Food system - Knowledge

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would be between USD 7.2 trillion and USD 51.8 trillion. The third estimate in the 2023 edition of the FAO report: The State of Food and Agriculture estimates global hidden costs from agrifood systems to be USD 12.7 trillion. This study also acknowledges the uncertainty in the estimate. The FAO report shows the global value of the hidden costs has a 95 percent chance of being at least USD 10.8 trillion and a 5 percent chance of being at least USD 16 trillion. Differently from the other two studies, the FAO report assesses hidden costs of agrifood systems at the national level for 154 countries. It states these national numbers are consistent and comparable covering the major dimensions (i.e. environmental, health and social) of agrifood system hidden costs, allowing not only comparison across countries, but also across the different dimensions.

710: 591:, leading to fewer people between the farmer and the consumer. As a result, relationships that are developed in local food systems emerge from face-to-face interactions, potentially leading to a stronger sense of trust and social connectedness between actors. In addition to this, consumers can also encourage farmers to be environmentally friendly by teaching them about practices such as organic farming. As a result, some scholars suggest that local food systems are a good way to revitalize a community. The decreased distance of food transportation has also been promoted for its environmental benefits. Also, farmers can enjoy a better quality of life because producing healthier food will allow them to be paid more, and not live under the poverty line. 681:. The reduced inputs of organic agriculture can also lead to a greater reliance on local knowledge, creating a stronger knowledge community amongst farmers. The transparency of food information is vital for organic food systems as a means through which consumers are able to identify organic food. As a result, a variety of certification bodies have emerged in organic food systems that set the standards for organic identification. Organic agriculture is promoted for the ecological benefits of reduced chemical application, the health benefits of lower chemical consumption, the economic benefits that accrue to farmers through a price premium, and the social benefits of increased transparency in the food system. 372:. The 1996 World Food Summit defined food security as a state in which "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. " Many groups argue that food security is largely determined by a given person's socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, or other socially defined categories, making food access a social justice issue. This has given rise to numerous social movements whose goal is to increase access to healthy and culturally appropriate foods, among a wide variety of groups. These movements are often described as belonging to a more significant 959: 1625: 1603: 1581: 830: 694: 702: 866: 738:

Mutual benefits can be achieved, for example, through forwarding contracts: farmers receive guaranteed prices for their outputs regardless of market conditions, while processors and distributors receive products of a desired quality. For farming cooperatives that share resources, the burden of investment is disbursed to all members rather than being concentrated in a single individual. A criticism of cooperatives is that reduced competition can reduce efficiency

1333:– Food Alliance is a nonprofit organization that certifies farms, ranches, and food processors and distributors for safe and fair working conditions, humane treatment of animals, and good environmental stewardship. Food Alliance Certified products come from farms, ranches and food processors that have met meaningful standards for social and environmental responsibility, as determined through an independent third-party audit. Food Alliance does not certify 1261: 940: 1307: 652: 1345: 576: 1248:

on the trustworthiness of labels, given that sustainability cannot be directly observed by consumers. However, there is much less research devoted to sustainability labelling in comparison to nutritional labelling. To conclude, shaping the information environment through labelling is necessary but not sufficient to advance healthy and sustainable diets".

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sold in the United States is raised off the coast of Chile, due in large part to less stringent Chilean standards regarding fish feed and regardless of the fact that salmon are not indigenous in Chilean coastal waters. The globalization of food production can result in the loss of traditional food systems in

503:. A 2020 review conducted for the European Union found that up to 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions could be attributed to the food system, including crop and livestock production, transportation, changing land use (including deforestation), and food loss and waste. Reduction of meat production, which 845:

over their own future, have a fair and just return for their work, continuity of income and decent working and living conditions through sustainable development" Like organic food systems, fair trade relies on transparency and the flow of information. Well-known examples of fair trade commodities are

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to the European Commission concluded that "Evidence generally supports a moderate impact of nutrition labelling on (un)healthy consumption in different contexts (retail, out-of-home). Sustainability-oriented labels tend to reach those who are already motivated and interested, and they strongly depend

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Until now, the main policy focus in the EU has been on providing consumers with more information. But this is not enough. People choose food not just through rational reflection, but also based on many other factors: food availability, habits and routines, emotional and impulsive reactions, and their

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study on food transport networks of 90 countries finds that where food is transported more locally and where the network is denser – such as in high-income countries and densely populated countries like China, India, Nigeria and Pakistan –, systematic disturbances (i.e., adverse events), have a much

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The need to reduce production costs in an increasingly global market can cause the production of foods to be moved to areas where economic costs (labor, taxes, etc.) are lower or environmental regulations are laxer, which are usually further from consumer markets. For example, the majority of salmon

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Hendriks, Sheryl; de Groot Ruiz, Adrian; Acosta, Mario Herrero; Baumers, Hans; Galgani, Pietro; Mason-D'Croz, Daniel; Godde, Cecile; Waha, Katharina; Kanidou, Dimitra (2023), von Braun, Joachim; Afsana, Kaosar; Fresco, Louise O.; Hassan, Mohamed Hag Ali (eds.), "The True Cost of Food: A Preliminary

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found that, without significant change, emissions would increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and changing consumption patterns, and concluded that "the combined environmental cost of food production is estimated to amount to some $ 12 trillion per year, increasing to $ 16 trillion by

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movement is also related to local food production. Food sovereignty activists argue that local communities should not only have access to nutritious and culturally appropriate foods, but that those communities should also be able to define the means by which their food is produced. Various forms of

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The impacts of these intense resource processes are many a varied: food processing began when the number of consumers started proliferating. The demand for cheap and efficient calories climbed, resulting in nutrition decline; and industrialized agriculture, due to its reliance on economies of scale

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Alternative food systems refer to resilient foods or emergency foods, which can be defined as those foods, food production methods or interventions that would allow for significant food availability in the face of a global catastrophic food shock (GCFS). Such alternatives may also help to decouple

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where members buy a share in the store. Cooperative grocery stores, unlike corporate grocery stores, are socially owned, and thus surpluses cannot be taken from the store as profit. As a result, food co-ops do not work for profit, potentially keeping prices more cost representative. Other forms of

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Both proponents and critics of local food systems warn that they can lead to narrow inward-looking attitudes or 'local food patriotism', and that price premiums and local food cultures can be elitist and exclusive. In contrast, many food sovereignty activists argue that local production of food is

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trading and communication systems whereby producers have greater control over the conditions of trade and garner a greater fraction of the sale price. The main goal of Fair Trade is to "change international commercial relations in such a way that disadvantaged producers can increase their control

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Three other studies have attempted to estimate the hidden costs of global agrifood systems. FOLU (2019) estimated them at USD 12 trillion, while Hendricks et al (2023) estimated them at USD 19 trillion. However, the latter, acknowledges the uncertainly in the estimate and concludes that the value

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Producer associations and cooperatives reinforce small-scale agricultural producers' livelihoods by allowing the pooling of resources to achieve scale, facilitating access to productive resources, and enhancing marketing power. Coordination with other actors is also key to managing market risks.

