1260:, and similar crops, compost can be broadcast across the top of the soil using spreader trucks or spreaders pulled behind a tractor. It is expected that the spread layer is very thin (approximately 6 mm (0.24 in)) and worked into the soil prior to planting. Application rates of 25 mm (0.98 in) or more are not unusual when trying to rebuild poor soils or control erosion. Due to the extremely high cost of compost per unit of nutrients in the United States, on-farm use is relatively rare since rates over 4 tons/acre may not be affordable. This results from an over-emphasis on "recycling organic matter" than on "sustainable nutrients." In countries such as Germany, where compost distribution and spreading are partially subsidized in the original waste fees, compost is used more frequently on open ground on the premise of nutrient "sustainability".
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ban diapers in landfills, which caused a national uproar. Ultimately the idea of composting diapers was abandoned, partly since it was not proven scientifically to be possible, and mostly because the concept was a marketing stunt in the first place. After this, composting emphasis shifted back to recycling organic wastes previously destined for landfills. There are no bonafide quality standards in
America, but the USCC sells a seal called "Seal of Testing Assurance" (also called "STA"). For a considerable fee, the applicant may display the USCC logo on products, agreeing to volunteer to customers a current laboratory analysis that includes parameters such as nutrients, respiration rate, salt content, pH, and limited other indicators.
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713:. Both processes require capable design, as potential health risks need to be managed. In the case of home composting, a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasitic worms, can be present in feces, and improper processing can pose significant health risks. In the case of large sewage treatment facilities that collect wastewater from a range of residential, commercial and industrial sources, there are additional considerations. The composted sewage sludge, referred to as
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weather conditions. Each type of manure has its own physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Cattle and horse manures, when mixed with bedding, possess good qualities for composting. Swine manure, which is very wet and usually not mixed with bedding material, must be mixed with straw or similar raw materials. Poultry manure must be blended with high-carbon, low-nitrogen materials.
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130:(brown waste). Greens are materials rich in nitrogen, such as leaves, grass, and food scraps. Browns are woody materials rich in carbon, such as stalks, paper, and wood chips. The materials break down into humus in a process taking months. Composting can be a multistep, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The
698:, sometimes called "humanure" in the composting context, can be added as an input to the composting process since it is a nutrient-rich organic material. Nitrogen, which serves as a building block for important plant amino acids, is found in solid human waste. Phosphorus, which helps plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of ATP, can be found in liquid human waste.
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Carbohydrate is transformed into lactic acid, which dissociates naturally to form lactate, a biological energy carrier. The preserved result is therefore readily consumed by soil microbes and from there by the entire soil food web, leading to a significant increase in soil organic carbon and turbation. The process completes in weeks and returns soil acidity to normal.
513:, by reaching temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F). Dealing with stabilized compost â i.e. composted material in which microorganisms have finished digesting the organic matter and the temperature has reached between 50 and 70 °C (122 and 158 °F) â poses very little risk, as these temperatures kill pathogens and even make
1283:, and other fruits and vegetables are grown under plastic to control temperature, retain moisture and control weeds. Compost may be banded (applied in strips along rows) and worked into the soil prior to bedding and planting, be applied at the same time the beds are constructed and plastic laid down, or used as a top dressing.
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In the United States, some compost manufacturers participate in a testing program offered by a private lobbying organization called the U.S. Composting
Council. The USCC was originally established in 1991 by Procter & Gamble to promote composting of disposable diapers, following state mandates to
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control, even though the application to non-sludge materials has not been scientifically tested. An example is that green waste composts are used at much higher rates than sludge composts were ever anticipated to be applied at. U.K guidelines also exist regarding compost quality, as well as
Canadian,
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There are process and product guidelines in Europe that date to the early 1980s (Germany, the
Netherlands, Switzerland) and only more recently in the UK and the US. In both these countries, private trade associations within the industry have established loose standards, some say as a stop-gap measure
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Potential sources of compostable materials, or feedstocks, include residential, agricultural, and commercial waste streams. Residential food or yard waste can be composted at home, or collected for inclusion in a large-scale municipal composting facility. In some regions, it could also be included in
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Compost adds organic matter to the soil and increases the nutrient content and biodiversity of microbes in soil. Composting at home reduces the amount of green waste being hauled to dumps or composting facilities. The reduced volume of materials being picked up by trucks results in fewer trips, which
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Cold composting is a slower process that can take up to a year to complete. It results from smaller piles, including many residential compost piles that receive small amounts of kitchen and garden waste over extended periods. Piles smaller than 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft) tend not to reach and
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Thermophilic bacteria do not reproduce and are not active between â5 and 25 °C (23 and 77 °F), yet are found throughout soil. They activate once the mesophilic bacteria have begun to break down organic matter and increase the temperature to their optimal range. They have been shown to enter
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in the field. Compost may be part of the mix used to grow the seedlings, but is not normally used as the only planting substrate. The particular crop and the seeds' sensitivity to nutrients, salts, etc. dictates the ratio of the blend, and maturity is important to insure that oxygen deprivation will
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focuses on retaining heat to increase the decomposition rate, thus producing compost more quickly. Rapid composting is favored by having a carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of about 30 carbon units or less. Above 30, the substrate is nitrogen starved. Below 15, it is likely to outgas a portion of nitrogen as
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Certain ratios of these materials allow microorganisms to work at a rate that will heat up the compost pile. Active management of the pile (e.g., turning over the compost heap) is needed to maintain sufficient oxygen and the right moisture level. The air/water balance is critical to maintaining high
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with the addition of removable covers that enclose the piles, as with the system in extensive use by farmer groups in
Thailand, supported by the National Science and Technology Development Agency there. In recent years, smaller scale in-vessel composting has been advanced. These can even use common
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Though human composting was common before modern burial practices and in some religious traditions, contemporary society has tended to favor other disposition methods. However, cultural attention to concerns like sustainability and environmentally friendly burial has led to a resurgence in interest
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Brown waste is a carbon source. Typical examples are dried vegetation and woody material such as fallen leaves, straw, woodchips, limbs, logs, pine needles, sawdust, and wood ash, but not charcoal ash. Products derived from wood such as paper and plain cardboard are also considered carbon sources.
