Nutrient cycle - Knowledge

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point, it does not make sense to assess a terrestrial ecosystem by considering the full column of air above it as well as the great depths of Earth below it. While an ecosystem often has no clear boundary, as a working model it is practical to consider the functional community where the bulk of matter and energy transfer occurs. Nutrient cycling occurs in ecosystems that participate in the "larger biogeochemical cycles of the earth through a system of inputs and outputs."

7494: 5264: 1712: 716: 1769:. In this book he captured the notion of ecological recycling: "The 'reciprocal uses' are the key to the whole idea, for 'the death, and destruction of one thing should always be subservient to the restitution of another;' thus mould spurs the decay of dead plants to nourish the soil, and the earth then 'offers again to plants from its bosom, what it has received from them.'" The basic idea of a balance of nature, however, can be traced back to the Greeks: 7484: 6970: 806: 168: 2062: 854: 54: 34: 7531: 967: 1936:: "We do not know whether to cherish the forest as a source of essential raw materials and other benefits or to remove it for the space it occupies. We expect a river to serve as both vein and artery carrying away waste but bringing usable material in the same channel. Nature long ago discarded the nonsense of carrying poisonous wastes and nutrients in the same vessels." Ecologists use 840:

leaving behind different sources of parent material. In terms of a food web, a cycle or loop is defined as "a directed sequence of one or more links starting from, and ending at, the same species." An example of this is the microbial food web in the ocean, where "bacteria are exploited, and controlled, by protozoa, including

3565:. Holmiae: Laurentium Salvium (in Latin). Vol. 2 (Translated by Benjamin Stillingfleet as 'The Oeconomy of Nature,' in Miscellaneous Tracts relating to Natural History, Husbandry, and Physick. ed.). Amoenitates Academicae, seu Dissertationes Variae Physicae, Medicae, Botanicae. pp. 1–58. 907:

of plant material." Different ecosystems can vary in their recycling rates of litter, which creates a complex feedback on factors such as the competitive dominance of certain plant species. Different rates and patterns of ecological recycling leaves a legacy of environmental effects with implications

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materials flowing and cycling through ecosystems from pollution and discarded technology are among a growing list of emerging ecological concerns. For example, unique assemblages of marine microbes have been found to digest plastic accumulating in the world's oceans. Discarded technology is absorbed

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Pesticides soon spread through everything in the ecosphere-both human technosphere and nonhuman biosphere-returning from the 'out there' of natural environments back into plant, animal, and human bodies situated at the 'in here' of artificial environments with unintended, unanticipated, and unwanted

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is another influential figure. "In 1872, Cohn described the 'cycle of life' as the "entire arrangement of nature" in which the dissolution of dead organic bodies provided the materials necessary for new life. The amount of material that could be molded into living beings was limited, he reasoned,

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exceeds supply within that system. There are regional and spatial differences in the rates of growth and exchange of materials, where some ecosystems may be in nutrient debt (sinks) where others will have extra supply (sources). These differences relate to climate, topography, and geological history

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appears in a 1976 paper on the recycling of organic carbon in oceans: "Following the actualistic assumption, then, that biological activity is responsible for the source of dissolved organic material in the oceans, but is not important for its activities after death of the organisms and subsequent

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instead. Some researchers have questioned the premise behind these and other kinds of technological solutions under the banner of 'eco-efficiency' are limited in their capability, harmful to ecological processes, and dangerous in their hyped capabilities. Many technoecosystems are competitive and

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Water is also a nutrient. In this context, some authors also refer to precipitation recycling, which "is the contribution of evaporation within a region to precipitation in that same region." These variations on the theme of nutrient cycling continue to be used and all refer to processes that are

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predates biogeochemistry in a pamphlet on silviculture in 1899: "These demands by no means pass over the fact that at places where sufficient quantities of humus are available and where, in case of continuous decomposition of litter, a stable, nutrient humus is present, considerable quantities of

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or ecosystem engineering. Many species leave an effect even after their death, such as coral skeletons or the extensive habitat modifications to a wetland by a beaver, whose components are recycled and re-used by descendants and other species living under a different selective regime through the

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and nutrient cycle. Most textbooks integrate the two and seem to treat them as synonymous terms. However, the terms often appear independently. The nutrient cycle is more often used in direct reference to the idea of an intra-system cycle, where an ecosystem functions as a unit. From a practical

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when he penned that "it is thoroughly demonstrated by ecological systems and geological systems that all the chemical elements and many organic substances can be accumulated by living systems from background crustal or oceanic concentrations without limit as to concentration so long as there is

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All systems recycle. The biosphere is a network of continually recycling materials and information in alternating cycles of convergence and divergence. As materials converge or become more concentrated they gain in quality, increasing their potentials to drive useful work in proportion to their

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A large fraction of the elements composing living matter reside at any instant of time in the world's biota. Because the earthly pool of these elements is limited and the rates of exchange among the various components of the biota are extremely fast with respect to geological time, it is quite

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appears in a 1968 publication on future applications of ecology for the creation of different modules designed for living in extreme environments, such as space or under the sea: "For our basic requirement of recycling vital resources, the oceans provide much more frequent

2041:) differs from ecological recycling in scale, complexity, and organization. Industrial recycling systems do not focus on the employment of ecological food webs to recycle waste back into different kinds of marketable goods, but primarily employ people and 1041:

containing undigested materials where bacteria and other decomposers gain access to the nutrients. The earthworm is employed in this process and the production of the ecosystem depends on their capability to create feedback loops in the recycling process.

