1902:
2032:
1854:
2004:
1791:
1398:
2016:
2048:
1667:
1866:
1918:
70:
38:
1986:
1962:
1934:
391:
1890:
1974:
1416:
1452:
1946:
1878:
1434:
52:
1524:. Three main cultivar groups of cucumber are namely Eurasian cucumbers (slicing cucumbers eaten raw and immature), East Asian cucumbers (pickling cucumbers) and Xishuangbanna cucumbers. Based on demographic modelling, the East Asian C. sativus cultivars diverged from the Indian cultivars c. 2500 years ago. It was probably introduced to Europe by the
1805:
In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of
2823:
Shang, Y; Ma, Y; Zhou, Y; Zhang, H; Duan, L; Chen, H; Zeng, J; Zhou, Q; Wang, S; Gu, W; Liu, M; Ren, J; Gu, X; Zhang, S; Wang, Y; Yasukawa, K; Bouwmeester, H. J.; Qi, X; Zhang, Z; Lucas, W. J.; Huang, S (2014). "Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber".
1351:
Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste. They can grow as long as 60 centimeters (2 ft), are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown in greenhouses, these
1295:, and spices creates various flavored products from cucumbers and other foods. Although any cucumber can be pickled, commercial pickles are made from cucumbers specially bred for uniformity of length-to-diameter ratio and lack of voids in the flesh. Those cucumbers intended for pickling, called
1624:('wild cucumber' or 'donkey cucumber'), a species different from the common cucumber. Pliny also writes about several other varieties of cucumber, including the cultivated cucumber, and remedies from the different types (9 from the cultivated; 5 from the "anguine;" and 26 from the "wild").
1299:, grow to about 7 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. Compared to slicers, picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less-regularly shaped, and have bumpy skin with tiny white or black-dotted spines. Color can vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green.
1577:
Indeed, he was never without it; for he had raised beds made in frames upon wheels, by means of which the cucumbers were moved and exposed to the full heat of the sun; while, in winter, they were withdrawn, and placed under the protection of frames glazed with
2740:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1774:
The ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for
Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and
1762:] and good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England. Here are store of pompions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not...
2739:
1556:
had the cucumber on his table daily during summer and winter. In order to have it available for his table every day of the year, the Romans reportedly used artificial methods of growing (similar to the
3442:
3537:
3526:
3497:
548:
cultivar interplanted, and the number of beehives per unit area is increased, but temperature changes induce male flowers even on these plants, which may be sufficient for pollination to occur.
1258:
Slicers grown commercially for the North
American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have much tougher skin. In contrast, those in other countries, often called
1635:
had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century. They were reportedly introduced into
England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later. The
2598:
Liu, Zhiqiang; Li, Yawen; Cao, Chunyu; Liang, Shan; Ma, Yongshuo; Liu, Xin; Pei, Yanxi (February 2019). "The role of H2S in low temperature-induced cucurbitacin C increases in cucumber".
1838:
made by
Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in
2351:
Zhang, Tingting; Li, Xvzhen; Yang, Yuting; Guo, Xiao; Feng, Qin; Dong, Xiangyu; Chen, Shuxia (2019). "Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of fruit length and diameter in a cucumber (
2718:
1831:, it was commonly said among English physicians that a cucumber "should be well sliced, and dressed with pepper and vinegar, and then thrown out, as good for nothing."
1097:
1318:, are small cucumbers, typically those 2.5 to 12.5 centimetres (1 to 5 in) in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling. The word
1262:, are smaller and have thinner, more delicate skin, often with fewer seeds, thus are often sold in plastic skin for protection. This variety may also be called a
3439:
3534:
3523:
3494:
1824:
John Evelyn in 1699 wrote that the cucumber, 'however dress'd, was thought fit to be thrown away, being accounted little better than poyson (poison)'.
1901:
1364:
in plastic. They are marketed as either burpless or seedless, as the seeds and skin of other varieties of cucumbers are said to give some people gas.
2015:
609:
in some cucumber varieties. This potential mechanism is under preliminary research to identify whether cucumbers are able to deter herbivores and
4014:
1917:
2031:
4089:
407:
2544:
Shang Y, Ma Y, Zhou Y, et al. (November 2014). "Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber".
2954:
3472:
353:, but elongated with tapered ends, and may be as large as 62 centimeters (24 in) long and 10 centimeters (4 in) in diameter.
4161:
2747:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3962:
2710:
1842:
of the 16th century, however stating that "f hung in a tube while in blossom, the
Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."
2047:
1820:
his day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne is dead of eating cowcumbers, of which the other day I heard of another, I think.
4027:
3975:
4055:
3677:
3420:
2752:
4032:
2766:
2643:"Terpene Synthases in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Their Contribution to Herbivore-induced Volatile Terpenoid Emission"
1853:
2986:. University of California-Davis: Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, US Department of Agriculture. May 2016
3923:
2980:
4261:
3718:
3702:
3591:
3563:
3352:
2431:
2335:
3624:
567:
522:
342:, whereby it will sprawl along the ground in lieu of a supporting structure. The vine has large leaves that form a
3611:
4094:
4001:
3152:"Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding"
3080:
2228:"Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding"
487:
4179:
3409:
James, Peter J.; Thorpe, Nick; Thorpe, I. J. (1995). "Ch. 12, Sport and
Leusure: Roman Gardening Technology".
