636:Applications
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2354:Biodiversity
2113:Anthropocene
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2007:
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1620:(in Italian)
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1541:(in Italian)
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257:Capay Valley
247:such as the
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127:
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42:bell peppers
25:
3091:Agroecology
2929:conferences
2800:Procurement
2743:Development
2643:Advertising
2605:Measurement
2539:Tidal power
2534:Small hydro
2499:Micro hydro
2362:Biosecurity
2314:Appropriate
2243:Sustainable
2226:Advertising
2148:Consumption
2138:Development
1506:"Aktuelles"
1486:(in French)
1442:(in German)
1420:January 17,
1395:January 17,
1370:January 17,
1009:Agriculture
589:Communalism
584:Common land
294:Switzerland
95:agriculture
91:food system
87:cropsharing
3075:Categories
2820:Sanitation
2775:Livelihood
2698:Ecovillage
2683:Eco-cities
2600:Accounting
2509:Pico hydro
2489:Hydropower
2307:Technology
2105:Principles
1564:"Research"
1235:October 8,
941:: 92â103.
650:References
624:Local food
458:food waste
443:CSA system
283:like CSA.
2913:Recycling
2908:Planetary
2898:Materials
2893:Landscape
2878:Fisheries
2845:Transport
2770:Landscape
2753:Marketing
2728:Gardening
2668:Community
2615:Reporting
2479:Footprint
2367:Biosphere
1712:cite book
1480:"Accueil"
1345:March 13,
1320:Routledge
1209:August 9,
1041:2077-0472
880:249139448
872:0042-0980
831:237692106
823:2399-6544
750:143250445
742:0889-048X
707:154308816
699:1944-8287
634:Slow food
464:Structure
368:model in
110:Commoning
103:community
83:CSA model
3026:Category
2825:Sourcing
2760:Greening
2653:Business
2529:Security
2524:Scarcity
1857:Archived
1827:Archived
1774:Archived
1743:Archived
1386:"Grants"
1015:(1): 6.
563:See also
494:Ideology
140:and the
66:eggplant
58:potatoes
50:tomatoes
3059:Degrees
3052:Studies
3045:Science
2840:Tourism
2733:Geopark
2723:Finance
2718:Fashion
2293:Control
2181:Ethical
2090:Outline
1920:Context
1675:May 15,
1649:May 15,
1624:May 15,
1598:May 15,
1573:May 15,
1568:Urgenci
1545:May 15,
1515:May 14,
1490:May 14,
1446:May 14,
1117:May 15,
579:Commons
449:organic
406:Funding
381:Bologna
307:
172:History
153:
120:. As a
3008:(2015)
2985:(2000)
2979:(1997)
2963:(1992)
2951:(1987)
2883:Forest
2785:Market
2780:Living
2397:Energy
2253:Market
1810:May 5,
1806:. 2012
1700:
1618:Arvaia
1440:Solawi
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989:May 9,
980:
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320:Solawi
225:Canada
214:Teikei
166:Solawi
138:Canada
70:squash
68:, and
62:garlic
3038:Lists
2918:Waste
2830:Space
2738:Green
2472:Water
2231:Brand
2095:Index
1798:(PDF)
1484:FRACP
1203:(PDF)
1190:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
876:S2CID
827:S2CID
746:S2CID
703:S2CID
644:WWOOF
370:Italy
360:Italy
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2658:City
2425:Food
2008:Time
1812:2015
1718:link
1698:ISBN
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1600:2023
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1547:2023
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1422:2022
1397:2022
1390:SARE
1372:2022
1347:2017
1237:2023
1211:2012
1152:2010
1119:2013
1074:2015
1037:ISSN
991:2023
978:ISBN
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868:ISSN
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695:ISSN
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