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source, and bedding as the carbon source. Straw and sawdust are common bedding materials. Nontraditional bedding materials are also used, including newspaper and chopped cardboard. The amount of manure composted on a livestock farm is often determined by cleaning schedules, land availability, and
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Nearly all dead plant and animal materials have both carbon and nitrogen in different amounts. Fresh grass clippings have an average ratio of about 15:1 and dry autumn leaves about 50:1 depending upon species. Composting is an ongoing and dynamic process; adding new sources of carbon and nitrogen
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Field studies have shown the benefits of adding compost teas to crops due to organic matter input, increased nutrient availability, and increased microbial activity. They have also been shown to have a suppressive effect on plant pathogens and soil-borne diseases. The efficacy is influenced by a
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Organisms can break down organic matter in compost if provided with the correct mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. They fall into two broad categories: chemical decomposers, which perform chemical processes on the organic waste, and physical decomposers, which process the waste into
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Composting is an important part of waste management, since food and other compostable materials make up about 20% of waste in landfills, and due to anaerobic conditions, these materials take longer to biodegrade in the landfill. Composting offers an environmentally superior alternative to using
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The
Berkeley method produces finished compost in 18 days. It requires assembly of at least 1 cubic metre (35 cu ft) of material at the outset and needs turning every two days after an initial four-day phase. Such short processes involve some changes to traditional methods, including
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is a fermentation process rather than a decomposition process, and so retains the feedstock's energy, nutrient and carbon contents. There must be sufficient carbohydrate for fermentation to complete and therefore the process is typically applied to food waste, including noncompostable items.
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break down faster than branches), and the amount of mixing and aeration. Generally, larger piles reach higher temperatures and remain in a thermophilic stage for days or weeks. This is hot composting and is the usual method for large-scale municipal facilities and agricultural operations.
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Compost is sold as bagged potting mixes in garden centers and other outlets. This may include composted materials such as manure and peat but is also likely to contain loam, fertilizers, sand, grit, etc. Varieties include multi-purpose composts designed for most aspects of planting,
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number of factors, such as the preparation process, the type of source the conditions of the brewing process, and the environment of the crops. Adding nutrients to compost tea can be beneficial for disease suppression, although it can trigger the regrowth of human pathogens like
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in direct composting of human bodies. Some religious and cultural communities have been critical of this modern composting practice, even though it is in many ways a return to more traditional practices. Human composting is legal in Sweden and in multiple US states, and
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soils via rainwater. They are present so broadly because of many factors, including their spores being resilient. Thermophilic bacteria thrive at higher temperatures, reaching 40â60 °C (104â140 °F) in typical mixes. Large-scale composting operations, such as
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formulations, grow bags, designed to have crops such as tomatoes directly planted into them. There are also a range of specialist composts available, e.g. for vegetables, orchids, houseplants, hanging baskets, roses, ericaceous plants, seedlings, potting on, etc.
902:. With regard to complexity and cost, aerated systems are most commonly used by larger, professionally managed composting facilities, although the technique may range from very small, simple systems to very large, capital intensive, industrial installations.
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can be put on compost piles or directly used as fertilizer. Adding urine to compost can increase temperatures, so can increase its ability to destroy pathogens and unwanted seeds. Unlike feces, urine does not attract disease-spreading flies (such as
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The USA is the only
Western country that does not distinguish sludge-source compost from green-composts, and by default 50% of US states expect composts to comply in some manner with the federal EPA 503 rule promulgated in 1984 for sludge products.
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Although the natural decomposition of human corpses into soil is a long-standing practice, a more rapid process that was developed in the early 21st century by
Katrina Spade, entails encasing human corpses in wood chips, straw, and alfalfa until
342:, etc., and other large molecules such as lignin and cellulose that are more difficult to decompose. The "pleasant, earthy smell of compost" is attributed to Actinomycetota. They make carbon, ammonia, and nitrogen nutrients available to plants.
1334:. Compost can be tilled directly into the soil or growing medium to boost the level of organic matter and the overall fertility of the soil. Compost that is ready to be used as an additive is dark brown or even black with an earthy smell.
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roll-off waste dumpsters as the vessel. The advantage of using roll-off waste dumpsters is their relatively low cost, wide availability, they are highly mobile, often do not need building permits and can be obtained by renting or buying.
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When turning compost that has not gone through phases where temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) are reached, a mouth mask and gloves must be worn to protect from diseases that can be contracted from handling compost, including:
1548:. Traditionally, composting involved piling organic materials until the next planting season, at which time the materials would have decayed enough to be ready for use in the soil. Methodologies for organic composting were part of
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method of decomposing organic solid wastes, so it can be used to recycle organic material. The process involves decomposing organic material into a humus-like material, known as compost, which is a good fertilizer for plants.
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materials within a building, container, or vessel. In-vessel composting systems can consist of metal or plastic tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled, using the principles of a
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ingest partly composted material and excrete worm castings, making nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium available to plants. The tunnels they create as they move through the compost also increase aeration and
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and human pathogen regrowth. Aerated compost tea brews faster and generates more microbes, but has potential for human pathogen regrowth, particularly when one adds additional nutrients to the mixture.
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combined with mechanical sorting of mixed waste streams is increasingly being used in developed countries due to regulations controlling the amount of organic matter allowed in landfills. Treating
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decompose the body. In this manner, the transformation can be sped up to as little as 1â2 months. The accelerated process is based in part on techniques developed for the composting of livestock.
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As the temperature rises, a second, thermophilic phase starts, in which various thermophilic bacteria carry out the decomposition under higher temperatures (50 to 60 °C (122 to 140 °F).)
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due to anaerobic conditions, and provides economic and environmental co-benefits. For example, compost can also be used for land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and landfill cover.
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in immature compost that may inhibit germination, and the possible tie up of nitrogen by incompletely decomposed lignin. It is very common to see blends of 20â30% compost used for transplanting
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GĂłmez-BrandĂłn, M; Vela, M; Martinez Toledo, MV; Insam, H; DomĂnguez, J (2015). "12: Effects of
Compost and Vermiculture Teas as Organic Fertilizers". In Sinha, S; Plant, KK; Bajpai, S (eds.).
3606:"The Art and Science of Making a Hugelkultur Bed - Transforming Woody Debris into a Garden Resource Permaculture Research Institute - Permaculture Forums, Courses, Information & News"
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is added after each use. This practice creates air pockets in the human waste to promote aerobic decomposition. This also improves the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and reduces potential
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Mesophilic bacteria get compost to the thermophilic stage through oxidation of organic material. Afterwards they cure it, which makes the fresh compost more bioavailable for plants.
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There is debate about the benefits of aerating the mixture. Non-aerated compost tea is cheaper and less labor-intensive, but there are conflicting studies regarding the risks of
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improver, supplying humus and nutrients. It provides a rich growing medium as absorbent material. This material contains moisture and soluble minerals, which provide support and
717:, can be contaminated with a variety of metals and pharmaceutical compounds. Insufficient processing of biosolids can also lead to problems when the material is applied to land.
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maintain high temperatures. Turning is not necessary with cold composting, although a risk exists that parts of the pile may go anaerobic as it becomes compacted or waterlogged.
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found in compost. Bacteria process carbon and nitrogen and excrete plant-available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and magnesium. Depending on the phase of composting,
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by earthworms. These castings have been shown to contain reduced levels of contaminants and a higher saturation of nutrients than the organic materials before vermicomposting.
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die-off. The end product can also be moved to a secondary system â usually another composting step â to allow more time for mesophilic composting to further reduce pathogens.