3005:
1865:
4076:
1525:
2003:
1598:, cucumber houses glazed with oiled cloth. Pliny describes the Italian fruit as very small, probably like a
1093:
3954:
3941:
2706:
1798:
3853:
1985:
1945:
4187:
3835:
3177:
Bisht, I. S.; Bhat, K.V.; Tanwar, S. P. S.; Bhandari, D. C.; Joshi, Kamal; Sharma, A. K. (January 2004).
3098:"Cucumber and gherkin production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"
2282:
Bisht, I. S.; Bhat, K.V.; Tanwar, S. P. S.; Bhandari, D. C.; Joshi, Kamal; Sharma, A. K. (January 2004).
1529:
3980:
2666:
1709:
from the
Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of
4174:
2896:
1208:
1084:
3238:"Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology"
3121:"Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology"
2253:
2197:"Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology"
2146:
4256:
4104:
4050:
3796:
3178:
2283:
2160:
Silvertown, Jonathan (1985). "Survival, Fecundity and Growth of Wild
Cucumber, Echinocystis Lobata".
1877:
20:
3151:
2227:
610:
69:
3637:
3456:
3215:
2321:
Mariod, Abdalbasit Adam; Mirghani, Mohamed
Elwathig Saeed; Hussein, Ismail Hassan (14 April 2017).
1670:
1169:
540:
Traditional cultivars produce male blossoms first, then female, in about equivalent numbers. Newer
498:
and fruit. Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon cucumber' cultivar.
4068:
3008:. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India. 2015
1697:
learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops. The farmers on the Great Plains included the
1288:
4166:
3949:
3518:
3489:
3451:
3120:
2932:
2196:
1585:
1174:
3889:
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981:
482:
are annually carried to cucumber fields just before bloom. Cucumbers may also be pollinated via
4019:
3936:
3758:
2910:
2038:
1961:
1537:
3733:
942:
4130:
3179:"Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India"
2322:
2284:"Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India"
2141:
955:
571:
559:
331:
186:
3053:
1518:". where a great many varieties have been observed, along with its closest living relative,
3897:
2833:
2788:
Schieberle, P.; Ofner, S.; Grosch, W. (1990). "Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Cucumbers (
2553:
1933:
1643:
1613:
1307:
1007:
968:
475:
Most cucumber cultivars are seeded and require pollination. For this purpose, thousands of
1889:
1790:
614:
8:
3579:
3464:
2497:"Comprehensive dissection of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks and crossovers in cucumber"
1608:
1096:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
350:
327:
222:
4153:
3807:
2837:
2557:
2521:
2496:
1806:
time, "fit only for consumption by cows," which some believe is why it gained the name,
551:
In 2009, an international team of researchers announced they had sequenced the cucumber
4223:
3712:
3460:
3317:
3278:
2857:
2809:
2688:
2675:
2642:
2623:
2577:
2372:
2177:
994:
922:
732:
339:
234:
64:
3100:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2024
4251:
4125:
3871:
3698:
3673:
3616:
3606:
3587:
3559:
3416:
3348:
3322:
3259:
3198:
2861:
2849:
2758:
2748:
2692:
2680:
2615:
2581:
2569:
2526:
2474:
2427:
2331:
2303:
2102:
2082:
2072:
1737:
1259:
1020:
820:
282:
3735:
The Life of Samuel Johnson: Including A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, Volumen 1
2627:
2376:
4228:
3876:
3386:
3312:
3302:
3249:
3194:
3190:
3159:
3132:
2841:
2805:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2607:
2561:
2516:
2508:
2464:
2364:
2299:
2295:
2235:
2208:
2169:
1973:
1654:, a French explorer, found "very great cucumbers" grown on the site of what is now
1284:
1279:
1222:
837:
622:
343:
238:
4192:
2368:
4112:
3840:
3827:
3667:
3584:
Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use
3541:
3530:
3513:
3501:
3484:
3446:
3435:
3410:
2421:
1694:
1651:
1549:
1520:
1335:
574:. The average number of crossovers per chromosome per meiosis was 0.92 to 0.99.
414:
107:
4215:
4081:
4042:
3653:
1770:(1633, England), William Wood published observations he made in 1629 in America:
1756:
The countrie aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great varietie [
289:, and many different types of cucumber are grown commercially and traded on the
4148:
3817:
3219:
2742:
2611:
2097:
2092:
1828:
1722:
1640:
1485:
1353:
1323:
1226:
1192:
606:
514:
367:
242:
94:
3391:
3366:
3163:
2239:
237:. Considered an annual plant, there are three main types of cucumber—slicing,
4245:
4140:
3928:
3344:
3263:
3202:
2512:
2307:
2112:
2107:
2087:
1745:
1357:
1196:
1145:
688:
582:
537:, they are grown outdoors in some regions, where bees are likewise excluded.
506:
361:
314:
299:
294:
290:
226:
202:
153:
2845:
2565:
2390:
3781:
3620:
3326:
3307:
3027:
2853:
2762:
2684:
2619:
2573:
2530:
2478:
2117:
2076:
1924:
1813:
1690:
1666:
1137:
1111:
1107:
1033:
664:
602:
486:
and several other bee species. Most cucumbers that require pollination are
308:
143:
4205:
2705:
334:
or other supporting frames, wrapping around supports with thin, spiraling
4063:
3988:
3863:
3790:
3097:
2875:
1686:
1632:
1361:
1267:
1214:
1153:
1141:
648:
518:
432:
4117:
3408:
3365:
Zhuang, Fei-Yun; Chen, Jin-Feng; Staub, Jack E.; Qian, Chun-Tao (2006).