2366: 1021:, for example, passively and mechanically alter the nature of soil environments. The bodies of dead worms passively contribute mineral nutrients to the soil. The worms also mechanically modify the physical structure of the soil as they crawl about ( 3435: 760:

The nutrient cycle is nature's recycling system. All forms of recycling have feedback loops that use energy in the process of putting material resources back into use. Recycling in ecology is regulated to a large extent during the process of

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wrote in "the economy of nature we understand the all-wise disposition of the creator in relation to natural things, by which they are fitted to produce general ends, and reciprocal uses" in reference to the balance of nature in his book

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evident that much of the same material is being incorporated again and again into different biological forms. This observation gives rise to the notion that, on the average, matter (and some amounts of energy) are involved in cycles.

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chain. Microorganisms have a significant role in the removal of synthetic organic compounds from the environment empowered by recycling mechanisms that have complex biodegradation pathways. The effect of synthetic materials, such as

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part of the global biogeochemical cycles. However, authors tend to refer to natural, organic, ecological, or bio-recycling in reference to the work of nature, such as it is used in organic farming or ecological agricultural systems.

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appears in a 1964 paper on the food ecology of the wood stork: "While the periodic drying up and reflooding of the marshes creates special survival problems for organisms in the community, the fluctuating water levels favor rapid

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Macfadyen, S.; Gibson, R.; Polaszek, A.; Morris, R. J.; Craze, P. G.; Planque, R.; et al. (2009). "Do differences in food web structure between organic and conventional farms affect the ecosystem service of pest control?".

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An endless stream of technological waste accumulates in different spatial configurations across the planet and becomes hazardous in our soils, our streams, and our oceans. This idea was similarly expressed in 1954 by ecologist

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microflagellates which are in turn exploited by ciliates. This grazing activity is accompanied by excretion of substances which are in turn used by the bacteria so that the system more or less operates in a closed circuit."

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so there must exist an "eternal circulation" (ewigem kreislauf) that constantly converts the same particle of matter from dead bodies into living bodies." These ideas were synthesized in the Master's research of

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and Boussingault (1844) provided a key paper that is recognized by some to be the true beginning of biogeochemistry, where they talked about the cycle of organic life in great detail. From 1836 to 1876,

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appears in a 1968 paper on the transportation of leaf litter and its chemical elements for consideration in fisheries management: "Fluvial transport of tree litter from drainage basins is a factor in

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demonstrated the nutritional necessity of minerals and nitrogen for plant growth and development. Prior to this time influential chemists discounted the importance of mineral nutrients in soil.

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concentrations relative to the environment. As their potentials are used, materials diverge, or become more dispersed in the landscape, only to be concentrated again at another time and place.

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rates. The balanced recycling efficiency of nature means that production of decaying waste material has exceeded rates of recyclable consumption into food chains equal to the global stocks of

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From the largest to the smallest of creatures, nutrients are recycled by their movement, by their wastes, and by their metabolic activities. This illustration shows an example of the

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parasitic toward natural ecosystems. Food web or biologically based "recycling includes metabolic recycling (nutrient recovery, storage, etc.) and ecosystem recycling (leaching and

832:, the fourth law has been rejected in line with observations of ecological recycling. However, some authors state that complete recycling is impossible for technological waste. 4326: 3841:

Penston, N. L. (1935). "Studies of the physiological importance of the mineral elements in plants VIII. The variation in potassium content of potato leaves during the day".

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Where produce from an organic farm leaves the farm gate for the market the system becomes an open cycle and nutrients may need to be replaced through alternative methods.

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structure. Organic agricultural ecosystems rely on the services of biodiversity for the recycling of nutrients through soils instead of relying on the supplementation of

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Huesemann, M. H.; Huesemann, J. A. (2008). "Will progress in science and technology avert or accelerate global collapse? A critical analysis and policy recommendations".

3338: 2699: 1961:(adding up to millions upon millions of tons) is being recycled by industrial systems; the 93% that never makes it into the industrial recycling stream is presumably 815:

Ecosystems are capable of complete recycling. Complete recycling means that 100% of the waste material can be reconstituted indefinitely. This idea was captured by

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Hastings, A.; Byers, J. E.; Crooks, J. A.; Cuddington, K.; Jones, C. G.; Lambrinos, J. G.; et al. (February 2007). "Ecosystem engineering in space and time".

2138: 2427:"When, where, and by how much do biophysical limits constrain the economic process?: A survey of Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's contribution to ecological economics" 4509: 747: 2266:

Levin, Simon A; Carpenter, Stephen R; Godfray, Charles J; Kinzig, Ann P; Loreau, Michel; Losos, Jonathan B; Walker, Brian; Wilcove, David S (27 July 2009).

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effects. By using zoological, toxicological, epidemiological, and ecological insights, Carson generated a new sense of how 'the environment' might be seen.

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in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms. Darwin wrote about "the continued movement of the particles of earth". Even earlier, in 1749

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by natural recycling systems In contrast and over extensive lengths of time (billions of years) ecosystems have maintained a consistent balance with

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than the land area. Fish and other organic populations have higher growth rates, vegetation has less capricious weather problems for sea harvesting."

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are also ecosystem engineers because they: 1) Filter suspended particles from the water column; 2) Remove excess nutrients from coastal bays through

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Stockdale, E. A.; Shepherd, M. A.; Fortune, S.; Cuttle, S. P. (2006). "Soil fertility in organic farming systems – fundamentally different?".

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inspired research into biomagnification and brought to the world's attention the unseen pollutants moving into the food chains of the planet.

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The persistent legacy of environmental feedback that is left behind by or as an extension of the ecological actions of organisms is known as

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Springer on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (1898). "The advances made in agricultural chemistry during the last twenty-five years".