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larvae are able to rapidly consume large amounts of organic material and can be used to treat human waste. The resulting compost still contains nutrients and can be used for
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is needed to grow and reproduce more organisms to oxidize the carbon. High nitrogen materials tend to be green and wet. They can also include colourful fruits and vegetables.
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smaller, more homogenized particle sizes in the input materials, controlling carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) at 30:1 or less, and careful monitoring of the moisture level.
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Marchant, Roger; Franzetti, Andrea; Pavlostathis, Spyros G.; Tas, Didem
Okutman; ErdbrƱgger, Isabel; ưnyayar, Ali; Mazmanci, Mehmet A.; Banat, Ibrahim M. (1 April 2008).
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660:, grass clippings, garden trimmings, and fresh leaves. Animal carcasses, roadkill, and butcher residue can also be composted, and these are considered nitrogen sources.
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or with a biodegradable container are common practice in Muslim and Jewish traditions and are allowed in the UK, the US, and many other locations throughout the world.
3778:"A comparison in product-value potential in four treatment strategies for food waste and faeces â assessing composting, fly larvae composting and anaerobic digestion"
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Aslam, DN; Vandergheynst, JS; Rumsey, TR (2008). "Development of models for predicting carbon mineralization and associated phytotoxicity in compost-amended soil".
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The two broad categories of organic solid waste are green and brown. Green waste is generally considered a source of nitrogen and includes pre- and post-consumer
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As the supply of high-energy compounds dwindles, the temperature starts to decrease, and the mesophilic bacteria once again predominate in the maturation phase.
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Trimmer, J.T.; Margenot, A.J.; Cusick, R.D.; Guest, J.S. (2019). "Aligning Product Chemistry and Soil Context for Agronomic Reuse of Human-Derived Resources".
842:". Generally the air circulation is metered in via buried tubes that allow fresh air to be injected under pressure, with the exhaust being extracted through a
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is required for oxidizing the carbon, the decomposition process. Aerobic bacteria need oxygen levels above 5% to perform the processes needed for composting.
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process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water, and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture in a process using open piles or
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Many crops are not seeded directly in the field but are started in seed trays in a greenhouse. When the seedlings reach a certain stage of growth, they are
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Kinney, Chad A.; Furlong, Edward T.; Zaugg, Steven D.; Burkhardt, Mark R.; Werner, Stephen L.; Cahill, Jeffery D.; Jorgensen, Gretchen R. (December 2006).
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to discourage independent government agencies from establishing tougher consumer-friendly standards. Compost is regulated in Canada and Australia as well.
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Compost tea is made up of extracts of fermented water leached from composted materials. Composts can be either aerated or non-aerated depending on its
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recommends that home gardeners avoid the use of sewage sludge-base fertilizer and compost, in part due to potentially high levels of PFASs. The EPA
1465:, following the US EPA ban of ocean dumping. About 26 American states now require composts to be processed according to these federal protocols for
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Aslam DN, et al. (2008). "Development of models for predicting carbon mineralization and associated phytotoxicity in compost-amended soil".
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4229:"Compost and compost tea: Principles and prospects as substrates and soil-borne disease management strategies in soil-less vegetable production"
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unviable. The temperature at which a pathogen dies depends on the pathogen, how long the temperature is maintained (seconds to weeks), and pH.
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2554:"Pathogen destruction and solids decomposition in composting latrines: study of fundamental mechanisms and user operation in rural Panama"
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2610:"Biopotential of compost and compost products derived from horticultural wasteâEffect on plant growth and plant pathogens' suppression"
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886:(ASP) composting refers to any of a number of systems used to biodegrade organic material without physical manipulation during primary
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Morel, P.; Guillemain, G. (2004). "Assessment of the possible phytotoxicity of a substrate using an easy and representative biotest".
3632:"Hugelkultur: Composting Whole Trees With Ease Permaculture Research Institute - Permaculture Forums, Courses, Information & News"
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contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil and reduce soil-borne diseases.
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Dougherty, Mark. (1999). Field Guide to On-Farm Composting. Ithaca, New York: Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service.
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initiative, running from 2021 to 2024, will consider the full lifecycle of PFAS including health risks of PFAS in wastewater sludge.
912:, and work well for facilities processing wet materials and large volumes of feedstocks. ASP facilities can be under roof or outdoor
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2217:"Thermophilic bacteria in cool temperate soils: are they metabolically active or continually added by global atmospheric transport?"
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MilinkoviÄ, Mira; LaleviÄ, BlaĆŸo; JoviÄiÄ-PetroviÄ, Jelena; GoluboviÄ-Äurguz, Vesna; Kljujev, Igor; RaiÄeviÄ, Vera (January 2019).
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process. Compost teas are generally produced from adding compost to water in a ratio of 1:4â1:10, occasionally stirring to release
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ItÀvaara et al. Compost maturity - problems associated with testing. in Proceedings of Composting. Innsbruck Austria 18-21.10.2000
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that fight plant pathogens. Sterilizing the compost, compost tea, or compost extracts reduces the effect of pathogen suppression.
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3680:(2nd Revised ed.). Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. p. 72.
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The initial, mesophilic phase is when the decomposition is carried out under moderate temperatures by mesophilic microorganisms.
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Mehl, Jessica; Kaiser, Josephine; Hurtado, Daniel; Gibson, Daragh A.; Izurieta, Ricardo; Mihelcic, James R. (3 February 2011).
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of carbon produces the heat required for other parts of the composting process. High carbon materials tend to be brown and dry.
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and enzymes present in compost extracts also have a suppressive effect on fungal plant pathogens. Compost is a good source of
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Generally, direct seeding into a compost is not recommended due to the speed with which it may dry, the possible presence of
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feed on living or fresh plant material. They should be removed from compost before use, as they can damage plants and crops.
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Santos, M; Dianez, F; Carretero, F (2011). "12: Suppressive Effects of Compost Tea on Phytopathogens". In Dubey, NK (ed.).
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860:, to a stable state with safe pathogen levels, for reclamation as a soil amendment. In-vessel composting can also refer to
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103:, reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers. The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as
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2669:"In situ and in vitro suppressive effect of agricultural composts and their water extracts on some phytopathogenic fungi"
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Co-composting is a technique that processes organic solid waste together with other input materials such as dewatered
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On-Farm Composting Handbook, Plant and Life Sciences Publishing, Cooperative Extension, Ed. Robert Rynk (June 1992),
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contribute to biodegradation of organic matter and consume inactive bacteria, fungi, and micro-organic particulates.
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plant and food waste, recycling organic materials, and manure. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and
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3831:"Growth rates of black soldier fly larvae fed on fresh human faeces and their implication for improving sanitation"
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As the process is aerobic, it is also known as Open Windrow Composting (OWC) or Open Air Windrow Composting (OAWC).
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Domingo, J. L.; Nadal, M. (August 2012). "Domestic waste composting facilities: a review of human health risks".
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plant pathogens that can cause crop diseases. Aerated compost teas are more effective than compost extracts. The
4831:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40, part 503. Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge"
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1131:-like end product that can be used to enrich soil if local regulations allow this. Some composting toilets have
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Hemenway, Toby (2009). Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 84â85.