3967:
2181:
1706:
1558:
854:
803:
626:
545:
541:
526:
390:
262:
3254:
3237:
3236:
Chomicki, Guillaume; Schaefer, Hanno; Renner, Susanne S. (June 2020).
3136:
3119:
Chomicki, Guillaume; Schaefer, Hanno; Renner, Susanne S. (June 2020).
2658:
2212:
2195:
Chomicki, Guillaume; Schaefer, Hanno; Renner, Susanne S. (June 2020).
3993:
3910:
1636:
1188:
1149:
900:
887:
618:
590:
544:
hybrid cultivars produce almost all female blossoms. They may have a
483:
476:
464:
445:
379:
375:
370:
with a hard outer rind and no internal divisions. However, much like
286:
3752:
2173:
1685:
hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian
1589:
XIX.xxiii, "Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones"
4200:
3775:
2469:
2448:
1730:
1655:
1553:
1540:
in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century.
1494:
In 2022, world production of cucumbers and gherkins was 95 million
1218:
1164:
786:
598:
594:
586:
502:
335:
246:
120:
4006:
3915:
2327:, Cucumber; Chapter 16 in: Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources
1606:. However, some scholars believe that he was instead referring to
1333:('small pickled cucumber'). The term is also used in the name for
3884:
3556:
Taste, Memory: Forgotten Foods, Lost Flavors, and why They Matter
2878:. Old Farmer's Almanac, Yankee Publishing, Inc., Dublin, NH. 2016
2022:
1991:
1952:
1835:
1718:
1702:
1599:
1481:
1292:
1115:
766:
563:
510:
479:
278:
274:
163:
3902:
3848:
2495:
Wang Y, Dong Z, Ma Y, Zheng Y, Huang S, Yang X (October 2023).
1839:
1698:
1533:
1457:
1439:
1421:
1184:
870:
552:
534:
491:
422:
371:
357:
356:
Cucumber fruits consist of 95% water (see nutrition table). In
270:
133:
51:
37:
1733:
were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them.
1506:
Cultivated for at least 3,000 years, the cultivated cucumbers
521:, which degrades the eating quality of these cultivar. In the
1726:
1710:
1682:
1647:
1602:. He also describes the preparation of a medication known as
1511:
1495:
1403:
1387:
1160:
678:
304:
266:
258:
254:
230:
81:
566:
in cucumber provided a high resolution landscape of meiotic
2058:
2054:
1995:
1714:
1570:
1252:
495:
250:
3586:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Gordon and Breach. p. 159.
2733:
2711:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2447:
Huang, S.; Li, R.; Zhang, Z.; Li, L.; et al. (2009).
2136:
2134:
1777:
1758:
1681:
Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders,
1119:
708:
530:
2876:"Cucumbers: Planting, growing, and harvesting cucumbers"
3440:
Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones
3287:) belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (
3176:
2281:
1677:, is a component of the distinctive aroma of cucumbers.
3235:
3183:
The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology
3118:
2288:
The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology
2194:
2131:
349:
The fruit of typical cultivars of cucumber is roughly
2787:
2320:
1163:
aroma and flavor, in part resulting from unsaturated
601:. As a possible defense mechanism, cucumbers produce
3638:
Of the Hearbes, Fruites, Woods, Waters and Mineralls
3404:
3402:
3276:
3220:
Cucumber, melon's common ancestor originated in Asia
1744:
in which, describing a garden on Conant's Island in
3375:
Chakr.) and Its Interspecific Hybrid with Cucumber"
3364:
3558:. VT, USA: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 109.
2744:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2025:emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing
378:, it is often perceived, prepared, and eaten as a
16:Species of flowering plant that produces cucumbers
3399:
1785:
932:
776:
4243:
3656:. Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved on 25 November 2012.
2822:
2543:
1159:Depending on variety, cucumbers may have a mild
2957:. Venlo, Netherlands: Zon. 2017. Archived from
2494:
2355:L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population".
3578:
2699:
2446:
2419:
2350:
643:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
632:
249:have been created. The cucumber originates in
3078:
2597:
3079:Jordan-Reilly, Melissa (15 September 2013).
2667:11245.1/e4b87361-6747-409a-a897-0e3939f560c0
1532:. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in
1140:provides 65 kilojoules (16 kilocalories) of
385:
3277:Renner, SS; Schaefer, H; Kocyan, A (2007).
3270:
2490:
2488:
2415:
2413:
2411:
1217:, cucumbers are classified into three main
3092:
3090:
2908:
2707:United States Food and Drug Administration
2344:
2159:
1251:. The main varieties of slicers mature on
318:, though the two are not closely related.
50:
36:
3738:. Carter, Hendee and Company. p. 423
3390:
3316:
3306:
3253:
2674:
2520:
2468:
1827:According to 18th-century British writer
1594:Reportedly, they were also cultivated in
3692:
3615:. Salem, MA: Essex Book and Print Club.
3553:
2911:"History in a jar: The story of pickles"
2485:
2408:
2120:, named for its resemblance to the fruit
1789:
1665:
1255:with large leaves that provide shading.
1247:Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called
389:
3731:
3333:
3087:
2796:) by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis".
360:terms, the cucumber is classified as a
4244:
3665:
3654:Saturday 22 August 1663 (Pepys' Diary)
3081:"Why do cucumbers upset my digestion?"
2925:
2593:
2591:
1501:
1498:, led by China with 82% of the total.