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Rouvinen, J.; Bergfors, T.; Teeri, T.; Knowles, J. K. C.; Jones, T. A. (1990). "Three-dimensional structure of cellobiohydrolase II from

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that cycles nutrients through the layers of the oceanic water column. Whales can migrate to great depths to feed on bottom fish (such as

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feedback and agency of these legacy effects. Ecosystem engineers can influence nutrient cycling efficiency rates through their actions.

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Stauffer, R. C. (1960). "Ecology in the long manuscript version of Darwin's "Origin of Species" and Linnaeus' "Oeconomy of Nature"".

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Boddy, Lynne; Watkinson, Sarah C. (31 December 1995). "Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution".

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Clark, B. R.; Hartley, S. E.; Suding, K. N.; de Mazancourt, C. (2005). "The effect of recycling on plant competitive hierarchies".

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stating that complete recycling is impossible. Despite Georgescu-Roegen's extensive intellectual contributions to the science of

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Huesemann, M. H. (2004). "The failure of eco-efficiency to guarantee sustainability: Future challenges for industrial ecology".

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Luke, T. W. (1995). "On environmentality: Geo-Power and eco-knowledge in the discourses of contemporary environmentalism".

3436:"Nutritional dynamics during the development of xylophagous beetles related to changes in the stoichiometry of 11 elements" 699: 2020:

and microplastics, on ecological recycling systems is listed as one of the major concerns for ecosystems in this century.

1908:, we can see no major difference in the behavior of dissolved organic matter between the prebiotic and postbiotic oceans." 6864: 6464: 4663: 2570: 1150: 224: 2161: 1784:

Following the Greeks, the idea of a hydrological cycle (water is considered a nutrient) was validated and quantified by

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Bosma, T. N. P.; Harms, H.; Zehnder, A. J. B. (2001). "Biodegradation of Xenobiotics in Environment and Technosphere".

3393:"Fungal Transformation of Tree Stumps into a Suitable Resource for Xylophagous Beetles via Changes in Elemental Ratios" 675: 295: 1845:. Other uses and variations on the terminology relating to the process of nutrient cycling appear throughout history: 5553: 4867: 2641: 7517: 7238: 6014: 4899: 7180: 6296: 6009: 5876: 5588: 5239: 4574: 332: 3747:

Ackert, L. T. Jr. (2007). "The "Cycle of Life" in Ecology: Sergei Vinogradskii's soil microbiology, 1885-1940".

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Ecosystem services as a tool for production improvement in organic farming – the role and impact of biodiversity

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organic matter mineralization, either in the water column, in the sediment surface, or within the sediment)."

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form habitats for other creatures that decompose the materials and recycle the nutrients back into production.

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Slack, K. V.; Feltz, H. R. (1968). "Tree leaf control on low flow water quality in a small Virginia stream".

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Montes, F.; Cañellas, I. (2006). "Modelling coarse woody debris dynamics in even-aged Scots pine forests".

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Sutherland, W. J.; Clout, M.; Côte, I. M.; Daszak, P.; Depledge, M. H.; Fellman, L.; et al. (2010).

3027: 3264:"Nutrient cycling efficiency explains the long-term effect of ecosystem engineers on primary production" 7535: 7120: 7023: 6581: 6301: 5788: 5505: 5402: 4045: 2227:

Lavelle, P.; Dugdale, R.; Scholes, R.; Berhe, A. A.; Carpenter, E.; Codispoti, L.; et al. (2005).

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illustrates ecological recycling. The movement of energy, in contrast, is unidirectional and noncyclic.

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in plants where it is part of the cell walls. Cellulose-degrading enzymes participate in the natural,

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at shallower levels. The whale pump enhances growth and productivity in other parts of the ecosystem.

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Ecosystems execute closed loop recycling where demand for the nutrients that adds to the growth of

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are creating new systems of ecological recycling, novel ecosystems that have to contend with the

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Siddique, R.; Khatib, J.; Kaur, I. (2008). "Use of recycled plastic in concrete: A review".

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Ohkuma, M. (2003). "Termite symbiotic systems: Efficient bio-recycling of lignocellulose".

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of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of

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larvae on a low-water diet: Increased metabolic processing costs or nutrient limitation?"

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Nissenbaum, A. (1976). "Scavenging of soluble organic matter from the prebiotic oceans".

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on the movement of organic matter in soils through the ecological activities of worms.

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Odum, H. T. (1991). "Energy and biogeochemical cycles". In Rossi, C.; T., E. (eds.).

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The model for ecological recycling agriculture adheres to the following principals:

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Fallen logs are critical components of the nutrient cycle in terrestrial forests.

7444: 7409: 7353: 7348: 7328: 7089: 7038: 6959: 6929: 6919: 6812: 6671: 6641: 6636: 6626: 6559: 6544: 6424: 6404: 6286: 6154: 6060: 5951: 5861: 5803: 5387: 5313: 5168: 5126: 4483: 4253: 4185:"Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends" 3493: 3111: 2328: 2042: 2038: 1926: 1820: 1645: 1512: 1445: 1433: 1362: 1236: 1049: 924: 607: 562: 426: 409: 4854:

Romero, J.; Lee, K.; Pérez, M.; Mateo, M. A.; Alcoverro, T. (22 February 2007).