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emissions are easy to include in any TCA analysis due to a wide availability of relevant data. However, the hidden impacts related to human and social capitals might be more difficult to find. Examples include impacts on working conditions (human capital) and cultural identity (social capital).

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The scope of these studies differs depending on the research question being addressed, the geographical coverage and the hidden impacts to be included in the analysis. There are many hidden impacts and some are difficult to measure or quantify. For example, environmental externalities such GHG

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Food systems fall within agri-food systems, which encompass the entire range of actors and their interlinked value-adding activities in the primary production of food and non-food agricultural products, as well as in food storage, aggregation, post-harvest handling, transportation, processing,

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Singh, Brajesh K.; Arnold, Tom; Biermayr-Jenzano, Patricia; Broerse, Jacqueline; Brunori, Gianluca; Caron, Patrick; De Schutter, Olivier; Fan, Shenggen; Fanzo, Jessica; Fraser, Evan; Gurinovic, Mirjana; Hugas, Marta; McGlade, Jacqueline; Nellemann, Christine; Njuki, Jemimah; Sonnino, Roberta;

333:, the processing of food products, and the packaging of the foods. The increase in the availability of food since 1961 has primarily been driven by an 800% increase in the use of nitrogen fertilizers (which are fossil fuel dependent) and high water usage (an increase of over 100% since 1961). 684:

Organic food systems have been criticized for being elitist and inaccessible like local food systems. Critics have also suggested that organic agriculture has been conventionalized such that it mimics industrial food systems using pesticides and fertilizers that are organically derived

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degradation, climate change, and growing world population put pressure on agricultural land, leading to innovations to increase agricultural productivity on the limited available land and urban space. Though conventional farming practices have increased crop yield through the use of

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Although availability of food is not perceived as an immediate, major concern in Europe, the challenge to ensure a long-term, safe, nutritious and affordable supply of food, from both land and the oceans, remains. A portfolio of coordinated strategies is called for to address this

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financial and social situation. So we should consider ways to unburden the consumer and make sustainable, healthy food an easy and affordable choice. That will require a mix of incentives, information and binding policies governing all aspects of food production and distribution.

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distribution, marketing, disposal, and consumption. A food system operates within and is influenced by social, political, economic, technological and environmental contexts. It also requires human resources that provide labor, research and education. Food systems are either

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Zurek, Monika; Ingram, John; Sanderson Bellamy, Angelina; Goold, Conor; Lyon, Christopher; Alexander, Peter; Barnes, Andrew; Bebber, Daniel P.; Breeze, Tom D.; Bruce, Ann; Collins, Lisa M.; Davies, Jessica; Doherty, Bob; Ensor, Jonathan; Franco, Sofia C. (2022-10-17).

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Xu, Xiaoming; Sharma, Prateek; Shu, Shijie; Lin, Tzu-Shun; Ciais, Philippe; Tubiello, Francesco N.; Smith, Pete; Campbell, Nelson; Jain, Atul K. (September 2021). "Global greenhouse gas emissions from animal-based foods are twice those of plant-based foods".

1188:, by contrast, is the ability to trace to their origins all components in a food production and marketing chain, whether processed or unprocessed (e.g., meat, vegetables) foods. Concerns about transparency and traceability have been heightened with 1322:

standards. This is an independent certification, awarded by FLO-CERT and overseen by FLO International. Major food items that are marketed under Fair Trade are coffee, tea and chocolate. Many items other than food are sold with a Fair Trade label.

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risks due to changes created by climate change, including changing local weather conditions, socioeconomic effects of climate change, vulnerability of certain types of agriculture (such as pastoral) and changes in diets due to availability.

903:, solar energy production, novel alternatives to pesticides, online food delivery ICTs, and other technologies may allow for localization or modified food production alongside policies such as eco-tariffs, targeted subsidies and meat taxes. 98:

are attributable to the global food system. In 2020 an EU evidence review found that food system gas emissions are on course to increase by 30–40% by 2050 due to population growth and dietary change. It is crucial to build the resilience of

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Schipanski, Meagan E.; MacDonald, Graham K.; Rosenzweig, Steven; Chappell, M. Jahi; Bennett, Elena M.; Kerr, Rachel Bezner; Blesh, Jennifer; Crews, Timothy; Drinkwater, Laurie; Lundgren, Jonathan G.; Schnarr, Cassandra (2016-05-04).

805:), the may be synthesized without biological processes at high temperatures and pressures, the greater efficiency of which may make them more cost-effective than other synthetic macronutrients. By mixing many alternative foods micro- 103:

so that they have the capacity over time, in the face of any disruption, to sustainably ensure availability of and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food for all, and sustain the livelihoods of agrifood systems' actors.

2203:, Receveur, O.; Dietary Change and Traditional Food Systems of Indigenous Peoples; Centre for Nutrition and the Environment of Indigenous Peoples, and School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, Quebec, Canada 586:

systems are networks of food production and consumption that aim to be geographically and economically accessible and direct. They contrast to industrial food systems by operating with reduced food transportation and more

90:, including all of the various industries involved in sustainable and conventional food systems, provide employment for 1 billion people. This global food system is facing a number of challenges created by impeding global 1229:(USDA) Organic label. Others have their origin in private sector certification (e.g., Humanely Raised, Certified Humane). Some labels do not rely on certification, such as the USDA's Country of Origin Label (COOL). 4025:

VonBailey, D., Jones, E., & Dickinson, D. L. (2002). Knowledge Management and Comparative International Strategies on Vertical Information Flow in the Global Food System. Amer. J. Agr. Econ. 87: 1337-1344.

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or livestock. Meat or dairy products come from animals that are not treated with antibiotics or growth hormones. Food Alliance Certified foods never contain artificial colors, flavors, or preservatives.

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could threaten billions with mass starvation. Several studies have argued resilient food could provide the calories to support the global population even without agriculture. According to the book

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all processes involved in keeping us fed: growing, harvesting, processing (or transforming or changing), packaging, transporting, marketing, consuming and disposing of food and food packages.

635:, where urban and suburban homeowners offer land access to food growers in exchange for a share of the harvest, is a relatively new trend, at the extreme end of direct local food production. 236:. The system of trade associated with the exchange of foodstuffs also emerged in East Asia, North America, South America, and Subsaharan Africa with common commodities of exchange such as 306:

efficiency is driven by the necessity to constantly lower production expenses, and those savings can then be passed on to the consumer. Also, the advent of industrial agriculture and the

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Crippa, M.; Solazzo, E.; Guizzardi, D.; Monforti-Ferrario, F.; Tubiello, F. N.; Leip, A. (March 2021). "Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions".

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In 2019, a study by the World Bank estimated the hidden costs of foodborne diseases (from unsafe food) in low and middle-income countries and found these to amount to USD 95.2 billion.

