324:
1360:
801:
22:
4291:
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921:
820:, which articulate the consequences of our choices in comparable units of impact on human well-being. An especially challenging aspect of this process is that interpreting ecological information collected from one spatial-temporal scale does not necessarily mean it can be applied at another; understanding the dynamics of ecological processes relative to ecosystem services is essential in aiding economic decisions. Weighting factors such as a service's irreplaceability or bundled services can also allocate economic value such that goal attainment becomes more efficient.
1018:
species may impact or control many ecological processes; so much so that they are included on the list of "ecosystem engineers"—organisms that physically, biologically or chemically modify the environment around them in ways that influence the health of other organisms. Many of the ecological functions and processes performed or affected by shellfish contribute to human well-being by providing a stream of valuable ecosystem services over time by filtering out particulate materials and potentially mitigating water quality issues by controlling
948:
279:
1332:
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197:
ecosystem, it is usually assumed that humans benefit from a combination of these services. The services offered by diverse types of ecosystems (forests, seas, coral reefs, mangroves, etc.) differ in nature and in consequence. In fact, some services directly affect the livelihood of neighboring human populations (such as fresh water, food or aesthetic value, etc.) while other services affect general environmental conditions by which humans are indirectly impacted (such as
7004:
5880:
5316:
5870:
189:
5328:
1346:
930:(PES), also known as payments for environmental services (or benefits), are incentives offered to farmers or landowners in exchange for managing their land to provide some sort of ecological service. They have been defined as "a transparent system for the additional provision of environmental services through conditional payments to voluntary providers". These programmes promote the conservation of
558:
888:, not dependence. Several tools and methodologies can help the private sector value and assess ecosystem services, including Our Ecosystem, the 2008 Corporate Ecosystem Services Review, the Artificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability (ARIES) project from 2007, the Natural Value Initiative (2012) and InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services & Tradeoffs, 2012)
1219:(geographic information system) technology and put online that will help for planners to choose the best grassland management solution for concrete grassland. It will look holistically at the processes in the countryside and help to find best grassland management solutions by taking into account both natural and socioeconomic factors of the particular site.
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organism to the other and from one ecosystem to the other. Nutrients are recycled through the life cycle of organisms as they die and decompose, releasing the nutrients into the neighboring environment. "The service of nutrient cycling eventually impacts all other ecosystem services as all living things require a constant supply of nutrients to survive".
298:
wood, charcoal, wood chips and roundwood used in an unprocessed form. Global production and trade of all major wood-based products recorded their highest ever values in 2018. Production, imports and exports of roundwood, sawnwood, wood-based panels, wood pulp, wood charcoal and pellets reached their maximum quantities since 1947 when
473:; most large-scale farmers import non-native honey bees to provide this service. A 2005 study reported that in California's agricultural region, it was found that wild bees alone could provide partial or complete pollination services or enhance the services provided by honey bees through behavioral interactions. However,
572:
Nutrient cycling is the movement of nutrients through an ecosystem by biotic and abiotic processes. The ocean is a vast storage pool for these nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The nutrients are absorbed by the basic organisms of the marine food web and are thus transferred from one
997:
experience conflict between different forest stakeholders. In addition, concerns for such global transactions include inconsistent compensation for services or resources sacrificed elsewhere and misconceived warrants for irresponsible use. As of 2001, another approach focused on protecting ecosystem
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has been a subject of extensive academic pursuit. From defining the problems to finding solutions that can be applied in practical and sustainable ways, there is much to overcome. Considering options must balance present and future human needs, and decision-makers must frequently work from valid but
823:
The economic valuation of ecosystem services also involves social communication and information, areas that remain particularly challenging and are the focus of many researchers. In general, the idea is that although individuals make decisions for any variety of reasons, trends reveal the aggregated
315:
micronutrients. The value of forest foods as a nutritional resource is not limited to low- and middle-income countries; more than 100 million people in the
European Union (EU) regularly consume wild food. Some 2.4 billion people – in both urban and rural settings – use wood-based energy for cooking.
302:
started reporting global forest product statistics. In 2018, growth in production of the main wood-based product groups ranged from 1 percent (woodbased panels) to 5 percent (industrial roundwood). The fastest growth occurred in the Asia-Pacific, Northern
American and European regions, likely due to
314:
Forests also provide non-wood forest products, including fodder, aromatic and medicinal plants, and wild foods. Worldwide, around 1 billion people depend to some extent on wild foods such as wild meat, edible insects, edible plant products, mushrooms and fish, which often contain high levels of key
2443:
Daniel, T. C.; Muhar, A.; Arnberger, A.; Aznar, O.; Boyd, J. W.; Chan, K. M. A.; Costanza, R.; Elmqvist, T.; Flint, C. G.; Gobster, P. H.; Gret-Regamey, A.; Lave, R.; Muhar, S.; Penker, M.; Ribe, R. G.; Schauppenlehner, T.; Sikor, T.; Soloviy, I.; Spierenburg, M.; Taczanowska, K.; Tam, J.; von der
1285:
and Rosa
Weigert called attention to "ecological systems" in their environmental science textbook and "the most subtle and dangerous threat to man's existence ... the potential destruction, by man's own activities, of those ecological systems upon which the very existence of the human species
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to reduce the harmful impacts of climate hazards including shifting patterns or levels of rainfall, changes in maximum and minimum temperatures, stronger storms, and increasingly variable climatic conditions. EbA measures can be implemented on their own or in combination with engineered approaches
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production and restoration. A keystone species, low in the food chain, bivalve shellfish such as oysters support a complex community of species by performing a number of functions essential to the diverse array of species that surround them. There is also increasing recognition that some shellfish
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of ecosystem service providers. In some cases, banks for handling such credits have been established and conservation companies have even gone public on stock exchanges, defining an evermore parallel link with economic endeavors and opportunities for tying into social perceptions. However, crucial
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There are questions regarding the environmental and economic values of ecosystem services. Some people may be unaware of the environment in general and humanity's interrelatedness with the natural environment, which may cause misconceptions. Although environmental awareness is rapidly improving in
196:
Four different types of ecosystem services have been distinguished by the scientific body: regulating services, provisioning services, cultural services and supporting services. An ecosystem does not necessarily offer all four types of services simultaneously; but given the intricate nature of any
1641:
Daily, Gretchen C.; Söderqvist, Tore; Aniyar, Sara; Arrow, Kenneth; Dasgupta, Partha; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Folke, Carl; Jansson, AnnMari; Jansson, Bengt-Owe; Kautsky, Nils; Levin, Simon; Lubchenco, Jane; Mäler, Karl-Göran; Simpson, David; Starrett, David; Tilman, David; Walker, Brian (21 July 2000).
622:
As of 2012, there was a discussion as to how the concept of cultural ecosystem services could be operationalized, how landscape aesthetics, cultural heritage, outdoor recreation, and spiritual significance to define can fit into the ecosystem services approach. who vote for models that explicitly
875:
A peer-reviewed study published in 1997 estimated the value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital to be between US$ 16 and $ 54 trillion per year, with an average of US$ 33 trillion per year. However, Salles (2011) indicated 'The total value of biodiversity is infinite, so having
647:
Sea sports are very popular among coastal populations: surfing, snorkeling, whale watching, kayaking, recreational fishing ... a lot of tourists also travel to resorts close to the sea or rivers or lakes to be able to experience these activities, and relax near the water. The United
Nations
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Primary production refers to the production of organic matter, i.e., chemically bound energy, through processes such as photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. The organic matter produced by primary producers forms the basis of all food webs. Further, it generates oxygen (O2), a molecule necessary to
297:
produce a large type and variety of timber products, including roundwood, sawnwood, panels, and engineered wood, e.g., cross-laminated timber, as well as pulp and paper. Besides the production of timber, forestry activities may also result in products that undergo little processing, such as fire
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An estimated $ 125 trillion to $ 140 trillion is added to the economy each year by all ecosystem services. However, many of these services are at risk due to climate and other anthropogenic impacts. Climate-driven shifts in biome ranges is expected to cause a 9% decline in ecosystem services on
979:
or resources like water. Another approach that has become increasingly popular during the 1990s is the marketing of ecosystem services protection. Payment and trading of services is an emerging worldwide small-scale solution where one can acquire credits for activities such as sponsoring the
879:
As of 2012, many companies were not fully aware of the extent of their dependence and impact on ecosystems and the possible ramifications. Likewise, environmental management systems and environmental due diligence tools are more suited to handle "traditional" issues of pollution and natural
212:
The
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment report 2005 defined ecosystem services as benefits people obtain from ecosystems and distinguishes four categories of ecosystem services, where the so-called supporting services are regarded as the basis for the services of the other three categories.
529:
Supporting services are the services that allow for the other ecosystem services to be present. They have indirect impacts on humans that last over a long period of time. Several services can be considered as being both supporting services and regulating/cultural/provisioning services.