3805: 3087:"The whale pump: Marine mammals enhance primary productivity in a coastal basin" 2549:"Nutrient cycling in ecosystems versus nutrient budgets in agricultural systems" 919:

Ecological recycling is common in organic farming, where nutrient management is

899:. "Cellulose, one of the most abundant organic compounds on Earth, is the major 139:, among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into 7389: 7263: 7053: 7018: 6792: 6616: 6569: 6499: 6494: 6389: 6256: 6129: 5926: 5906: 5709: 5674: 5613: 5490: 5445: 5337: 5047: 5015: 4995: 4990: 4788:"The ecological crisis and self-delusion: implications for the building sector" 4593: 4303: 2687: 2367:"Emergy indices and ratios for sustainable material cycles and recycle options" 2180:"Soil health and sustainability: Managing the biotic component of soil quality" 2067: 2012: 1798: 1757: 1655: 1625: 1546: 1460: 1343: 1338: 1199: 900: 816: 634: 577: 532: 522: 517: 492: 431: 414: 290: 285: 124: 104: 4804: 4787: 4440: 3760: 3596: 2518: 2107: 44: 7551: 7434: 7424: 7293: 7243: 7104: 7074: 7043: 6954: 6817: 5793: 5767: 5724: 5714: 5669: 5636: 5528: 5362: 5317: 5224: 5010: 5005: 3464: 3377: 2008: 1991: 1958: 1946: 1941: 1922: 1785: 1761: 1087: 1038: 1002: 881: 841: 762: 567: 557: 512: 507: 497: 445: 368: 300: 2741: 1134: 7394: 7363: 7223: 6802: 6787: 6444: 6414: 6359: 6242: 6207: 6084: 5583: 5057: 5052: 5025: 4968: 4895: 4739: 4721: 4682: 4619: 4491: 4371: 4311: 4269: 4218: 4200: 4169: 4120: 3604: 3409: 3320: 3222: 3171: 3130: 2928: 2800: 2695: 2336: 2115: 2017: 2004: 1825: 1438: 1352: 1306: 1244: 1126: 1095: 1022: 766: 542: 527: 373: 339: 322: 214: 206: 136: 120: 116: 69:

capitalizes upon the natural services of nutrient recycling in ecosystems.

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Yadava, A.; Garg, V. K. (2011). "Recycling of organic wastes by employing

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through the food chain, into the mineral nutrient pool, and back into the

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Ayres, R. U. (1998). "Eco-thermodynamics: Economics and the second law".

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appears early in a 1935 in reference to the importance of minerals in

7343: 6873: 6712: 6666: 6394: 5838: 5808: 5608: 5563: 5538: 5475: 5465: 5440: 5432: 5377: 5308: 5190: 5095: 4601: 4413: 4327:"Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist" 4285:"Community ecology as a framework for predicting contaminant effects" 4136:"The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review" 3339:"Oceans and Coasts Shellfish Reefs at Risk: Critical Marine Habitats" 2034: 2029: 1778: 1111: 1083: 1079: 1063: 1045: 1026: 896: 892: 680: 648: 86: 4548: 4183:

Thompson, R. C.; Moore, C. J.; vom Saal, F. S.; Swan, S. H. (2009).