127:. Addressing issues at each stage in the system, can have system-wide effects for 30-40 percent of food produced is lost from post-harvest up to retail and the consumer. Reducing 232:

and the production of food surpluses. These surpluses enabled the development of settled areas and contributed to the development of ancient civilizations, particularly those in the

416:. These impacts are regarded as hidden because they are not reflected in the market prices of products and services, i.e. not included in the operational profit and loss accounts. 1126:, the Scientific Advice Mechanism delivered a second piece of advice, this time on the role of consumers in a sustainable food system, again based on an evidence review report by 1164:. Concerns around corporate governance within food systems as a substitute for regulation were raised by the Institute for Multi-Stakeholder Initiative Integrity. In April 2023, 1144:

Private sector corporations have been successful in building partnerships with governments which allows discussion and collaboration for how food systems work and are governed.

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Altieri, M. and P. Rossett. 1997. "Agroecology versus input substitution: A fundamental contradiction of sustainable agriculture" Society and Natural Resources 10(3): 283 - 296

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worldwide with a new environmental model and found that a third of global agricultural land is at high risk for such pollution, of which a third are high-biodiversity regions.

1392:. USDA rules provide specifics as to documentation, timetables and definitions. There is not one specific label to indicate the country of origin; they will vary by country. 365:

in those countries. As a result of these forces, 2018 estimates suggest that 821 million people are currently undernourished, and 2 billion adults are overweight and obese.

1210:. Transparency is also important in identifying foods that possess extrinsic qualities that do not affect the nature of the food per se, but affect its production, such as 1236:(CSA), Farmers Markets, food cooperatives, and farmer cooperatives also enhances transparency. Diverse program are promoting purchase of locally grown and marketed foods. 1611: 1440:

or antibiotics) and natural behavior. Additionally, producers must comply with food safety and environmental protection regulations. They must meet standards set by the

2190:(2001); Bjorndal, T., "The Competitiveness of the Chilean Salmon Aquaculture Industry", Foundation for Research in Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway 981:

The food system is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, attributable for between 21 and 37% of global emissions. In 2020, an evidence review for the

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Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling - Interim Final Rule for Meat, Perishable Agricultural Commodities, Peanuts, Macadamia Nuts, Pecans, and Ginseng. USDA 8/28/08.

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and an increased concern for transparency and information. Organic produce is grown without the chemical pesticides and fertilizers of industrial food systems, and

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Transparency within food systems refers to the full disclosure of information about rules, procedures, and practices at all levels within a food production and

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delivered to European Commissioners a Scientific Opinion on how to transition to a sustainable food system, informed by an evidence review report undertaken by

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Clark, Michael A.; Domingo, Nina G. G.; Colgan, Kimberly; Thakrar, Sumil K.; Tilman, David; Lynch, John; Azevedo, Inês L.; Hill, Jason D. (6 November 2020).

801:. Most alternative food work covers carbohydrates and protein, but there are also ways to make synthetic fat Indeed, because fats are generally achiral (see 160: 1589: 2150:(1998); Welch, R., Graham, R.; "A new paradigm for world agriculture: meeting human needs, Productive, sustainable, nutritious"; Field Crops Research #60,. 272:

by Europeans led to the introduction and redistribution of new foods to the world at large, and food systems began to intermingle on a global scale. After

4008: 1996: 1444:, that are more stringent than those laid out in the Federal Humane Slaughter Act. Certification has been applied to beef, poultry and eggs, pork, lamb, 210:

The term "conventional" when describing food systems is largely due to comparisons made to it by proponents of other food systems, collectively known as

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Scarborough, Peter; Clark, Michael; Cobiac, Linda; Papier, Keren; Knuppel, Anika; Lynch, John; Harrington, Richard; Key, Tim; Springmann, Marco (2023).

1748: 1406:, and ensures that farm animals are raised according to welfare standards that provide for adequate housing, feed, healthcare and behavior expression. 1165: 721:

refer to arrangements where farmers pool resources, either to cultivate their crops or get their crops to market. Consumer cooperatives often refer to

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Raynolds, L. (2000) "Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements" Agriculture and Human Values 17(3): 297-309

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Raynolds, L. (2000) "Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements" Agriculture and Human Values 17(3): 297-309

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Food and Agriculture Organization (November 1996). "Rome Declaration on Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action". Retrieved 26 March 2020.

2047: 2181:(1993); Schnitkey, G.D., Miranda, M.; "The Impact of Pollution Controls on Livestock Crop producers", Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 419: 2979:

Hinrichs, Clare. 2000. "Embeddedness and local food systems: notes on two types of direct agricultural market" Journal of Rural Studies 16: 295-303

1009:'s reports concluded that adapting the food system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions impacts and food security concerns, while shifting towards a 207:

farming systems and limited knowledge of CSA remain constraints for enjoying economies of scale and sustainable crop production and food security.

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Morgan, K and J. Murdoch (2000) "Organic vs. conventional agriculture: knowledge, power and innovation in the food chain" Geoforum 31(2): 159-173

1436:– This label ensures that production meets the Humane Farm Animal Care Program standards, which addresses housing, diet (excluding routine use of 1156:

have positioned corporations as a leading voice on decisions where public governance authorities have become dependent on private sector funding.

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balance is possible. Substantially more research is needed in this area to realize resilient food systems for the globe and even wealthy nations.

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Deininger, Klaus (1995) Collective agricultural production: A solution for transition economies?. WorldDevelopment, Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 1317-1334

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Jones, Andy. 2002. "An Environmental Assessment of Food Supply Chains: A Case Study on Dessert Apples" Environmental Management 30(4) p. 560-576

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has published a systematic review of all European policies related to sustainable food systems, and their analyses in the academic literature.

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has emerged in global food systems to create a more excellent balance between food price and the cost of producing it. It is mainly defined by

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essential to achieving food security, especially among indigenous communities, and thus are crucial to the public health of those communities.

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Tang, Fiona H. M.; Lenzen, Manfred; McBratney, Alexander; Maggi, Federico (April 2021). "Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale".

1709: 1272:– The USDA Organic label indicates that the product has been produced in accordance with the USDA's Federal Organic Standard, part of the 3994:

Not Fit-for-Purpose The Grand Experiment of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives in Corporate Accountability, Human Rights and Global Governance

3525:"Synthetic fat from petroleum as a resilient food for global catastrophes: Preliminary techno-economic assessment and technology roadmap" 2076: 734:

pairs individual landowners and food growers, while variations on this approach organize groups of food gardeners for mutual assistance.

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Davis, Steven J.; Alexander, Kathleen; Moreno-Cruz, Juan; Hong, Chaopeng; Shaner, Matthew; Caldeira, Ken; McKay, Ian (November 2023).

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Renkin, A.M., K. Lyons and R.C.N. Laurence (2002) in Proceedings from the 14th IFOAM Organic World Congress, Victoria, BC, August 2002

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food production and land use, thereby avoiding the greenhouse gas emissions and habitat loss associated with agriculture. An expected

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A map of wheat production (average percentage of land used for its production times average yield in each grid cell) across the world.

