602:
888:
555:
2587:
546:
2145:
2114:
3505:
796:
1190:
1407:
42:
2572:
2083:
2557:
2636:
537:
2013:
3717:
594:
2298:
60:
702:
1472:
2286:
2099:
2606:
2129:
3577:
1683:
3559:
564:
2621:
573:
3541:
1994:
2833:, contributing to a wide range of health problems. If the "salt" in it was removed, or it was cooked in oil or vinegar, then they wrote that eggplant gained healthy attributes. Present-day Iranian attitudes to the eggplant reflect this medical tradition's influence: the eggplant is "considered rather dangerous... a cook in Tehran will say that the poison must be taken out". People also use eggplant seeds as an
3523:
3980:
2817:
Eggplants are traditionally among the foods that get preserved and stored for winter in Iran. They are selected in the last month of summer, when they are most readily available, then peeled, and finally preserved in one of two ways. In the first way, the peeled eggplants are cut, salted, and left to
488:
that are 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) broad. Semiwild types can grow much larger, to 225 cm (7 ft 5 in), with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) broad. On wild plants, the fruit is less than 3 cm
3374:
climates fares better when transplanted into the garden after all danger of frost has passed. Eggplant prefers hot weather, and when grown in cold climates or in areas with low humidity, the plants languish or fail to set and produce mature fruit. Seeds are typically started eight to 10 weeks prior
581:
Left to right: a) Closeup of eggplant flower; b) Thorns and leaves of the plant; c) A developing fruit; d) Transversal section of the fruit showcasing the arrangement of seeds; e) Longitudinal section of eggplant. There are almost no seeds at the top but they become plentiful at the bottom. Although
3692:
A 2008 study of a sample of 741 people in India, where eggplant is commonly consumed, found nearly 10% reported some allergic symptoms after consuming eggplant, with 1.4% showing symptoms within two hours. Contact dermatitis from eggplant leaves and allergy to eggplant flower pollen have also been
1545:
Rivers, while smaller ones are found elsewhere. Colors vary from white to yellow or green, as well as reddish-purple and dark purple. Some cultivars have a color gradient—white at the stem, to bright pink, deep purple or even black. Green or purple cultivars with white striping also exist. Chinese
670:
This plant groweth in Egypt almost everywhere... bringing foorth fruite of the bignes of a great
Cucumber.... We have had the same in our London gardens, where it hath borne flowers, but the winter approching before the time of ripening, it perished: notwithstanding it came to beare fruite of the
1659:
On 9 February 2010, the
Environment Ministry of India imposed a moratorium on the cultivation of Bt brinjal after protests against regulatory approval of cultivated Bt brinjal in 2009, stating the moratorium would last "for as long as it is needed to establish public trust and confidence". This
1358:('mad apple'): already by the thirteenth century, this name had given rise to a tradition that eggplants could cause insanity. Translated into English as 'mad-apple', 'rage-apple', or 'raging apple', this name for eggplants is attested from 1578 and the form 'mad-apple' may still be found in
613:
There is no consensus about the place of origin of eggplant; the plant species has been described as native to South Asia, where it continues to grow wild, or Africa. It has been cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory. The first known written record of the plant is found in
2517:
2822:); then they are sun-dried by hanging them on a line. The dried eggplants are then rehydrated 24 hours before being cooked. In the second way, the peeled eggplants are cooked in oil, put in a copper pot, and finally covered with plenty of hot oil, "which congeals to seal them".
2522:, a 13th-century Andalusian cookbook, features eggplant as the main ingredient in fifteen out of its nineteen vegetable dishes, indicating its significance in the local cuisine at the time. Jewish communities in Spain prepared eggplant in various ways, including in dishes like
1930:
6211:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
3418:
plants, such as tomato, capsicum, and potato, are also troublesome to eggplants. For this reason, it should generally not be planted in areas previously occupied by its close relatives. However, since eggplants can be particularly susceptible to pests such as
3815:
agreste, album, divaricatum, esculentum, giganteum, globosi, inerme, insanum, leucoum, luteum, multifidum, oblongo-cylindricum, ovigera, racemiflorum, racemosum, ruber, rumphii, sinuatorepandum, stenoleucum, subrepandum, tongdongense, variegatum, violaceum,
1818:
Eggplant can be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep fried, barbecued, roasted, stewed, curried, or pickled. Many eggplant dishes are sauces made by mashing the cooked fruit. It can be stuffed. It is frequently, but not always, cooked with oil or fat.
474:. Some common cultivars have fruit that is egg-shaped, glossy, and purple with white flesh and a spongy, "meaty" texture. Some other cultivars are white and longer in shape. The cut surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is cut open (
1811:. Eggplant flesh is smooth. Its numerous seeds are small, soft and edible, along with the rest of the fruit, and do not have to be removed. Its thin skin is also edible, and so it does not have to be peeled. However, the green part at the top, the
1869:) they are barbecued or roasted, then split and either eaten directly with garlic, chilli, oil and coriander, or the flesh is removed and pounded to a mash (typically with a wooden pestle and mortar) before being eaten with rice or other dishes.
1487:
of the plant produce fruit of different size, shape, and color, though typically purple. The less common white varieties of eggplant are also known as Easter white eggplants, garden eggs, Casper or white eggplant. The most widely cultivated
5634:
5454:
601:
6210:
2256:
where the pulp of the vegetable is mixed with raw chopped shallot, green chilies, salt, fresh coriander, and mustard oil. Sometimes fried tomatoes and deep-fried potatoes are also added, creating a dish called
2058:, an omelette made from grilling an eggplant, dipping it into beaten eggs, and pan-frying the mixture. The dish is characteristically served with the stalk attached. The dish has several variants, including
3390:
Spacing should be 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) between plants, depending on cultivar, and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) between rows, depending on the type of cultivation equipment being used.
693:. In 13th-century Italian traditional folklore, the eggplant can cause insanity. In 19th-century Egypt, insanity was said to be "more common and more violent" when the eggplant is in season in the summer.
6661:"Total Phenolic Concentration and Browning Susceptibility in a Collection of Different Varietal Types and Hybrids of Eggplant: Implications for Breeding for Higher Nutritional Quality and Reduced Browning"
1787:
quality, but it becomes tender when cooked and develops a rich, complex flavor. Rinsing, draining, and salting the sliced fruit before cooking may remove the bitterness. The fruit is capable of absorbing
732:. First recorded in 1763, the word "eggplant" was originally applied to white cultivars, which look very much like hen's eggs (see image). Similar names are widespread in other languages, such as the
5890:
6023:
Gardner, S. M. (2018). The Good Woman Makes the Empty
Kitchen Full: the Culinary and Cultural Power of Women in the Sephardic Jewish Diaspora. Dublin Gastronomy Symposium: 2018 – Food and Power
5543:
1904:) in which slices of eggplant are grilled and filled with a meat stuffing. Eggplants also feature in several Japanese expression and proverbs, such as "Don't feed autumn eggplant to your wife"
6543:
Varela, L. G.; Bernays, E. A. (1 July 1988). "Behavior of newly hatched potato tuber moth larvae, Phthorimaea operculella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in relation to their host plants".
2208:(a pickled dish). Owing to its versatile nature and wide use in both everyday and festive Indian food, it is often described as the "king of vegetables". Roasted, skinned, mashed, mixed with
797:
5446:
6902:
887:
6349:
4106:
2829:
cautioned that eggplant contains harmful qualities, and it must be ripe and cooked before eating to neutralize them. They wrote that it could cause heat and dryness and an excess of
2491:, another pickling of eggplants, stuffed with red peppers and walnuts in olive oil. Eggplant can be hollowed out and stuffed with meat, rice, or other fillings, and then baked. In
659:
described how to grow aubergines. Records exist from later medieval
Catalan and Spanish, as well as from 14th-century Italy. Unlike its popularity in Spain and limited presence in
5663:
4597:
Eggplant, which originated in Africa, first shows up in history in
Southeast Asia, and it was possibly brought to Iran in the same period from India via the Turks of Central Asia.
3669:
Case reports of itchy skin or mouth, mild headache, and stomach upset after handling or eating eggplant have been reported anecdotally and published in medical journals (see also
1554:
Oval or elongated oval-shaped and black-skinned cultivars include 'Harris
Special Hibush', 'Burpee Hybrid', 'Bringal Bloom', 'Black Magic', 'Classic', 'Dusky', and 'Black Beauty'.
2401:(with minced meat). It may also be roasted in its skin until charred, so the pulp can be removed and blended with other ingredients, such as lemon, tahini, and garlic, as in the
1537:
A much wider range of shapes, sizes, and colors is grown in India and elsewhere in Asia. Larger cultivars weighing up to a kilogram (2.2 pounds) grow in the region between the
6189:
5807:
3399:
by shaking the flowers improves the set of the first blossoms. Growers typically cut fruits from the vine just above the calyx owing to the somewhat woody stems. Flowers are
820:
dictionary comments that "probably there is no word of the kind which has undergone such extraordinary variety of modifications, whilst retaining the same meaning, as this".
2667:) can be used in both appetizers and main courses. It can also be pickled in vinegar. The ideal eggplant in Iranian cuisine is long, straight, firm, and black. Based on how
2144:
4755:
Publications de l'Académie des
Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (Part of a thematic issue: Pratiques et discours alimentaires en Méditerranée de l'Antiquité à la Renaissance)
5699:
5837:
1910:
5566:
2677:, it can be assumed that the dark purple kind of eggplant was the widely grown variety in Iran at his time (9th century). Its importance in Iran is alluded to in the
4849:
citing Daunay M-C, Laterrot H, Janick J (2008) Iconography and
History of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the 17th Century. Horticultural Reviews. Wiley, New York, pp 1–111
3313:
2586:
6092:
Tan, A. Ö., & Hosking, R. (2010). Empanadas With
Turkish Delight Or Borekitas de Lokum? The Sweet-Sour Journey of Sephardic Cuisine and Ladino Language. In
682:, the fruit was at one time believed to be extremely poisonous. The flowers and leaves can be poisonous if consumed in large quantities due to the presence of
6616:
Noda, Yasuko; Kneyuki, Takao; Igarashi, Kiharu; Mori, Akitane; Packer, Lester (2000). "Antioxidant activity of nasunin, an anthocyanin in eggplant peels".
5003:
2152:
1296:
5777:
5738:
2718:
1571:
Bicolored cultivars with color gradient include 'Rosa Bianca', 'Violetta di Firenze', 'Bianca Sfumata di Rosa' (heirloom), and 'Prosperosa' (heirloom).
5254:
6323:
5533:
2748:
1382:
in the name originally denoted the fact that the fruits were associated with West Africa, specifically the region that is now the modern day country
5616:
3708:. Cooking eggplant thoroughly seems to preclude reactions in some individuals, but some of the allergenic proteins may survive the cooking process.
2796:
4548:
2012:
7167:
5506:
2546:" lists various methods of preparing eggplant that persisted among Jews in the Ottoman Empire. Today, eggplant remains a defining ingredient of
1436:
5377:
Kumar S, Chandra A, Pandey KC (2008). "Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crop: an environment friendly insect-pest management strategy".
2279:, and then cooked in oil. Maharashtra and the adjacent state of Karnataka also have an eggplant-based vegetarian pilaf called 'vangi bhat' ..
7232:
4785:
4527:
The plant is native to South Asia and was domesticated in India. It was brought to the Iranian lands at a very early but indeterminable date.