330:that roots in the ground and grows up
3757:
3756:
3028:"Word origin and history for gherkin"
2998:
2973:
2537:
1816:wrote in his diary on 22 August 1663:
4105:8cf49aa1-3efc-4838-bd31-913e57080696
3149:
2225:
1195:taste of cucumber rind results from
585:in cucumbers may discourage natural
577:
229:that bears cylindrical to spherical
3367:"Taxonomic Relationships of A Rare
3341:Seed storage of horticultural crops
2947:
2902:
2588:
2246:
1661:
13:
3695:Pickles: A Global History (Edible)
2933:"What's The Deal With Cornichons?"
2810:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06050.x
2721:from the original on 27 March 2024
2640:
1927:with textured skin and large seeds
494:of another plant in order to form
14:
4273:
3415:. Ballantine Books. p. 563.
1883:A Scandinavian cucumber in slices
4180:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292296-1
3669:Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets
2897:Cucumber – 5+ a day, New Zealand
2057:-shaped cucumber hanging on the
2046:
2030:
2014:
2002:
1984:
1972:
1960:
1944:
1932:
1916:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1450:
1432:
1414:
1396:
68:
3725:
3686:
3659:
3647:
3630:
3600:
3572:
3547:
3507:
3478:
3429:
3358:
3229:
3209:
3170:
3143:
3112:
3072:
3046:
3020:
2909:Avi, Torey (3 September 2014).
2890:
2868:
2816:
2781:
2769:from the original on 9 May 2024
2634:
2440:
1951:Dish with cucumber cut pieces (
1543:
338:. The plant may also root in a
3693:Davidson, Jan (15 July 2018).
3195:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843
3150:Weng, Yiqun (7 January 2021).
2383:
2314:
2300:10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843
2275:
2226:Weng, Yiqun (7 January 2021).
2219:
2188:
2153:
1786:Age of Enlightenment and later
1705:. They obtained cucumbers and
1627:
1569:, believed to have been sheet
617:, particularly in the leaves,
321:
1:
3717:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2913:. Public Broadcasting Service
2449:"The genome of the cucumber,
2369:10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.062
2125:
1795:Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber
1367:
1356:cucumbers are often found in
1343:, a closely related species.
525:, these are usually grown in
2263:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1322:comes from the early modern
1202:
1092:Percentages estimated using
7:
3283:(Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (
2065:
1801:(watercolour, 1826 or 1827)
1375:Cucumber production – 2022
1346:
1273:
1237:
1085:Link to USDA database entry
633:Nutrition, aroma, and taste
45:Cucumbers growing on vines
10:
4278:
2612:10.1007/s11103-019-00834-w
2261:Plants of the World Online
1845:
1516:C. sativus var. hardwickii
1302:
1277:
1242:
1209:List of cucumber varieties
1206:
1144:. It has a low content of
1118:, and contains negligible
18:
3765:
3392:10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.571
3226:Retrieved on 4 June 2020.
3164:10.1002/9781119717003.ch4
3060:Plants for a Future. 2012
2240:10.1002/9781119717003.ch4
2079:that resembles a cucumber
1871:An Indian yellow cucumber
1478:
1374:
1148:: it is notable only for
1091:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1006:
993:
980:
967:
954:
941:
920:
916:
912:
899:
886:
869:
853:
836:
819:
802:
785:
764:
760:
756:
749:
745:
729:
725:
721:
705:
701:
697:
687:
677:
661:
657:
653:65 kJ (16 kcal)
647:
642:
462:
454:
443:
431:
421:
406:
386:Flowering and pollination
221:) is a widely-cultivated
192:
185:
65:Scientific classification
63:
58:
49:
44:
35:
30:
21:Cucumber (disambiguation)
4262:Plants described in 1753
3636:Wood, William. (1634). "
3582:; Turner, N. J. (1996).
3554:Buchanan, David (2012).
3469:Perseus under PhiloLogic
3295:BMC Evolutionary Biology
3216:Asian News International
3006:"Cucumbers and gherkins"
1923:A varietal grown by the
1671:Trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal
638:Cucumber, with peel, raw
568:DNA double strand-breaks
303:refers to plants in the
285:, but now grows on most
59:A single cucumber fruit
3732:Boswell, James (1832).
3612:New-Englands Plantation
2846:10.1126/science.1259215
2798:Journal of Food Science
2600:Plant Molecular Biology
2566:10.1126/science.1259215
2420:Nonnecke, I.L. (1989).
2147:Encyclopædia Britannica
1742:New-Englands Plantation
1740:produced a book called
1646:) brought cucumbers to
1232:
1094:US recommendations
3308:10.1186/1471-2148-7-58
3156:Plant Breeding Reviews
3054:"West Indian gherkin,
2513:10.1093/plphys/kiad432
2357:Scientia Horticulturae
2232:Plant Breeding Reviews
1822:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1736:In 1630, the Reverend
1678:
1592:
1098:the National Academies
613:by using an intrinsic
611:environmental stresses
398:
245:—within which several
3666:Evelyn, John (1699).
3339:Doijode, S. D. 2001.
2899:Retrieved 18 May 2018
1818:
1793:
1772:
1754:
1750:The Governor's Garden
1669:
1575:
1510:were domesticated in
1170:(E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal
751:Vitamins and minerals
560:genetic recombination
490:, thus requiring the
393:
3642:New England Prospect
3475:via Perseus Project.