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Guthman, Julie. 2004. Agrarian Dreams: the Paradox of Organic Farming in California. Berkeley : University of California Press

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Feenstra, Gail. 1997. "Local food systems and sustainable communities" American journal of alternative agriculture 12(1) p. 28-36

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Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health." Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.

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The concept of sustainable food systems is frequently at the center of sustainability-focused policy programs, such as proposed

63:, and disposal of food and food-related items. It also includes the inputs needed and outputs generated at each of these steps. 3054: 3034:

Bell and Valentine (1997). D. Bell and G. Valentine Consuming Geographies: We are Where We Eat, Routledge, London and New York

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Tendall, D. M.; Joerin, J.; Kopainsky, B.; Edwards, P.; Shreck, A.; Le, Q. B.; Kruetli, P.; Grant, M.; Six, J. (2015-10-01).

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are not used except for therapeutic reasons; growth promoters are not used. Other issues including transport, processing and

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and peer-reviewed study paths to a full solution include: global-scale conversion including natural gas-digesting bacteria (

3904:"Communication: A Farm to Fork Strategy for a fair, healthy and environmentally-friendly food system | European Commission" 1633: 1360:. The US Department of Agriculture is responsible for its implementation, which began 30 September 2008. The bill mandates 302:

The development of conventional food systems is directly responsible for decreased food prices and increased food variety.

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2050". Another 2020 study concluded that reducing emissions from the global food system to be essential for achieving the

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Unnevehr, L. & Roberts, T. (2002). Food safety incentives in a changing world food system. Food Control 13(2):73-76.

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The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses, In brief

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environmental, economic, and social systems that surround food. Sustainable food systems start with the development of

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and/or the use of food labels. In the United States, some certification originates in the public sector, such as the

639: 1172:(GFSI) announced a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to improve food safety and sustainable food systems in Africa. 2664:"If the world adopted a plant-based diet we would reduce global agricultural land use from 4 to 1 billion hectares" 1193: 951: 368:

The issue of having minimal access to food, or access to primarily unhealthy food, is often described in terms of

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A farmers' market offering food produced by community-supported agriculture that is also delivering online orders

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The State of Food and Agriculture 2021. Making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses, In brief

824: 148: 3478:"Feeding everyone: Solving the food crisis in event of global catastrophes that kill crops or obscure the sun" 3407:"Global distribution of forest classes and leaf biomass for use as alternative foods to minimize malnutrition" 2222: 751:

projected to be food insecure in 2023 – more than double the number in 2020, but a global catastrophe such as

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Development Policy Review, 2003, 21 (5-6): 531-553 Food Policy Old and New - Simon Maxwell and Rachel Slater∗

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according to their model of food lifespan from origin to plate. Food systems are dependent on a multitude of

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focus on sustainable food systems and Sustainable and in September 2021 the United Nations hosted the first

1890: 1184:. Transparency ensures that consumers have detailed information about the production of a given food item. 1096:, which laid out how European countries will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, protect biodiversity, reduce 269: 182:

in order to lower consumer costs and increase overall production, and they utilize economic models such as

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lower impact on increases in travel time and food costs than where food is transported further distances.

2132:(2004); Manning, R.; Against the Grain: How Agriculture Hijacked Civilization, New York:North Point Press 1595:

The State of Food and Agriculture 2019. Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction, In brief

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Baum, Seth D.; Denkenberger, David C.; Pearce, Joshua M.; Robock, Alan; Winkler, Richelle (2015-06-01).

3021: 3709: 2102:"Challenges of Smallholder Farming in Ethiopia and Opportunities by Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture" 1334: 969:, 2020. The continent reduced its original vegetation cover to less than 30% in order to carry out its 958: 943: 551: 277: 4044: 3807:

A sustainable food system for the European Union: A systematic review of the European policy ecosystem

3477: 2909: 2055: 79:. For example, natural pest regulations, microorganisms providing nitrogen-fixation, and pollinators. 2989: 1912:"FAO - News Article: Food systems account for more than one third of global greenhouse gas emissions" 995: 492: 342: 1507: 1477: 1273: 1067:

stated that adapting the European food system for the future should be a high priority for the EU:

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issues created by climate change and non-climate change stresses on the system. About 34% of total

2757:"Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts" 877: 3928:"The shift to a more sustainable food system is inevitable. Here's how to make it happen | SAPEA" 1562: 1441: 465: 453: 445: 423:

Quantified hidden costs of agrifood systems by cost category (left) and subcategory (right), 2020

346: 108: 3997:. San Francisco: Institute for Multi-Stakeholder Initiative Integrity: MSI Integrity. July 2020. 1720: 1624: 1602: 1580: 3736:"Global food system emissions could preclude achieving the 1.5° and 2°C climate change targets" 3619: 1537: 1160:

influences trade agreements for food systems which led to creating barriers to competition and

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to reduce production costs, often leads to the compromising of local, regional, or even global

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throughout the system. Sustainable food systems have been argued to be central to many or all

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built around conventional food systems has enabled the world population to expand beyond the "

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Zerssa, Gebeyanesh; Feyssa, Debela; Kim, Dong-Gill; Eichler-Löbermann, Bettina (March 2021).

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locate food production in densely populated areas not traditionally associated with farming.

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Recent studies aimed at measuring and valuing the hidden costs of agrifood systems have used

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is mainly driven by nonintervention in processes related to the production and consumption

397: 391: 183: 147:. International policy has increasingly approached policy from a food systems perspective: 1831: 1814: 288:, presentation, delivery, and disposal that characterize conventional food systems today. 8: 3406: 3405:

Fist, Tim; Adesanya, Adewale A.; Denkenberger, David; Pearce, Joshua M. (November 2021).

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Jaffee, Steven; Henson, Spencer; Unnevehr, Laurian; Grace, Delia; Cassou, Emilie (2019).

2200: 1089: 1085: 762: 603: 405: 401: 253: 179: 3751: 3540: 3367: 3326: 3287: 3222: 2925: 2785: 2756: 2638:"Meat accounts for nearly 60% of all greenhouse gases from food production, study finds" 2260: 1767: 1300:, have their own organic label. Organic labelling is prominent internationally as well. 321:

However, conventional food systems are largely based on the availability of inexpensive

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Tuomisto, Hanna L.; Tutundjian, Seta; Webb, Patrick; Wesseler, Justus (November 2021).

2625: 2280: 2141:(1994); Toussaint-Samat, M. and Bell, A.; A History of Food ; Blackwell Publishing 2077:"Outrage + Optimism: 117. The Seeds Are Sown for a Food Revolution with Agnes Kalibata" 1974: 1919: 1854: 1691: 717:

Cooperatives can exist both at the farmer end of food production and the consumer end.