2710:
639:
and North African names for the vegetable, coupled with the absence of ancient Greek and Roman names, suggests that it was cultivated in the
6345:
4859:
4063:
4570:
4080:
6486:"Impacts of Verticillium Wilt on Photosynthesis Rate, Lint Production, and Fiber Quality of Greenhouse-Grown Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)"
4682:
3395:
helps conserve moisture and prevent weeds and fungal diseases and the plants benefit from some shade during the hottest part of the day.
5653:
2746:(involving layers of sautéed eggplant, grilled onions, and red beans topped by kashk seasoned with turmeric). Another eggplant dish is
7307:
4288:"Study on browning mechanism of fresh-cut eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) based on metabolomics, enzymatic assays and gene expression"
2113:
6372:
6218:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
4726:. A number of old variant spellings for the aubergine word in Romance dialects in Iberia indicate the word was borrowed from Arabic;
4014:
2783:
554:
6773:
Harish Babu, B. N.; Mahesh, P. A.; Venkatesh, Y. P. (2008). "A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of food allergy to eggplant (
7407:
7115:
6181:
5799:
666:
The aubergine is unrecorded in England until the 16th century. An English botany book in 1597 described the madde or raging Apple:
5178:
7180:
7128:
6409:
4706:
4240:
4231:
3933:
2481:
region of central Spain, a small eggplant is pickled in vinegar, paprika, olive oil, and red peppers. The result is berenjena of
5689:
2687:, which says "this vegetable is on sale in the markets in Iran all the year round and in such abundance that it is sold for 1.5
2556:
7255:
4163:"A Comparative Genetic Linkage Map of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and Its Implications for Genome Evolution in the Solanaceae"
2082:
5829:
5304:
2430:. A mix of roasted eggplant, roasted red peppers, chopped onions, tomatoes, mushrooms, carrots, celery, and spices is called
7402:
7198:
6746:
Pramod, S. N.; Venkatesh, Y. P. (2008). "Allergy to Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Caused by a Putative Secondary Metabolite".
6462:
6223:
6042:
6003:
5953:
5334:
Kumar S, Misra A, Verma AK, Roy R, Tripathi A, Ansari KM, Das M, Dwivedi PD (2011). "Bt brinjal in India: a long way to go".
5016:
4636:
4590:
4377:"Solanum melongena (Aubergine, Brinjal, Eggplant, Mad Apple, Raging Apple) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox"
2808:
that combines white rice with a paste of chopped sautéed eggplant, chopped meat, and spices; as well as the northern Iranian
5484:
4732:
7185:
6237:
5867:
5576:
2635:
4953:
398:
content, but the capability of the fruit to absorb oils and flavors into its flesh through cooking expands its use in the
7422:
4162:
7076:
1747:
4991:
2128:
7427:
5978:
5771:
5732:
4149:
4128:
1766:
1719:
1458:
390:. Like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but it is usually eaten cooked. Eggplant is nutritionally low in
6863:
Gerth van Wijk, R.; Toorenenbergen, A. W.; Dieges, P. H. (1989). "Occupational pollinosis in commercial gardeners".
5943:
1429:
1181:
ultimately originates in languages of the Indian Subcontinent, it actually came into Indian English via Portuguese.
59:
4719:
4426:
2700:
In Iran, unlike places like Greece, Turkey, and North Africa, eggplant is cooked peeled and usually seasoned with
582:
the photograph was taken just a few moments after slicing, the flesh of the eggplant has already begun to oxidize.
7237:
7154:
1993:
1124:). The French name was then borrowed into British English, appearing there first in the late eighteenth century.
1726:
1389:
It has been known as 'Jew's apple', apparently in relation to a belief that the fruit was first imported to the
7417:
7260:
5157:
4661:
4161:
Doganlar, Sami; Frary, Anne; Daunay, Marie-Christine; Lester, Richard N.; Tanksley, Steven D. (1 August 2002).
4009:
3910:, but unlike the tomato, which then was generally put in a different genus, the eggplant was also described as
1704:
7325:
6442:
5000:
3469:) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as eggplants. Female
2098:
7219:
4498:
4236:
3812:
have been named, mainly by Dikii, Dunal, and (invalidly) by Sweet. Names for various eggplant types, such as
3678:
2668:
2062:
which is stuffed with meat and vegetables. Eggplant can also be grilled, skinned and eaten as a salad called
891:
Illustration of an eggplant (upper picture) in a 1717 manuscript of a work by the thirteenth-century Persian
3309:
7107:
7094:
6177:
5250:
4004:
2527:
6319:
4286:
Liu, Xiaohui; Zhang, Aidong; Shang, Jing; Zhu, Zongwen; Li, Ye; Wu, Xuexia; Zha, Dingshi (25 March 2021).
2348:
and South Asian dishes. Eggplants can also be battered before deep-frying and served with a sauce made of
2297:
1733:
481:
Eggplant grows 40 to 150 cm (1 ft 4 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall, with large, coarsely
7333:
7016:
7011:
6988:
6959:
6896:
3400:
2571:
1318:
7133:
4540:
4222:
1942:, literally: "not even one in a thousand of one's parents' opinions or the eggplant flowers is in vain")
7320:
6658:
6260:
5598:
3994:
3300:
1661:
1557:
Slim cultivars in purple-black skin include 'Little Fingers', 'Ichiban', 'Pingtung Long', and 'Tycoon'
545:
24:
5891:"An Ethno Botanical Study of Ralte Communities in the North Eastern Part of Mizoram, North East India"
4729:
Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords: Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects
7437:
7247:
7193:
5510:
5207:
5119:
5089:
4889:
3346:. Minor changes in nutrient composition occur with season, environment of cultivation (open field or
2684:
1715:
1700:
1631:
1419:
1375:
1359:
956:
20:
6909:: Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms previously used to refer to the eggplant.
3704:
reactions) are more likely to have a reaction to eggplant, which may be because eggplant is high in
3473:
use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.
2526:, a casserole of eggplant and cheese. This dish and others became identifiers for Jews during their
4780:
4450:"A high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly reveals genetics for important traits in eggplant"
4261:
3955:
2547:
2509:
1423:
1415:
1217:
by the eleventh century CE. The Greek loans took a variety of forms, but crucially they began with
904:
7211:
4914:
2512:, eggplant, along with ingredients such as Swiss chard and chickpeas, was closely associated with
7432:
7102:
7042:
6152:
4867:
4401:
4056:
4024:
3642:
3465:
1693:
7312:
6261:"Eggplant fruit composition as affected by the cultivation environment and genetic constitution"
3210:
2725:: chopped eggplant sautéed with onions and turmeric, then slowly cooked, and finally mixed with
2285:
7172:
7089:
6921:
6035:
Jews, Food, and Spain: the oldest medieval Spanish cookbook and the Sephardic culinary heritage
4750:
4084:
3454:
practices are extremely important for controlling fungal disease, the most serious of which is
3435:
3408:
2345:
1636:
1440:
725:
6383:
5161:
4676:
3171:
2605:
2473:, eggplant is mostly cooked thinly sliced, deep-fried in olive oil and served hot with honey (
1193:
Illustrations of an eggplant from a possibly fifteenth-century French manuscript of a work by
777:
was coined in English, most of the diverse other European names for the plant derive from the
663:, the eggplant remained relatively obscure in other regions of Europe until the 17th century.
6595:"Eggplant production in 2021, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
3670:
3184:
865:
671:
bignes of a goose egge one extraordinarie temperate yeere... but never to the full ripenesse.
316:
208:
7361:
7286:
4582:
3917:
7050:
6625:
6552:
6275:
5571:
4461:
4299:
3236:
3197:
2611:
2482:
1924:(because their lack of seeds will reduce her fertility) and "Always listen to your parents"
1652:
1646:
1194:
925:
5286:" in "Jew, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018. Accessed 23 September 2018.
3841:, respectively, were occasionally considered eggplant varieties, but this is not correct.
2714:(eaten with bread), and they are commonly served as snacks alongside alcoholic beverages.
2620:
8:
7299:
5298:"Eggplant, White — Solanum ovigerum Dun. and Solanum melongena var. esculentum (L.) Nees"
4906:
4689:, translated from Arabic to French by J.-J. Clément-Mullet, year 1866, volume 2 page 236.
4351:
4036:
4030:
3964:
3858:
3447:
3367:
3312:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
2501:
2248:(eggplant charred or burnt), is very popular in Bangladesh and the east Indian states of
2221:
1152:
1047:
973:
903:-type names have the same origin, in the Dravidian languages. Modern descendants of this
892:
811:
640:
280:
6970:
6629:
6556:
6279:
5920:
4713:. An earlier record in Catalan is known, from the 13th century, according to the French
4465:
4376:
4303:
2236:
1189:
181:
165:
7397:
7369:
6845:
6802:
6723:
6698:
6576:
6520:
6485:
6454:
6075:
5447:"Bt Brinjal in Bangladesh: Too early to draw conclusions on contamination, says expert"
5359:
5182:
4832:
4807:
4484:
4449:
4328:
4287:
4187:
3912:
3853:
3845:
3686:
3335:
3223:
3151:
2948:
1808:
908:
733:
729:
448:
324:
284:
276:
232:
54:
6659:
Jaime Prohens; Adrián Rodríguez-Burruezo; María Dolores Raigón; Fernando Nuez (2007).
6637:
6597:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2023
6416:
4703:
3819:, are not considered to refer to anything more than cultivar groups at best. However,
3387:
plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.
1740:
7281:
7024:
6872:
6837:
6833:
6794:
6790:
6755:
6728:
6641:
6568:
6525:
6507:
6458:
6301:
6229:
6219:
6067:
6038:
5999:
5974:
5949:
5767:
5728:
5694:
5427:
5386:
5351:
5153:
5012:
4837:
4808:"The historical role of species from the Solanaceae plant family in genetic research"
4657:
4632:
4586:
4489:
4333:
4315:
4192:
4145:
4124:
3947:
3884:
3674:
3654:
3036:
2810:
2689:
2492:
2402:
2391:
2335:
1660:
decision was deemed controversial, as it deviated from previous practices with other
1337:
1280:
1032:
648:
624:
455:
328:
312:
308:
6849:
6580:
5363:
3431:. Four years should separate successive crops of eggplants to reduce pest pressure.
1664:
in India. Bt brinjal was approved for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh in 2013.
7412:
7374:
7029:
6829:
6806:
6786:
6718:
6710:
6672:
6633:
6560:
6515:
6497:
6450:
6291:
6283:
5685:
5417:
5343:
5297:
5020:
4827:
4819:
4652:
Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
4578:
4479:
4469:
4323:
4307:
4182:
4174:
3849:
3809:
3701:
3673:). A 2021 review indicated that possibly four interacting mechanisms may elicit an
3658:
3404:
3396:
3363:
3053:
2735:
2664:
2437:
2370:
2358:
2241:
2072:
1873:
1857:
1796:
1568:
Traditional, white-skinned, egg-shaped cultivars include 'Casper' and 'Easter Egg'.
1265:
1070:
1008:
992:
467:
349:
272:
268:
41:
7338:
6980:
4178:
3724:
The eggplant is quite often featured in the older scientific literature under the
7268:
6993:
6906:
5761:
5722:
5476:
5007:
4995:
4978:, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, July 2018. Accessed 23 September 2018.