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Ecosystems employ 306:nitrogen and lichens 101:ecological recycling 67:agricultural systems 7415:Ethical consumerism 7349:Urban lumberjacking 7279:Product stewardship 7229:Eco-industrial park 6823:Theoretical ecology 6798:Natural environment 6662:Ecosystem diversity 6632:Ecological collapse 6622:Bateman's principle 6577:Limiting similarity 6490:Landscape limnology 6312:Species homogeneity 6150:Population modeling 6145:Population dynamics 5962:Trophic state index 5245:Sulfur assimilation 5186:Ocean acidification 4716:(1440): 1935–1955. 4476:2008WaMan..28.1835S 4346:2002MarPB..45...46G 4246:1954Sci...120..959S 4195:(1526): 2153–2166. 4152:2002MarPB..44..842D 4113:1994QJRMS.120..861E 4007:1976OrLi....7..413N 3945:10.1021/es60014a005 3937:1968EnST....2..126S 3894:1964EcoM...34...97K 3645:Gorham, E. (1991). 3576:Pearce, T. 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The movement of 813: 779:ecosystem services 7545: 7544: 7299:Resource recovery 7289:Refill (campaign) 7234:Ecological design 7214:Dematerialization 7024:Fluorescent lamps 6840: 6839: 6723:Balance of nature 6480:Landscape ecology 6365:Community ecology 6307:Species diversity 6243:Indicator species 6238:Gradient analysis 6115:Logistic function 6023: 6022: 5980:Animal coloration 5957:Trophic mutualism 5695:Microbial ecology 5486:Photoheterotrophs 5471:Myco-heterotrophy 5383:Ecosystem ecology 5368:Carrying capacity 5333:Abiotic component 5276: 5275: 5230:Nitrogen fixation 5198:Methane clathrate 5179:mycorrhizal fungi 5132:geochemical cycle 4979:deep carbon cycle 4772:978-3-540-62576-6 4521:978-0-534-42066-6 4470:(10): 1835–1852. 4240:(3128): 959–963. 3547:978-0-521-46834-3 3364:(S1): 1377–1383. 3066:(10): 1943–1951. 3023:978-91-576-6881-3 2728:(4967): 380–386. 2653:978-0-13-478116-7 2626:10.3354/ame009069 2590:978-0-691-08508-1 2414:. pp. 25–26. 2315:(3761): 424–429. 2279:978-0-691-12839-9 2245:978-1-55963-228-7 2076:Plastic pollution 1969:roughly equaling 1767:Oeconomia Naturae 1754: 1753: 1552:Methane emissions 1208:In the atmosphere 1008:earthworm casting 878:mineral nutrients 773:, which includes 771:mineral nutrients 758: 757: 613:geochemical cycle 459:Methane clathrate 257:mycorrhizal fungi 247:deep carbon cycle 113:mineral nutrients 7580: 7533: 7532: 7496: 7495: 7486: 7460:Waste management 7450:Waste collection 7309:Reuse of bottles 7209:Circular economy 7186:Northern Ireland 6972: 6867: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6843: 6540:Ecological niche 6512:selection theory 6332:Umbrella species 6317:Species richness 6253:Invasive species 6233:Flagship species 6140:Population cycle 6135:Overexploitation 6100:Ecological yield 6050: 6043: 6036: 6027: 6026: 5932:Mesotrophic soil 5872:Climax community 5804:Marine food webs 5743:Biomagnification 5544:Chemoorganotroph 5398:Keystone species 5358:Biotic component 5303: 5296: 5289: 5280: 5279: 5266: 5265: 5149:Biosequestration 5137:chemical cycling 5068:deep water cycle 5038:Phosphorus cycle 4946: 4939: 4932: 4923: 4922: 4874: 4873: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4733: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4496: 4495: 4464:Waste Management 4459: 4453: 4452: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4414:10.1002/ep.10044 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4374:. 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Archived from 3007: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2983:. Archived from 2974: 2956: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2845:. Archived from 2828: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2698:. Archived from 2673: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2610: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2529:. Archived from 2504: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2450:. Archived from 2431: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2388:. Archived from 2371: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2347:. Archived from 2304: 2295: 2284: 2283: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2248:. Archived from 2238:. Island Press. 2233: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2209:. Archived from 2184: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2167:on 22 July 2011. 2166: 2160:. Archived from 2143: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2091: 2070: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2039:technoecosystems 1978:fossilized fuels 1955:technoecosystems 1855:plant physiology 1818:coined the term 1806:from 1881-1883. 1746: 1739: 1732: 1719: 1714: 1713: 1518:pelagic sediment 1412:Soil respiration 1407:Photorespiration 1137: 1118: 1117: 1092:nutrient cycling 1060:nutrient cycling 750: 743: 736: 723: 718: 717: 630:Biosequestration 618:chemical cycling 328:Phosphorus cycle 191:deep water cycle 170: 151: 150: 133:phosphorus cycle 56: 47: 36: 27: 7588: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7577: 7563:Systems ecology 7548: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7474: 7445:Waste-to-energy 7410:Dumpster diving 7378: 7354:Waste hierarchy 7329:Right to repair 7197: 7166:The Netherlands 7121:Rate by country 7109: 7063: 6973: 6964: 6876: 6871: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6813:Systems ecology 6701: 6672:Extinction debt 6637:Ecological debt 6627:Bioluminescence 6608: 6601: 6570:marine habitats 6545:Ecological trap 6526: 6406: 6399: 6342: 6336: 6292:Rapoport's rule 6287:Priority effect 6228:Endemic species 6196: 6155:Population size 6071: 6064: 6054: 6024: 6019: 5972: 5966: 5952:Trophic cascade 5862:Bioaccumulation 5845: 5772: 5729: 5651: 5618: 5515: 5427: 5388:Ecosystem model 5321: 5307: 5277: 5272: 5254: 5169:biological pump 5127:Biogeochemistry 5115: 5084:Research groups 5079: 4955: 4950: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4852: 4848: 4817: 4813: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4751: 4747: 4702: 4698: 4666: 4660: 4656: 4631: 4627: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4549:10.2307/1354445 4533: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4499: 4460: 4456: 4425: 4421: 4398: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4381:on 23 July 2011 4378: 4340:(1–12): 46–52. 4329: 4323: 4319: 4298:(11): 606–613. 4287: 4281: 4277: 4230: 4226: 4181: 4177: 4132: 4128: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4052: 4042: 4038: 3991: 3987: 3972:10.2307/4047350 3956: 3952: 3921: 3917: 3902:10.2307/1948449 3880:) in Florida". 3874: 3870: 3843:New Phytologist 3839: 3835: 3820:10.2307/4120250 3804: 3800: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3745: 3738: 3715: 3711: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3654:Biogeochemistry 3649: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3532: 3528: 3505: 3501: 3476: 3472: 3438: 3432: 3428: 3389: 3385: 3370:10.1139/b95-400 3354: 3350: 3332: 3328: 3293: 3289: 3260: 3256: 3245: 3238: 3195:Ecology Letters 3191: 3187: 3142: 3138: 3083: 3079: 3052: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2972:10.1.1.588.7418 2954: 2948: 2944: 2901:Ecology Letters 2896: 2892: 2871:(S1): 301–308. 