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were also major proponents of composting. Modern scientific composting was imported to America by the likes of
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The time required to compost material relates to the volume of material, the particle size of the inputs (e.g.
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Compost extracts are unfermented or non-brewed extracts of leached compost contents dissolved in any solvent.
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and supported the country in 1950â1958 to set up a large humus organization in the fight against erosion and
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2088:(2nd ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag).
1559:. The first industrial station for the transformation of urban organic materials into compost was set up in
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feed on almost all organic material and put bacteria into the compost. Their population is kept in check by
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3281:"Stockholm Environment Institute - EcoSanRes - Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Feces in Crop Production"
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Compost products such as compost tea and compost extracts have been found to have an inhibitory effect on
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convert a deceased body into compost. It is also called natural organic reduction (NOR) or terramation.
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as it decomposes, able to capture water and store it for later use by crops planted on top of the bed.
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create nests, making the soil more porous and transporting nutrients to different areas of the compost.
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and turns human waste into compost-like material. Composting is carried out by microorganisms (mainly
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2284:"The Geobacillus paradox: why is a thermophilic bacterial genus so prevalent on a mesophilic planet?"
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EPA Class A and B guidelines in the United States were developed solely to manage the processing and
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2503:"Occurrence of enteric pathogens in composted domestic solid waste containing disposable diapers"
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4127:"Efficacy of biological agents and compost on growth and resistance of tomatoes to late blight"
2078:
Tilley, Elizabeth; Ulrich, Lukas; LĂŒthi, Christoph; Reymond, Philippe; ZurbrĂŒgg, Chris (2014).
1759:
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The practice of making raised garden beds or mounds filled with rotting wood is also called
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Animal carcasses may be composted as a disposal option. Such material is rich in nitrogen.
328:, may exceed this temperature, potentially killing beneficial soil microorganisms but also
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systems in the toilet bowl to collect the urine separately and control excess moisture. A
8:
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3431:"Human composting as an alternative to burial or cremation signed into law in Washington"
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3144:"Survey of Organic Wastewater Contaminants in Biosolids Destined for Land Application â "
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conditions. Most composting toilets use no water for flushing and are therefore called "
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Composting dates back to at least the early Roman Empire and was mentioned as early as
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A kitchen compost bin is used to transport compostable items to an outdoor compost bin.
1406:
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83:, such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and fungi. Compost improves soil fertility in
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2008:
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Composting organisms require four equally important ingredients to work effectively:
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4501:"Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment - Guidelines for Compost Quality"
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Windrow turner used on maturing piles at a biosolids composting facility in Canada.
761:
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38:
7070:
4440:
4186:
4095:
3872:
2366:"The Rapid Compost Method by Robert Raabe, Professor of Plant Pathology, Berkeley"
1563:, Austria in the year 1921. Early proponents of composting within farming include
1160:, worm humus, worm manure, or worm faeces) is the end product of the breakdown of
293:
smaller pieces through methods such as grinding, tearing, chewing, and digesting.
268:
temperatures 130â160 °F (54â71 °C) until the materials are broken down.
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garden beds include water retention and warming of soil. Buried wood acts like a
905:
100:
7097:
4313:
3083:"Phosphorus Basics: Deficiency Symptoms, Sufficiency Ranges, and Common Sources"
2609:
7927:
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5492:
5282:
5247:
5053:
4622:
2667:
El-Masry, M.H.; Khalil, A.I.; Hassouna, M.S.; Ibrahim, H.A.H. (1 August 2002).
2625:
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1219:
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909:
787:
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is necessary in the right amounts to maintain activity without causing locally
155:
7333:
4861:"Sludge in the Garden: Toxic PFAS in Home Fertilizers Made From Sewage Sludge"
4151:
4126:
3729:"Effects of stocking density and feeding rate on vermicomposting of biosolids"
2684:
2232:
1728:
1240:
1058:
Composting toilet at Activism Festival 2010 in the mountains outside Jerusalem
1017:
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260:
8014:
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7358:
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6165:
5913:
5663:
5653:
5522:
5472:
5333:
5303:
5272:
5183:
5060:
4417:"A compost heating solution for a greenhouse in north-eastern Poland in fall"
4263:
4160:
3856:
3811:
3143:
2692:
2633:
2579:
2526:
2309:
2240:
1783:
1775:
1760:"Chemical composition of the organic matter in forest soils: The humus layer"
1648:
1368:
1287:
1264:
1193:
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composting. Longer retention time in the composting chamber also facilitates
1075:
853:
729:
706:
695:
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351:
339:
306:
131:
76:
75:'s physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by
3333:
2216:
1555:
Composting began to modernize somewhat in the 1920s in Europe as a tool for
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7891:
7876:
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Composting toilets, together with the secondary composting step, produce a
385:
329:
92:
49:
4772:"Recycling & Composting in San Francisco - Frequently Asked Questions"
2668:
223:
154:
and fungi manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat,
7942:
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7455:
7240:
7127:
7122:
7112:
7107:
7035:
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1976:
1643:
1513:
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help break down materials that bacteria cannot, especially cellulose and
314:
147:
127:
123:
116:
88:
31:
4340:"Compost for Specialist Plants - Garden Advice - Westland Garden Health"
2570:
2553:
1603:
Organic Gardening, and others involved in the organic farming movement.
565:
456:
Under ideal conditions, composting proceeds through three major phases:
448:
7738:
7177:
7060:
6995:
6980:
6938:
6815:
6715:
6535:
5893:
5878:
5648:
5602:
5502:
4391:"Reducing the Impact of Wasted Food by Feeding the Soil and Composting"
3802:
3777:
3579:
1917:"Reducing the Impact of Wasted Food by Feeding the Soil and Composting"
1653:
1508:") levels in compost derived from sewage sledge sourced biosolids, and
1430:
1384:
1338:
1095:
1067:
887:
839:
834:
657:
596:
545:
541:
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104:
57:
3847:
3830:
3674:
Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; LĂŒthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; ZurbrĂŒgg, C. (2014).
3227:
3167:
1348:
Compost can be used to increase plant immunity to diseases and pests.
938:
621:
in turn lowers the overall emissions from the waste-management fleet.
214:
7809:
7624:
7587:
7534:
7514:
7509:
7167:
6653:
6640:
6632:
6515:
6068:
5807:
5572:
5102:
4676:
3203:"Bioavailability of heavy metals in soils amended with sewage sludge"
2918:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Archived from
2876:"Natural Rendering: Composting Livestock Mortality and Butcher Waste"
2814:"Composting Has Been Scrapped. These New Yorkers Picked Up the Slack"
1462:
1342:
1214:; untreated waste breaks down anaerobically in a landfill, producing
1157:
1140:
1118:
1074:
by a biological process called composting. This process leads to the
1023:
857:
843:
714:
612:
are rendered unviable by temperatures over 50 °C (122 °F).