4789:
4736:
4727:
4723:
4710:
4686:
4067:
3826:
3821:
2805:
2652:
2415:
2397:
2379:
2353:
2330:
2320:
1831:
1800:
843:
839:
835:
789:
778:
444:
419:
296:
292:
97:
7224:
5859:
7294:
6213:
6094:
Food and Language. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cooking 2009
6033:
Piñer, Hélène Jawhara (2022). "Part One: The Jews' Place in the Construction".
4949:
4927:
4474:
4311:
3999:
3937:
3725:
3716:
3610:
2539:
2535:
2453:
2364:
2276:
2226:
2167:
2054:
1948:
1862:
1812:
1574:
Bicolored cultivars with striping include 'Listada de Gandia' and 'Udumalapet'.
1351:
1226:
1214:
1159:
915:
847:
741:
660:
632:
628:
593:
536:
507:
459:
357:
304:
84:
4823:
964:
denoted 'the class (that removes) the wind-disorder (windy humour)': that is,
7391:
7081:
6677:
6660:
6572:
6511:
6071:
4319:
4200:
3942:
3838:
3834:
3735:. Several other names that are now invalid have been uniquely applied to it:
3451:
2904:
2801:
2411:
2406:
2204:
2172:
2070:, which is diced eggplant prepared with vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic as an
1804:
1326:
875:
816:
810:
is itself a loan-word in Arabic, whose earliest traceable origins lie in the
701:
406:
399:
395:
391:
224:
4751:"Les fruits et les légumes dans les livres de cuisine à la fin du Moyen Âge"
7351:
6841:
6798:
6759:
6732:
6714:
6645:
6529:
6305:
6233:
5538:
5431:
5390:
5355:
5347:
4988:
4841:
4793:
4493:
4337:
4196:
4019:
3456:
3424:
3384:
3323:
3249:
2880:
2794:
also make use of eggplant. Some regional dishes involving eggplant include
2733:(condensed whey) is popular in Iranian cuisine; it is found in dishes like
2679:
2496:
2469:
calls for strips of roasted aubergine, sweet pepper, onion, and tomato. In
1780:
750:
The white, egg-shaped varieties of the eggplant's fruits are also known as
652:
616:
451:
375:
7273:
6876:
6502:
6176:
5973:(in Romanian). București (Bucharest): Editura Orizonturi. pp. 31–32.
3423:, they are sometimes grown with slightly less susceptible plants, such as
2042:, eggplants are of the long and slender purple variety. They are known as
1471:
7206:
7141:
7003:
6953:
6944:
6820:
Kabashima, K.; Miyachi, Y. (2004). "Contact dermatitis due to eggplant".
6594:
6064:
Pe'amim: Studies in Oriental Jewry / פעמים: רבעון לחקר קהילות ישראל במזרח
5998:(in Romanian). București (Bucharest): Editura Humanitas. pp. 90–91.
3985:
3650:
3632:
3439:
3343:
2864:
2834:
2791:
2694:
2626:
2531:
2315:
2253:
2039:
2024:
1983:
1962:
1845:
1789:
1641:
1390:
1128:
6697:
Berghi ON, Vrinceanu D, Cergan R, Dumitru M, Costache A (October 2021).
6079:
6059:
5534:"Korean restaurant owner cooks from the heart Andy Starnes/Post-Gazette"
5283:
5106:
5098:
5054:
7120:
6564:
6296:
5279:
5216:
5136:
5128:
5114:
5037:
4975:
4714:
3805:
3415:
3376:
3347:
3070:
3019:
2830:
2562:
2534:, and they were carried by the expelled Jews to their new homes in the
2461:
2324:
1866:
1784:
1707: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1627:
1492:—in Europe and North America today are elongated ovoid, 12–25 cm (
1306:
1024:
969:
861:
679:
656:
424:
336:
143:
6287:
5422:
5405:
2432:
7146:
7063:
6447:
Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics
5404:
Choudhary B, Gheysen G, Buysse J, van der Meer P, Burssens S (2014).
3705:
3582:
3428:
3371:
3339:
3129:
3116:
3103:
2826:
2478:
2470:
2466:
475:
428:
387:
383:
353:
133:
6915:
6484:
Ayele, Addissu G.; Wheeler, Terry A.; Dever, Jane K. (7 July 2020).
5759:
5011:(Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2006), pp. 136-53.
1682:
968:
came to be the name for eggplants because they were thought to cure
7346:
6938:
6373:"Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas"
6346:"Growing Eggplant Successfully in Cooler Climates – Garden Mentors"
5024:
3682:
3420:
3351:
3002:
2787:
2779:
2705:
2701:
2578:
2378:(optionally topped with a tomato and garlic sauce), such as in the
2340:
2048:
1827:
Korean and Japanese eggplant varieties are typically thin-skinned.
1547:
1489:
1484:
1476:
929:
690:
683:
518:
515:
123:
110:
7159:
7068:
6862:
5403:
2814:, a casserole using grilled eggplant, garlic, tomatoes, and eggs.
1815:, does have to be removed when preparing an eggplant for cooking.
1598:– common aubergine, including white varieties, with many cultivars
1577:
In some parts of India, miniature cultivars, most commonly called
1546:
cultivars are commonly shaped like a narrower, slightly pendulous
572:
563:
7037:
6258:
3635:
3606:
3327:
2982:
2842:
2819:
2774:) or with chicken and either unripe grapes or pomegranate juice (
2766:
2673:
2487:
2422:
2268:
2191:
2001:
1977:
1966:
1850:
1330:
944:
651:, arriving in Spain in the 8th century. A book on agriculture by
522:
435:, with China and India combined accounting for 86% of the total.
366:
332:
153:
4629:
A Drizzle of Honey: the lives and recipes of Spain's secret Jews
2671:
uses the color of eggplant as a shorthand for purpleness in his
620:, an ancient Chinese agricultural treatise completed in 544 CE.
7055:
5658:
3697:
3564:
3086:
2838:
2761:
2757:
2726:
2448:
2375:
2349:
2272:
2249:
2213:
2199:
2187:
2020:
1542:
1538:
1383:
1015:). From Arabic, the word was borrowed into European languages.
636:
471:
463:
379:
371:
361:
6748:
Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology
6370:
6401:
4911:
An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians
4702:= "aubergine" is in 1328 according to the Catalan dictionary
4511:
3646:
3620:
3546:
3528:
3510:
3494:
3443:
3392:
2894:
2730:
2596:
2592:
2442:
2217:
2209:
2195:
1971:
1885:
1792:
and sauces, which may enhance the flavor of eggplant dishes.
1560:
In green skin, 'Louisiana Long Green' and 'Thai (Long) Green'
1322:
1269:
644:
482:
432:
348:
Most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in
71:
6696:
5406:"Regulatory options for genetically modified crops in India"
4753:[Fruits and vegetables in late medieval cookbooks].
3979:
1939:
oya no iken to nasu no hana wa sen ni hitotsu mo muda wa nai
1861:("three earthen treasures"). Elsewhere in China, such as in
1640:. This variety was designed to give the plant resistance to
5235:
Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 6, Fruits
4998:', in National Research Council of the National Academies,
4611:
Revolutionary Chinese Cookbook: Recipes from Hunan Province
3895:, an unrelated plant described by Ortega, included Dunal's
2741:
2513:
933:
609:
from the Japanese Seikei Zusetsu agricultural encyclopedia
511:
485:
6772:
6204:
6182:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
5800:"The Happy Home Cook: Rellenong Talong (Stuffed Eggplant)"
2374:. It can be sliced and deep-fried, then served with plain
6665:
Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science
6259:
San José R, Sánchez-Mata MC, Cámara M, Prohens J (2014).
4160:
3403:, containing both female and male structures, and may be
3331:
2924:
2182:
1799:. Due to its texture and bulk, it is sometimes used as a
1141:
Indian, Malaysian, Singaporean and South African English
514:
that taste bitter because they contain or are covered in
5888:
5233:
Lim, T. K., & Lim, T. K. (2013). Solanum melongena.
3700:(genetically predisposed to developing certain allergic
3370:, eggplant can be sown in the garden. Eggplant grown in
1550:. Also, Asian cultivars of Japanese breeding are grown.
431:. In 2021, world production of eggplants was 59 million
6615:
5654:"North, South, Go Pick! Tasting Korean Fare in Beijing"
1479:
of eggplant, showing size, shape, and color differences
709:
The plant and fruit have a profusion of English names.
678:
Because of the plant's relationship with various other
423:, probably with two independent domestications: one in
5720:
2046:
and is widely used in many stew and soup dishes, like
1634:
eggplant that contains a gene from the soil bacterium
5690:"Fuss-free stir-fried eggplants, a perfect side dish"
4716:
Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales
4121:
Handbook of Food Science, Technology, and Engineering
2389:. Perhaps the best-known Turkish eggplant dishes are
2385:(meaning fried aubergines), or without yogurt, as in
2262:
1018:
976:
words descending directly from the Sanskrit name are
6699:"Solanum melongena allergy (A comprehensive review)"
5565:
Leary, Charles L.; Perret, Vaughn J. (6 July 2017).
3975:
3623:, led by China with 65% and India with 22% (table).
2308:
1184:
823:
In English usage, modern names deriving from Arabic
4930:. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2017
4571:"Patterns of Food Consumption in Early Modern Iran"
1644:
insects such as the brinjal fruit and shoot borer (
6215:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
6150:
5376:
5333:
5131:'. This in turn supersedes the 1885 OED etymology
3875:. The eggplant was sometimes considered a variety
3414:Many of the pests and diseases that afflict other
1622:
510:, the fruit contains numerous small, soft, edible
6483:
5889:Khiangte, Zorinpuii; Lalramnghinglova, H (2017).
3631:The color of purple skin cultivars is due to the
3161:
2992:
7389:
6819:
5684:
4846:Later, it migrated with the Europeans to America
4651:
4448:Wei, Q; Wang, J; Wang, W; Hu, T; Bao, C (2020).
4285:
4119:Tsao and Lo in "Vegetables: Types and Biology".
3833:), other eggplant-like nightshades described by
1428:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1272:, and onwards into French. Early forms include:
1137:was borrowed into a variety of other languages:
1132:
1062:
1056:
1050:
466:are white to purple in color, with a five-lobed
6745:
5253:. Carolina Gold Rice Foundation. 4 April 2011.
5245:
5243:
4627:Gitlitz, David M.; Davidson, Linda Kay (1999).
4626:
2156:, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant
1937:
1917:
696:
6382:. Tasmanian Fire Research Fund. Archived from
6170:
6037:. Boston: Academic Studies Press. p. 72.
5895:Journal of Natural Product and Plant Resources
5727:. Periplus Mini Cookbooks. Tuttle Publishing.
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
4631:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. xiv.
3962:refers to the eggplant, and that of Blanco to
3899:and was often confused with the same author's
2859:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
2028:(pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots)
1927:
1907:
1899:
1889:
1289:, recorded in Latin in the thirteenth century.
623:Eggplant was introduced to Europe through the
6542:
5760:Nicole Ponseca & Miguel Trinidad (2018).
5531:
5525:
4882:
4447:
3871:, respectively, and described by Linnaeus as
2825:Medieval Iranian writers such as al-Razi and
2760:, which involves eggplant, yogurt, and dried
1839:
1201:, below the illustration, has a blue initial
1089:
1079:
1073:
758:records that between 1797 and 1888, the name
5240:
4782:The Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
2495:, for example, it is fried and stuffed with
2052:. However the most popular eggplant dish is
1956:
1333:name in 1753. It remains in scientific use.
1149:(first attested in the seventeenth century).