2861: 2857: 2849: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2769: 2765: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2638: 2634: 2608: 2602: 2598: 2591: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2429: 2423: 2419: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2369: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2302: 2296: 2287: 2280: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2246: 2231: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2182: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2043:technodiversity 2032: 2026: 1989: 1929: 1927:novel ecosystem 1919: 1882:natural cycling 1878:natural cycling 1841:in relation to 1821:biogeochemistry 1812: 1750: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1595: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1536: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1513:Marine sediment 1497: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1446:Solubility pump 1434:Biological pump 1428: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1391: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1363:Carbon fixation 1348: 1333: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1302: 1286: 1239: 1237:Forms of carbon 1229: 1228: 1227: 1202: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1145: 1104: 1050:denitrification 964: 958: 925:soil management 917: 851: 811: 803: 798: 754: 713: 706: 705: 704: 685: 670: 669:Research groups 662: 661: 660: 639: 608:Biogeochemistry 602: 594: 593: 592: 487: 477: 476: 475: 448: 438: 437: 436: 427:Calcareous ooze 410:Biological pump 405: 395: 385: 384: 383: 363: 353: 352: 351: 280: 270: 269: 268: 209: 199: 198: 197: 180: 149: 93: 92: 91: 90: 59: 58: 57: 49: 48: 39: 38: 37: 29: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7586: 7576: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7490: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7390:Bottle cutting 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7264:Land recycling 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7181:United Kingdom 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7009: 6999: 6994: 6992:Automotive oil 6989: 6983: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6847: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6793:Microecosystem 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6692:Thorson's rule 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6617:Assembly rules 6613: 6611: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6573: 6572: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6502: 6500:Patch dynamics 6497: 6495:Metapopulation 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6390:Storage effect 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6272:Neutral theory 6269: 6264: 6259: 6257:Native species 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6130:Overpopulation 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6065: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5937:Nutrient cycle 5934: 5929: 5927:Feeding frenzy 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5907:Energy quality 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867:Cascade effect 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5710:Microbial loop 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5675:Lithoautotroph 5672: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5657:Microorganisms 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5614:Prey switching 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5491:Photosynthesis 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5446:Chemosynthesis 5443: 5437: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5338:Abiotic stress 5335: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5306: 5305: 5298: 5291: 5283: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5123: 5121: 5120:Related topics 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5048:Selenium cycle 5045: 5040: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5023: 5021:Nutrient cycle 5018: 5016:Nitrogen cycle 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996:Hydrogen cycle 4993: 4991:Chlorine cycle 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4880:External links 4878: 4876: 4875: 4868: 4846: 4811: 4798:(3): 300–311. 4778: 4771: 4745: 4696: 4654: 4625: 4562: 4527: 4520: 4497: 4454: 4435:(6): 787–825. 4419: 4408:(4): 264–270. 4392: 4355:10.1.1.566.960 4317: 4275: 4224: 4175: 4146:(9): 842–852. 4126: 4084: 4063:(6): 515–525. 4036: 4001:(4): 413–416. 3985: 3950: 3931:(2): 126–131. 3915: 3868: 3849:(4): 296–309. 3833: 3798: 3782: 3755:(1): 109–145. 3736: 3725:(3): 369–382. 3709: 3694: 3660:(3): 199–239. 3632: 3591:(3): 493–528. 3568: 3553: 3546: 3526: 3515:(2): 235–241. 3499: 3470: 3426: 3383: 3348: 3326: 3297:Eisenia fetida 3287: 3254: 3236: 3201:(2): 153–164. 3185: 3136: 3097:(10): e13255. 3077: 3043: 3022: 2993: 2965:(1–3): 19–31. 2942: 2907:(3): 229–238. 2890: 2855: 2852:on 2011-09-28. 2837:(2): 219–237. 2814: 2785:10.1086/430074 2779:(6): 609–622. 2763: 2708: 2682:(6): 345–353. 2659: 2652: 2632: 2596: 2589: 2561: 2539: 2487: 2476:(2): 189–209. 2460: 2442:(3): 203–223. 2417: 2398: 2395:on 2012-03-13. 2357: 2285: 2278: 2258: 2244: 2219: 2170: 2152:(3): 735–751. 2129: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2068:Ecology portal 2055: 2052: 2028:Main article: 2025: 2022: 2013:biodegradation 1982: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1874: 1862: 1839:nitrogen cycle 1835:nutrient cycle 1830:nutrient cycle 1811: 1808: 1799:Ferdinand Cohn 1758:Charles Darwin 1752: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1656:Deep biosphere 1653: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1626:Redfield ratio 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1606:Nutrient cycle 1603: 1597: 1596: 1593:Biogeochemical 1591: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1549: 1547:Methanogenesis 1544: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1510: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1493: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1461:Microbial loop 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1344:Chemosynthesis 1341: 1339:Photosynthesis 1335: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1287: 1285: 1284: 1278: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1200:Carbon dioxide 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1103: 1100: 1058:contribute to 960:Main article: 957: 954: 950: 949: 946: 943: 910: 901:polysaccharide 882:trophic system 850: 847: 817:Howard T. Odum 809: 802: 799: 791: 756: 755: 753: 752: 745: 738: 730: 727: 726: 725: 724: 708: 707: 703: 702: 697: 692: 686: 684: 683: 678: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 652: 651: 640: 638: 637: 635:Deep biosphere 632: 627: 626: 625: 620: 615: 604: 603: 601:Related topics 600: 599: 596: 