619: 354: 175: 3735: 4124: 3992: 3822: 3783: 3771: 3763: 3633: 3601: 3564: 3552: 3509: 3497: 3438: 3426: 3379: 3299: 3118: 3104: 2956:"2022 Global Food Policy Report: Climate Change and Food Systems - World | ReliefWeb" 2937: 2890: 2852: 2840: 2832: 2790: 2737: 2629: 2617: 2609: 2561: 2477: 2420: 2410: 2350: 2315: 2284: 2272: 2165: 2013: 1978: 1966: 1958: 1858: 1846: 1695: 1681: 1361: 841: 628: 531: 469: 358: 120: 76: 60: 16:

Processes by which nutritional substances are grown, raised, packaged and distributed

3523:

García Martínez, Juan B.; Alvarado, Kyle A.; Denkenberger, David C. (January 2022).

3391: 3311: 1775: 178:. These food systems are geared towards a production model that requires maximizing 3818: 3814: 3755: 3591: 3544: 3489: 3418: 3371: 3291: 3226: 3096: 2929: 2880: 2822: 2780: 2770: 2727: 2599: 2591: 2553: 2469: 2441: 2400: 2342: 2338:

The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2307: 2264: 2113: 2005: 1950: 1836: 1826: 1771: 1673: 1198: 1101: 1026: 1010: 722: 623: 588: 539: 473: 233: 100: 3974: 3580:"Micronutrient Availability in Alternative Foods During Agricultural Catastrophes" 3493: 3078: 2689:"20 meat and dairy firms emit more greenhouse gas than Germany, Britain or France" 2437: 2301: 1593: 505:

accounts for ~60% of greenhouse gas emissions and ~75% of agriculturally used land

2405: 1552: 1502: 1381: 1369: 1022: 991: 829: 678: 615: 543: 523: 3548: 2118: 2101: 3596: 3579: 3231: 3206: 2827: 2810: 2775: 2595: 2268: 1954: 1492: 1457: 1293: 1215: 1211: 1149: 1081: 1045: 1030: 982: 833:

Fair trade may require decisions that lead to relevant supply-chain management.

752: 731: 632: 607: 557: 547: 515: 307: 112: 48: 44: 3524: 3375: 2933: 2552:. Berlin: SAPEA, Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. p. 39. 2468:. Berlin: SAPEA, Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. p. 22. 4118: 3954: 3767: 3605: 3556: 3501: 3430: 3383: 3303: 3295: 2941: 2894: 2836: 2741: 2613: 2557: 2522: 2473: 2276: 2009: 1962: 1850: 1710:"A Primer on Community Food Systems: Linking Food, Nutrition and Agriculture" 1527: 1517: 1222: 962: 927: 896: 611: 400:(TCA), an accounting approach that measures and values the hidden impacts of 369: 285: 228:

The development of food systems can be traced back to the origins of in-situ

144: 124: 91: 3759: 3351: 2885: 2868: 2663: 1318:– Indicates that the product has been grown and marketed in accordance with 3775: 3271: 3246: 2844: 2794: 2621: 2424: 1970: 1629: 1607: 1585: 1567: 1547: 1185: 1181: 693: 662: 535: 457: 322: 281: 273: 204: 195: 191: 1889:

Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019).

1092:'s 'Farm to Fork strategy for a sustainable food system' was published in 781:

growth, or a two-step process involving partial decomposition of fiber by

701: 200: 3879: 2761: 1512: 1487: 1482: 1449: 1411: 1407: 1389: 1207: 1189: 970: 674: 461: 330: 229: 140: 40: 3675:"The Fairtrade Foundation, London, UK | Home of the FAIRTRADE Mark" 865: 3422: 2707: 2346: 2004:. Berlin: Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. p. 39. 1940: 1749:"Conceptualizing food systems for global environmental change research" 1522: 1319: 1297: 1289: 1281: 1097: 1034: 900: 850: 837: 818: 666: 583: 477: 338: 265: 249: 128: 28: 2604: 1639:

Robust transport networks support agrifood systems' resilience

571:

International trade § International trade versus local production

3100: 2865: 2811:"Enhancing science–policy interfaces for food systems transformation" 2445: 2311: 1677: 1385: 1357: 974: 939: 926:

describes the current global food system as potentially having major

802: 670: 52: 24: 4015:. United States Agency for International Development. 26 April 2023. 3710:"Reducing global food system emissions key to meeting climate goals" 2336: 1260: 318:, food supply per capita has increased by more than 30% since 1961. 4101:

UC Santa Cruz Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems

4100: 4095: 4045:

https://web.archive.org/web/20100919221751/http://foodalliance.org/

3522: 3090: 2303:

True cost accounting applications for agrifood systems policymakers

1667: 1637: 1615: 1437: 1306: 1157: 806: 790: 778: 774: 362: 303: 257: 136: 47:

involved in feeding a population: growing, harvesting, processing,

3855: 2807: 2393: 23:

describes the interconnected systems and processes that influence

4081: 4069: 2498:"FOOD SUSTAINABILITY: KEY TO REACH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS" 1811: 1415: 798: 409: 4009:"USAID Signs Partnership with the Global Food Safety Initiative" 2099: 252:, etc. Through events in world history such as the conquests of 3452: 2223:"A third of global farmland at 'high' pesticide pollution risk" 1419: 1344: 1277: 966: 846: 786: 782: 770: 651: 413: 241: 116: 32: 3678: 3404: 3272:"Self-assured destruction: The climate impacts of nuclear war" 3092:

Robust transport networks support agrifood systems' resilience

4110:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

3672:

Fairtrade Foundation (1999). "The Fairtrade Foundation." <

3204: 2907: 2399:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 581–601, 1423: 575: 261: 4056: 3620:

https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/66/7/600/2463250

3349: 2754: 1221:

One of the primary ways transparency is achieved is through

3813:. Berlin: Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. 3200: 3198: 3055:"Indigenous Food Security is Dependent on Food Sovereignty" 1888: 1461: 1453: 1445: 1377: 1373: 1365: 1285: 1002: 766: 315: 245: 237: 83: 4105: 1815:"Food System Resilience: Concepts, Issues, and Challenges" 3733: 2334: 1240: 1123: 1108: 1093: 1077: 1056: 794: 3856:

Group of Chief Scientific Advisors (25 September 2019).

3578:

Denkenberger, David; Pearce, Joshua M. (November 2018).

3476:

Denkenberger, David C.; Pearce, Joshua M. (2015-09-01).