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
6443:"Economics of Pesticide Use and Regulation"
6440:
6407:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
5564:
5117:'. These partly supersede the etymology in
5063:
5001:Lost Crops of Africa, Volume II: Vegetables
4739:, by Federico Corriente, year 2008 page 60.
3813:
2313:Eggplant is often stewed, as in the French
882:
705:White eggplant compared to two chicken eggs
6178:United States Food and Drug Administration
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
5567:"All the hallmarks of world-class cuisine"
5150:Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo-Indian Dictionary
3920:'s work. He also recognized the varieties
3916:, in this case once more in the course of
3342:having a moderate percentage (11%) of the
2697:" (which was a cheap price at that time).
2641:Romanian eggplant salad (salată de vinete)
1313:From these forms came the botanical Latin
1221:, partly because Greek lacked the initial
1039:- or, with the definite article included,
40:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6722:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6676:
6519:
6501:
6320:"How to Grow Eggplant in Cooler Climates"
6295:
5421:
5181:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
4831:
4483:
4473:
4327:
4262:"Solanum melongena (eggplant): Go Botany"
4186:
4083:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
4073:
4015:Imperial examination in Chinese mythology
3619:In 2022, world production was 59 million
2708:. Most eggplant dishes are classified as
2267:, small brinjals are stuffed with ground
1767:Learn how and when to remove this message
1534: in) broad with a dark purple skin.
1459:Learn how and when to remove this message
1237:), 'black'. Attested Greek forms include
924:The Dravidian word was borrowed into the
345:is grown worldwide for its edible fruit.
6408:Westerfield, Robert (14 November 2008).
6057:
5993:
5987:
5763:I Am a Filipino: And This Is How We Cook
5652:Maclang, Jon Khristian (25 March 2016).
5329:
5327:
5325:
5303:. University of Florida IFAS Extension.
4805:
3715:
3434:Common North American pests include the
3357:
2764:. Eggplant can also be cooked in stews (
2721:refers to an early eggplant dish called
1470:
1188:
1100:(along with French dialectal forms like
886:
700:
600:
592:
528:The eggplant genome has 12 chromosomes.
6587:
6099:
6060:"סדר ומספר בשירה שבעל-פה של יהודי ספרד"
5941:
5753:
5651:
5645:
5532:JinPittsburgh, Liyun (13 August 2009).
4568:
4538:
4241:United States Department of Agriculture
4232:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2186:preparation with vegetables, native to
1894:). An example of it use is in the dish
1264:From Greek, the word was borrowed into
765:
7390:
6883:
6685:
5714:
4952:. World Wide Worlds. 20 October 2002.
4608:
4509:
4134:
4113:
2166:Eggplant is widely used in its native
1365:
1094:was then borrowed into French, giving
712:
675:The Europeans brought it to Americas.
635:communities. The presence of numerous
6920:
6919:
6703:Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
6032:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5968:
5962:
5558:
5487:from the original on 16 November 2018
5322:
5274:
5272:
5257:from the original on 10 November 2017
5229:
5227:
5225:
5202:
5200:
4622:
4620:
4583:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935369.013.13
4569:Matthee, Rudolph (11 February 2016).
788:
754:, a term first attested in 1811. The
443:The eggplant is a delicate, tropical
364:definition. As a member of the genus
7248:68b7c9cc-18f1-4995-8860-871f68fc1fbf
6371:Mark Chladil and Jennifer Sheridan.
6026:
5870:from the original on 6 December 2018
5840:from the original on 6 December 2018
5810:from the original on 6 December 2018
5780:from the original on 6 December 2018
5741:from the original on 6 December 2018
5702:from the original on 3 February 2018
5666:from the original on 3 February 2018
5546:from the original on 3 February 2018
5457:from the original on 1 December 2016
5444:
5295:
4956:from the original on 9 December 2017
4748:
4551:from the original on 4 December 2016
3946:, which is also a junior synonym of
3334:(table). It provides low amounts of
2261:. In a dish from Maharashtra called
1705:adding citations to reliable sources
1676:
1400:
1003:was borrowed in turn into Arabic as
689:The eggplant has a special place in
6779:Clinical & Experimental Allergy
6352:from the original on 28 August 2017
5678:
5310:from the original on 9 October 2012
4942:
4920:
4510:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
4352:"How To Grow And Care For Eggplant"
4215:
4142:Seed storage of horticultural crops
3844:The eggplant has a long history of
3645:of eggplant flesh results from the
1506:–10 in) long and 6–9 cm (
782:
13:
6777:L.) reveals female predominance".
6455:10.1016/B978-0-12-375067-9.00092-9
6326:from the original on 11 April 2017
6192:from the original on 27 March 2024
6086:
6012:
5635:"親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない - Jisho.org"
5269:
5222:
5197:
5142:
4617:
4539:Trujilo, Linda (25 January 2003),
4512:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2729:. The combination of eggplant and
2544:Siete modos de gizar la berendgena
1865:(in particular the cuisine of the
1336:These forms also gave rise to the
1019:From Arabic into Iberia and beyond
49:The fruit developing on the plant
14:
7449:
6151:Aubaile-Sallenave, F.; Elahi, E.
5942:Wolfert, Paula (1 January 2012).
5921:"Maharashtrian Vangi Bhat recipe"
4575:Oxford Handbook Topics in History
4123:by Yiu H. Hui (2006). CRC Press.
4081:"Oxford Dictionary, s.v. brinjal"
2309:Middle East and the Mediterranean
2220:, and then slow cooked gives the
2033:
1185:From Arabic into Greek and beyond
1131:of Portugal, the Portuguese form
627:, where it became a staple among
409:from the wild nightshade species
7326:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:820053-1
6834:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.0295c.x
6791:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03076.x
6410:"Pollination of Vegetable Crops"
5617:"Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary"
5599:"Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary"
4866:. 30 August 2012. Archived from
3978:
3575:
3557:
3539:
3521:
3503:
2634:
2619:
2604:
2585:
2570:
2555:
2296:
2284:
2275:, onions, tamarind, jaggery and
2143:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2081:
2011:
1992:
1681:
1405:
1229:association with the Greek word
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
58:
16:Plant species, Solanum melongena
7408:Crops originating from Pakistan
6856:
6813:
6766:
6739:
6652:
6609:
6536:
6477:
6434:
6364:
6338:
6312:
6252:
6240:from the original on 9 May 2024
6051:
5935:
5913:
5882:
5852:
5822:
5792:
5721:Norma Olizon-Chikiamco (2003).
5627:
5609:
5591:
5499:
5469:
5438:
5397:
5370:
5289:
5171:
5047:
5030:
4981:
4968:
4900:
4852:
4799:
4774:
4742:
4692:
4670:
4645:
4602:
4562:
4532:
4503:
4441:
4419:
4394:
4369:
4344:
2244:. Another version of the dish,
1855:("fish fragrance eggplant") or
1692:needs additional citations for
1623:Genetically engineered eggplant
928:, giving ancient forms such as
5901:(4). India: Mizoram University
4654:The Cultural History of Plants
4279:
4254:
4154:
4099:
4050:
4010:Eggplant salads and appetizers
3322:Raw eggplant is 92% water, 6%
2119:Sweet and Sour Fish Head with
1797:the cuisines of many countries
438:
255:
1:
6638:10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00202-X
5948:. A&C Black. p. 93.
5507:"Vegetarian Meat Substitutes"
4806:Gebhardt, Christiane (2016).
4266:gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org
4237:Agricultural Research Service
4211:– via www.genetics.org.
4043:
3476:
3383:is included on a list of low
2356:, it is blended with whey as
2161:
2104:Minang (West Sumatra) Balado
1848:and made into dishes such as
1177:Thus although Indian English
386:while the eggplant is of the
7403:Crops originating from India
6449:, Elsevier, pp. 86–97,
4860:"Is Raw Eggplant Poisonous?"
4698:The first record of Catalan
4005:Eggplant production in China
3664:
3653:, such as the most abundant
3626:
3308:Percentages estimated using
2848:
1965:, or pan-fried and eaten as
1822:
1585:
1396:
697:Etymology and regional names
506:Botanically classified as a
447:plant often cultivated as a
382:, although those are of the
7:
4179:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1697
4107:"Etymology of the Eggplant"
4070:. Retrieved: 7 August 2015.
3971:
3711:
3482:Eggplant production – 2022
3301:Link to USDA Database entry
2818:"sweat" (to make them less
2485:. A Levantine specialty is
2263:
1938:
1919:akinasu wa yome ni kuwasuna
1918:
1672:
1370:The plant is also known as
1253:, fourteenth-century), and
10:
7454:
7423:Fruits originating in Asia
6545:Journal of Insect Behavior
5996:Carte de bucate (Cookbook)
5971:Carte de bucate (Cookbook)
5148:Henry Yule, A.C. Burnell,
4656:. Routledge. p. 118.
4613:, Ebury Press, p. 202
4475:10.1038/s41438-020-00391-0
4312:10.1038/s41598-021-86311-1
3995:List of eggplant cultivars
2869:104 kJ (25 kcal)
2319:, or deep-fried as in the
2176:(a tamarind lentil stew),
2066:. Another popular dish is
2006:(fish-fragrance eggplants)
1662:genetically modified crops
1299:in the fourteenth century.
588:
25:Aubergine (disambiguation)
18:
6928:
5994:Jurcovan, Silvia (2012).
5445:IANS (7 September 2016).
5208:Oxford English Dictionary
5120:Oxford English Dictionary
5090:Oxford English Dictionary
4890:Oxford English Dictionary
4824:10.1007/s00122-016-2804-1
4144:(pp 157). Haworth Press:
4059:Oxford English Dictionary
3932:at that time. Similarly,
3720:Segmented purple eggplant
3677:from consuming eggplant:
3603:
3489:
3486:
3307:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3183:
3170:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3085:
3069:
3052:
3035:
3018:
3001:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2858:
2475:berenjenas a la Cordobesa
2334:, or Turkish, Greek, and
2138:from Gorontalo (Sulawesi)
1957:
1951:, eggplants are known as
1929:
1928:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1890:
1876:, eggplants are known as
1840:
1834:, eggplants are known as
1376:Southern American English
1360:Southern American English
1225:sound and partly through
957:Oxford English Dictionary
950:. According to the entry
756:Oxford English Dictionary
238:
231:
214:
207:
55:Scientific classification
53:
48:
39:
34:
21:Eggplant (disambiguation)
7428:Plants described in 1753
6678:10.21273/jashs.132.5.638
6441:Lichtenberg, E. (2013),
6058:וייך-שחק, שושנה (1992).
4609:Dunlop, Fuchsia (2006),
3689:, and pollen reactions.
2548:Sephardic Jewish cuisine
2303:Brinjal and mango sambar
1779:Raw eggplant can have a
1563:In white skin, 'Dourga'.
1414:This section includes a
1261:, seventeenth-century).
1035:in forms beginning with
883:From Dravidian to Arabic
6900:L. on Solanaceae Source
5451:Business Standard India
4678:The Book of Agriculture
4545:Master Gardener Journal
4429:. University of Florida
4140:Doijode, S. D. (2001).
4025:List of eggplant dishes
3466:Phthorimaea operculella
3463:The potato tuber moth (
3310:US recommendations
2770:es), either with lamb (
2646:
2563:Parmigiana di melanzane
2368:, or made into stew as
2325:parmigiana di melanzane
1969:(side dishes), such as
1667:
1443:more precise citations.