595: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 489: 488: 483: 482: 479: 478: 474: 473: 472: 471: 466: 456: 450: 449: 444: 443: 440: 439: 435: 434: 432:Siliceous ooze 429: 424: 423: 422: 417: 415:microbial loop 406: 404: 403: 397: 396: 391: 390: 387: 386: 382: 381: 376: 371: 365: 364: 359: 358: 355: 354: 350: 349: 348: 347: 337: 336: 335: 325: 320: 319: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 291:Nitrogen cycle 288: 286:Hydrogen cycle 282: 281: 278:Nutrient cycle 276: 275: 272: 271: 267: 266: 264:Boreal forests 261: 260: 259: 254: 249: 244: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 211: 210: 205: 204: 201: 200: 196: 195: 194: 193: 182: 181: 176: 175: 172: 171: 163: 162: 156: 155: 148: 145: 125:nitrogen cycle 97:nutrient cycle 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 41: 40: 31: 30: 22: 21: 20: 19: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7585: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7538: 7537: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7518:organizations 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7499: 7491: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7435:Simple living 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7425:Pallet crafts 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:Waste picking 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294:Repairability 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7244:Green economy 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7194: 7193:United States 7191: 7187: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7105:Waste sorting 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034:Mobile phones 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6971: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818:Urban ecology 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6677:Kleiber's law 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Foster's rule 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5969: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5768:Trophic level 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5725:Phage ecology 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5715:Microbial mat 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5670:Bacteriophage 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5637:Decomposition 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584:Mesopredators 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Apex predator 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Biotic stress 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5304: 5299: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5225:Nitrification 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:Mineral cycle 5009: 5007: 5006:Mercury cycle 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4871: 4869:9781402029424 4865: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4677:(2): 96–100. 4676: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4567: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4543:(31): 57–81. 4542: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4078:2027.42/27572 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4048:Manduca sexta 4040: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888:(2): 97–117. 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3698: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3622:on 2012-03-31 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3048: 3033:on 2012-07-13 3029: 3025: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2410:. Amsterdam: 2409: 2402: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2361: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2058: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2018:nanoparticles 2014: 2010: 2009:mercury cycle 2006: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1992:Microplastics 1987: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:plastic waste 1956: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1947:Silent Spring 1943: 1942:Rachel Carson 1939: 1935: 1928: 1924: 1923:ecotoxicology 1914: 1907: 1906:bio-recycling 1902: 1901:bio-recycling 1898: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1859:mineral cycle 1856: 1852: 1851:mineral cycle 1848: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1762:Carl Linnaeus 1759: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1636: 1635: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1601:Marine cycles 1599: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1181:Boreal forest 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088:decomposition 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1039:worm castings 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 997: 989: 985: 981: 979: 973: 968: 963: 953: 947: 944: 941: 940: 939: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 915: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 891: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870: 866: 860: 857:A simplified 855: 846: 843: 842:heterotrophic 838: 833: 831: 827: 824:proposed the 823: 818: 807: 796: 790: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763:decomposition 751: 746: 744: 739: 737: 732: 731: 729: 728: 722: 712: 711: 710: 709: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 687: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 666: 665: 657: 654: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 633: 631: 628: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 606: 605: 598: 597: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 481: 480: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 460: 457: 455: 452: 451: 447: 446:Methane cycle 442: 441: 433: 430: 428: 425: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 399: 398: 394: 389: 388: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 369:Calcium cycle 367: 366: 362: 357: 356: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 334: 331: 330: 329: 326: 324: 321: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 301:nitrification 299: 297: 294: 293: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 279: 274: 273: 265: 262: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 238: 237:Sequestration 235: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 213: 212: 208: 203: 202: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 183: 179: 174: 173: 169: 165: 164: 161: 158: 157: 153: 152: 144: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 55: 46: 35: 26: 7534: 7395:Cogeneration 7283: 7224:Durable good 6803:Regime shift 6788:Macroecology 6509: 6505: 6445:Edge effects 6415:Biogeography 6360:Commensalism 6208:Biodiversity 6085:Allee effect 5936: 5824:kelp forests 5777:Example webs 5642:Detritivores 5481:Organotrophs 5461:Kinetotrophs 5413:Productivity 5058:Sulfur cycle 5053:Silica cycle 5026:Oxygen cycle 5020: 4969:Carbon cycle 4896:Dianna Cohen 4859: 4849: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4795: 4791: 4781: 4754: 4748: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4674: 4670: 4657: 4638: 4628: 4585: 4581: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4510: 4467: 4463: 4457: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4383:. Retrieved 4376:the original 4337: 4333: 4320: 4295: 4291: 4278: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4104: 4100: 4087: 4060: 4056: 4047: 4039: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3966:(72): 3–31. 