520:
forests protect coastal shorelines from tidal erosion or erosion by currents; a process that was studied after the 1999 cyclone that hit India. Villages that were surrounded with mangrove forests encountered less damages than other villages that were not protected by mangroves.
2707:
Raudsepp-Hearne, Ciara; Peterson, Garry D.; Tengö, Maria; Bennett, Elena M.; Holland, Tim; Benessaiah, Karina; MacDonald, Graham K.; Pfeifer, Laura (September 2010). "Untangling the
Environmentalist's Paradox: Why Is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade?".
1205:
and to assist collecting and fusing the input from stakeholders. This study was about siting wave energy devices off the Oregon Coast, but presents a general method for managing uncertain spatial science and stakeholder information in a decision making environment.
638:
The Common
International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) is a classification scheme developed to accounting systems (like National counts etc.), in order to avoid double-counting of Supporting Services with others Provisioning and Regulating Services.
157:(TEEB) replaced "Supporting Services" in the MA with "Habitat Services" and "ecosystem functions", defined as "a subset of the interactions between ecosystem structure and processes that underpin the capacity of an ecosystem to provide goods and services".
503:
Coastal and estuarine ecosystems act as buffer zones against natural hazards and environmental disturbances, such as floods, cyclones, tidal surges and storms. The role they play is to " a portion of the impact and thus its effect on the land".
2889:
Costanza, Robert; d'Arge, Ralph; de Groot, Rudolf; Farber, Stephen; Grasso, Monica; Hannon, Bruce; Limburg, Karin; Naeem, Shahid; O'Neill, Robert V.; Paruelo, Jose; Raskin, Robert G.; Sutton, Paul; van den Belt, Marjan (May 1997).
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data and analyses can be used to assess the health and extent of land cover classes that provide ecosystem services, which aids in planning, management, monitoring of stakeholders' actions, and communication between stakeholders.
3464:
627:
Pivotal cultural values attaching to the natural/cultivated environment rely on an area's unique character that cannot be addressed by methods that use universal scientific parameters to determine ecological structures and
1188:
to support water resource management decisions in the Middle Rio Grande basin of New Mexico. This study focused on modeling the stakeholder inputs across a spatial decision, but ignored uncertainty. Another study used
3484:
Balvanera, Patricia; Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ricketts, Taylor H.; Bailey, Sallie-Anne; Kark, Salit; Kremen, Claire; Pereira, Henrique (16 March 2001). "Conserving
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services".
516:, ...) and the vegetation it supports – trees, root mats, etc. – retain large amounts of water (surface water, snowmelt, rain, groundwater) and then slowly releases them back, decreasing the likeliness of floods.
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631:
If a natural/cultivated environment has symbolic meanings and cultural values the object of these values are not ecosystems but shaped phenomena like mountains, lakes, forests, and, mainly, symbolic landscapes.
3847:
CBD (2009). Connecting
Biodiversity and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change. Montreal, Technical Series No. 41, 126
590:
Cultural services relate to the non-material world, as they benefit the benefit recreational, aesthetic, cognitive and spiritual activities, which are not easily quantifiable in monetary terms. They include:
1214:
In Baltic countries scientists, nature conservationists and local authorities are implementing integrated planning approach for grassland ecosystems. They are developing an integrated planning tool based on
623:
link ecological structures and functions with cultural values and benefits. Likewise, there has been a fundamental critique of the concept of cultural ecosystem services that builds on three arguments:
955:
Although monetary pricing continues with respect to the valuation of ecosystem services, the challenges in policy implementation and management are significant and considerable. The administration of
871:
Contingent valuation: Service demand may be elicited by posing hypothetical scenarios that involve some valuation of alternatives (e.g. visitors willing to pay for increased access to national parks)
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150:(MA), ecosystem services are "the benefits people obtain from ecosystems". The MA also delineated the four categories of ecosystem services into provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural.
960:
incomplete information. Existing legal policies are often considered insufficient since they typically pertain to human health-based standards that are mismatched with necessary means to protect
1258:
and the drying of springs. Modern ideas of ecosystem services probably began when Marsh challenged in 1864 the idea that Earth's natural resources are unbounded by pointing out changes in
758:
creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years. Coasts also create essential material for organisms to live by, including estuaries,
2651:
1181:, and based on uncertain data, models, and estimates. Often it is the combination of the best science combined with the stakeholder values, estimates and opinions that drive the process.
3158:
2819:
Górriz-Mifsud, Elena; Varela, Elsa; Piqué, Míriam; Prokofieva, Irina (February 2016). "Demand and supply of ecosystem services in a
Mediterranean forest: Computing payment boundaries".
1006:) has led to the suggested merging of objectives for maximizing their mutual success. This may be particularly strategic when employing networks that permit the flow of services across
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477:
can quickly erode pollination services through the loss of species. The remaining species are unable to compensate this. The results of this study also indicate that the proportion of
153:
By 2010, there had evolved various working definitions and descriptions of ecosystem services in the literature. To prevent double-counting in ecosystem services audits, for instance,
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1755:
Walter V. Reid, H. A. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being - A Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Washington DC: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Board. Retrieved from
274:
ornamental resources (including fashion, handicrafts, jewelry, pets, worship, decoration, and souvenirs like furs, feathers, ivory, orchids, butterflies, aquarium fish, shells, etc.)
634:
Cultural values do result not from properties produced by ecosystems but are the product of a specific way of seeing within the given cultural framework of symbolic experience.
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preferences of a society, from which the economic value of services can be inferred and assigned. The six major methods for valuing ecosystem services in monetary terms are:
2387:
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2205:
Badola, Ruchi; Hussain, S. A. (March 2005). "Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India".
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dimensions of protecting the environment and is designed to guide institutions through multidisciplinary information and jargon, helping to direct strategic choices.
3858:
2124:
4011:
Quoc Vo, Tuan; Kuenzer, C.; Oppelt, N. (August 2015). "How remote sensing supports mangrove ecosystem service valuation: A case study in Ca Mau province, Vietnam".
3917:
Siirola, John; Tidwell, Vincent; Benz, Zachary; Stansbury, Melanie; Richards, Elizabeth; Turnley, Jessica; Warrender, Christina; Morrow, James (1 February 2012).
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can stabilize and enhance the provision of pollination services. The presence of such ecosystem elements functions almost like an insurance policy for farmers.
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sustain animals and humans. On average, a human consumes about 550 liter of oxygen per day, whereas plants produce 1,5 liter of oxygen per 10 grams of growth.
4336:– Gulf of Mexico Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (includes studies from all over the world, but only coastal ecosystems relevant to the Gulf of Mexico)
868:
Hedonic pricing: Service demand may be reflected in the prices people will pay for associated goods (e.g. coastal housing prices exceed that of inland homes)
549:
provision. These services make it possible for the ecosystems to continue providing services such as food supply, flood regulation, and water purification.
5294:
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Heikkila, Tanya (2004). "Institutional boundaries and common-pool resource management: A comparative analysis of water management programs in California".
2930:
2156:
Campos C., Adolfo; Hernández, María E.; Moreno-Casasola, Patricia; Cejudo Espinosa, Eduardo; Robledo R., Alezandra; Infante Mata, Dulce (December 2011).
3763:
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Kistenkas, Frederik H.; Bouwma, Irene M. (February 2018). "Barriers for the ecosystem services concept in European water and nature conservation law".
4060:
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Gorriz-Misfud, Elena; Secco, L; Pisani, E (2016). "Exploring the interlinkages between governance and social capital: A dynamic model for forestry".
816:'. Many efforts to inform decision-makers of current versus future costs and benefits now involve organizing and translating scientific knowledge to
3789:
Bastien-Olvera, B. A.; Conte, M. N.; Dong, X.; Briceno, T.; Batker, D.; Emmerling, J.; Tavoni, M.; Granella, F.; Moore, F. C. (18 December 2023).
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our contemporary world, ecosystem capital and its flow are still poorly understood, threats continue to impose, and we suffer from the so-called '
1309:
control. In following years, variations of the term were used, but eventually 'ecosystem services' became the standard in scientific literature.
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in the water. As of 2018, the concept of ecosystem services had not been properly implemented into international and regional legislation yet.
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Avoided cost: Services allow society to avoid costs that would have been incurred in the absence of those services (e.g. waste treatment by
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154:
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positive economic growth in these areas. Over 40% of the territory in the European Union is covered by forests. This region has grown via
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5167:
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Farber, Stephen C.; Costanza, Robert; Wilson, Matthew A. (June 2002). "Economic and ecological concepts for valuing ecosystem services".
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is said to provide substantial ecosystem services to local communities, including benefits to carbon storage, resiliency to climate, and
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DeFries, Ruth S.; Foley, Jonathan A.; Asner, Gregory P. (June 2004). "Land-use choices: balancing human needs and ecosystem function".