1283:in the twelfth century.
991:was then borrowed into
790:[bæːðɪnˈd͡ʒæːn]
370:, it is related to the
6715:10.3892/etm.2021.10495
5348:10.4161/gmcr.2.2.16335
4749:Mane, Perrine (2008).
4541:"The Elegant Eggplant"
3940:named the eggplant as
3814:
3721:
3679:lipid transfer protein
3450:. Good sanitation and
3314:the National Academies
2717:The 14th-century poet
2685:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
2599:in yogurt-tomato sauce
2459:A Spanish dish called
1637:Bacillus thuringiensis
1480:
1325:name in 1700, then by
1206:
1133:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1080:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1031:was borrowed into the
896:
726:North American English
706:
673:
610:
598:
503: in) in diameter
352:. Typically used as a
7418:Flora of the Maldives
6905:10 March 2008 at the
6865:Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd
6503:10.3390/plants9070857
6157:Encyclopaedia Iranica
5969:Marin, Sanda (1995).
5211:, 1st edition, 1888,
5123:, 1st edition, 1888,
5093:, 3rd edition, 2001,
4989:Eggplant (Garden Egg)
4893:, 3rd edition, 2000,
4796:, year 1597 page 274.
4454:Horticulture Research
3887:applies to Linnaeus'
3719:
3671:oral allergy syndrome
3358:Cultivation and pests
3330:, and has negligible
2967:Vitamins and minerals
2800:, a dish mainly from
1961:). They are steamed,
1474:
1245:, eleventh-century),
1192:
890:
866:South African English
704:
668:
604:
597:Long purple eggplants
596:
5572:The Chronicle Herald
5055:Vegetable egg, n.',
4406:specialtyproduce.com
3906:Like the potato and
3772:Solanum melanocarpum
3696:Individuals who are
3368:subtropical climates
2528:expulsion from Spain
2483:Almagro, Ciudad Real
1931:親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない
1795:Eggplant is used in
1701:improve this article
1653:Helicoverpa armigera
1647:Leucinodes orbonalis
1195:Matthaeus Platearius
960:, the Sanskrit word
939:(alongside Sanskrit
926:Indo-Aryan languages
458:. The stem is often
449:tender or half-hardy
356:in cooking, it is a
19:For other uses, see
6630:2000Toxgy.148..119N
6557:1988JIBeh...1..261V
6380:www.fire.tas.gov.au
6280:2014JSFA...94.2774S
5945:The Food of Morocco
5932:Accessed Jan 2 2019
5866:. 19 January 2014.
5830:"Ensaladang talong"
5804:Positively Filipino
5296:Stephens, James M.
5278:"brown-jolly", in "
4907:Edward William Lane
4870:on 5 September 2012
4466:2020HorR....7..153W
4381:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
4304:2021NatSR..11.6937L
4037:Vietnamese eggplant
4031:Solanum aethiopicum
3859:Solanum aethiopicum
3848:confusion with the
3483:
3427:, as a sacrificial
3375:to the anticipated
3336:essential nutrients
3054:Pantothenic acid (B
2855:
2776:mosamma-ye badenjan
2744:-e kashk o badenjan
2655:, eggplant (called
2565:(eggplant parmesan)
2502:nigvziani badrijani
2383:patlıcan kızartması
2371:khoresht-e-bademjan
1809:vegetarian cuisines
1650:) and fruit borer (
1366:Other English names
1317:. This was used by
1153:West Indian English
893:Zakariya al-Qazwini
812:Dravidian languages
521:, like the related
6822:Contact Dermatitis
6565:10.1007/BF01054525
6348:. 16 August 2012.
5806:. 17 August 2016.
5724:Filipino Favorites
5688:(14 August 2017).
5579:on 3 February 2018
5513:on 9 February 2013
5410:Plant Biotechnol J
5036:'Garden egg', in "
5006:2018-09-23 at the
4994:2018-09-23 at the
4788:2014-01-02 at the
4735:2015-10-03 at the
4722:2013-05-14 at the
4709:2013-11-10 at the
4685:2015-10-03 at the
4402:"Foraged Eggplant"
4292:Scientific Reports
4066:2015-08-10 at the
3952:S. sisymbriifolium
3934:H.C.F. Schuhmacher
3780:Solanum melongenum
3722:
3687:polyphenol oxidase
3481:
3446:, whiteflies, and
3275:Other constituents
2853:
2772:khoresh-e badenjan
2595:with eggplant and
2291:Brinjal masala fry
1844:). They are often
1481:
1416:list of references
1393:by Jewish people.
1213:was borrowed into
1207:
1129:colonial expansion
1027:, the Arabic word
897:
730:Australian English
707:
641:Mediterranean area
611:
599:
456:temperate climates
405:It was originally
7385:
7384:
7282:Open Tree of Life
6960:Solanum melongena
6930:Solanum melongena
6922:Taxon identifiers
6898:Solanum melongena
6785:(11): 1795–1802.
6775:Solanum melongena
6464:978-0-08-096452-2
6288:10.1002/jsfa.6623
6225:978-0-309-48834-1
6044:978-1-64469-919-5
6005:978-973-50-3475-7
5955:978-1-4088-2746-8
5766:. Artisan Books.
5695:The Straits Times
5423:10.1111/pbi.12155
5059:, 3rd edn (2012).
5044:, 3rd edn (2017).
5017:978-0-309-66582-7
4818:(12): 2281–2294.
4638:978-0-312-19860-2
4592:978-0-19-993536-9
4516:iranicaonline.org
4225:Solanum melongena
3948:sticky nightshade
3908:S. lichtensteinii
3879:of that species.
3675:allergic response
3655:phenolic compound
3617:
3616:
3613:
3497:
3320:
3319:
3265:
3264:
2811:badenjan-e qasemi
2723:burani-e badenjan
2395:(vegetarian) and
2352:and tamarind. In
2170:, for example in
2153:ensaladang talong
2092:Sauce with shrimp
2088:Indonesian Chili
2064:ensaladang talong
1777:
1776:
1769:
1751:
1618:– snake aubergine
1608:– dwarf aubergine
1469:
1468:
1461:
1354:, was adapted to
1338:Caribbean English
1227:folk-etymological
1088:The Spanish word
1033:Romance languages
905:ancient Dravidian
872:Solanum melongena
649:early Middle Ages
625:Iberian Peninsula
607:Solanum melongena
342:Solanum melongena
337:nightshade family
262:
261:
218:Solanum melongena
200:S. melongena
7445:
7438:Fruit vegetables
7378:
7377:
7365:
7364:
7355:
7354:
7342:
7341:
7329:
7328:
7316:
7315:
7303:
7302:
7290:
7289:
7277:
7276:
7264:
7263:
7251:
7250:
7241:
7240:
7228:
7227:
7225:NBNSYS0200003200
7215:
7214:
7202:
7201:
7189:
7188:
7176:
7175:
7163:
7162:
7150:
7149:
7137:
7136:
7124:
7123:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7085:
7084:
7072:
7071:
7059:
7058:
7046:
7045:
7033:
7032:
7020:
7019:
7007:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6984:
6983:
6974:
6973:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6917:
6916:
6910:
6894:
6881:
6880:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6770:
6764:
6763:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6726:
6694:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6656:
6650:
6649:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6540:
6534:
6533:
6523:
6505:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6415:. Archived from
6414:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6389:on 16 March 2015
6388:
6377:
6368:
6362:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6268:J Sci Food Agric
6265:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6197:
6174:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6148:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6010:
6009:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5886:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5860:"Adobong Talong"
5856:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5796:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5686:The Korea Herald
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5575:. Archived from
5562:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5509:. Archived from
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5425:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5331:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5287:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5247:
5238:
5231:
5220:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5175:
5169:
5152:, 1886, reprint
5146:
5140:
5086:
5061:
5051:
5045:
5034:
5028:
4985:
4979:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4924:
4918:
4904:
4898:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4856:
4850:
4848:
4835:
4812:Theor Appl Genet
4803:
4797:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4746:
4740:
4696:
4690:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4203:on 11 March 2016
4199:. Archived from
4190:
4173:(4): 1697–1711.
4158:
4152:
4138:
4132:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4077:
4071:
4054:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3818:
3800:
3792:
3788:Solanum oviferum
3784:
3776:
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3702:hypersensitivity
3659:chlorogenic acid
3604:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3409:cross-pollinated
3397:Hand pollination
3165:
3090:
3074:
3057:
3040:
3023:
3006:
2996:
2963:
2962:
2856:
2852:
2752:, also known as
2736:kashk o badenjan
2638:
2623:
2608:
2589:
2574:
2559:
2428:salată de vinete
2387:patlıcan şakşuka
2359:kashk e bademjan
2300:
2288:
2266:
2237:salată de vinete
2147:
2131:
2116:
2101:
2085:
2060:rellenong talong
2015:
1996:
1960:
1959:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1874:Japanese cuisine
1843:
1842:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1709:
1685:
1677:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1439:this section by
1430:inline citations
1409:
1408:
1401:
1209:The Arabic word
1136:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1009:definite article
805:
804:
803:
802:
800:
792:
784:
655:in 12th-century
575:
566:
557:
548:
539:
502:
501:
497:
494:
350:several cuisines
252:
245:
241:Solanum ovigerum
220:
186:
170:
63:
62:
44:
32:
31:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7442:
7388:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7373:
7368:
7360:
7358:
7350:
7345:
7337:
7332:
7324:
7319:
7311:
7306:
7298:
7293:
7285:
7280:
7272:
7269:Observation.org
7267:
7259:
7254:
7246:
7244:
7236:
7231:
7223:
7218:
7210:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7184:
7179:
7171:
7166:
7158:
7153:
7145:
7140:
7132:
7127:
7119:
7114:
7106:
7101:
7093:
7088:
7080:
7075:
7067:
7062:
7054:
7049:
7041:
7036:
7028:
7023:
7015:
7010:
7002:
7000:
6992:
6987:
6979:
6977:
6969:
6967:
6958:
6957:
6952:
6943:
6942:
6937:
6924:
6914:
6913:
6907:Wayback Machine
6895:
6884:
6861:
6857:
6818:
6814:
6771:
6767:
6744:
6740:
6695:
6686:
6657:
6653:
6624:(2–3): 119–23.
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6541:
6537:
6482:
6478:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6423:
6422:on 13 June 2010
6419:
6412:
6406:
6402:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6375:
6369:
6365:
6355:
6353:
6344:
6343:
6339:
6329:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6274:(13): 2774–84.
6263:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6226:
6209:
6205:
6195:
6193:
6175:
6171:
6161:
6159:
6149:
6100:
6091:
6087:
6066:(50): 137–138.
6056:
6052:
6045:
6031:
6027:
6022:
6013:
6006:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5940:
5936:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5904:
5902:
5887:
5883:
5873:
5871:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5843:
5841:
5828:
5827:
5823:
5813:
5811:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5783:
5781:
5774:
5758:
5754:
5744:
5742:
5735:
5719:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5650:
5646:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5615:
5614:
5610:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5563:
5559:
5549:
5547:
5530:
5526:
5516:
5514:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5490:
5488:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5460:
5458:
5443:
5439:
5402:
5398:
5375:
5371:
5332:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5277:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5251:"Guinea squash"
5249:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5205:
5198:
5188:
5186:
5185:on 12 June 2018
5177:
5176:
5172:
5147:
5143:
5087:
5064:
5052:
5048:
5035:
5031:
5008:Wayback Machine
4996:Wayback Machine
4986:
4982:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4905:
4901:
4887:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4804:
4800:
4790:Wayback Machine
4779:
4775:
4764:
4762:
4747:
4743:
4737:Wayback Machine
4724:Wayback Machine
4711:Wayback Machine
4697:
4693:
4687:Wayback Machine
4680:by Ibn Al-Awwam
4675:
4671:
4664:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4625:
4618:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4567:
4563:
4554:
4552:
4537:
4533:
4520:
4518:
4508:
4504:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4356:Southern Living
4350:
4349:
4345:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4159:
4155:
4139:
4135:
4118:
4114:
4109:. 21 June 2005.