3465:Taylor & Francis
2423:Vegetable Production
2041:supports vine growth
1768:New England Prospect
1689:. The tribes of the
1644:Christopher Columbus
1536:in the 9th century,
233:, which are used as
225:plant in the family
19:For other uses, see
3540:5 June 2020 at the
3529:5 June 2020 at the
3500:5 June 2020 at the
3455:XIX, translated by
3452:The Natural History
3445:5 June 2020 at the
2961:on 14 November 2017
2838:2014Sci...346.1084S
2558:2014Sci...346.1084S
2395:Fruit or Vegetable?
1994:burpless cucumber,
1609:Ecballium elaterium
1502:Cultivation history
1341:West Indian gherkin
1110:) is 95% water, 4%
1106:Raw cucumber (with
838:Pantothenic acid (B
639:
593:, such as insects,
403:
402:Genomic information
235:culinary vegetables
3697:. Reaktion Books.
3672:. Prospect Books.
3607:Higginson, Francis
3412:Ancient Inventions
3279:"Phylogenetics of
2935:. The Kitchn. 2017
2792:) and Muskmelons (
2330:. Academic Press.
2162:Journal of Ecology
1967:Pickling cucumbers
1803:
1799:William Henry Hunt
1679:
1650:in 1494. In 1535,
1618:Cucumis silvestris
1565:refers to Pliny's
1266:, particularly in
1264:telegraph cucumber
1260:European cucumbers
1059:Other constituents
637:
572:genetic crossovers
401:
399:
326:The cucumber is a
4239:
4238:
4126:Open Tree of Life
3759:Taxon identifiers
3679:978-0-907325-12-3
3422:978-0-345-40102-1
3255:10.1111/nph.16015
3218:. 21 July 2010. "
3158:. Wiley: 79–111.
3137:10.1111/nph.16015
3083:. LiveStrong.com.
2754:978-0-309-48834-1
2659:10.1111/nph.17814
2234:. Wiley: 79–111.
2213:10.1111/nph.16015
2103:Cucumber sandwich
2083:Cucumber blessing
2073:Armenian cucumber
1775:larger. [
1738:Francis Higginson
1675:cucumber aldehyde
1583:Pliny the Elder,
1559:greenhouse system
1508:"Cucumis sativus"
1492:
1491:
1488:
1249:slicing cucumbers
1227:seedless/burpless
1221:groups: slicing,
1138:reference serving
1104:
1103:
1049:
1048:
605:, which causes a
578:Herbivore defense
533:are excluded. In
488:self-incompatible
473:
472:
346:over the fruits.
283:Northern Thailand
209:
208:
4269:
4257:Fruit vegetables
4232:
4231:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4196:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4170:
4169:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4121:
4120:
4108:
4107:
4098:
4097:
4085:
4084:
4082:NBNSYS0000034128
4072:
4071:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4009:
3997:
3996:
3984:
3983:
3971:
3970:
3958:
3957:
3945:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3919:
3918:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3892:
3880:
3879:
3867:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3716:
3708:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3640:", pp. 13–18 in
3634:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3551:
3545:
3511:
3505:
3482:
3476:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3362:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3248:(5): 1240–1255.
3233:
3227:
3224:NewsTrack India.
3213:
3207:
3206:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3131:(5): 1240–1255.
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2832:(6213): 1084–8.
2820:
2814:
2813:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2678:
2641:He, Jun (2022).
2638:
2632:
2631:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2552:(6213): 1084–8.
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2507:(3): 1913–1932.
2492:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2353:Cucumber sativus
2348:
2342:
2341:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2207:(5): 1240–1255.
2192:
2186:
2185:
2157:
2151:
2138:
2050:
2034:
2018:
2006:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1948:
1936:
1920:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1662:Early-modern age
1622:Cucumis asininus
1590:
1567:lapis specularis
1479:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1390:
1372:
1371:
1280:Pickled cucumber
1172:
1152:, at 14% of the
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
936:
874:
858:
841:
824:
807:
790:
780:
747:
746:
640:
636:
615:chemical defense
513:of which create
505:of cucumber are
466:
439:
417:
404:
400:
198:
73:
72:
54:
40:
28:
27:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4160:
4152:
4147:
4141:Cucumis_sativus
4139:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4113:Observation.org
4111:
4103:
4101:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4040:MichiganFlora:
4039:
4031:
4026:
4018:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3992:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3966:
3961:
3953:
3948:
3940:
3935:
3927:
3922:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3896:
3888:
3883:
3875:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3854:cucumis-sativus
3852:
3847:
3839:
3834:
3826:
3824:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3804:
3797:Cucumis sativus
3795:
3794:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3767:Cucumis sativus
3761:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3635:
3631:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3580:Kuhnlein, H. V.
3577:
3573:
3566:
3552:
3548:
3542:Wayback Machine
3531:Wayback Machine
3519:Natural History
3514:Pliny the Elder
3512:
3508:
3502:Wayback Machine
3490:Natural History
3485:Pliny the Elder
3483:
3479:
3447:Wayback Machine
3436:Pliny the Elder
3434:
3430:
3423:
3407:
3400:
3363:
3359:
3338:
3334:
3275:
3271:
3242:New Phytologist
3234:
3230:
3214:
3210:
3175:
3171:
3148:
3144:
3125:New Phytologist
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3056:Cucumis anguria
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2821:
2817:
2790:Cucumis sativus
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2704:
2700:
2647:New Phytologist
2639:
2635:
2596:
2589:
2542:
2538:
2493:
2486:
2463:(12): 1275–81.