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Kremen, Claire (May 2005). "Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology?: Ecology of ecosystem services".
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that had previously provided the city with the ecosystem service of water purification. Once the input of sewage and pesticides to the
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near housing in Scotland. The filtering and cleaning of surface and waste water by natural vegetation is a form of ecosystem service.
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84:, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Evaluations of ecosystem services may include assigning an economic value to them.
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1394:
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2745:"The Tragedy of the Commons: The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality"
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Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP). 1970. Man's Impact on the Global Environment. MIT Press, Cambridge. 319pp.
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2002:
1161:. The process of making ecosystem services decisions must consider the interaction of many types of information, honor all
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Coasts and their adjacent areas on and offshore are an important part of a local ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and
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2131:
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Barbier, Edward B.; Hacker, Sally D.; Kennedy, Chris; Koch, Evamaria W.; Stier, Adrian C.; Silliman, Brian R. (May 2011).
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1197:. Here the stakeholder inputs were modeled as random effects to reflect the uncertainty. A third study used a Bayesian
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Travel cost: Service demand may require travel, whose costs can reflect the implied value of the service (e.g. value of
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was estimated at $ 1–1.5 billion, which contrasted dramatically with the estimated $ 6–8 billion cost of constructing a
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Provisioning services consist of all "the products obtained from ecosystems". The following services are also known as
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is said to provide about $ 110 million in ecosystem services per year, $ 40 million more than if no base was present.
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1010:, and might also facilitate securing the financial means to protect services through a diversification of investors.
1002:. Recognition that the conservation of many ecosystem services aligns with more traditional conservation goals (i.e.
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299:
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that perform the four categories of ecosystem services in several ways. Firstly, their provisioning services include
3581:"Valuation of Ecosystem Services from Shellfish Restoration, Enhancement and Management: A Review of the Literature"
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Hanson, C, J Ranganathan, C Iceland, and J Finisdore. (2008) The Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (Version 1.0).
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cultural (including use of nature as motif in books, film, painting, folklore, national symbols, advertising, etc.)
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Daily, G. C. 1997. Nature's Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington. 392pp.
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147:
131:
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Chan, Kai M. A.; Shaw, M. Rebecca; Cameron, David R.; Underwood, Emma C.; Daily, Gretchen C. (31 October 2006).
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Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species.
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As of 2005 Local to regional collective management efforts were considered appropriate for services like crop
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Gibson, Clark C.; Williams, John T.; Ostrom, Elinor (February 2005). "Local Enforcement and Better Forests".
3159:"RC18-1605 Project Overview. Value and Resiliency of Ecosystem Services on Department of Defense (DoD) Lands"
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1969:
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drew attention to the critical role of the ecosystem in processing wastes and recycling nutrients. In 1970,
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Regulating services are the "benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes". These include:
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and colleagues' later work and that of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment lumped all of these together as
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5197:
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675:. Together, these ecosystems perform the four categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: The
3239:
Dietz, Thomas; Ostrom, Elinor; Stern, Paul C. (12 December 2003). "The Struggle to Govern the Commons".
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debate about what is the total value of nature is actually pointless because we can't live without it'.
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also has targets aimed at enhancing the use of ecosystem services for sustainable tourism especially in
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4061:"Sustainable grassland management efforts in the Baltics: interview with Žymantas Morkvėnas – GO-GRASS"
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2158:"Soil water retention and carbon pools in tropical forested wetlands and marshes of the Gulf of Mexico"
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Daily, Gretchen C. (December 2000). "Management objectives for the protection of ecosystem services".
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For example, as of 2013, there had been interest in the valuation of ecosystem services provided by
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Ehrlich, P. R., and A. Ehrlich. 1970. Population, Resources, Environment: Issues in Human Ecology.
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1246:. Recognition of how ecosystems could provide complex services to humankind date back to at least
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has a target to ensure the conservation, restoration, and sustainable use of ecosystem services.
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Pretty, Jules (12 December 2003). "Social Capital and the Collective Management of Resources".
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Chichilnisky, Graciela; Heal, Geoffrey (February 1998). "Economic returns from the biosphere".
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2505:"Pivotal cultural values of nature cannot be integrated into the ecosystem services framework"
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1173:, and measure the impacts on all four parts of the intersection. These decisions are usually
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spiritual and historical (including use of nature for religious or heritage value or natural)
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methods to exercise econometric models of landowner decisions in a study of the effects of
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48:. These ecosystems, when functioning well, offer such things as provision of food, natural
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The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
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1944:"The European Union and forests | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"
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help to turn animal wastes into organic material that can be reused by primary producers.
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raw materials (including lumber, skins, fuelwood, organic matter, fodder, and fertilizer)
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Costa Rica sustainable resource management: Successfully tackling tropical deforestation
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2520:
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1702:
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1553:
Classifying Ecosystem Services for Economic Valuation: The case of forest water services
920:
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6852:
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5988:
5873:
5627:
5079:
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4709:
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4547:
4148:
4140:
3965:"Empirical methods for modeling landscape change, ecosystem services, and biodiversity"
3629:
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3529:
3510:
3395:
3333:
3272:
3029:
2922:
2725:
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2504:
2480:
2445:
2274:"Nutrient Cycles: Recycling in Ecosystems, The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles – ScienceAid"
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108:
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964:
and services. In 2000, to improve the information available, the implementation of an
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1820:
1794:
1780:
1659:
1484:
1444:
1125:
931:
474:
294:
249:
142:
Ecosystem services or eco-services are defined as the goods and services provided by
100:
3514:
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3337:
2729:
2234:
2191:
1994:
1728:
1671:
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6162:
6066:
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5808:
5697:
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4952:
4778:
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4681:
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2094:
2068:
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1882:
1812:
1772:
1714:
1706:
1651:
1560:
1237:
1227:
While the notion of human dependence on Earth's ecosystems reaches to the start of
1174:
1145:
Ecosystem services decisions require making complex choices at the intersection of
961:
947:
672:
611:
science and education (including use of natural systems for school excursions, and
454:
96:
92:
60:. Ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories of services. There are
3498:
2926:
2769:
2744:
2571:
What is landscape ecology? An analysis and evaluation of six different conceptions
1879:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
1855:
6920:
6886:
6772:
6752:
6662:
6311:
6277:
6211:
6008:
5993:
5692:
5679:
5657:
5642:
5553:
5465:
5047:
4957:
4942:
4808:
4773:
4582:
4217:: W. L. Thomas, editor. Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth (Volume 2).
4032:
3903:
3668:
3546:
3468:
2957:"Valuing biodiversity and ecosystem services: Why put economic values on Nature?"
2840:
2298:
2182:
2157:
1655:
1586:
1404:
1384:
1282:
1194:
1121:
1077:
as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse
696:
509:
470:
450:
449:
improved to levels that met government standards. The cost of this investment in
417:, where the quality of drinking water had fallen below standards required by the
389:
173:
73:
3964:
2994:
2155:
1400:
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
618:
therapeutic (including eco-therapy, social forestry and animal assisted therapy)
278:
6961:
6908:
6818:
6737:
6722:
6717:
6669:
6557:
6353:
6301:
6284:
6118:
5838:
5365:
4972:
4889:
4823:
4818:
4537:
4515:
4450:
4373:
3807:
2972:
2123:
Molnar, Michelle; Clarke-Murray, Cathryn; Whitworth, John; Tam, Jordan (2009).
1409:
1351:
1313:
1259:
1207:
1185:
969:
771:
731:
704:
542:
534:
442:
426:
308:
206:
198:
161:
104:
2226:
850:
Factor income: Services provide for the enhancement of incomes (e.g. improved
7022:
6925:
6762:
6652:
6609:
6390:
6267:
6153:
6103:
5967:
5848:
5778:
5735:
5702:
5687:
5505:
5460:
5277:
5002:
4987:
4982:
4967:
4788:
4742:
4500:
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3816:
1331:
1262:
in the Mediterranean. It was not until the late 1940s that three key authors—
1251:
1202:
994:
851:
446:
422:
414:
376:
360:
304:
57:
53:
3311:
3260:
3052:"ARIES :: ARtificial Intelligence for Environment & Sustainability"
2721:
2529:
2470:
1719:
413:
An example for water purification as an ecosystem service is as follows: In
6727:
6685:
6461:
6412:
6348:
6204:
6108:
5637:
5615:
5610:
5600:
5250:
4648:
4407:
4295:
4273:
4253:
3834:
3565:
3506:
3329:
3268:
2980:
2778:
2548:
2489:
2106:
1663:
1271:
1267:
1229:
1129:
1070:
1061:
and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the
1003:
835:
Replacement cost: Services could be replaced with human-made systems (e.g.