3963: 3959: 3953: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3791: 3785: 3752: 3748: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3703: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3678:the original 3657: 3653: 3624:. Retrieved 3617:the original 3588: 3584: 3571: 3562: 3556: 3536: 3529: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3446: 3442: 3429: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3343:the original 3329: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3063: 3059: 3035:. Retrieved 3028:the original 3009: 2996: 2985:the original 2962: 2958: 2945: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2847:the original 2834: 2830: 2817: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2700:the original 2679: 2675: 2662: 2642: 2635: 2616: 2612: 2599: 2575: 2564: 2555: 2542: 2531:the original 2510: 2506: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2452:the original 2439: 2433: 2420: 2407: 2401: 2390:the original 2377: 2373: 2360: 2349:the original 2312: 2306: 2268: 2261: 2250:the original 2235: 2222: 2211:the original 2190: 2186: 2173: 2162:the original 2149: 2145: 2132: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2047: 2033: 2005:Anthropocene 1990: 1984: 1962: 1952: 1945: 1930: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1826:geochemistry 1819: 1813: 1783: 1766: 1755: 1605: 1439:Martin curve 1426:Carbon pumps 1353:Calvin cycle 1307:Black carbon 1245:Total carbon 1186:Geochemistry 1127:Carbon cycle 1096:forest floor 1054: 1044: 1023:bioturbation 1017: 993: 977: 951: 937: 920: 918: 912: 904: 887: 872:) linked to 862: 834: 814: 793: 783: 767:biodiversity 759: 573:ozone–oxygen 485:Other cycles 393:Marine cycle 374:Silica cycle 345:assimilation 340:Sulfur cycle 333:assimilation 323:Oxygen cycle 316:assimilation 296:human impact 277: 207:Carbon cycle 137:oxygen cycle 121:sulfur cycle 117:carbon cycle 100: 96: 94: 7508:by material 7369:Wishcycling 7319:Repurposing 7219:Downcycling 7171:Switzerland 7007:PET bottles 6955:Cooking oil 6940:Refrigerant 6440:Disturbance 6343:interaction 6165:Recruitment 6095:Depensation 5887:Copiotrophs 5758:Energy flow 5680:Lithotrophy 5624:Decomposers 5604:Planktivore 5579:Insectivore 5569:Heterotroph 5534:Bacterivore 5501:Phototrophs 5451:Chemotrophs 5423:Restoration 5373:Competition 5174:viral shunt 5164:soil carbon 5159:carbon sink 5063:Water cycle 4827:: 171–190. 4639:Nature News 2380:(1): 1–22. 2193:(1): 3–11. 1974:consumption 1971:respiratory 1503:Carbon sink 1466:Viral shunt 1456:Marine snow 1312:Blue carbon 1166:Deep carbon 1161:Atmospheric 1151:Terrestrial 1074:in growing 1031:soil litter 1010:taken from 976:sand lance 874:decomposers 420:viral shunt 252:soil carbon 242:carbon sink 225:terrestrial 220:atmospheric 186:Water cycle 178:Water cycle 129:water cycle 7552:Categories 7513:by product 7503:by country 7420:Freeganism 7400:Composting 7374:Zero waste 7274:Precycling 7095:Collection 7085:Blue boxes 6987:Appliances 6808:Sexecology 6385:Parasitism 6350:Antibiosis 6185:Resistance 6180:Resilience 6070:Population 5990:Camouflage 5942:Oligotroph 5857:Ascendency 5819:intertidal 5809:cold seeps 5763:Food chain 5564:Herbivores 5539:Carnivores 5466:Mixotrophs 5441:Autotrophs 5320:components 5043:Rock cycle 5001:Iron cycle 4902:on TED.com 4588:(1): 1–7. 3626:2011-06-21 3037:2011-06-21 2102:(1): 1–9. 2082:References 2001:technosols 1996:nanosilver 1967:production 1934:Paul Sears 1921:See also: 1771:Democritus 1476:Whale pump 1471:Jelly pump 1451:Lipid pump 1176:Permafrost 1144:By regions 1112:Nurse logs 1084:xylophages 1080:xylophages 1019:Earthworms 972:whale pump 869:carnivores 865:herbivores 863:producers- 361:Rock cycle 141:productive 109:production 83:earthworms 63:Composting 7568:Recycling 7344:Upcycling 7338:Green Dot 7126:Australia 7114:Countries 7080:Blue bags 7068:Apparatus 7014:Computers 6997:Batteries 6890:Aluminium 6882:Materials 6874:Recycling 6713:Allometry 6667:Emergence 6395:Symbiosis 6380:Mutualism 6175:Stability 6080:Abundance 5892:Dominance 5850:Processes 5839:tide pool 5735:Food webs 5609:Predation 5594:Omnivores 5521:Consumers 5476:Mycotroph 5433:Producers 5378:Ecosystem 5343:Behaviour 5191:acid rain 5096:GEOTRACES 4602:1826/8674 4449:154637064 4350:CiteSeerX 3777:128410978 3674:128563314 3465:1365-3032 3449:: 73–84. 3403:(2): 13. 3378:0008-4026 3150:Evolution 2967:CiteSeerX 2619:: 69–77. 2513:: 21–34. 2030:Recycling 1899:The term 1887:The term 1876:The term 1864:The term 1849:The term 1816:Vernadsky 1788:in 1687. 1779:Lucretius 1076:dead wood 1066:creating 1064:ecosystem 1046:Shellfish 978:Ammodytes 897:cellulose 893:digestion 890:enzymatic 681:GEOTRACES 649:acid rain 563:manganese 7498:Category 7383:See also 7202:Concepts 7161:Mongolia 7156:Malaysia 7059:Vehicles 7049:Textiles 6979:Products 6900:Concrete 6768:Endolith 6697:Xerosere 6609:networks 6425:Ecocline 5971:Defense, 5647:Detritus 5549:Foraging 5418:Resource 5268:Category 4740:14728790 4691:10338446 4620:19939492 4492:17981022 4372:12398366 4312:16843566 4270:13216198 4219:19528062 4170:12405208 4031:31672324 3769:29737466 3613:34864334 3605:20665080 3321:21078553 3274:: 1–10. 3231:44870405 3223:17257103 3180:22997236 3172:17089961 3131:20949007 3091:PLOS ONE 2937:25635323 2929:19141122 2885:98097371 2809:22662199 2801:15937742 2696:16701391 2527:55193459 2412:Elsevier 2345:35880562 2337:17737551 2207:42150903 2124:23331382 2116:12658509 2054:See also 1963:absorbed 1814:In 1926 1775:Epicurus 1717:Category 988:plankton 929:food web 859:food web 721:Category 583:vanadium 578:selenium 533:fluorine 523:chromium 518:chlorine 493:aluminum 311:fixation 147:Overview 71:Bacteria 7558:Ecology 7536:Commons 7141:Ireland 7002:Bottles 6935:Plastic 6895:Asphalt 6758:Ecopath 6565:Habitat 6435:Ecotype 6430:Ecotone 6407:ecology 6405:Spatial 6341:Species 6201:Species 6072:ecology 6057:Ecology 6005:Mimicry 5973:counter 5917:f-ratio 5665:Archaea 5353:Biomass 5326:General 5318:Trophic 5310:Ecology 4841:2096770 4731:1693284 4611:3884124 4557:1354445 4472:Bibcode 4385:17 June 4342:Bibcode 4262:1681410 4242:Bibcode 4234:Science 4210:2873021 4148:Bibcode 4109:Bibcode 4023:1023140 4003:Bibcode 3980:4047350 3933:Bibcode 3910:1948449 3890:Bibcode 3863:2428425 3828:4120250 3731:3741855 3687:23 June 3420:4931425 3397:Insects 3203:Bibcode 3122:2952594 3099:Bibcode 2909:Bibcode 2793:3473513 2758:2377893 2750:2874802 2730:Bibcode 2722:Science 2581:181–202 2317:Bibcode 2308:Science 2146:Ecology 2048:in situ 1562:Wetland 1534:Methane 1317:Kerogen 1218:Removal 1102:History 1094:in the 837:biomass 568:mercury 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