408:
405:
and the thermophilic temperatures that are unsuitable for fly larvae.
391:
310:
238:
143:
37:"Humanure" redirects here. For the album by Cattle Decapitation, see
4478:
3218:
71:
is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve
7483:
7410:
7338:
7075:
6950:
6740:
6038:
5998:
5918:
5308:
5198:
3726:
3508:
3460:
3415:
1758:
Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Zech, Wolfgang; Hatcher, Patrick G. (1988).
1466:
1423:
1361:
1310:. Although it is rarely used alone, plants can flourish from mixed
1307:
1276:
1122:
1110:
1083:
891:
780:
769:
725:
677:
506:
430:
365:
302:
159:
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7592:
7554:
7544:
7420:
7055:
6945:
2783:"Composting for the Homeowner - University of Illinois Extension"
1528:
1323:
1257:
1211:
1102:
1054:
975:
602:
514:
414:
135:
62:
5978:
3456:"Washington becomes first US state to legalise human composting"
2214:
1178:
production, or further traditional composting or vermicomposting
732:), and it does not contain the most hardy of pathogens, such as
7284:
7277:
7272:
6688:
5953:
5908:
4887:"PFAS Strategic Roadmap: EPA's Commitments to Action 2021-2024"
4096:"The Effect of Lignin on Biodegradability - Cornell Composting"
1576:
1458:
1272:
1223:
1222:. The methane produced in an anaerobic digester can be used as
1175:
1087:
791:
673:
609:
359:
276:
206:
84:
45:
4968:
Welser Anzeiger vom 05. Januar 1921, 67. Jahrgang, Nr. 2, S. 4
4284:
3032:"Human waste could be used to create nitrogen-rich fertilizer"
122:
At the simplest level, composting requires gathering a mix of
7373:
5948:
5811:
5668:
5552:
5173:
3468:
3448:
2666:
1588:
1501:
1482:
1303:
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1249:
1128:
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In many composting toilet designs, a carbon additive such as
989:
720:
479:
420:
355:
347:
139:
112:
5071:
3201:
Morera, M T; EcheverrĂa, J.; Garrido, J. (1 November 2002).
1314:
that includes a mix of compost with other additives such as
648:
A large compost pile is steaming with the heat generated by
7294:
6909:
3141:
2403:. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. April 1998.
1560:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1295:
1114:
1106:
672:
On many farms, the basic composting ingredients are animal
510:
424:
402:
338:
are needed to break down paper products such as newspaper,
72:
5806:
3776:
Lalander, Cecilia; Nordberg, Ă
ke; VinnerÄs, Björn (2018).
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3383:"New York governor legalizes human composting after death"
3311:
2789:. University of Illinois Board of Trustees. Archived from
1491:
San Francisco Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance
1429:
The temperatures generated by compost can be used to heat
1418:
Compost can also be used for land and stream reclamation,
974:, such as animal manure and crop residues, in long rows â
284:
consistently, as well as active management, is important.
7222:
4289:. Oxfordshire, UK Cambridge, MA: CABI. pp. 242â262.
1509:
1489:
require food and yard waste to be sorted for composting (
398:
378:
174:
organic material for landfill because composting reduces
3945:
3775:
3667:
2077:
1757:
833:
generally describes a group of methods that confine the
4742:"Anglesey households achieve 100% food waste recycling"
4088:
3395:
3200:
2551:
2470:
Environmental Engineering National Engineering Handbook
3411:"How do you compost a human body â and why would you?"
5013:
3476:"Tracker: Where Is Human Composting Legal In The US?"
2004:
Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science
852:
This technique is generally used for municipal scale
566:
Diseases that can be contracted from handling compost
30:"Composting" redirects here. Not to be confused with
4226:
2496:
2494:
1433:, such as by being placed around the outside edges.
1291:
not occur or that no lingering phyto-toxins remain.
4189:
Advances in Fertilizer Technology: Synthesis (Vol1)
4125:Bahramisharif, Amirhossein; Rose, Laura E. (2019).
3677:
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies -
3598:
3423:
1575:, who was appointed on behalf of the government in
984:
599:â via infection around the fingernails and toenails
6466:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
3824:
3257:. Renfrew Mercury. 13 October 2011. Archived from
624:
4227:St. Martin, C. C.G.; Brathwaite, R. A.I. (2012).
4124:
2491:
2161:"Klickitat County WA, USA Compost Mix Calculator"
2085:Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies
1512:has not set health risk standards for this. The
1139:is a composting toilet with flushing water where
869:
588:â a fungus that grows in guano and bird droppings
7976:
7733:
4774:. San Francisco Dept. of the Environment. 2016.
4365:"How to choose the best compost for your plants"
3727:Ndegwa, P.M.; Thompson, S.A.; Das, K.C. (1998).
1764:Zeitschrift fĂŒr PflanzenernĂ€hrung und Bodenkunde
856:processing, including final treatment of sewage
4019:
3574:
3572:
3570:
2673:World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
1485:and some individual cities such as Seattle and
701:Solid human waste can be collected directly in
305:are the most abundant and important of all the
6627:
3694:
3580:"hugelkultur: the ultimate raised garden beds"
1887:"Do Biodegradable Items Degrade in Landfills?"
811:
61:Community-level composting in a rural area in
7719:
6613:
5792:
5087:
3528:"Edmonton, AB, Canada Co-composting facility"
2124:The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering
1474:Australian, and the various European states.
1143:are used to promote decomposition to compost.
439:feed on fungi, molds, and decomposing plants.
433:feed on rotting wood and decaying vegetation.
7489:List of organic gardening and farming topics
4599:"British Standards Institute Specifications"
3835:Tropical Medicine & International Health
3567:
3106:
2985:"Humanure: the end of sewage as we know it?"
2881:. Cornell Waste Management Institute. 2002.
2435:. Cornell Waste Management Institute. 2005.
2333:
1681:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1235:
1015:
999:
667:
630:a local or neighborhood composting project.
4984:. University of Chicago Press. p. 86.
2955:"Humanure: The Next Frontier in Composting"
2614:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
1541:
7726:
7712:
6620:
6606:
5799:
5785:
5094:
5080:
4702:"US Composting Council testing parameters"
4414:
2811:
2073:
2071:
1004:bed; the bed does not have soil on it yet.
990:HĂŒgelkultur (raised garden beds or mounds)
920:, sometimes referred to tunnel composting.
798:
480:Hot and cold composting â impact on timing
4287:Natural products in plant pest management
4236:Biological Agriculture & Horticulture
4182:
4180:
4178:
4150:
3846:
3801:
3226:
2569:
2299:
1117:. Most composting toilet systems rely on
615:
4946:. University of Illinois. Archived from
4005:. University of Illinois. Archived from
1947:"Composting to avoid methane production"
1871:. University of Illinois. Archived from
1527:
1440:
1239:
1053:
993:
945:
937:
802:
643:
447:
213:
205:
193:
185:
164:
56:
6496:High-level radioactive waste management
4616:"Consensus Canadian national standards"
4477:. Compostingcouncil.org. Archived from
4191:. Stadium Press LLC. pp. 300â318.