3195: 2530:

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

2502:

BCFN Foundation: Food and Nutrition Sustainability Index

2246: 3484:. Confronting Future Catastrophic Threats To Humanity. 2397:

Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation

1276:

federal regulatory framework. This label is applied to

1084:

put improvements to the food system at the core of the

1060: 1006: 726:

cooperatives that have developed more recently include

705:

An organic food box of an organic food delivery service

291: 217: 3858:"Scoping paper: Towards an EU Sustainable Food System" 4109: 665:

systems are characterized by a reduced dependence on

111:

is critical for addressing global challenges such as

3659:

cf. Andreas Wieland, Carl Marcus Wallenburg (2011):

785:

and/or bacteria and feeding them to animals such as

550:

and energy scarcity, economic and political crises,

2714:Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin (5 October 2022). 3653: 3577: 3475: 2438:In Brief to The State of Food and Agriculture 2023 1356:– This label was created by enactment of the 2002 1166:United States Agency for International Development 856: 487:Moving to sustainable food systems, including via 1842:20.500.11820/892d615a-5f55-45b7-9afa-d98304809e18 4116: 3331:ALLFED - Alliance to Feed the Earth in Disasters 2546:A sustainable food system for the European Union 2462:A sustainable food system for the European Union 1998:A sustainable food system for the European Union 1100:and chemical pesticide use, and contribute to a 3352:"Resilience to global food supply catastrophes" 3079:https://viacampesina.org/en/declaration-of-nyi/ 688: 3955:"Towards sustainable food consumption – SAPEA" 2910:"Food system resilience: Defining the concept" 2580: 1898:IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Land 1139: 297: 68: 3949: 3947: 3661:Supply-Chain-Management in stürmischen Zeiten 3270:Robock, Alan; Toon, Owen Brian (2012-03-01). 3247:"A global food crisis | World Food Programme" 3077:Declaration of Nyéléni (2007) Retrieved from 610:programs. They have been associated with the 211: 72: 3880:"Farm to Fork strategy for sustainable food" 2713: 1628: This article incorporates text from a 1606: This article incorporates text from a 1584: This article incorporates text from a 1232:Participation in local food systems such as 934: 917: 329:, the manufacture or collection of chemical 166: 1414:are addressed as well. Species covered are 1255: 741: 438: 284:mechanisms have evolved into the models of 224:Timeline of agriculture and food technology 149:Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger 43:. A food system includes all processes and 3944: 3269: 1819:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 1130:. The main conclusion of this advice was: 3595: 3230: 2884: 2826: 2784: 2774: 2731: 2603: 2404: 2117: 1840: 1830: 1533:Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future 1364:labeling for several products, including 924:Special Report on Climate Change and Land 507:, is one major component of this change. 489:shifting consumption to sustainable diets 3529:Chemical Engineering Research and Design 1746: 1402:– This certification is provided by the 1343: 1305: 1259: 957: 938: 913:Effects of climate change on agriculture 828: 708: 700: 697:A greenhouse with salad of a cooperative 692: 650: 574: 418: 157:"responsible consumption and production" 1645: 1227:United States Department of Agriculture 646: 598:Examples of local food systems include 456:is a type of food system that provides 4117: 3052: 2733:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 2296: 2294: 1990: 1988: 3877: 3803: 2716:"Meat Consumption and Sustainability" 2542: 2458: 2158: 2156: 1994: 1832:10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-050744 1558:National Animal Identification System 1434:Certified Humane Raised & Handled 564: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1747:Ericksen, Polly J. (February 2008). 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1632:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 1610:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 1588:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( 1218:issues, and environmental concerns. 860: 292:Impacts of conventional food systems 218:History of conventional food systems 133:environmental impacts of agriculture 2720:Annual Review of Resource Economics 2291: 1985: 1206:), but do not exclusively refer to 378:Scientists estimated the extensive 357:, and have negative impacts on the 13: 3324: 2869:"Realizing Resilient Food Systems" 2153: 14: 4146: 4089: 3884:Food Safety - European Commission 3356:Environment Systems and Decisions 3276:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1865: 1651: 1039: 906: 522:challenges, including mitigating 385: 4096:Univ. of Wisconsin - Agroecology 1623: 1601: 1579: 1194:bovine spongiform encephalopathy 1016: 864: 482:17 Sustainable Development Goals 444:This section is an excerpt from 314:" limitations. According to the 298:§ Effects on climate change 4074: 4062: 4049: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4001: 3985: 3967: 3920: 3896: 3871: 3849: 3797: 3727: 3702: 3693: 3666: 3612: 3571: 3516: 3469: 3445: 3398: 3343: 3318: 3263: 3239: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3083: 3071: 3046: 3037: 3028: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2982: 2973: 2948: 2901: 2859: 2801: 2748: 2681: 2656: 2574: 2536: 2515: 2490: 2452: 2430: 2387: 2363: 2328: 2240: 2215: 2206: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2093: 2069: 2040: 1776:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.002 1234:Community Supported Agriculture 1175: 857:Novel agricultural technologies 758:Feeding Everyone No Matter What 728:community-supported agriculture 600:community-supported agriculture 491:, is an important component of 468:practices, development of more 201:climate-smart agriculture (CSA) 153:Sustainable Development Goal 12 4106:Food for the Cities initiative 4082:http://www.certifiedhumane.com 4070:http://www.americanhumane.org/ 3865:EU Scientific Advice Mechanism 3819:10.26356/sustainablefoodreview 2341:. Washington, DC: World Bank. 1934: 1904: 1805: 1796: 1740: 1702: 825:Global supply chain management 554:, and preventable ill-health. 1: 4068:American Humane Association. 3494:10.1016/j.futures.2014.11.008 2081:outrageandoptimism.libsyn.com 1170:Global Food Safety Initiative 812: 769:, and conversion of fiber by 673:is reared without the use of 470:sustainable food distribution 2406:10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_32 2054:. 2020-02-12. Archived from 1634:license statement/permission 1612:license statement/permission 1590:license statement/permission 689:Cooperatives in food systems 270:colonization of the Americas 7: 3975:"Who's Tipping the Scales?" 3549:10.1016/j.cherd.2021.10.017 3182:forum.effectivealtruism.org 3178:"Resilient food - EA Forum" 3053:Murphy, Andi (2019-07-24). 2440:(Report). FAO. 2023-11-06. 2375:Food and Land Use Coalition 2119:10.3390/agriculture11030192 1756:Global Environmental Change 1717:Farmland Information Center 1470: 1404:American Humane Association 1251: 1245:Scientific Advice Mechanism 1162:technical barriers to trade 1154:multistakeholder governance 1146:Public–private partnerships 1140:Public–Private Partnerships 1113:Scientific Advice Mechanism 1050:Scientific Advice Mechanism 987:Scientific Advice Mechanism 528:effects from climate change 341:through fertilizer runoff, 10: 4151: 3878:Binns, John (2019-12-10). 