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4087:on 1 April 2016
4079:
4078:
4074:
4068:Wayback Machine
4055:
4051:
4046:
4041:
3984:
3977:
3974:
3827:cockroach berry
3822:Solanum incanum
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3756:Solanum insanum
3750:
3742:
3740:Melongena ovata
3726:junior synonyms
3714:
3667:
3629:
3576:
3574:
3558:
3556:
3540:
3538:
3522:
3520:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3479:
3377:frost-free date
3360:
3303:
3298:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3191:
3178:
3166:
3136:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3088:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3030:
3021:
3013:
3004:
2997:
2968:
2957:
2952:
2933:
2928:
2889:
2884:
2851:
2778:). Variants of
2749:mast o badenjan
2653:Iranian cuisine
2649:
2642:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2590:
2581:
2575:
2566:
2560:
2519:Kitāb al-Ṭabikh
2416:melitzanosalata
2354:Iranian cuisine
2311:
2304:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2086:
2036:
2029:
2016:
2007:
1997:
1925:
1905:
1886:same characters
1832:Chinese cuisine
1825:
1801:meat substitute
1773:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1710:
1708:
1698:
1686:
1675:
1670:
1625:
1588:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1434:
1420:related reading
1410:
1406:
1399:
1368:
1187:
1021:
987:The Indic word
885:
836:British English
798:
795:
794:
793:
771:
762:was also used.
718:
699:
591:
586:
585:
584:
583:
578:
577:
576:
568:
567:
559:
558:
550:
549:
541:
540:
499:
495:
492:
490:
441:
253:
250:
248:Solanum trongum
246:
243:
227:
222:
216:
203:
184:
168:
57:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7451:
7441:
7440:
7435:
7433:Tropical fruit
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7379:
7375:wfo-0001029464
7366:
7356:
7343:
7330:
7317:
7304:
7291:
7278:
7265:
7252:
7242:
7229:
7216:
7203:
7190:
7177:
7164:
7151:
7138:
7125:
7112:
7099:
7086:
7073:
7060:
7047:
7034:
7021:
7008:
6998:
6985:
6975:
6965:
6950:
6934:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6912:
6911:
6882:
6871:(42): 2081–3.
6855:
6828:(2): 101–102.
6812:
6765:
6738:
6684:
6671:(5): 638–646.
6651:
6608:
6586:
6551:(3): 261–275.
6535:
6476:
6463:
6433:
6400:
6363:
6337:
6311:
6251:
6224:
6203:
6169:
6098:
6085:
6050:
6043:
6025:
6011:
6004:
5986:
5979:
5961:
5954:
5934:
5912:
5881:
5864:Kawaling Pinoy
5851:
5834:Eat Your World
5821:
5791:
5772:
5752:
5733:
5713:
5677:
5644:
5626:
5608:
5590:
5557:
5524:
5498:
5468:
5437:
5396:
5379:J Environ Biol
5369:
5321:
5288:
5268:
5239:
5221:
5196:
5170:
5141:
5062:
5046:
5029:
5025:10.17226/11763
4980:
4967:
4941:
4919:
4899:
4881:
4851:
4798:
4773:
4741:
4704:Diccionari.cat
4691:
4669:
4662:
4644:
4637:
4616:
4601:
4591:
4561:
4531:
4502:
4440:
4418:
4393:
4368:
4343:
4278:
4253:
4214:
4153:
4133:
4112:
4098:
4072:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:Eggplant emoji
3997:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3973:
3970:
3965:S. lasiocarpum
3938:Peter Thonning
3889:S. aethiopicum
3873:S. aethiopicum
3831:S. capsicoides
3802:
3801:
3793:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3764:Solanum longum
3761:
3753:
3745:
3713:
3710:
3666:
3663:
3657:in the fruit,
3628:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3611:United Nations
3601:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3478:
3475:
3436:potato beetles
3359:
3356:
3318:
3317:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2847:
2797:badenjan-polow
2704:or especially
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2618:
2616:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2554:
2540:Judaeo-Spanish
2538:. The classic
2536:Ottoman Empire
2510:medieval Spain
2365:mirza ghassemi
2362:, tomatoes as
2346:Middle Eastern
2328:, the Turkish
2310:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2283:
2227:baingan bharta
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2068:adobong talong
2055:tortang talong
2035:
2034:Southeast Asia
2032:
2031:
2030:
2017:
2010:
2008:
1998:
1991:
1949:Korean cuisine
1863:Yunnan cuisine
1824:
1821:
1775:
1774:
1689:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1467:
1466:
1424:external links
1413:
1411:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1367:
1364:
1352:folk-etymology
1311:
1310:
1305:, recorded in
1300:
1295:, recorded in
1290:
1284:
1279:, recorded in
1186:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1173:in La Réunion.
1167:
1160:folk-etymology
1150:
1086:
1085:
1068:
1020:
1017:
1007:(or, with the
884:
881:
880:
879:
869:
851:
770:
764:
717:
711:
698:
695:
661:southern Italy
590:
587:
580:
579:
570:
569:
561:
560:
552:
551:
543:
542:
534:
533:
532:
531:
530:
440:
437:
260:
259:
236:
235:
229:
228:
223:
212:
211:
205:
204:
197:
195:
191:
190:
179:
175:
174:
163:
159:
158:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7450:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7376:
7371:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7243:
7239:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7221:
7217:
7213:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7013:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6961:
6955:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6878:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6859:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6816:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6691:
6689:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6655:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6612:
6596:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6539:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6466:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6385:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6255:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6207:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6173:
6158:
6154:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6095:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6054:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5982:
5980:973-95583-2-1
5976:
5972:
5965:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5938:
5922:
5916:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5825:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5795:
5779:
5775:
5773:9781579658823
5769:
5765:
5764:
5756:
5740:
5736:
5734:9781462911028
5730:
5726:
5725:
5717:
5701:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5648:
5640:
5636:
5630:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5512:
5508:
5502:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5416:(2): 135–46.
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5388:
5385:(5): 641–53.
5384:
5380:
5373:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5184:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5115:mad-apple, n.
5112:
5109:"; and 2000,
5108:
5107:melongene, n.
5104:
5100:
5099:melongena, n.
5096:
5092:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4955:
4951:
4945:
4929:
4923:
4917:, footnote 1.
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4869:
4865:
4864:Kitchen Daily
4861:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4760:
4757:(in French).
4756:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:(153): 1–15.
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4428:
4422:
4407:
4403:
4397:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4226:
4218:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4150:1-56022-901-2
4147:
4143:
4137:
4130:
4129:1-57444-551-0
4126:
4122:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:"Aubergine",
4053:
4049:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3976:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:S. zeylanicum
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:S. esculentum
3909:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:S. amblymerum
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3748:Solanum album
3746:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3718:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3485:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3452:crop rotation
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:carbohydrates
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3020:Riboflavin (B
3017:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:Dietary fiber
2902:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:Carbohydrates
2876:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2854:Eggplant, raw
2846:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:Boshaq At'ema
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:Kitab al-hawi
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2516:cuisine. The
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2426:and Romanian
2425:
2424:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:baba ghanoush
2404:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:masala spices
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2234:, similar to
2233:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:Simple fried
2130:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1932:
1920:
1912:
1897:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718: –
1717:
1713:
1712:Find sources:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1690:This section
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1452:
1449:December 2018
1442:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:guinea squash
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1268:and medieval
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:and (through
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:(al-)bāḏinjān
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
972:. The modern
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
917:
913:
910:
907:word include
906:
902:
894:
889:
877:
876:Linnaean name
873:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
829:
828:
826:
821:
819:
818:
817:Hobson-Jobson
813:
809:
801:
791:
787:
780:
776:
768:
763:
761:
760:vegetable egg
757:
753:
748:
746:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
710:
703:
694:
692:
687:
685:
681:
676:
672:
667:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
618:
608:
605:Varieties of
603:
595:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
529:
526:
524:
520:
517:
513:
509:
504:
487:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
446:
436:
434:
430:
427:, and one in
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
400:culinary arts
397:
396:micronutrient
393:
392:macronutrient
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
343:
338:
334:
331:) is a plant
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
258:
257:
249:
242:
237:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
213:
210:
209:Binomial name
206:
202:
201:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
171:Leptostemonum
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:Tracheophytes
83:
80:
77:
76:
73:
70:
67:
66:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
7300:tro-29600121
6929:
6897:
6868:
6867:(in Dutch).
6864:
6858:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6782:
6778:
6774:
6768:
6754:(1): 59–62.
6751:
6747:
6741:
6706:
6702:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6599:. Retrieved
6589:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6493:
6489:
6479:
6468:, retrieved
6446:
6436:
6424:. Retrieved
6417:the original
6403:
6393:14 September
6391:. Retrieved
6384:the original
6379:
6366:
6354:. Retrieved
6340:
6328:. Retrieved
6314:
6271:
6267:
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6214:
6206:
6194:. Retrieved
6185:
6172:
6160:. Retrieved
6156:
6093:
6088:
6063:
6053:
6034:
6028:
5995:
5989:
5970:
5964:
5944:
5937:
5924:. Retrieved
5915:
5903:. Retrieved
5898:
5894:
5884:
5872:. Retrieved
5863:
5854:
5842:. Retrieved
5833:
5824:
5812:. Retrieved
5803:
5794:
5782:. Retrieved
5762:
5755:
5743:. Retrieved
5723:
5716:
5704:. Retrieved
5693:
5680:
5668:. Retrieved
5657:
5647:
5638:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5602:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5577:the original
5570:
5560:
5548:. Retrieved
5539:Post-Gazette
5537:
5527:
5515:. Retrieved
5511:the original
5501:
5489:. Retrieved
5481:BBC GoodFood
5480:
5471:
5459:. Retrieved
5450:
5440:
5413:
5409:
5399:
5382:
5378:
5372:
5339:
5335:
5312:. Retrieved
5291:
5259:. Retrieved
5237:, p. 370-372
5234:
5212:
5206:
5187:. Retrieved
5183:the original
5173:
5165:
5149:
5144:
5132:
5124:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5088:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5032:
4999:
4983:
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4944:
4932:. Retrieved
4922:
4910:
4902:
4894:
4888:
4884:
4872:. Retrieved
4868:the original
4863:
4854:
4845:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4794:John Gerarde
4781:
4776:
4763:. Retrieved
4758:
4754:
4744:
4728:
4715:
4699:
4694:
4677:
4672:
4653:
4647:
4628:
4610:
4604:
4596:
4574:
4564:
4555:16 September
4553:, retrieved
4544:
4534:
4526:
4519:. Retrieved
4515:
4505:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4405:
4396:
4384:. Retrieved
4380:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4355:
4346:
4295:
4291:
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4265:
4256:
4244:. Retrieved
4230:
4224:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4201:the original
4170:
4166:
4156:
4141:
4136:
4120:
4115:
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4085:the original
4075:
4058:
4052:
4029:
4020:Lao eggplant
3963:
3959:
3951:
3941:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3893:S. violaceum
3892:
3891:. An actual
3888:
3881:S. violaceum
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3843:
3830:
3820:
3804:A number of
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3695:
3691:
3668:
3640:
3630:
3618:
3597:
3592:
3471:Poperculella
3470:
3464:
3462:
3457:Verticillium
3455:
3448:spider mites
3440:flea beetles
3433:
3425:chili pepper
3413:
3389:
3385:flammability
3381:S. melongena
3380:
3361:
3338:, with only
3321:
3279:
3274:
3162:
3157:
3150:
2993:
2988:
2981:
2947:
2923:
2879:
2824:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2722:
2716:
2709:
2699:
2688:
2680:Ain-i-Akbari
2678:
2672:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2543:
2523:
2518:
2507:
2500:
2497:walnut paste
2486:
2474:
2460:
2458:
2447:
2441:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2392:imam bayıldı
2390:
2386:
2382:
2380:Turkish dish
2369:
2363:
2357:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2264:bharli vangi
2259:begun bhorta
2258:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2203:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2151:
2135:
2120:
2105:
2089:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2019:
2000:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1952:
1946:
1895:
1888:as Chinese (
1884:and use the
1881:
1877:
1871:
1856:
1849:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1817:
1794:
1790:cooking fats
1781:bitter taste
1778:
1763:
1754:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1711:
1699:Please help
1694:verification
1691:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1642:lepidopteran
1635:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1581:are popular.