3888:"How Cities Are Turning Food into Fuel"
3380:
2906:
2281:
2068:
2000:
1147:
966:is the production of compost by piling
816:
443:
372:
296:
150:further break up the organic material.
14:
7977:
4981:A History of the Garden in Fifty Tools
4934:
4932:
4930:
4841:from the original on 22 September 2018
4539:from the original on 22 September 2018
4506:. CCME Documents. 2005. Archived from
4415:Neugebauer, Maciej (10 January 2021).
4388:
4308:
4306:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4175:
4106:from the original on 27 September 2018
3885:
3408:
3255:"'Humanure' dumping sickens homeowner"
3148:Environmental Science & Technology
2755:
2460:
2454:
2342:. Cornell Waste Management Institute.
2221:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2186:"Compost Physics - Cornell Composting"
1676:List of sustainable agriculture topics
1022:in German. It is in effect creating a
766:the final disposition of human remains
709:after it has undergone treatment in a
633:
27:Mixture used to improve soil fertility
7707:
6601:
5780:
5075:
4796:
4778:from the original on 5 September 2017
4752:from the original on 5 September 2017
4051:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3898:from the original on 28 February 2020
3368:Texas Animal Manure Management Issues
2952:
2888:from the original on 24 February 2021
2826:from the original on 25 November 2020
2603:
2601:
2599:
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2378:from the original on 15 December 2017
2346:from the original on 15 November 2019
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1957:from the original on 9 September 2018
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1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1567:, founder of a farming method called
1500:There are health risk concerns about
1040:
924:
7674:
6511:Sewage regulation and administration
5759:
4977:
3314:Environmental Science and Technology
3087:Alabama Cooperative Extension System
2812:Nierenberg, Amelia (9 August 2020).
2479:from the original on 15 January 2021
2442:from the original on 16 October 2020
2196:from the original on 9 November 2020
2120:
2102:from the original on 22 October 2019
2021:from the original on 26 January 2021
1811:
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1739:from the original on 8 February 2017
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1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1206:before it enters a landfill reduces
317:bacteria may be the most prominent.
271:Composting is most efficient with a
237:is needed for energy; the microbial
7686:
4927:
4811:from the original on 25 August 2010
4799:"The case for mandatory composting"
4320:from the original on 14 August 2020
4303:
4205:
3708:from the original on 9 October 2019
3586:from the original on 7 January 2018
3364:"Composting Large Animal Carcasses"
2334:Trautmann, Nancy; Olynciw, Elaina.
2282:Zeigler, Daniel R. (January 2014).
2039:
500:
24:
4455:from the original on 11 April 2021
3982:
3825:Banks, Ian J.; Gibson, Walter T.;
3757:from the original on 8 August 2017
3702:"Paper on Invasive European Worms"
3381:Helmore, Edward (1 January 2023).
3182:from the original on 14 April 2021
2737:from the original on 19 April 2021
2719:
2594:
2533:from the original on 19 April 2021
2324:
2171:
1927:from the original on 15 April 2019
1399:
1391:
605:â a central nervous system disease
25:
8041:
4998:from the original on 13 July 2021
4585:"EPA regulations for compost use"
4533:"Organics Recycling in Australia"
3235:from the original on 13 July 2021
2707:from the original on 13 July 2021
2648:from the original on 13 July 2021
2263:from the original on 13 July 2021
2141:from the original on 13 July 2021
2056:from the original on 13 July 2021
1790:
1729:"Reduce, Reuse, Recycle - US EPA"
1694:
739:
7685:
7673:
7662:
7661:
7649:
6561:
6560:
6549:
6491:Extended producer responsibility
5977:
5758:
5722:
5721:
5711:
5468:Extended producer responsibility
5197:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5023:
4971:
4962:
4907:
4716:"Gwynedd Council food recycling"
3634:. 4 January 2012. Archived from
3409:Prasad, Ritu (30 January 2019).
3207:Canadian Journal of Soil Science
2461:Robert, Graves (February 2000).
2040:Lal, Rattan (30 November 2003).
1897:from the original on 9 June 2021
1659:
1550:traditional agricultural systems
1218:that contains methane, a potent
1046:This section is an excerpt from
985:Other systems at household level
930:This section is an excerpt from
916:operations, or totally enclosed
875:This section is an excerpt from
822:This section is an excerpt from
753:This section is an excerpt from
684:
452:Three year old household compost
169:Composter made from a hollow log
6049:Mechanical biological treatment
4901:
4879:
4853:
4835:U.S. Government Printing Office
4823:
4790:
4764:
4734:
4708:
4694:
4669:
4651:
4640:
4608:
4591:
4577:
4551:
4525:
4493:
4467:
4408:
4389:US EPA, OLEM (12 August 2015).
4382:
4357:
4332:
4316:. Royal Horticultural Society.
4278:
4118:
4045:
4036:
4030:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.644.55
4013:
3939:
3910:
3886:Dawson, Lj (21 November 2019).
3879:
3818:
3769:
3650:
3624:
3608:. 3 August 2010. Archived from
3554:"Open Windrow composting (OWC)"
3546:
3520:
3502:
3486:
3374:
3356:
3305:
3273:
3247:
3194:
3135:
3100:
3075:
3050:
3024:
2999:
2977:
2946:
2937:
2900:
2868:
2838:
2805:
2775:
2756:US EPA, OLEM (12 August 2015).
2749:
2660:
2545:
2507:Waste Management & Research
2422:
2410:from the original on 6 May 2021
2390:
2358:
2275:
2208:
2153:
2114:
747:
705:, or indirectly in the form of
625:Materials that can be composted
181:
8025:Biodegradable waste management
4797:Tyler, Aubin (21 March 2010).
4074:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.074
3968:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.074
3920:. 7 April 2003. Archived from
3582:. Richsoil.com. 27 July 2007.
3509:Aerated Static Pile composting
2916:Virginia Cooperative Extension
2033:
1994:
1969:
1939:
1921:Sustainable Management of Food
1909:
1879:
1751:
1591:on sustainable practices, and
1436:
1351:
1294:Compost can be added to soil,
877:Aerated static pile composting
870:Aerated static-pile composting
862:aerated static pile composting
13:
1:
5634:Container-deposit legislation
5101:
4441:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123613
4421:Journal of Cleaner Production
3748:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00055-3
3561:Waste Planning Practice Guide
2953:Barth, Brian (7 March 2017).
2519:10.1016/S0734-242X(95)90081-0
1687:
4944:Composting for the Homeowner
4647:Australian quality standards
4314:"John Innes potting compost"
4256:10.1080/01448765.2012.671516
4003:Composting for the Homeowner
3121:10.1016/j.envint.2008.07.004
2787:Composting for the Homeowner
2001:Masters, Gilbert M. (1997).