2457:Nature Genetics
2451:Cucumis sativus
2445:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2325:Cucumis sativus
2319:
2315:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2256:Cucumis sativus
2252:
2251:
2247:
2224:
2220:
2201:New Phytologist
2193:
2189:
2174:10.2307/2260151
2158:
2154:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2075:, a variety of
2068:
2061:
2051:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1921:
1912:
1909:Cucumis sativus
1905:
1896:
1895:Grated cucumber
1893:
1884:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1860:
1857:
1848:
1788:
1695:Rocky Mountains
1664:
1652:Jacques Cartier
1630:
1612:, known in pre-
1591:
1586:Natural History
1582:
1550:Pliny the Elder
1546:
1521:Cucumis hystrix
1504:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1431:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1358:grocery markets
1349:
1336:Cucumis anguria
1305:
1282:
1276:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1211:
1205:
1191:. The slightly
1168:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1087:
1082:
1040:
1027:
1014:
1001:
988:
975:
962:
949:
937:
907:
894:
881:
872:
864:
856:
848:
839:
831:
822:
814:
805:
797:
788:
781:
752:
741:
736:
717:
712:
673:
668:
635:
580:
437:
413:
395:Cucumis sativus
388:
368:botanical berry
340:soilless medium
324:
253:extending from
218:Cucumis sativus
205:
200:
196:Cucumis sativus
194:
181:
178:C. sativus
67:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4275:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4229:wfo-0000628992
4220:
4210:
4197:
4184:
4171:
4158:
4145:
4135:
4122:
4109:
4099:
4086:
4073:
4060:
4047:
4037:
4024:
4011:
3998:
3985:
3972:
3959:
3946:
3933:
3920:
3907:
3894:
3881:
3868:
3858:
3845:
3832:
3822:
3812:
3802:
3787:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3724:
3703:
3685:
3678:
3658:
3646:
3629:
3599:
3592:
3571:
3564:
3546:
3506:
3477:
3428:
3421:
3398:
3385:(3): 571–574.
3357:
3332:
3269:
3228:
3208:
3189:(5): 783–791.
3169:
3142:
3111:
3086:
3071:
3045:
3032:Dictionary.com
3019:
2997:
2972:
2946:
2924:
2901:
2889:
2867:
2815:
2780:
2753:
2732:
2698:
2653:(2): 862–877.
2633:
2606:(6): 535–544.
2587:
2536:
2484:
2470:10.1038/ng.475
2439:
2432:
2407:
2382:
2343:
2336:
2313:
2294:(5): 783–791.
2274:
2245:
2218:
2187:
2168:(3): 841–849.
2152:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2098:Cucumber raita
2095:
2093:Cucumber juice
2090:
2085:
2080:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1939:Lemon cucumber
1938:
1931:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1861:
1859:Salad cucumber
1858:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1829:Samuel Johnson
1787:
1784:
1663:
1660:
1629:
1626:
1580:
1552:, the Emperor
1545:
1542:
1503:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1486:United Nations
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1362:shrink-wrapped
1354:parthenocarpic
1348:
1345:
1310:, also called
1304:
1301:
1278:Main article:
1275:
1272:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1204:
1201:
1146:micronutrients
1122:. A 100-gram (
1102:
1101:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
991:
990:
986:
984:
978:
977:
973:
971:
965:
964:
960:
958:
952:
951:
947:
945:
939:
938:
931:
926:
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
897:
896:
892:
890:
884:
883:
879:
877:
867:
866:
862:
860:
851:
850:
846:
844:
834:
833:
829:
827:
817:
816:
812:
810:
800:
799:
795:
793:
783:
782:
775:
770:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
743:
742:
739:
737:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
718:
715:
713:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
685:
684:
681:
675:
674:
671:
669:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
645:
644:
634:
631:
603:cucurbitacin C
583:Phytochemicals
579:
576:
515:seedless fruit
507:parthenocarpic
471:
470:
467:
460:
459:
456:
455:Organelle size
452:
451:
448:
441:
440:
435:
429:
428:
425:
419:
418:
411:
387:
384:
323:
320:
207:
206:
201:
190:
189:
183:
182:
175:
173:
169:
168:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
61:
60:
56:
55:
47:
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3449:." Ch. 23 in
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2501:Plant Physiol
2498:
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2156:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2137:
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2116:
2114:
2113:Cucumber soup
2111:
2109:
2108:Cucumber soda
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Cucumber cake
2086:
2084:
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2060:
2056:
2049:
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2040:
2033:
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2017:
2012:
2005:
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1997:
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1987:
1982:
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1963:
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1746:Boston Harbor
1743:
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1639:(through the
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1597:
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1548:According to
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1197:cucurbitacins
1194:
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1186:
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1171:
1166:
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1157:
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1112:carbohydrates
1109:
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868:
861:
859:
852:
845:
843:
835:
828:
826:
818:
811:
809:
804:Riboflavin (B
801:
794:
792:
784:
779:
774:
771:
769:
768:
763:
759:
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748:
744:
738:
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728:
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690:
689:Dietary fiber
686:
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676:
670:
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666:
665:Carbohydrates
660:
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650:
646:
641:
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629:, and fruit.