755:
336:
289:, providing fuel, soil protection, shade, and even well-being to travelers.
5485:
4200:
Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County Almanac and Sketches from Here and There.
4113:"Deforestation, Erosion, and Forest Management in Ancient Greece and Rome"
3851:
3216:
Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
257:(including pharmaceuticals, chemical models, and test and assay organisms)
6823:
6767:
6589:
6567:
6562:
6429:
6306:
6272:
6260:
6148:
6071:
5605:
5500:
4833:
4828:
4793:
4656:
4046:
3077:
3051:
1374:
986:
976:
935:
735:
680:
565:
561:
399:
234:
49:
26:
6930:
6747:
6705:
6647:
6616:
6255:
6187:
6125:
6098:
6061:
5647:
5520:
4992:
4977:
4803:
4783:
4144:
3633:
3604:
Jones; Lawton, and Shachak (1994). "Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers".
3320:
3103:
1565:
1278:
1150:
1112:
1007:
862:
767:
751:
750:
also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the
739:
716:
605:
601:
513:
441:
of chemicals, together with biotic recycling via root systems and soil
438:
264:
254:
120:
4317:
3364:
1710:
6813:
6695:
6503:
6498:
6476:
6365:
6358:
6177:
6172:
6079:
6056:
5261:
5207:
4661:
3184:
Tacconi, L (2012). "Redefining payments for environmental services".
2918:
2446:"Contributions of cultural services to the ecosystem services agenda"
1886:
1816:
1776:
1298:
1117:
1100:
1014:
865:
experience is at least what a visitor is willing to pay to get there)
817:
743:
478:
382:
246:
genetic resources (including crop improvement genes, and health care)
188:
143:
45:
30:
5919:
4128:
3927:
3764:"How much is nature worth? $ 125 trillion, according to this report"
3625:
1602:
1550:
Ojea, Elena; Chiabai, Aline; Martin-Ortega, Julia (September 2010).
1312:
The ecosystem services concept has continued to expand and includes
6940:
6508:
6434:
6375:
6370:
6318:
6228:
6199:
6192:
6182:
6113:
6087:
6083:
6075:
5622:
5054:
4303:
4281:
4213:
Sears, P. B. 1956. "The processes of environmental change by man."
2706:
1757:
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf
1735:
1108:
763:
727:
517:
3985:
3134:"Assessing Ecosystem Service Benefits from Military Installations"
2818:
2060:
6808:
6604:
6599:
6545:
6451:
6380:
6223:
6024:
5027:
4342:
4322:
2892:"The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital"
1302:
1255:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1104:
993:. In particular, many forest-rich developing countries suffering
855:
829:
759:
720:
664:
546:
505:
430:
393:
268:
230:
202:
124:
88:
34:
4191:
Vogt, W. 1948. Road to Survival. William Sloan: New York. 335pp.
2888:
347:
risk, and supply cleaned water better than degraded habitats do.
6657:
6622:
6446:
6402:
6250:
6048:
4691:
2122:
1473:
1433:
1096:
968:
has been suggested (ESF), which integrates the biophysical and
260:
77:
4305:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
4087:
Small is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered
3788:
1605:"Defining, valuing and providing ecosystem goods and services"
1274:—promoted recognition of human dependence on the environment.
134:(MA) in the early 2000s has made this concept better known.
6690:
6530:
6456:
6243:
3841:
3791:"Unequal climate impacts on global values of natural capital"
3483:
1306:
1247:
747:
557:
466:
344:
332:
286:
238:
119:) and flood control. Lastly, their cultural services include
3026:"Ecosystem Services Review | World Resources Institute"
1603:
Brown, Thomas C.; John C. Bergstrom; John B. Loomis (2007).
1201:
to both model the uncertainty in the scientific information
891:
To provide an example of a cost comparison: The land of the
6635:
6491:
6486:
6466:
6340:
6291:
6135:
4333:
3916:
2806:
10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0249:LCBHNA]2.0.CO;2
659:
486:
1640:
1236:
existence, the term 'natural capital' was first coined by
6594:
6238:
4327:
3163:
www.serdp-estcp.org Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
2442:
1216:
328:
44:
are the various benefits that humans derive from healthy
3889:
3603:
3527:
2569:. New York; Kirchhoff, T./Trepl, L./Vicenzotti, V. 2012:
1684:
1549:
5232:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
2423:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1687:"The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services"
2614:
1809:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
1297:, which listed services including insect pollination,
1053:(EBA or EbA) encompasses a broad set of approaches to
2995:"Our Ecosystem – Mapping & Data Sharing Software"
2615:
Westcott, Morgan; Wendy Anderson, Eds (4 June 2021).
1769:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Main report
715:
of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects,
311:, just 60% of the yearly forest growth is harvested.
4010:
3919:"Decision insight into stakeholder conflict for ERN"
3377:
2853:
2603:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1327:
683:, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources.
4111:Hughes, J. Donald; Thirgood, J. V. (1 April 1982).
1513:"Estimating Ecosystem Services in Southern Ontario"
1169:, proposal proponents, decision makers, residents,
1036:
457:plant plus the $ 300 million annual running costs.
4330:for modeling impacts on aquatic ecosystem services
3578:
2118:
2116:
980:protection of carbon sequestration sources or the
2791:
1629:
1184:One analytical study modeled the stakeholders as
7020:
5395:
3238:
2038:
1477:Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis
1437:Ecosystems and human well-being : synthesis
774:, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs.
485:available for wild bees within 1–2 km of a
3986:Ullman D. G.; K. Halsey; C. Goldfinger (2013).
3646:
2509:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2450:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2113:
1642:"The Value of Nature and the Nature of Value".
307:by roughly 0.4% year in recent decades. In the
5256:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
4110:
3530:"Conservation Planning for Ecosystem Services"
3209:
3207:
3132:James Kagan, Mark Borsuk (18 September 2019).
2380:"BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Inhaled and exhaled air"
2080:
2078:
103:. Secondly, their supporting services include
68:, such as the control of climate and disease.
5935:
5381:
4358:
2590:. New York; Backhaus, G./Murungi, J. (eds.):
2204:
2023:
1857:Global forest products facts and figures 2018
770:, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for
404:Disturbance regulation, i.e. flood protection
164:'s original definition distinguished between
111:. Thirdly, their regulating services include
4294: This article incorporates text from a
4272: This article incorporates text from a
4097:
4095:
3586:. Prepared for Pacific Shellfish Institute.
2617:"5.2 Recreation and Adventure Tourism in BC"
1140:
796:The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
421:, authorities opted to restore the polluted
155:The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity
64:, such as the production of food and water.
4328:Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) system
4182:. Little, Brown and Company: Boston. 217pp.
3204:
3131:
2075:
1128:of individuals and institutions to address
951:Ecosystem services in urban and rural areas
734:) in estuaries provides many nutrients for
5942:
5928:
5388:
5374:
5327:
4365:
4351:
4165:Marsh, G. P. 1864 (1965). Man and Nature.
4047:"About the project | LIFE Viva Grass"
3406:
679:include forest products, marine products,
419:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
5267:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
4092:
3962:
3926:
3824:
3806:
3555:
3545:
3434:
3353:Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
3319:
2768:
2538:
2528:
2502:
2479:
2469:
2181:
1970:"Over 40% of the EU covered with forests"
1718:
1564:
699:and disease regulation and buffer zones.
642:
5295:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
4298:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
4276:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
3988:"Managing Eco-System Services Decisions"
3350:
2794:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1596:
1474:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
1434:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005).
1295:Study of Critical Environmental Problems
946:
942:
919:
799:
660:Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
556:
533:Supporting services include for example
322:
277:
216:
187:
20:
3456:
3454:
3183:
3127:
3125:
2584:Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape
2563:Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape
2125:"Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services"
1395:Ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction
1293:was introduced in a 1970 report of the
985:for implementation are clearly defined
469:by bees is required for 15–30% of U.S.
7021:
4865:Corporate environmental responsibility
3714:"Climate Change Impacts on Ecosystems"
3711:
3289:
3213:
2954:
2742:
2680:
2503:Kirchhoff, Thomas (13 November 2012).
2084:
1580:The Ecological and Economic Foundation
1510:
524:
318:
25:An example of an ecosystem service is
16:Benefits provided by intact ecosystems
7059:Environmental social science concepts
5949:
5923:
5369:
4346:
4286:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
3731:
3593:from the original on 3 December 2013.
3412:
2330:from the original on 28 December 2017
2005:from the original on 24 February 2018
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1743:"Tunza Eco-generation Eco-generation"
1469:
1467:
924:Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES)
843:cost less than the construction of a
707:, biologically mediated habitats and
576:
408:
335:, forming the official source of the
192:Four categories of ecosystem services
5238:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
3451:
3122:
2743:Hardin, Garrett (13 December 1968).