1869:Composting for the Homeowner
1587:, who worked extensively in
505:Composting can destroy some
388:feed on decaying vegetables.
287:
7:
7770:Magnesium deficiency#Plants
7520:Index of pesticide articles
6501:History of waste management
5329:Materials recovery facility
2558:Journal of Water and Health
2501:Gerba, C. (1 August 1995).
1865:"The Science of Composting"
1606:
1248:On open ground for growing
1026:that is covered with soil.
904:Aerated static piles offer
812:Industrial-scale composting
676:generated on the farm as a
210:Materials in a compost pile
10:
8046:
6664:Climate-friendly gardening
6089:fluorescent lamp recycling
4867:. Sierra Club. 21 May 2021
2991:. 12 May 2009 – via
2626:10.1016/j.psep.2018.09.024
1923:. US EPA. 12 August 2015.
1671:List of environment topics
1666:List of composting systems
1523:
1244:Compost used as fertilizer
1045:
1007:
929:
874:
821:
752:
688:
637:
411:break down plant material.
202:organic farm in Washington
43:
36:
29:
7951:
7920:
7859:
7823:
7745:
7643:
7565:
7540:Plant disease forecasting
7502:
7494:Vegan organic agriculture
7469:
7344:Genetically modified tree
7231:
6774:
6639:
6544:
6458:
6427:
6337:
6189:
5986:
5975:
5822:
5707:
5611:
5430:
5342:
5296:
5206:
5195:
5109:
4152:10.1007/s00425-018-3035-2
3109:Environment International
2233:10.1007/s00253-008-1372-y
1236:Agriculture and gardening
898:, open or covered, or in
668:Animal manure and bedding
7959:Algal nutrient solutions
7805:Micronutrient deficiency
6471:China's waste import ban
5030:Agriculture and Agronomy
2336:"Compost Microorganisms"
1776:10.1002/jpln.19881510512
1413:
950:Maturing windrows at an
417:feed on plant particles.
273:carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
218:Food scraps compost heap
44:Not to be confused with
8020:Sustainable food system
7836:Phosphorus assimilation
5832:Agricultural wastewater
5659:Reverse vending machine
4940:"History of Composting"
4677:"US Composting Council"
4559:"EPA Class A standards"
4475:"US Composting Council"
3334:10.1021/acs.est.9b00504
3062:wa.kaiserpermanente.org
3007:"Nitrogen in the Plant"
2850:U.S. Composting Council
2685:10.1023/A:1016302729218
2190:compost.css.cornell.edu
1639:Sustainable agriculture
1481:Many countries such as
1230:
799:Composting technologies
200:Evergreen State College
7479:Biodynamic agriculture
7416:Postharvest physiology
7364:Landscape architecture
7061:Indonesian home garden
6556:Environment portal
6234:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6124:water recycling shower
5699:Water recycling shower
5543:Reuse of human excreta
5513:Recycling (ecological)
5498:Material flow analysis
4889:. EPA. 14 October 2021
3736:Bioresource Technology
3011:extension.missouri.edu
2727:"Compost Pile Hazards"
2301:10.1099/mic.0.071696-0
1542:
1533:
1518:PFAS Strategic Roadmap
1446:
1245:
1059:
1016:
1005:
1000:
955:
943:
808:
711:sewage treatment plant
653:
616:Environmental benefits
453:
219:
211:
203:
191:
170:
65:
7831:Nitrogen assimilation
7790:Phosphorus deficiency
7780:Molybdenum deficiency
6726:Historic conservation
5924:Municipal solid waste
5904:Industrial wastewater
5488:Interchangeable parts
5483:Industrial metabolism
4681:US Composting Council
4659:"Biodegradable waste"
2909:"Backyard Composting"
1531:
1444:
1243:
1057:
997:
949:
941:
848:aerobic decomposition
806:
689:Further information:
647:
592:Legionnaires' disease
451:
217:
209:
197:
189:
168:
60:
7846:Microbial assistance
7795:Potassium deficiency
7775:Manganese deficiency
7656:Gardening portal
7555:Aquamog weed remover
7530:List of insecticides
6119:water heat recycling
6024:Garden waste dumping
5694:Water heat recycling
5684:Waste management law
4009:on 19 February 2016.
3638:on 28 September 2015
3534:on 22 September 2010
3058:"Phosphate in Urine"
2925:on 20 September 2018
2907:Rishell, Ed (2013).
2167:on 17 November 2011.
2121:Haug, Roger (1993).
1875:on 17 February 2016.
1420:wetland construction
1330:granules to produce
1318:, grit, bark chips,
1148:Related technologies
998:An almost completed
952:in-vessel composting
918:in-vessel composting
831:In-vessel composting
824:In-vessel composting
817:In-vessel composting
444:Phases of composting
373:Physical decomposers
297:Chemical decomposers
198:Compost bins at the
81:beneficial organisms
7990:Organic fertilizers
7902:Nutrient management
7841:Sulfur assimilation
7785:Nitrogen deficiency
6486:Eco-industrial park
6074:appliance recycling
5994:Anaerobic digestion
5939:Post-consumer waste
5837:Biodegradable waste
5644:Ethical consumerism
5578:Urban lumberjacking
5508:Product stewardship
5458:Eco-industrial park
4978:Laws, Bill (2014).
4433:2021JCPro.27923613N
4248:2012BioAH..28....1S
4143:2019Plant.249..799B
4066:2008BiTec..99.8735A
3999:"Benefits and Uses"
3960:2008BiTec..99.8735A
3794:2018GCBBi..10...84L
3704:. 21 January 2009.
3326:2019EnST...53.6501T
3293:on 30 December 2010
3261:on 10 November 2015
3160:2006EnST...40.7207K
2793:on 17 February 2016
2571:10.2166/wh.2010.138
1953:. 15 October 2021.
1951:www.agric.wa.gov.au
1893:. 16 October 2019.
1573:Annie Francé-Harrar
1204:biodegradable waste
1200:Anaerobic digestion
1168:Black soldier fly (
1090:) under controlled
972:biodegradable waste
884:Aerated static pile
640:Biodegradable waste
634:Organic solid waste
467:Thermophilic phase:
190:Home compost barrel
7933:Nutrient pollution
7907:Organic fertilizer
7897:Nutrient budgeting
7760:Calcium deficiency
7525:List of fungicides
7290:Companion planting
6531:Waste minimisation
6476:Cleaner production
6141:Reusable packaging
6054:Mechanical sorting
5857:Construction waste
5717:Environment portal
5588:Waste minimisation
5533:Reusable packaging
5478:Industrial ecology
4565:on 4 February 2012
4535:. BioCycle. 2011.
4513:on 18 October 2015
4022:Acta Horticulturae
3829:(1 January 2014).
3803:10.1111/gcbb.12470
3612:on 5 November 2015
3514:2008-09-17 at the
2856:on 27 October 2020
2819:The New York Times
2340:CORNELL Composting
1552:around the world.