1578:
1536:
1482:
1455:
1446:
1435:Please help
1427:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1355:
1347:
1346:The Italian
1345:
1340:
1335:
1314:
1312:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1276:
1263:
1259:melintzanion
1258:
1255:μελιντζάνιον
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1127:Through the
1126:
1087:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
988:
986:
981:
977:
965:
961:
955:
951:
947:
940:
936:
923:
918:
911:
900:
898:
871:
857:
853:
838:(as well as
831:
824:
822:
815:
807:
785:
774:
772:
766:
759:
755:
751:
749:
745:planhigyn ŵy
744:
737:
724:is usual in
721:
719:
713:
708:
688:
677:
674:
669:
665:
657:Muslim Spain
653:Ibn Al-Awwam
622:
617:Qimin Yaoshu
615:
612:
606:
527:
505:
480:
442:
418:
415:bitter apple
414:
410:
407:domesticated
404:
376:chili pepper
365:
347:
341:
340:
339:Solanaceae.
320:
300:
288:
264:
263:
247:
240:
239:
217:
215:
199:
198:
182:
166:
154:
117:
104:
91:
78:
29:
7207:NatureServe
7142:iNaturalist
6954:Wikispecies
6709:(4): 1061.
6297:10251/63156
5491:16 November
5477:"Aubergine"
5342:(2): 92–8.
5284:Jews' apple
5280:brown, adj.
4897:'mad-apple'
4874:5 September
4298:(1): 6937.
4246:20 November
3986:Food portal
3885:de Candolle
3863:, known as
3856:eggplants (
3729:S. ovigerum
3651:polyphenols
3633:anthocyanin
3416:solanaceous
3344:Daily Value
3003:Thiamine (B
2837:to relieve
2835:expectorant
2739:as well as
2711:nankhoreshi
2627:Ratatouille
2532:Inquisition
2316:ratatouille
2254:West Bengal
2222:South Asian
2150:Philippine
2040:Philippines
1858:di sān xiān
1757:August 2018
1441:introducing
1391:West Indies
1378:. The term
1356:mela insana
1197:. The word
1164:brown-jolly
1091:alberenjena
1081:alberenjena
1013:al-bāḏinjān
860:, usual in
834:, usual in
769:-type names
752:garden eggs
716:-type names
680:nightshades
647:during the
470:and yellow
439:Description
98:Angiosperms
7392:Categories
7295:Plant List
6618:Toxicology
6496:(7): 857.
6153:"BĀDENJĀN"
6096:(pp. 341).
5874:6 December
5844:6 December
5814:6 December
5784:6 December
5745:6 December
5706:3 February
5670:3 February
5583:3 February
5550:3 February
5461:1 December
5261:9 November
5168:'brinjaul'
5158:185326363X
5038:garden, n.
4960:8 December
4950:"Eggplant"
4934:8 December
4928:"Eggplant"
4700:albergínia
4663:0415927463
4433:20 October
4427:"Eggplant"
4044:References
3901:S. brownii
3806:subspecies
3733:S. trongum
3706:histamines
3693:reported.
3490:Production
3477:Production
3421:whiteflies
3348:greenhouse
3224:Phosphorus
2831:black bile
2477:). In the
2462:escalivada
2398:karnıyarık
2331:karnıyarık
2246:begun-pora
2162:South Asia
1963:stir-fried
1911:秋茄子は嫁に食わすな
1896:hasamiyaki
1867:Dai people
1846:deep fried
1785:astringent
1783:, with an
1727:newspapers
1716:"Eggplant"
1632:transgenic
1628:Bt brinjal
1616:serpentium
1596:esculentum
1488:varieties—
1483:Different
1350:, through
1319:Tournefort
1307:Old French
1293:Melongiana
1251:melintzana
1247:μελιντζάνα
1243:matizanion
1239:ματιζάνιον
1109:albergaine
1048:Portuguese
1025:al-Andalus
999:. Persian
989:vātiṅ-gaṇa
974:Hindustani
970:flatulence
966:vātin-gāna
962:vātin-gāna
937:vātiṅ-gaṇa
862:South Asia
516:nicotinoid
425:South Asia
420:S. incanum
162:Subgenus:
144:Solanaceae
7398:Eggplants
7108:200020594
7095:200020594
6573:0892-7553
6512:2223-7747
6470:30 August
6072:0334-4088
5926:5 January
5905:21 August
5639:jisho.org
5621:jisho.org
5603:jisho.org
5314:31 August
5189:28 August
5179:"Brinjal"
5137:aubergine
5101:'; 2000,
4976:egg-plant
4761:: 409–436
4320:2045-2322
4061:, undated
3930:subinerme
3922:aculeatum
3877:violaceum
3854:Ethiopian
3846:taxonomic
3810:varieties
3665:Allergies
3647:oxidation
3627:Chemistry
3583:Indonesia
3429:trap crop
3372:temperate
3340:manganese
3237:Potassium
3211:Manganese
3198:Magnesium
3130:Vitamin K
3117:Vitamin E
3104:Vitamin C
3087:Folate (B
3071:Vitamin B
3037:Niacin (B
2849:Nutrition
2827:al-Biruni
2754:nazkhatun
2524:almodrote
2479:La Mancha
2471:Andalusia
2467:Catalonia
2420:Moroccan
2403:Levantine
2336:Levantine
1823:East Asia
1606:depressum
1586:Varieties
1490:cultivars
1485:cultivars
1477:cultivars
1397:Cultivars
1348:melanzana
1341:melongene
1315:melongēna
1287:Melongena
1277:Melanzāna
1171:bringelle
1156:brinjalle
1134:bringella
1121:belingèle
1115:albergame
1103:albergine
1097:aubergine
1075:berenjena
1064:beringela
1058:bringiela
1052:bringella
919:vaṟutuṇai
909:Malayalam
901:aubergine
832:Aubergine
827:include:
767:Aubergine
734:Icelandic
720:The name
519:alkaloids
476:oxidation
445:perennial
429:East Asia
388:Old World
384:New World
362:botanical
354:vegetable
289:aubergine
194:Species:
187:Melongena
178:Section:
134:Solanales
68:Kingdom:
35:Eggplant
7352:29600121
7347:Tropicos
7212:2.144588
7173:10971067
7160:820053-1
7001:BioLib:
6939:Wikidata
6903:Archived
6850:44805864
6842:15128323
6799:18681854
6760:18361104
6733:34434275
6646:10962130
6581:19062069
6530:32646004
6356:30 April
6350:Archived
6330:30 April
6324:Archived
6306:25328929
6238:Archived
6234:30844154
6196:28 March
6190:Archived
6180:(2024).
6080:23424987
5868:Archived
5838:Archived
5808:Archived
5778:Archived
5739:Archived
5700:Archived
5664:Archived
5544:Archived
5517:21 April
5485:Archived
5455:Archived
5432:24460889
5391:19295059
5364:10912063
5356:21865863
5336:GM Crops
5305:Archived
5255:Archived
5004:Archived
4992:Archived
4954:Archived
4913:, v. 1,
4842:27744490
4786:Archived
4765:30 April
4733:Archived
4720:Archived
4707:Archived
4683:Archived
4549:archived
4521:22 April
4494:33024567
4338:33767263
4207:3 August
4197:12196412
4167:Genetics
4064:Archived
3972:See also
3943:S. edule
3835:Linnaeus
3783:St.-Lag.
3712:Taxonomy
3683:profilin
3643:browning
3605:Source:
3493:million
3487:Country
3401:complete
3393:Mulching
3364:tropical
3352:genotype
3280:Quantity
3218:0.232 mg
3158:Quantity
3152:Minerals
3081:0.084 mg
3065:0.281 mg
3048:0.649 mg
3031:0.037 mg
3014:0.039 mg
2989:Quantity
2983:Vitamins
2788:fesenjan
2780:ab-gusht
2706:turmeric
2702:cinnamon
2661:bādemjān
2657:bādenjān
2614:eggplant
2579:Moussaka
2530:and the
2499:to make
2341:moussaka
2339:musakka/
2214:tomatoes
2049:pinakbet
1999:Chinese
1673:Culinary
1548:cucumber
1327:Linnaeus
1303:Melanjan
1297:Veronese
1281:Sicilian
1211:bāḏinjān
1147:brinjaul
1005:bāḏinjān
1001:bādingān
997:bādingān
941:vātigama
930:Sanskrit
912:vaṟutina
899:All the
858:brinjaul
825:bāḏinjān
808:Bāḏinjān
786:bāḏinjān
775:eggplant
773:Whereas
738:eggaldin
722:eggplant
714:Eggplant
691:folklore
684:solanine
265:Eggplant
254:and see
233:Synonyms
183:Solanum
167:Solanum
140:Family:
124:Asterids
111:Eudicots
7413:Solanum
7194:MoBotPF
7121:2930617
7038:Ecocrop
6877:2812095
6807:2529638
6724:8353643
6626:Bibcode
6553:Bibcode
6521:7412487
6276:Bibcode
6244:21 June
6162:6 March
5217:brinjal
5129:brinjal
4833:5121176
4485:7506008
4462:Bibcode
4411:20 June
4386:20 June
4361:20 June
4329:7994816
4300:Bibcode
4271:20 June
4188:1462225
4091:4 April
3956:Scopoli
3850:scarlet
3839:Allioni
3799:Salisb.
3791:Salisb.