2390:from the original on 26 October 2017
2360:from the original on 22 October 2017
1911:
1120:or dykes), hybrid measures (such as
1025:Notwithstanding, the United Nations
585:
4234:, San Francisco. 383pp. – see p.157
3138:Nicholas Institute, Duke University
1427:
893:United States Department of Defense
858:and improves the income of fishers)
854:increases the commercial take of a
792:Economic analysis of climate change
552:
343:, hold back water thereby reducing
13:
4880:Environmental full-cost accounting
4372:
3963:Lewis, David; Alig, Ralph (2009).
3460:Jessica Brown and Neil Bird 2010.
3415:Environmental Science & Policy
3054:. aries.integratedmodelling.org/.
1864:
1841:
1464:
1067:Convention on Biological Diversity
989:, which are often lacking in many
475:intensified agricultural practices
80:production. And finally there are
14:
7075:
4814:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
4311:
4000:from the original on 6 June 2013.
3110:from the original on 28 June 2012
3001:from the original on 17 June 2013
1995:"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment"
1504:
1069:(CBD) defines EBA as "the use of
608:, outdoor sports, and recreation)
7003:
7002:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5484:
5326:
5315:
5314:
5284:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
4289:
4267:
3084:from the original on 16 May 2016
3058:from the original on 7 June 2012
2955:Salles, Jean-Michel (May 2011).
2299:"ISBN1118506243 – Google zoeken"
2099:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x
1483:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
1443:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
1358:
1344:
1330:
1250:(c. 400 BC) who understood that
1042:This section is an excerpt from
1037:Ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA)
1033:average at global scale by 2100
912:This section is an excerpt from
5653:Science, technology and society
4870:Corporate social responsibility
4799:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4738:Community-supported agriculture
4423:Human impact on the environment
4318:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
4246:
4237:
4224:
4207:
4194:
4185:
4172:
4159:
4104:
4079:
4053:
4039:
4004:
3979:
3956:
3910:
3883:
3782:
3756:
3739:"What is an ecosystem service?"
3712:US EPA, OAR (18 October 2022).
3705:
3675:
3640:
3597:
3572:
3521:
3477:
3371:
3344:
3283:
3232:
3177:
3151:
3096:
3070:
3044:
3013:
2987:
2948:
2882:
2847:
2812:
2785:
2736:
2700:
2681:US EPA, ORD (2 November 2017).
2674:
2644:
2608:
2597:
2576:
2555:
2496:
2436:
2411:
2402:
2372:
2350:"Oxygen and Human Requirements"
2342:
2312:
2291:
2266:
2241:
2198:
2149:
2032:
2017:
1987:
1962:
1936:
1919:"What is an ecosystem service?"
1801:
1761:
1749:
1027:Sustainable Development Goal 15
928:Payments for ecosystem services
805:Sustainable urban drainage pond
650:Sustainable Development Goal 14
492:
148:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
132:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
52:of crops, clean air and water,
5110:Socially responsible marketing
3473:Overseas Development Institute
3392:10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.013
3218:. Cambridge University Press.
3198:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.028
1881:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
1678:
1573:
1543:
914:Payment for ecosystem services
703:of coastal ecosystems include
654:Small Island Developing States
460:
1:
7064:Ecological economics concepts
5301:Sustainable Development Goals
5105:Socially responsible business
3499:10.1126/science.291.5511.2047
3445:10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00102-7
2876:10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00088-5
2770:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
2354:www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu
2162:Hydrological Sciences Journal
1421:
1390:Ecological goods and services
1132:(such as the introduction of
1116:(such as the construction of
832:habitats avoids health costs)
183:
137:
7054:Forestry and the environment
5968:Pollution / quality
5397:Environmental social science
4300:license statement/permission
4278:license statement/permission
4033:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.04.007
3904:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.01.006
3669:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.02.013
3547:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040379
3080:. Natural Value Initiative.
2841:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.006
2573:. Landscape Research iFirst.
2253:National Wildlife Federation
2183:10.1080/02626667.2011.629786
1999:www.millenniumassessment.org
1656:10.1126/science.289.5478.395
1618:(2): 329–376. Archived from
966:Ecosystem Services Framework
777:
7:
5436:Environmental communication
5130:Sustainability organization
4915:Standards and certification
4506:Social return on investment
4219:University of Chicago Press
3892:Forest Policy and Economics
3106:. Natural Capital Project.
2586:, London; Schama, S. 1995:
2565:, London; Schama, S. 1995:
1323:
906:
91:and coastal ecosystems are
10:
7080:
5421:Environmental anthropology
4555:Systemic change resistance
4262:
4085:Schumacher, E. F. (1973).
3808:10.1038/s41586-023-06769-z
2973:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.03.008
2207:Environmental Conservation
1264:Henry Fairfield Osborn, Jr
1222:
1051:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1044:Ecosystem-based adaptation
1041:
911:
781:
723:, science and education.
496:
429:area was reduced, natural
385:regulates prey populations
237:), crops, wild foods, and
6998:
6939:
6804:
6797:
6678:
6539:Types / location
6538:
6529:
6339:
6134:
6047:
6017:
5966:
5957:
5864:
5713:
5493:
5482:
5403:
5310:
5221:
5158:
4930:
4857:
4766:
4733:Climate-smart agriculture
4718:
4690:
4647:
4601:
4568:
4441:
4398:
4380:
4117:Journal of Forest History
3021:World Resources Institute
2582:Cf. Cosgrove, D.E. 1984:
2561:Cf. Cosgrove, D.E. 1984:
2227:10.1017/S0376892905001967
1612:Natural Resources Journal
1380:Diversity-function debate
1141:Land use change decisions
1126:strengthen the capacities
1093:restoration of ecosystems
1079:effects of climate change
1063:impacts of climate change
899:habitat. As of 2020, the
693:climate change mitigation
669:marine coastal ecosystems
370:climate change mitigation
146:to humans. Per the 2006
117:climate change mitigation
5451:Environmental psychology
4875:Environmental accounting
4624:Sustainable architecture
4614:Environmental technology
3743:European Investment Bank
3579:Northern Economics Inc.
2961:Comptes Rendus Biologies
2444:Dunk, A. (5 June 2012).
2408:New Scientist, June 2019
1923:European Investment Bank
1059:management of ecosystems
5456:Environmental sociology
5431:Environmental economics
5411:Ecological anthropology
4748:Sustainable agriculture
4202:Oxford University Press
4167:Charles Scribner's Sons
3969:Western Economics Forum
3312:10.1126/science.1090847
3261:10.1126/science.1091015
3214:Ostrom, Elinor (1990).
2722:10.1525/bio.2010.60.8.4
2530:10.1073/pnas.1212409109
2471:10.1073/pnas.1114773109
1585:3 December 2013 at the
1199:decision support system
1057:. They all involve the
1055:adapt to climate change
784:Environmental economics
604:experiences (including
433:processes such as soil
7029:Ecological restoration
5446:Environmental politics
5291:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
5160:Sustainable management
5145:Urban drainage systems
4885:Environmental planning
4849:Water recycling shower
4839:Tidal stream generator
4634:Sustainable industries
4593:Sustainable population
4578:Demographic transition
4560:Tragedy of the commons
3944:Cite journal requires
2632:Cite journal requires
2024:Basic Biology (2016).
1948:www.europarl.europa.eu
1531:Cite journal requires
1415:Nature Based Solutions
1291:environmental services
1165:viewpoints, including
1124:) and approaches that
1089:sustainable management
952:
925:
814:tragedy of the commons
808:
643:Recreation and tourism
569:
348:
290:
193:
38:
5541:Ecological humanities
5441:Environmental history
5183:Humanistic capitalism
4998:Environmental finance
4639:Sustainable packaging
1691:Ecological Monographs
1559:. BIOCON Conference.
1511:Austin, Troy (2009).
1366:Earth sciences portal
1134:early warning systems
1000:biodiversity hotspots
957:common pool resources
950:
943:Management and policy
923:
886:environmental impacts
803:
782:Further information:
677:provisioning services
560:
368:(this contributes to
326:
281:
217:Provisioning services
191:
62:provisioning services
24:
7034:Ecological economics
6914:remnant natural area
6551:storage and recovery
6217:habitat conservation
6035:Deforestation (REDD)
5633:Integrated geography
5511:Behavioral geography
5416:Ecological economics
5150:Urban infrastructure
4844:Water heat recycling
4667:Conservation biology
4511:Steady-state economy
4486:Micro-sustainability
4471:Ecological footprint
4428:Planetary boundaries
4180:Our Plundered Planet
3768:World Economic Forum
3186:Ecological Economics
2936:on 22 September 2017
2856:Ecological Economics
2662:on 30 September 2020
2588:Landscape and memory
2567:Landscape and memory
2320:"Ecosystem Services"
2249:"Ecosystem Services"
1240:in 1973 in his book
991:developing countries
901:Eglin Air Force Base
882:resource consumption
788:Ecological economics
754:. The high level of
689:carbon sequestration
613:scientific discovery
483:oak-woodland habitat
366:Carbon sequestration
113:carbon sequestration
6868:Earth Overshoot Day
6442:Marine conservation
6423:non-timber products
5904:Research institutes
5426:Environmental crime
5251:Earth Summit (1992)
4905:Metrics and indices
4758:Sustainable fishery
4677:Holocene extinction
4496:Product stewardship
4466:Earth Overshoot Day
4302:). Text taken from
4280:). Text taken from
4025:2015EcoSv..14...67Q
3871:on 11 February 2015
3693:on 4 September 2017
3661:2018EcoSv..29..223K
3618:1994Oikos..69..373J
3467:14 May 2011 at the
3427:2000ESPol...3..333D
3304:2003Sci...302.1912P
3298:(5652): 1912–1914.