3597:10.3390/agriculture8110169 3232:10.1038/s41893-023-01241-2 3207:"Food without agriculture" 3022:"About Local Food Systems" 2990:"About Local Food Systems" 2828:10.1038/s43016-021-00406-6 2776:10.1038/s43016-023-00795-w 2596:10.1038/s43016-021-00358-x 2523:"Sustainable food systems" 2269:10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5 1955:10.1038/s43016-021-00225-9 1891:"Chapter 5: Food Security" 1574: 1429: 1395: 1384:, perishable agricultural 1341: 1335:genetically modified crops 1326: 1303: 1257: 1020: 944:Deforestation in Indonesia 910: 822: 816: 568: 552:natural resource depletion 443: 389: 295: 278:industrialized agriculture 268:, and the exploration and 221: 4080:Humane Farm Animal Care. 4043:Food Alliance Certified. 3376:10.1007/s10669-015-9549-2 2934:10.1016/j.gfs.2015.08.001 1400:American Humane Certified 1348:Examples of COOL Labeling 1065:Chief Scientific Advisors 935:Effects on climate change 918:Effects of climate change 380:pesticide pollution risks 325:, which is necessary for 172:Conventional food systems 167:Conventional food systems 4135:Food and the environment 4057:http://www.ams.usda.gov/ 3453:"Leaf for Life Homepage" 3296:10.1177/0096340212459127 2558:10.26356/sustainablefood 2474:10.26356/sustainablefood 2162:Nestle, Marion. (2013). 2010:10.26356/sustainablefood 1508:Fair Trade Certification 1478:Agricultural value chain 1274:National Organic Program 952:impact on climate change 765:), extracting food from 742:Alternative food systems 497:causes of climate change 466:sustainable agricultural 439:Sustainable food systems 355:less developed countries 212:alternative food systems 109:sustainable food systems 96:greenhouse gas emissions 3760:10.1126/science.aba7357 1563:Sustainable agriculture 1442:American Meat Institute 1331:Food Alliance Certified 1296:. Some states, such as 793:(cattle, sheep, etc.), 454:sustainable food system 446:Sustainable food system 347:greenhouse gas emission 4130:Agricultural economics 1538:Industrial agriculture 1349: 1311: 1265: 1137: 1074: 978: 955: 834: 714: 706: 698: 659: 580: 460:to people and creates 424: 374:food justice movement. 327:mechanized agriculture 312:Malthusian catastrophe 3211:Nature Sustainability 2886:10.1093/biosci/biw052 1719:. n.d. Archived from 1543:Organic certification 1347: 1310:Fair Trade Show in UK 1309: 1263: 1132: 1069: 961: 942: 832: 712: 704: 696: 657:organic certification 654: 578: 472:systems, creation of 422: 37:community development 3908:commission.europa.eu 2914:Global Food Security 2048:"Reduced Food Waste" 1922:on 30 September 2023 1646:Notes and references 1498:Cellular agriculture 749:345.2 million people 719:Farming cooperatives 647:Organic food systems 398:True Cost Accounting 392:True cost accounting 184:vertical integration 3752:2020Sci...370..705C 3541:2022CERD..177..255G 3457:www.leafforlife.org 3368:2015EnvSD..35..301B 3288:2012BuAtS..68e..66R 3223:2023NatSu...7...90D 3095:. Rome: FAO. 2021. 2926:2015GlFS....6...17T 2644:. 13 September 2021 2306:. FAO. 2023-11-06. 2261:2021NatGe..14..206T 1900:. pp. 439–442. 1768:2008GEC....18..234E 1672:. Rome: FAO. 2021. 1636:). Text taken from 1614:). Text taken from 1592:). Text taken from 1090:European Commission 1086:European Green Deal 763:single cell protein 476:, and reduction of 402:economic activities 260:, the expansion of 254:Alexander the Great 161:Food Systems Summit 3423:10.1002/wfp2.12030 3184:. 28 November 2022 2695:. 7 September 2021 1598:, 24, FAO, FAO. 1350: 1312: 1266: 1264:USDA Organic Label 1117:European academies 979: 956: 876:. You can help by 835: 715: 707: 699: 660: 620:slow food movement 581: 565:Local food systems 425: 361:, ecosystems, and 264:, the journeys of 176:economies of scale 88:global food system 77:ecosystem services 3828:978-3-9820301-7-3 3746:(6517): 705–708. 3641:Missing or empty 3411:World Food Policy 3110:978-92-5-135333-2 2668:Our World in Data 2567:978-3-9820301-7-3 2483:978-3-9820301-7-3 2416:978-3-031-15703-5 2356:978-1-4648-1345-0 2321:978-92-5-138282-0 2249:Nature Geoscience 2019:978-3-9820301-7-3 1687:978-92-5-135208-3 1468: 1467: 1362:country of origin 1354:Country of Origin 894: 893: 723:food cooperatives 629:urban agriculture 618:, as well as the 532:biodiversity loss 474:sustainable diets 359:population health 131:then reduces the 121:biodiversity loss 107:Transitioning to 82:According to the 4142: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3951: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3843: 3837: 3831:. 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Archived from 1753: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1714: 1706: 1700: 1699: 1678:10.4060/cb7351en 1664: 1627: 1605: 1583: 1256: 1242: 1199:Escherichia coli 1168:(USAID) and the 1125: 1110: 1102:circular economy 1095: 1079: 1058: 1027:Education policy 1013:, is feasible . 1011:sustainable diet 950:and has a large 889: 886: 868: 861: 624:food sovereignty 589:direct marketing 540:soil degradation 518:is facing major 280:and more robust 276:, the advent of 234:Fertile Crescent 137:land use impacts 101:agrifood systems 4150: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4115: 4114: 4092: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3912: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3876: 3872: 3860: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3576: 3572: 3521: 3517: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3403: 3399: 3348: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3323: 3319: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3253: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3203: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3111: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3063: 3061: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2906: 2902: 2864: 2860: 2821:(11): 838–842. 2806: 2802: 2753: 2749: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2634: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2484: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2417: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2371:"Global report" 2369: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2300: 2299: 2292: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2083: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2061: 2059: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2020: 2001: 1993: 1986: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1893: 1887: 1866: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1751: 1745: 1741: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1688: 1666: 1665: 1652: 1648: 1642:, FAO, FAO. 1620:, FAO, FAO. 1577: 1572: 1553:Organic farming 1503:Factory farming 1473: 1254: 1192:scares such as 1178: 1142: 1042: 1037: 1023:Economic policy 1019: 992:Paris Agreement 937: 920: 915: 909: 890: 884: 881: 874:needs expansion 859: 827: 821: 815: 744: 691: 679:growth hormones 667:chemical inputs 649: 616:Low Carbon Diet 604:farmers markets 573: 567: 562: 561: 524:food insecurity 449: 441: 394: 388: 345:pollution, and 343:nonpoint source 300: 294: 286:food production 226: 220: 169: 139:, and reducing 59:, consumption, 17: 12: 11: 5: 4148: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4113: 4112: 4103: 4098: 4091: 4090:External links 4088: 4086: 4085: 4073: 4061: 4048: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4000: 3984: 3966: 3943: 3932:www.sapea.info 3919: 3895: 3870: 3848: 3827: 3804:SAPEA (2020). 