628:
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569:
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523:United States
520:
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450:mitochondrion
449:
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341:
337:
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329:
328:creeping vine
319:
317:
316:
311:
310:
306:
302:
301:
300:wild cucumber
296:
295:North America
292:
291:global market
288:
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276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Cucurbitaceae
224:
223:creeping vine
220:
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191:
188:
187:Binomial name
184:
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174:
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159:
158:
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154:Cucurbitaceae
152:
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95:Tracheophytes
93:
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76:
71:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3766:
3740:. Retrieved
3734:
3727:
3694:
3688:
3668:
3661:
3649:
3641:
3632:
3610:
3602:
3583:
3574:
3555:
3549:
3517:
3509:
3488:
3480:
3468:
3450:
3431:
3411:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3360:
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3335:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3223:
3211:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3155:
3145:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3055:
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3031:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3000:
2988:. Retrieved
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:the original
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2904:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2870:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2801:
2797:
2794:Cucumis melo
2793:
2789:
2783:
2771:. Retrieved
2743:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2714:
2701:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2603:
2599:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2504:
2500:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2426:. Springer.
2422:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2326:
2323:
2316:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2260:
2255:
2248:
2231:
2221:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2145:
2118:Sea cucumber
1925:Hmong people
1911:'Gele Tros')
1908:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:Samuel Pepys
1812:
1807:
1804:
1794:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1755:
1752:, he states:
1749:
1741:
1735:
1729:plants. The
1691:Great Plains
1680:
1674:
1631:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1578:mirrorstone.
1576:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1544:Roman Empire
1519:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1493:
1472:
1467:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:baby pickles
1315:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1283:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1212:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1105:
1063:
1058:
933:
928:
921:
777:
772:
765:
731:
707:
663:
607:bitter taste
581:
557:
550:
539:
500:
474:
394:
366:, a type of
362:
355:
348:
325:
313:
309:Echinocystis
307:
298:
217:
216:
212:
210:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
144:Cucurbitales
127:
114:
101:
88:
25:
4154:kew-2747062
4064:NatureServe
3989:iNaturalist
3791:Wikispecies
3461:H. T. Riley
3379:HortScience
3064:13 November
3038:13 November
3012:13 November
2990:13 November
2981:"Cucumbers"
2965:13 November
2939:13 November
2917:13 November
2804:: 193–195.
2363:: 214–222.
2267:23 February
1907:Komkommer (
1707:watermelons
1687:agriculture
1633:Charlemagne
1628:Middle Ages
1563:mirrorstone
1561:), whereby
1514:from wild "
1268:Australasia
1215:cultivation
1213:In general
1154:Daily Value
1142:food energy
787:Thiamine (B
627:carpopodium
558:A study of
527:greenhouses
519:pollination
433:Genome size
351:cylindrical
322:Description
297:, the term
108:Angiosperms
4246:Categories
4149:Plant List
3621:1049892552
3463:. London:
3457:J. Bostock
3438:. 1855. "
3373:C. hystrix
3285:C. sativus
2955:"Gherkins"
2400:5 December
2391:"Cucumber"
2126:References
1596:specularia
1368:Production
1312:cornichons
1207:See also:
1173:, and the
1167:, such as
995:Phosphorus
619:cotyledons
591:herbivores
546:pollenizer
542:gynoecious
484:bumblebees
465:completion
444:Sequenced
287:continents
263:Bangladesh
3955:200022616
3942:200022616
3713:cite book
3644:. London.
3609:. 1906.
3473:available
3371:Species (
3355:. p. 281.
3264:0028-646X
3203:1462-0316
2882:11 August
2862:206561241
2693:239035917
2582:206561241
2308:1462-0316
2037:A string
1834:A copper
1808:cowcumber
1748:known as
1637:Spaniards
1616:times as
1604:elaterium
1291:, sugar,
1203:Varieties
1189:2-nonenal
1165:aldehydes
1156:(table).
1150:vitamin K
1008:Potassium
982:Manganese
969:Magnesium
901:Vitamin K
888:Vitamin C
871:Folate (B
855:Vitamin B
821:Niacin (B
595:nematodes
503:cultivars
458:244.82 Mb
446:organelle
438:323.99 Mb
410:genome ID
380:vegetable
358:botanical
332:trellises
247:cultivars
172:Species:
78:Kingdom:
31:Cucumber
4252:Cucumber
4213:VASCAN:
4201:Tropicos
4138:PalDat:
4069:2.148362
4020:10884992
4007:292296-1
3861:BioLib:
3776:Wikidata
3742:29 March
3538:Archived
3527:Archived
3498:Archived
3467:. – via
3443:Archived
3327:17425784
2854:25430763
2767:Archived
2763:30844154
2725:28 March
2719:Archived
2709:(2024).
2685:34668204
2628:73431225
2620:30707394
2574:25430763
2531:37530486
2522:10602612
2479:19881527
2377:92837522
2150:. 2019.