3253:2003Sci...302.1907D
3247:(5652): 1907–1912.
2911:1997Natur.387..253C
2868:2002EcoEc..41..375F
2833:2016EcoSv..17...53G
2761:1968Sci...162.1243H
2755:(3859): 1243–1248.
2592:Symbolic Landscapes
2521:2012PNAS..109E3146K
2462:2012PNAS..109.8812D
2419:"Cultural services"
2219:2005EnvCo..32...85B
2174:2011HydSJ..56.1388C
2053:1998Natur.391..629C
1771:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
1703:2011EcoM...81..169B
1589:, chapter 1, p.19,
1254:could lead to soil
1167:regulatory agencies
701:Supporting services
685:Regulating services
525:Supporting services
388:Biological control
319:Regulating services
285:in Andhra Pradesh,
255:medicinal resources
209:regulation, etc.).
70:Supporting services
66:Regulating services
6853:Ecosystem services
5976:Ambient standards
5874:Environment portal
5628:Industrial ecology
4710:Sustainable energy
4672:Endangered species
4629:Sustainable design
4543:Consumer behaviour
4256:, New York. 305pp.
4221:, Chicago. 1193pp.
4204:, New York. 226pp.
4169:, New York. 472pp.
4067:. 8 September 2020
4013:Ecosystem Services
3649:Ecosystem Services
2821:Ecosystem Services
1338:Environment portal
1243:Small is Beautiful
1075:ecosystem services
953:
926:
897:endangered species
845:water purification
841:Catskill Watershed
809:
709:primary production
577:Primary production
570:
539:primary production
499:Coastal management
423:Catskill Watershed
409:Water purification
379:and detoxification
349:
291:
194:
178:ecosystem services
170:ecosystem services
115:(which helps with
109:primary production
42:Ecosystem services
39:
7016:
7015:
6994:
6993:
6793:
6792:
6472:genetic resources
6408:genetic resources
6043:
6042:
5951:Natural resources
5917:
5916:
5756:Green criminology
5516:Community studies
5471:Political ecology
5363:
5362:
5289:Earth Summit 2002
5272:Lisbon Principles
5244:Our Common Future
4922:Sustainable yield
4728:Civic agriculture
4481:Green consumption
4418:Global governance
4178:Osborn, F. 1948.
3859:"ebaflagship.org"
3801:(7996): 722–727.
3770:. 30 October 2018
3683:"Goal 15 targets"
3380:World Development
3365:10.1002/pam.10181
3225:978-0-521-40599-7
2905:(6630): 253–260.
2652:"Goal 14 targets"
2604:https://cices.eu/
2594:. Dordrecht 2009.
2456:(23): 8812–8819.
2047:(6668): 629–630.
1896:978-92-5-132707-4
1826:978-92-5-132581-0
1786:978-92-5-132974-0
1711:10.1890/10-1510.1
1650:(5478): 395–396.
1083:EbA involves the
932:natural resources
713:Cultural services
691:(contributing to
673:marine ecosystems
586:Cultural services
295:forest management
250:biogenic minerals
101:genetic resources
93:marine ecosystems
82:cultural services
7071:
7006:
7005:
6957:
6904:Natural heritage
6863:overexploitation
6802:
6801:
6536:
6535:
6482:herbal medicines
6462:FAO Plant Treaty
6002:
5979:
5964:
5963:
5944:
5937:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5882:
5881:
5872:
5804:natural resource
5488:
5476:Regional science
5390:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5330:
5329:
5318:
5317:
5262:Agenda 21 (1992)
5233:
5198:Natural resource
5085:Organic movement
5060:Impact investing
4779:Hydroelectricity
4753:Sustainable diet
4705:Renewable energy
4700:Carbon footprint
4682:Invasive species
4619:Natural building
4570:World population
4531:Marketing myopia
4491:Over-consumption
4461:Circular economy
4456:Anti-consumerism
4413:Environmentalism
4367:
4360:
4353:
4344:
4343:
4293:
4271:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4211:
4205:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4183:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4090:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3930:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3870:
3864:. Archived from
3863:
3855:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3810:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3689:. Archived from
3679:
3673:
3672:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3481:
3475:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3323:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3028:. Archived from
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2967:(5–6): 469–482.
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2929:. Archived from
2919:10.1038/387253a0
2896:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2683:"Coastal Waters"
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2658:. Archived from
2648:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2606:
2601:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2473:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2185:
2168:(8): 1388–1406.
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2130:. Archived from
2129:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1887:10.4060/ca8985en
1875:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1817:10.4060/ca8753en
1805:
1799:
1798:
1777:10.4060/ca9825en
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1720:20.500.11919/920
1682:
1676:
1675:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1558:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1431:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1238:E. F. Schumacher
1235:
1122:artificial reefs
1118:water reservoirs
1020:excess nutrients
962:ecosystem health
884:. Most focus on
705:nutrient cycling
553:Nutrient cycling
535:nutrient cycling
510:saltwater swamps
455:water filtration
355:Purification of
341:sequester carbon
229:food (including
105:nutrient cycling
97:marine resources
7079:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7039:Systems ecology
7019:
7018:
7017:
7012:
6990:
6955:
6935:
6921:Systems ecology
6887:Natural capital
6789:
6674:
6663:reclaimed water
6525:
6487:UPOV Convention
6335:
6130:
6039:
6013:
6009:Ozone depletion
6000:
5977:
5953:
5948:
5918:
5913:
5860:
5709:
5680:Systems ecology
5664:Sustainability
5658:science studies
5643:Rural sociology
5489:
5480:
5466:Human geography
5399:
5394:
5364:
5359:
5306:
5231:
5223:
5222:Agreements and
5217:
5154:
4958:Climate finance
4926:
4853:
4809:Reclaimed water
4762:
4714:
4686:
4643:
4597:
4583:Family planning
4564:
4437:
4394:
4376:
4371:
4340:
4323:Earth Economics
4314:
4308:, FAO, FAO.
4265:
4260:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4212:
4208:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4160:
4129:10.2307/4004530
4109:
4105:
4100:
4093:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4065:www.go-grass.eu
4059:
4058:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3961:
3957:
3945:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3928:10.2172/1035334
3915:
3911:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3842:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3722:
3720:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3645:
3641:
3626:10.2307/3545850
3602:
3598:
3590:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3526:
3522:
3482:
3478:
3469:Wayback Machine
3459:
3452:
3411:
3407:
3376:
3372:
3349:
3345:
3288:
3284:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3212:
3205:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3140:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3032:on 1 April 2009
3024:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2852:
2848:
2817:
2813:
2790:
2786:
2741:
2737:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2598:
2581:
2577:
2560:
2556:
2501:
2497:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2203:
2199:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2137:on 3 March 2016
2134:
2127:
2121:
2114:
2087:Ecology Letters
2083:
2076:
2037:
2033:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1950:. 31 March 2023
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1897:
1877:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1842:
1827:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1787:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1683:
1679:
1639:
1630:
1625:on 25 May 2013.
1622:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1587:Wayback Machine
1578:
1574:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1480:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1405:Natural capital
1385:Earth Economics
1364:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1305:regulation and
1233:
1225:
1195:land-use change
1179:multi-objective
1143:
1138:
1137:
1047:
1039:
945:
940:
939:
917:
909:
798:
780:
772:migratory birds
697:waste treatment
662:
645:
588:
579:
555:
527:
508:(which include
501:
495:
471:food production
465:Pollination of
463:
451:natural capital
411:
339:. Healthy bogs
321:
283:Social forestry
223:ecosystem goods
219:
186:
174:Robert Costanza
166:ecosystem goods
140:
74:nutrient cycles
17:
12:
11:
5:
7077:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7044:Social ecology
7041:
7036:
7031:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6956:(perpetuation)
6951:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6917:
6916:
6909:Nature reserve
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6865:
6855:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6805:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6592:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6542:
6540:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6386:climate change
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6354:Bioprospecting
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6236:
6231:
6221:
6220:
6219:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6156:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6053:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:Clean Air Act
5991:
5986:
5981:
5972:
5970:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5843:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5738:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5597:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:Environmental
5558:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5324:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5298:
5297:(Rio+20, 2012)
5292:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5248:
5240:
5235:
5227:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5043:Infrastructure
5040:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Eco-capitalism
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4890:Sustainability
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4858:Accountability
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4516:Sustainability
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4451:Anthropization
4447:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4374:Sustainability
4370:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4320:
4313:
4312:External links
4310:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4245:
4236:
4223:
4206:
4193:
4184:
4171:
4158:
4103:
4091:
4078:
4052:
4038:
4003:
3978:
3955:
3946:|journal=
3909:
3882:
3850:
3840:
3781:
3755:
3730:
3704:
3674:
3639:
3612:(3): 373–386.