3796: 3726: 3701: 3692: 3665: 3652: 3611: 3570: 3515: 3468: 3444: 3417:(2): 128–146. 3397: 3362:(2): 301–313. 3342: 3327:"Publications" 3317: 3262: 3238: 3194: 3169: 3160: 3151: 3142: 3133: 3124: 3109: 3082: 3070: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2981: 2972: 2947: 2900: 2879:(7): 600–610. 2858: 2800: 2769:(7): 565–574. 2747: 2706: 2680: 2655: 2635:News article: 2590:(9): 724–732. 2573: 2566: 2543:SAPEA (2020). 2535: 2514: 2489: 2482: 2459:SAPEA (2020). 2451: 2429: 2415: 2386: 2362: 2355: 2327: 2320: 2290: 2255:(4): 206–210. 2239: 2214: 2205: 2201:Kuhnlein, H.V. 2192: 2183: 2174: 2170:978-0520275966 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2092: 2068: 2039: 2018: 1995:SAPEA (2020). 1984: 1949:(3): 198–209. 1933: 1903: 1864: 1825:(1): 511–534. 1804: 1795: 1762:(1): 234–245. 1739: 1701: 1686: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1493:Animal welfare 1490: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1458:dairy products 1431: 1428: 1427: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1351: 1340: 1339: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1313: 1302: 1301: 1294:dairy products 1267: 1253: 1250: 1216:social justice 1212:animal welfare 1177: 1174: 1150:private sector 1141: 1138: 1057:September 2019 1046:European Union 1041: 1040:European Union 1038: 1031:Science policy 1018: 1015: 983:European Union 936: 933: 919: 916: 911:Main article: 908: 907:Climate change 905: 897:Vertical farms 892: 891: 871: 869: 858: 855: 817:Main article: 814: 811: 753:nuclear winter 743: 740: 732:Garden sharing 690: 687: 648: 645: 633:Garden sharing 608:farm to school 566: 563: 558:Green New Deal 544:pest outbreaks 520:interconnected 501:adapting to it 450: 442: 440: 437: 390:Main article: 387: 386:Hidden impacts 384: 308:infrastructure 293: 290: 219: 216: 194:. The growing 188:specialization 168: 165: 143:or preventing 113:climate change 45:infrastructure 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4147: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4004: 3996: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3979:ipes-food.org 3976: 3970: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3866: 3859: 3852: 3838:on 2023-06-08 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3696: 3681:on 2005-06-01 3680: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3635: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 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2418: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2395:Assessment", 2390: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2209: 2202: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2058:on 2020-09-24 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2029:on 2020-04-18 2025: 2021: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1799: 1785:on 2022-05-23 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1726:on 2019-01-13 1722: 1718: 1711: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1609: 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999: 997: 996:climate goals 993: 988: 984: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:Deforestation 960: 953: 949: 945: 941: 932: 929: 928:food security 925: 914: 904: 902: 898: 888: 879: 875: 872:This section 870: 867: 863: 862: 854: 852: 848: 843: 839: 831: 826: 820: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759: 754: 750: 739: 735: 733: 729: 724: 720: 711: 703: 695: 686: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 658: 653: 644: 641: 636: 634: 630: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:100 Mile Diet 609: 605: 601: 596: 592: 590: 585: 577: 572: 559: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 447: 436: 432: 429: 421: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 393: 383: 381: 376: 375: 371: 370:food security 366: 364: 360: 356: 350: 348: 344: 340: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 299: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 225: 215: 213: 208: 206: 202: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 164: 162: 158: 156: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 125:deforestation 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 102: 97: 93: 92:food security 89: 85: 80: 78: 74: 70: 64: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 4076: 4064: 4051: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3981:. 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Retrieved 2642:The Guardian 2641: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2545: 2538: 2529: 2517: 2506:. Retrieved 2504:. 2018-10-01 2501: 2492: 2461: 2454: 2432: 2396: 2389: 2378:. Retrieved 2374: 2365: 2337: 2330: 2302: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2230:. Retrieved 2226: 2217: 2208: 2195: 2186: 2177: 2163: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2109: 2105: 2095: 2084:. Retrieved 2080: 2071: 2060:. Retrieved 2056:the original 2051: 2042: 2031:. Retrieved 2024:the original 1997: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1924:. Retrieved 1920:the original 1915: 1906: 1897: 1822: 1818: 1807: 1798: 1787:. Retrieved 1780:the original 1759: 1755: 1742: 1734: 1728:. Retrieved 1721:the original 1716: 1704: 1668: 1638: 1630:free content 1622: 1616: 1608:free content 1600: 1594: 1586:free content 1578: 1568:Traceability 1548:Organic food 1433: 1399: 1353: 1330: 1315: 1269: 1238: 1231: 1220: 1203: 1197: 1186:Traceability 1182:supply chain 1179: 1176:Transparency 1143: 1133: 1121: 1106: 1078:January 2020 1075: 1070: 1054: 1043: 1000: 980: 921: 895: 882: 878:adding to it 873: 836: 756: 748: 745: 736: 716: 683: 663:Organic food 661: 637: 597: 593: 582: 538:, inequity, 536:malnutrition 509: 486: 458:healthy food 451: 433: 430: 426: 395: 377: 367: 351: 335: 323:fossil fuels 320: 301: 282:global trade 274:World War II 227: 209: 196:soil quality 192:global trade 171: 170: 154: 106: 87: 81: 69:conventional 65: 61:distribution 53:transporting 20: 18: 3590:(11): 169. 3584:Agriculture 3535:: 255–272. 3251:www.wfp.org 2815:Nature Food 2762:Nature Food 2584:Nature Food 2347:10986/30568 2106:Agriculture 1943:Nature Food 1916:www.fao.org 1513:Food safety 1488:Aquaculture 1483:Agroecology 1412:biosecurity 1408:Antibiotics 1386:commodities 1208:food safety 1190:food safety 1111:, the EU's 1005:'s and the 971:agriculture 948:of palm oil 842:more direct 675:antibiotics 462:sustainable 406:environment 331:fertilizers 230:agriculture 205:smallholder 186:, economic 174:operate on 141:food prices 73:alternative 41:agriculture 21:food system 4119:Categories 3960:2023-06-29 3937:2020-04-14 3913:2023-04-27 3889:2020-04-14 3842:2020-04-14 3789:8 December 3719:8 December 3685:2005-05-31 3625:2023-02-26 3462:2023-02-26 3336:2023-02-26 3256:2023-02-26 3188:2023-02-26 3064:2022-07-31 3059:Civil Eats 2966:2023-02-21 2873:BioScience 2605:2164/18207 2508:2019-11-26 2380:2024-01-23 2112:(3): 192. 2086:2021-10-10 2062:2021-10-10 2033:2020-04-14 1789:2019-01-12 1730:2019-01-12 1523:Food chain 1320:Fair Trade 1316:Fair Trade 1298:California 1282:vegetables 1196:(BSE) and 1109:April 2020 1098:food waste 1072:challenge. 1035:Eco-tariff 1021:See also: 901:automation 885:April 2021 838:Fair trade 823:See also: 819:Fair trade 813:Fair trade 584:Local food 569:See also: 493:addressing 478:food waste 339:ecosystems 296:See also: 266:Marco Polo 222:See also: 180:efficiency 135:, such as 129:food waste 4013:usaid.gov 3784:226254942 3768:0036-8075 3663:. 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