3751:Noronha
3636:nasunin
3609:of the
3607:FAOSTAT
3350:), and
3328:protein
3257:0.16 mg
3192:0.23 mg
3172:Calcium
2949:Protein
2843:catarrh
2820:bilious
2784:eshkana
2767:khoresh
2669:al-Razi
2665:Persian
2629:niçoise
2612:Almagro
2493:Georgia
2488:makdous
2454:Balkans
2452:in the
2438:Romania
2433:zacuscă
2423:zaalouk
2321:Italian
2273:peanuts
2269:coconut
2242:Romania
2202:), and
2192:chutney
2038:In the
2018:Korean
2002:yúxiāng
1978:bokkeum
1967:banchan
1851:yúxiāng
1741:scholar
1579:baigan,
1529:⁄
1515:⁄
1501:⁄
1437:improve
1331:species
1266:Italian
1199:melonge
1179:brinjal
1169:French
1143:brinjal
1071:Spanish
993:Persian
978:baingan
954:in the
952:brinjal
948:vāiṃaṇa
945:Prakrit
854:Brinjal
783:باذنجان
740:or the
589:History
523:tobacco
498:⁄
472:stamens
468:corolla
464:flowers
367:Solanum
335:in the
333:species
301:brinjal
155:Solanum
150:Genus:
130:Order:
72:Plantae
7362:457626
7359:uBio:
7339:105486
7308:PLANTS
7287:494843
7274:133954
7245:NZOR:
7199:287158
7134:101312
7082:185014
7056:581188
7017:438646
6981:119826
6978:APDB:
6968:AoFP:
6875:
6848:
6840:
6805:
6797:
6758:
6731:
6721:
6644:
6579:
6571:
6528:
6518:
6510:
6490:Plants
6461:
6426:1 July
6304:
6232:
6222:
6078:
6070:
6041:
6002:
5977:
5952:
5770:
5731:
5659:Yibada
5430:
5389:
5362:
5354:
5162:p. 115
5156:
5015:
4915:p. 378
4840:
4830:
4771:p. 418
4660:
4635:
4589:
4492:
4482:
4336:
4326:
4318:
4195:
4185:
4148:
4127:
3928:, and
3926:inerme
3869:nakati
3816:viride
3796:Prachi
3698:atopic
3621:tonnes
3580:
3565:Turkey
3562:
3544:
3526:
3508:
3495:tonnes
3444:aphids
3244:229 mg
3137:3.5 μg
3124:0.3 mg
3111:2.2 mg
2956:0.98 g
2932:0.18 g
2899:3.53 g
2895:Sugars
2888:5.88 g
2865:Energy
2839:asthma
2806:Kerman
2790:, and
2758:Tehran
2727:yogurt
2693:s per
2577:Greek
2542:song "
2514:Jewish
2449:pinjur
2440:, and
2376:yogurt
2350:tahini
2344:, and
2250:Odisha
2218:spices
2216:, and
2210:onions
2205:achaar
2200:vankai
2188:Odisha
2173:sambar
2136:Terong
2121:Terong
2106:Terong
2090:Terong
2044:talong
2023:-gaji-
2021:dureup
2004:-qiézi
1981:, and
1882:nasubi
1853:-qiézi
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1543:Yamuna
1539:Ganges
1475:Three
1384:Guinea
1380:guinea
1118:, and
943:) and
874:, the
844:French
840:German
814:. The
799:listen
779:Arabic
637:Arabic
633:Jewish
629:Muslim
486:leaves
462:. The
452:annual
433:tonnes
380:potato
378:, and
372:tomato
321:baigan
319:), or
7256:NZPCN
7186:30446
7168:IRMNG
7147:63190
7077:EUNIS
7069:SOLME
7030:6YTHR
7004:40759
6994:69396
6945:Q7540
6846:S2CID
6803:S2CID
6601:2 May
6577:S2CID
6420:(PDF)
6413:(PDF)
6387:(PDF)
6376:(PDF)
6264:(PDF)
6076:JSTOR
5360:S2CID
5308:(PDF)
5301:(PDF)
4792:, by
3918:Dunal
3775:Dunal
3767:Roxb.
3743:Mill.
3593:World
3547:Egypt
3529:India
3511:China
3405:self-
3326:, 1%
3286:Water
3231:24 mg
3205:14 mg
3098:22 μg
2731:kashk
2597:basil
2593:Penne
2443:ajvar
2412:Greek
2232:gojju
2224:dish
2196:curry
2178:dalma
2168:India
2073:adobo
1972:namul
1836:qiézi
1813:calyx
1805:vegan
1748:JSTOR
1734:books
1630:is a
1614:var.
1612:S. m.
1604:var.
1602:S. m.
1594:var.
1592:S. m.
1422:, or
1329:as a
1323:genus
1321:as a
1270:Latin
1235:melas
1231:μέλας
1215:Greek
982:began
916:Tamil
848:Dutch
742:Welsh
736:term
645:Arabs
512:seeds
508:berry
483:lobed
460:spiny
411:thorn
358:berry
251:Poir.
244:Dunal
185:sect.
169:subg.
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
79:Clade
7321:POWO
7313:SOME
7261:4320
7238:4111
7233:NCBI
7181:ITIS
7155:IPNI
7129:GRIN
7116:GBIF
7064:EPPO
7043:1965
7012:BOLD
6989:APNI
6971:1759
6873:PMID
6838:PMID
6795:PMID
6756:PMID
6729:PMID
6642:PMID
6603:2023
6569:ISSN
6526:PMID
6508:ISSN
6472:2024
6459:ISBN
6428:2009
6395:2014
6358:2017
6332:2017
6302:PMID
6246:2024
6230:PMID
6220:ISBN
6198:2024
6164:2022
6068:ISSN
6039:ISBN
6000:ISBN
5975:ISBN
5950:ISBN
5928:2020
5907:2023
5876:2018
5846:2018
5816:2018
5786:2018
5768:ISBN
5747:2018
5729:ISBN
5708:2018
5672:2018
5585:2018
5552:2018
5519:2013
5493:2018
5463:2016
5428:PMID
5387:PMID
5352:PMID
5316:2012
5282:", "
5263:2017
5213:s.v.
5191:2018
5166:s.v.
5154:ISBN
5133:s.v.
5125:s.v.
5111:s.v.
5103:s.v.
5095:s.v.
5013:ISBN
4962:2017
4936:2017
4895:s.v.
4876:2012
4838:PMID
4767:2023
4658:ISBN
4633:ISBN
4587:ISBN
4557:2018
4523:2021
4490:PMID
4435:2023
4413:2024
4388:2024
4363:2024
4334:PMID
4316:ISSN
4273:2024
4248:2014
4209:2012
4193:PMID
4146:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4093:2016
3936:and
3867:and
3865:gilo
3852:and
3837:and
3825:and
3808:and
3731:and
3641:The
3587:0.7
3569:0.8
3551:1.4
3366:and
3289:92 g
3250:Zinc
3185:Iron
3179:9 mg
2841:and
2804:and
2802:Fars
2792:kuku
2762:mint
2695:seer
2647:Iran
2252:and
2025:jeon
1984:jeon
1953:gaji
1901:挟み焼き
1878:nasu
1807:and
1720:news
1668:Uses
1541:and
980:and
934:Pali
932:and
914:and
864:and
846:and
728:and
631:and
394:and
256:text
23:and
7370:WFO
7334:RHS
7220:NBN
7103:FoC
7090:FNA
7051:EoL
7025:CoL
6869:133
6830:doi
6787:doi
6719:PMC
6711:doi
6673:doi
6669:132
6634:doi
6622:148
6561:doi
6516:PMC
6498:doi
6451:doi
6292:hdl
6284:doi
6186:FDA
5418:doi
5344:doi
5057:OED
5042:OED
5021:doi
4828:PMC
4820:doi
4816:129
4579:doi
4499:PDF
4480:PMC
4470:doi
4324:PMC
4308:doi
4183:PMC
4175:doi
4171:161
3958:'s
3954:).
3883:of
3649:of
3533:13
3515:38
3407:or
3362:In
3332:fat
3216:10%
3163:%DV
2994:%DV
2925:Fat
2909:3 g
2756:in
2742:ash
2690:dam
2683:of
2663:in
2659:or
2651:In
2508:In
2465:in
2446:or
2436:in
2240:in
2230:or
2190:),
2183:dal
2180:(a
1947:In
1880:or
1872:In
1830:In
1803:in
1703:by
1656:).
1374:in
1043:-:
1041:alb
1023:In
995:as
856:or
643:by
478:).
454:in
413:or
360:by
299:),
287:),
7394::
7372::
7349::
7336::
7323::
7310::
7297::
7284::
7271::
7258::
7235::
7222::
7209::
7196::
7183::
7170::
7157::
7144::
7131::
7118::
7105::
7092::
7079::
7066::
7053::
7040::
7027::
7014::
6991::
6956::
6941::
6885:^
6844:.
6836:.
6826:50
6824:.
6801:.
6793:.
6783:38
6781:.
6752:18
6750:.
6727:.
6717:.
6707:22
6705:.
6701:.
6687:^
6667:.
6663:.
6640:.
6632:.
6620:.
6575:.
6567:.
6559:.
6547:.
6524:.
6514:.
6506:.
6492:.
6488:.
6457:,
6445:,
6378:.
6322:.
6300:.
6290:.
6282:.
6272:94
6270:.
6266:.
6236:.
6228:.
6188:.
6184:.
6155:.
6101:^
6074:.
6062:.
6014:^
5897:.
5893:.
5862:.
5836:.
5832:.
5802:.
5776:.
5737:.
5698:.
5692:.
5662:.
5656:.
5637:.
5619:.
5601:.
5569:.
5542:.
5536:.
5483:.
5479:.
5453:.
5449:.
5426:.
5414:12
5412:.
5408:.
5383:29
5381:.
5358:.
5350:.
5338:.
5324:^
5271:^
5242:^
5224:^
5219:'.
5199:^
5164:,
5160:,
5139:'.
5065:^
5040:"
5019:,
4974:"'
4909:,
4862:.
4844:.
4836:.
4826:.
4814:.
4810:.
4759:19
4619:^
4595:.
4585:.
4577:.
4573:.
4547:,
4543:,
4525:.
4514:.
4488:.
4478:.
4468:.
4456:.
4452:.
4404:.
4379:.
4354:.
4332:.
4322:.
4314:.
4306:.
4296:11
4294:.
4290:.
4264:.
4239:,
4235:.
4229:.
4191:.
4181:.
4169:.
4165:.
3968:.
3924:,
3903:.
3759:L.
3685:,
3681:,
3661:.
3638:.
3598:59
3460:.
3442:,
3438:,
3411:.
3379:.
3354:.
3255:1%
3242:8%
3229:2%
3203:3%
3190:1%
3177:1%
3135:3%
3122:2%
3109:2%
3096:6%
3079:5%
3063:6%
3046:4%
3029:3%
3012:3%
2845:.
2786:,
2782:,
2550:.
2505:.
2456:.
2271:,
2212:,
2194:,
2076:.
1987:.
1975:,
1958:가지
1944:.
1936:,
1916:,
1891:茄子
1841:茄子
1426:,
1418:,
1386:.
1362:.
1343:.
1223:b-
1219:m-
1205:-.
1162:)
1145:,
1112:,
1106:,
1078:,
1061:,
1055:,
1011:,
984:.
921:.
850:).
842:,
806:.
781::
747:.
686:.
525:.
417:,
402:.
374:,
329:GY
327:,
325:IN
317:ZA
315:,
313:MY
311:,
309:SG
307:,
305:IN
297:IE
295:,
293:UK
285:PH
283:,
281:NZ
279:,
277:AU
275:,
273:CA
271:,
269:US
225:L.
120::
107::
94::
81::
6879:.
6852:.
6832::
6809:.
6789::
6762:.
6735:.
6713::
6681:.
6675::
6648:.
6636::
6628::
6605:.
6583:.
6563::
6555::
6549:1
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