3596:
3571:
3520:
3493:(5511): 2047.
3476:
3450:
3436:10.1.1.463.824
3421:(6): 333–339.
3405:
3386:(2): 273–284.
3370:
3343:
3282:
3231:
3224:
3203:
3176:
3150:
3121:
3095:
3069:
3043:
3012:
2997:. Ecometrica.
2986:
2947:
2881:
2862:(3): 375–392.
2846:
2811:
2800:(5): 249–257.
2784:
2735:
2716:(8): 576–589.
2699:
2673:
2643:
2634:|journal=
2607:
2596:
2575:
2554:
2495:
2435:
2410:
2401:
2371:
2341:
2311:
2290:
2265:
2240:
2197:
2148:
2112:
2093:(5): 468–479.
2074:
2031:
2016:
1986:
1961:
1935:
1910:
1895:
1863:
1840:
1825:
1800:
1785:
1760:
1748:
1734:
1697:(2): 169–193.
1677:
1628:
1595:
1572:
1542:
1533:|journal=
1503:
1489:
1463:
1449:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1410:Soil functions
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1355:
1352:Ecology portal
1341:
1325:
1322:
1314:socio-economic
1260:soil fertility
1224:
1221:
1208:Remote sensing
1142:
1139:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1035:
970:socio-economic
944:
941:
918:
910:
908:
905:
873:
872:
869:
866:
859:
848:
833:
779:
776:
732:brackish water
661:
658:
644:
641:
636:
635:
632:
629:
620:
619:
616:
609:
599:
596:
587:
584:
578:
575:
554:
551:
543:soil formation
526:
523:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
462:
459:
443:microorganisms
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
397:
386:
380:
373:
363:
320:
317:
309:European Union
276:
275:
272:
258:
252:
247:
244:
241:
218:
215:
207:natural hazard
205:regulation or
199:climate change
185:
182:
162:Gretchen Daily
139:
136:
56:of wastes, or
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7076:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7049:Human ecology
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7009:
7001:
7000:
6997:
6987:
6986:Non-renewable
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:Urban ecology
6924:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6885:
6881:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6796:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6758:Privatization
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6653:Surface water
6651:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6528:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6155:
6154:peak farmland
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5931:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5855:
5854:environmental
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5819:environmental
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:environmental
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:environmental
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5749:environmental
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5736:Ecopsychology
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5720:Architecture
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5534:environmental
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Anthrozoology
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Human ecology
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5386:
5384:
5379:
5377:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5278:Earth Charter
5276:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5168:Environmental
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:Refurbishment
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5090:Organizations
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5003:Green economy
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Eco-socialism
4986:
4984:
4983:Eco-investing
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4968:Disinvestment
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4789:Marine energy
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4743:Cultured meat
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Simple living
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4368:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4240:
4233:
4232:W. H. Freeman
4227:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4203:
4197:
4188:
4181:
4175:
4168:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4107:
4098:
4096:
4088:
4082:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3938:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3359:(1): 97–117.
3358:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3165:. 19 May 2020
3164:
3160:
3154:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
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2908:
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2900:
2893:
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2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2834:
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2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
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2758:
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2703:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2647:
2639:
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2618:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:(46): E3146.
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
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2447:
2439:
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2414:
2405:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2061:10.1038/35481
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:. FAO. 2020.
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1525:
1514:
1507:
1492:
1490:1-59726-040-1
1486:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1452:
1450:1-59726-040-1
1446:
1439:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1320:objectives.
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:deforestation
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1130:climate risks
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
995:deforestation
992:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
958:
949:
937:
933:
929:
922:
915:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
877:
870:
867:
864:
860:
857:
853:
852:water quality
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:
827:
826:
825:
821:
819:
815:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
695:) as well as
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
657:
655:
651:
640:
633:
630:
626:
625:
624:
617:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
593:
592:
583:
574:
567:
563:
559:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:water quality
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:New York City
403:
401:
398:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:decomposition
374:
371:
367:
364:
362:
358:
354:
353:
352:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
316:
312:
310:
306:
305:afforestation
301:
296:
288:
284:
280:
273:
270:
269:biomass fuels
266:
262:
259:
256:
253:
251:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
226:
224:
214:
210:
208:
204:
200:
190:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
158:
156:
151:
149:
145:
135:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:For example,
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
58:flood control
55:
54:decomposition
51:
47:
43:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
6984: /
6858:Exploitation
6743:Conservation
6686:Desalination
6621:
6514:conservation
6349:Biodiversity
6297:conservation
6144:Agricultural
6072:Fossil fuels
5774:occupational
5769:epidemiology
5740:Engineering
5638:Permaculture
5601:Ethnobiology
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5319:
5243:
5008:Construction
4931:Applications
4649:Biodiversity
4408:Anthropocene
4339:
4304:
4296:free content
4288:
4282:
4274:free content
4266:
4254:Random House
4248:
4239:
4226:
4214:
4209:
4196:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4123:(2): 60–75.
4120:
4116:
4106:
4086:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4064:
4055:
4041:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3981:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3937:cite journal
3912:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3866:the original
3853:
3843:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3767:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3742:
3733:
3721:. Retrieved
3717:
3707:
3697:24 September
3695:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3686:
3677:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3574:
3540:(11): e379.
3537:
3534:PLOS Biology
3533:
3523:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3215:
3192:(1): 29–36.
3189:
3185:
3179:
3167:. Retrieved
3162:
3153:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:
3112:. Retrieved
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3072:
3060:. Retrieved
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:the original
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2989:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2938:. Retrieved
2931:the original
2902:
2898:
2884:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:
2676:
2666:24 September
2664:. Retrieved
2660:the original
2655:
2646:
2625:cite journal
2610:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2453:
2449:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2422:
2413:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2323:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2213:(1): 85–92.
2210:
2206:
2200:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2139:. Retrieved
2132:the original
2090:
2086:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1974:ec.europa.eu
1973:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1878:
1860:. FAO. 2019.
1856:
1808:
1803:
1768:
1763:
1751:
1737:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1647:
1643:
1620:the original
1615:
1611:
1598:
1575:
1552:
1545:
1524:cite journal
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1476:
1454:. Retrieved
1436:
1429:
1318:conservation
1311:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1283:Paul Ehrlich
1276:
1272:Aldo Leopold
1268:William Vogt
1241:
1230:Homo sapiens
1228:
1226:
1213:
1183:
1144:
1085:conservation
1071:biodiversity
1049:
1031:
1024:
1012:
1004:biodiversity
974:
965:
954:
890:
878:
874:
822:
810:
756:biodiversity
740:Salt marshes
725:
712:
700:
684:
676:
663:
646:
637:
621:
602:recreational
589:
580:
571:
562:Detritivores
532:
528:
514:salt marshes
502:
493:Buffer zones
464:
412:
350:
337:River Severn
313:
293:Forests and
292:
222:
220:
211:
195:
177:
169:
165:
159:
152:
141:
129:
86:
81:
69:
65:
61:
41:
40:
29:, here by a
18:
6977:Nationalism
6949:Common-pool
6590:Hydrosphere
6583:remediation
6568:Groundwater
6163:Degradation
5785:Management
5729:sustainable
5501:Agroecology
5224:conferences
5095:Procurement
5038:Development
4938:Advertising
4900:Measurement
4834:Tidal power
4829:Small hydro
4794:Micro hydro
4657:Biosecurity
4609:Appropriate
4538:Sustainable
4521:Advertising
4443:Consumption
4433:Development
3975:(1): 29–39.
3718:www.epa.gov
3655:: 223–227.