2142:Cucumber
2066:See also
1979:Gherkins
1731:Iroquois
1719:pumpkins
1693:and the
1656:Montreal
1581:—
1554:Tiberius
1480:Source:
1384:millions
1380:Country
1347:Burpless
1331:augurken
1308:Gherkins
1297:picklers
1285:Pickling
1274:Pickling
1238:Culinary
1219:cultivar
1136:-ounce)
1064:Quantity
989:0.079 mg
929:Quantity
923:Minerals
849:0.259 mg
832:0.098 mg
815:0.033 mg
798:0.027 mg
773:Quantity
767:Vitamins
599:wildlife
587:foraging
529:, where
517:without
511:blossoms
480:beehives
463:Year of
376:squashes
372:tomatoes
336:tendrils
243:seedless
239:pickling
213:cucumber
150:Family:
121:Eudicots
4206:9200572
4131:1006246
4051:MoBotPF
3968:2874569
3885:Ecocrop
3471:, also
3369:Cucumis
3318:3225884
3289:C. melo
3281:Cucumis
3104:10 June
2834:Bibcode
2826:Science
2773:21 June
2676:9299122
2554:Bibcode
2546:Science
2182:2260151
2039:lattice
2023:tendril
1992:Isfahan
1953:mizeria
1846:Gallery
1840:Herbals
1836:etching
1703:Abenaki
1641:Italian
1614:Linnean
1600:gherkin
1538:England
1484:of the
1482:FAOSTAT
1320:gherkin
1303:Gherkin
1293:vinegar
1243:Slicing
1223:pickled
1185:isomers
1131:⁄
1116:protein
1073:95.23 g
963:0.28 mg
943:Calcium
908:16.4 μg
865:0.04 mg
733:Protein
623:pedicel
564:meiosis
562:during
427:diploid
281:), and
279:Guangxi
275:Guizhou
165:Cucumis
160:Genus:
140:Order:
82:Plantae
4193:105568
4162:PLANTS
4102:NZOR:
4056:279567
3981:404426
3929:168481
3903:584402
3849:ARKive
3825:APDB:
3805:AoFP:
3782:Q23425
3701:
3676:
3619:
3590:
3562:
3419:
3351:
3325:
3315:
3301:: 58.
3262:
3201:
3034:. 2017
2860:
2852:
2761:
2751:
2691:
2683:
2673:
2626:
2618:
2580:
2572:
2529:
2519:
2477:
2430:
2375:
2334:
2306:
2180:
2009:Leaves
1725:, and
1723:squash
1699:Mandan
1534:France
1530:Romans
1526:Greeks
1496:tonnes
1458:Mexico
1455:
1440:Russia
1437:
1422:Turkey
1419:
1401:
1388:tonnes
1339:, the
1327:gurken
1225:, and
1193:bitter
1178:- and
1041:0.2 mg
1021:Sodium
1015:147 mg
895:2.8 mg
740:0.65 g
716:0.11 g
679:Sugars
672:3.63 g
649:Energy
553:genome
535:Europe
509:, the
501:A few
492:pollen
423:Ploidy
397:flower
344:canopy
305:genera
271:Yunnan
241:, and
231:fruits
134:Rosids
4167:CUSA4
4033:22364
4015:IRMNG
3994:54919
3924:EUNIS
3916:CUMSA
3877:6BPNL
3864:38899
3841:89383
3828:26094
3815:APA:
2984:(PDF)
2858:S2CID
2689:S2CID
2624:S2CID
2578:S2CID
2373:S2CID
2178:JSTOR
2077:melon
1781:]
1727:gourd
1715:beans
1683:bison
1673:, or
1648:Haiti
1512:India
1468:World
1408:77.3
1404:China
1324:Dutch
1314:, or
1289:brine
1287:with
1253:vines
1180:trans
1161:melon
1114:, 1%
1070:Water
1002:24 mg
976:13 mg
950:16 mg
693:0.5 g
496:seeds
477:honey
315:Marah
293:. In
267:China
259:Nepal
255:India
128:Clade
115:Clade
102:Clade
89:Clade
4216:4694
4175:POWO
4118:6665
4095:3659
4090:NCBI
4028:ITIS
4002:IPNI
3976:GRIN
3963:GBIF
3911:EPPO
3836:APNI
3818:1666
3808:1398
3744:2024
3719:link
3699:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3625:p. 5
3617:OCLC
3588:ISBN
3560:ISBN
3459:and
3417:ISBN
3349:ISBN
3323:PMID
3260:ISSN
3199:ISSN
3106:2024
3066:2017
3040:2017
3014:2017
2992:2017
2967:2017
2941:2017
2919:2017
2884:2016
2850:PMID
2775:2024
2759:PMID
2749:ISBN
2727:2024
2681:PMID
2616:PMID
2570:PMID
2527:PMID
2475:PMID
2428:ISBN
2402:2019
2332:ISBN
2304:ISSN
2269:2023
2059:vine
2055:bulb
1996:Iran
1713:and
1711:corn
1701:and
1571:mica
1473:94.7
1462:1.1
1444:1.6
1426:1.9
1233:Uses
1108:peel
1034:Zinc
1028:2 mg
956:Iron
882:7 μg
683:1.67
570:and
531:bees
469:2011
415:1639
408:NCBI
374:and
363:pepo
312:and
251:Asia
211:The
4224:WFO
4188:RHS
4077:NBN
4043:881
3950:FoC
3937:FNA
3898:EoL
3890:817
3872:CoL
3522:XX.
3495:iii
3493:XX.
3387:doi
3313:PMC
3303:doi
3250:doi
3246:226
3222:."
3191:doi
3160:doi
3133:doi
3129:226
3058:L."
2842:doi
2830:346
2806:doi
2715:FDA
2671:PMC
2663:hdl
2655:doi
2651:233
2608:doi
2562:doi
2550:346
2517:PMC
2509:doi
2505:193
2465:doi
2365:doi
2361:250
2296:doi
2258:L."
2236:doi
2209:doi
2205:226
2170:doi
2144:."
1797:by
1778:sic
1766:In
1759:sic
1620:or
1528:or
1386:of
1329:or
1187:of
1176:cis
1120:fat
934:%DV
906:14%
778:%DV
709:Fat
597:or
589:by
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1360:,
1270:.
1229:.
1199:.
1039:2%
1026:0%
1013:5%
1000:2%
987:3%
974:3%
961:2%
948:1%
893:3%
880:2%
863:2%
847:5%
830:1%
813:3%
796:2%
625:,
621:,
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277:,
273:,
265:,
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