3321:10919/65915
1566:10810/14215
1375:Blue carbon
1191:Monte Carlo
1163:stakeholder
1113:coral reefs
987:land rights
982:restoration
977:pollination
936:marketplace
837:restoration
768:coral reefs
736:marine life
681:fresh water
566:dung beetle
461:Pollination
400:Pollination
50:pollination
27:pollination
7023:Categories
6972:Extraction
6931:Wilderness
6892:accounting
6875:Management
6841:ecological
6829:tragedy of
6748:Peak water
6733:Efficiency
6706:Sanitation
6648:Stormwater
6641:harvesting
6617:Irrigation
6519:management
6477:gene banks
6418:management
6396:management
6312:resilience
6278:phosphorus
6234:industrial
6212:Management
6188:soundscape
6094:Geothermal
5744:ecological
5698:metabolism
5648:Sexecology
5545:Economics
5529:ecological
5521:Demography
5115:Sanitation
5070:Livelihood
4993:Ecovillage
4978:Eco-cities
4895:Accounting
4804:Pico hydro
4784:Hydropower
4602:Technology
4400:Principles
3471:. London:
2940:26 October
2710:BioScience
2278:ScienceAid
2141:1 December
2026:"Wetlands"
1422:References
1286:depends".
1279:Paul Sears
1203:Bayes Nets
1157:, and the
1151:technology
1101:grasslands
1095:, such as
1008:landscapes
863:ecotourism
752:food chain
728:salt water
717:recreation
628:functions.
606:ecotourism
564:like this
439:filtration
435:absorption
265:hydropower
184:Categories
144:ecosystems
138:Definition
121:recreation
72:, such as
46:ecosystems
6982:Renewable
6967:Depletion
6954:Conflict
6836:Economics
6814:enclosure
6773:Resources
6753:Pollution
6670:Watershed
6573:pollution
6504:Seed bank
6499:Rangeland
6381:Fisheries
6366:Biosphere
6359:biopiracy
6302:fertility
6178:cityscape
6173:Landscape
6080:peak coal
6067:Resources
6018:Emissions
5815:Planning
5794:fisheries
5724:landscape
5693:geography
5564:education
5208:Recycling
5203:Planetary
5193:Materials
5188:Landscape
5173:Fisheries
5140:Transport
5065:Landscape
5048:Marketing
5023:Gardening
4963:Community
4910:Reporting
4774:Footprint
4662:Biosphere
4153:130391537
4137:0094-5080
4019:: 67–75.
3898:: 25–36.
3817:1476-4687
3431:CiteSeerX
3078:"Welcome"
2827:: 53–63.
2384:bbc.co.uk
1905:241416114
1835:130116768
1795:241774391
1299:fisheries
1289:The term
1277:In 1956,
1177:, always
1109:mangroves
1015:shellfish
818:economics
778:Economics
744:mangroves
671:are both
665:Estuarine
479:chaparral
427:watershed
383:Predation
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31:honey bee
7008:Category
6941:Resource
6880:adaptive
6778:improved
6738:Conflict
6723:Security
6718:Scarcity
6711:improved
6701:Leaching
6578:recharge
6558:Drinking
6509:Wildlife
6376:Bushmeat
6371:Bushfood
6324:planning
6229:gemstone
6224:Minerals
6205:property
6193:viewshed
6183:seascape
6114:sunlight
6088:peak oil
6084:peak gas
5909:Scholars
5899:Journals
5889:Concepts
5884:Category
5829:regional
5824:land use
5623:Forestry
5321:Category
5120:Sourcing
5055:Greening
4948:Business
4824:Security
4819:Scarcity
4334:GecoServ
4071:1 August
3995:Archived
3835:38110573
3826:10808060
3588:Archived
3566:17076586
3515:20296413
3507:11256386
3465:Archived
3400:13025667
3338:25070261
3330:14671287
3269:14671286
3108:Archived
3082:Archived
3056:Archived
3036:17 March
2999:Archived
2981:21640956
2779:17756331
2730:27270296
2549:23012476
2490:22615401
2394:28 April
2388:Archived
2364:28 April
2358:Archived
2334:28 April
2328:Archived
2304:28 April
2235:54753792
2192:85551159
2107:21352450
2009:28 April
2003:Archived
1729:86155063
1672:27639803
1664:10939949
1583:Archived
1496:7 August
1456:7 August
1324:See also
1105:wetlands
998:service
907:Payments
764:seagrass
687:include
518:Mangrove
506:Wetlands
6809:Commons
6798:Related
6763:Quality
6679:Aspects
6605:glacial
6546:Aquifer
6452:Pasture
6403:Forests
6329:reserve
6104:Nuclear
6074: (
6030:Trading
6025:Airshed
5894:Degrees
5845:Policy
5834:spatial
5760:Health
5714:Applied
5703:studies
5688:ecology
5673:studies
5668:science
5616:zoology
5611:ecology
5589:justice
5584:studies
5579:science
5525:Design
5494:Related
5354:Degrees
5347:Studies
5340:Science
5135:Tourism
5028:Geopark
5018:Finance
5013:Fashion
4588:Control
4476:Ethical
4385:Outline
4263:Sources
4145:4004530
4021:Bibcode
3774:19 July
3748:19 July
3723:19 July
3657:Bibcode
3634:3545850
3614:Bibcode
3557:1629036
3487:Science
3423:Bibcode
3300:Bibcode
3292:Science
3277:2373413
3249:Bibcode
3241:Science
2907:Bibcode
2864:Bibcode
2829:Bibcode
2757:Bibcode
2749:Science
2540:3503173
2517:Bibcode
2481:3384142
2458:Bibcode
2428:19 July
2324:msu.edu
2258:19 July
2215:Bibcode
2170:Bibcode
2069:4322093
2049:Bibcode
1979:19 July
1954:19 July
1928:19 July
1699:Bibcode
1644:Science
1303:climate
1256:erosion
1223:History
1175:spatial
1159:economy
1155:society
1147:ecology
1097:forests
934:in the
856:fishery
839:of the
830:wetland
760:wetland
748:beaches
721:tourism
547:habitat
431:abiotic
396:control
394:disease
327:Upland
231:seafood
203:erosion
125:tourism
35:avocado
6819:global
6783:policy
6728:Supply
6691:Floods
6658:Sewage
6631:Marine
6623:huerta
6457:Plants
6447:Meadow
6307:health
6285:rights
6273:copper
6251:mining
6149:arable
6049:Energy
5989:Indoor
5849:energy
5799:forest
5779:public
5684:Urban
5606:botany
5594:racism
5569:ethics
5554:thermo
5549:energy
5404:Fields
5303:(2015)
5280:(2000)
5274:(1997)
5258:(1992)
5246:(1987)
5178:Forest
5080:Market
5075:Living
4692:Energy
4548:Market
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3875:11 May
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3795:Nature
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3169:19 May
3143:19 May
3114:9 July
3104:"Home"
3088:9 July
3062:9 July
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2687:US EPA
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1270:, and
1186:agents
1065:. The
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794:, and
375:Waste
261:energy
239:spices
160:While
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6962:Curse
6768:Right
6610:polar
6600:bergs
6563:Fresh
6531:Water
6244:metal
6168:Field
6119:shade
6109:Solar
6099:Hydro
5984:Index
5839:urban
5809:waste
5333:Lists
5213:Waste
5125:Space
5033:Green
4767:Water
4526:Brand
4390:Index
4149:S2CID
4141:JSTOR
3998:(PDF)
3991:(PDF)
3869:(PDF)
3862:(PDF)
3630:JSTOR
3606:Oikos
3591:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3511:S2CID
3396:S2CID
3334:S2CID
3273:S2CID
2934:(PDF)
2923:S2CID
2895:(PDF)
2726:S2CID
2692:4 May
2231:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2135:(PDF)
2128:(PDF)
2065:S2CID
1901:S2CID
1831:S2CID
1791:S2CID
1725:S2CID
1668:S2CID
1623:(PDF)
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1441:(PDF)
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467:crops
357:water
345:flood
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287:India
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6897:good
6846:land
6824:land
6636:Rain
6492:wood
6467:food
6430:Game
6341:Life
6292:Soil
6268:peak
6261:sand
6136:Land
6126:Wind
6001:(US)
5978:(US)
4953:City
4720:Food
4133:ISSN
4073:2021
3950:help
3877:2015
3831:PMID
3813:ISSN
3776:2023
3750:2023
3725:2023
3699:2020
3687:UNDP
3562:PMID
3503:PMID
3326:PMID
3265:PMID
3220:ISBN
3171:2020
3145:2020
3116:2012
3090:2012
3064:2012
3038:2009
3007:2012
2977:PMID
2942:2021
2775:PMID
2694:2020
2668:2020
2656:UNDP
2638:help
2545:PMID
2486:PMID
2430:2021
2396:2018
2366:2018
2336:2018
2306:2018
2285:2018
2260:2021
2143:2014
2103:PMID
2011:2018
1981:2023
1956:2023
1930:2023
1891:ISBN
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1660:PMID
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6696:Law
6595:Ice
6435:law
6413:law
6391:law
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6256:law
6239:ore
6200:Law
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5994:Law
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