1534:
1461:, also now called
1447:
1246:
1137:vermifilter toilet
1060:
1041:Composting toilets
1006:
964:windrow composting
956:
944:
932:Windrow composting
925:Windrow composting
914:windrow composting
809:
807:Backyard composter
703:composting toilets
654:
536:Pythium debaryanum
523:Fusarium oxysporum
454:
362:in woody material.
326:windrow composting
220:
212:
204:
192:
171:
126:(green waste) and
66:
7972:
7971:
7912:Plant tissue test
7887:Hydroponic dosers
7882:Hoagland solution
7701:
7700:
7573:Community orchard
7399:drought tolerance
6595:
6594:
6526:Waste legislation
6435:Sanitation worker
6409:London Convention
6345:Bamako Convention
6136:Resource recovery
6104:textile recycling
6099:plastic recycling
6079:battery recycling
6019:Ecological design
5944:Radioactive waste
5774:
5773:
5528:Resource recovery
5518:Refill (campaign)
5463:Ecological design
5443:Dematerialization
5253:Fluorescent lamps
4950:on 4 October 2018
4198:978-1-62699-044-9
4060:(18): 8735â8741.
4054:Bioresour Technol
3948:Bioresour Technol
3848:10.1111/tmi.12228
3687:978-3-906484-57-0
3662:978-1-60358-029-8
3498:978-0-935817-19-5
3482:. 19 August 2022.
3320:(11): 6501â6510.
3168:10.1021/es0603406
3154:(23): 7207â7215.
2472:. pp. 2â22.
2430:"Home Composting"
2095:978-3-906484-57-0
2007:. Prentice Hall.
1735:. 17 April 2013.
1585:Sir Albert Howard
1540:'s 160 BCE piece
1506:forever chemicals
1170:Hermetia illucens
1064:composting toilet
1048:Composting toilet
900:closed containers
894:. It may be in
764:is a process for
556:B. licheniformis,
546:biocontrol agents
473:Maturation phase:
461:Mesophilic phase:
222:Composting is an
176:methane emissions
111:, increasing the
97:urban agriculture
16:(Redirected from
8037:
7995:Waste management
7952:Related concepts
7851:Photorespiration
7755:Boron deficiency
7728:
7721:
7714:
7705:
7704:
7689:
7688:
7677:
7676:
7665:
7664:
7654:
7653:
7630:Plant collecting
7566:Related articles
7503:Plant protection
6684:French intensive
6622:
6615:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6564:
6563:
6554:
6553:
6419:OSPAR Convention
6350:Basel Convention
6161:Waste collection
6151:Sewage treatment
6109:timber recycling
6084:bottle recycling
6064:Reclaimed lumber
6059:Photodegradation
5981:
5899:Industrial waste
5867:Electronic waste
5862:Demolition waste
5842:Biomedical waste
5816:waste management
5801:
5794:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5762:
5761:
5725:
5724:
5715:
5689:Waste management
5679:Waste collection
5538:Reuse of bottles
5438:Circular economy
5415:Northern Ireland
5201:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5073:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5019:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4936:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4804:The Boston Globe
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4768:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4718:. Archived from
4712:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4621:. Archived from
4620:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4561:. Archived from
4555:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4481:on 15 April 2019
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4386:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4233:
4224:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4173:
4172:
4154:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4024:(644): 417â423.
4017:
4011:
4010:
3995:
3980:
3979:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3927:on 22 March 2021
3926:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3850:
3827:Cameron, Mary M.
3822:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3733:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3671:
3665:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3576:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3530:. Archived from
3524:
3518:
3506:
3500:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3406:
3393:
3392:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3286:. Archived from
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3230:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3036:News-Medical.net
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2961:. Archived from
2950:
2944:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2852:. Archived from
2846:"STA Feedstocks"
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2573:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2467:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2370:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2303:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2163:. Archived from
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2046:Pollution a to Z
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:Regeneration.org
1973:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1861:
1788:
1787:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1725:
1619:Human composting
1593:Lady Eve Balfour
1581:soil degradation
1547:
1455:beneficial reuse
1021:
1003:
762:Human composting
755:Human composting
691:Reuse of excreta
501:Pathogen removal
152:Aerobic bacteria
109:soil conditioner
39:Humanure (album)
21:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8034:
7975:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7947:
7916:
7872:Fertilizer tree
7855:
7819:
7815:Fertilizer burn
7800:Zinc deficiency
7765:Iron deficiency
7741:
7735:Plant nutrition
7732:
7702:
7697:
7648:
7639:
7635:Turf management
7620:Lists of plants
7615:List of gardens
7561:
7498:
7465:
7227:
6777:
6770:
6635:
6626:
6596:
6591:
6567:Category: Waste
6548:
6540:
6521:Waste hierarchy
6454:
6445:Waste collector
6423:
6414:Oslo Convention
6333:
6185:
6181:Waste-to-energy
6176:Waste treatment
6146:Right to repair
6044:Landfill mining
6029:Illegal dumping
5982:
5973:
5934:Packaging waste
5929:Open defecation
5889:Hazardous waste
5818:
5805:
5775:
5770:
5703:
5674:Waste-to-energy
5639:Dumpster diving
5607:
5583:Waste hierarchy
5558:Right to repair
5426:
5395:The Netherlands
5350:Rate by country
5338:
5292:
5202:
5193:
5105:
5100:
5070:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4999:
4992:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4953:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4928:
4918:
4916:
4914:De Agri Cultura
4906:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4870:
4868:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4723:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4683:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4628:on 9 March 2018
4625:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4540:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4387:
4383:
4373:
4371:
4369:Love The Garden
4363:
4362:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4283:
4279:
4231:
4225:
4206:
4199:
4185:
4176:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4107:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4050:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4018:
4014:
3997:
3996:
3983:
3954:(18): 8735â41.
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3901:
3899:
3884:
3880:
3823:
3819:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3688:
3672:
3668:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3516:Wayback Machine
3507:
3503:
3491:
3487:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3407:
3396:
3379:
3375:
3370:. 20 July 2017.
3362:
3361:
3357:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3219:10.4141/S01-072
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3140:
3136:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2966:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2649:
2606:
2595:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2499:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2332:
2325:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2183:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2096:
2076:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1958:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1863:
1862:
1791:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1662:
1624:Organic farming
1609:
1557:organic farming
1544:De Agri Cultura
1526:
1439:
1416:
1402:
1400:Commercial sale
1394:
1392:Compost extract
1354:
1238:
1233:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1133:urine diversion
1051:
1043:
1012:
992:
987:
982:
981:
935:
927:
922:
921:
906:process control
880:
872:
867:
866:
827:
819:
814:
801:
796:
795:
788:natural burials
758:
750:
742:
693:
687:
670:
652:microorganisms.
642:
636:
627:
618:
568:
503:
482:
446:
375:
299:
290:
275:of about 25:1.
184:
101:organic farming
53:
50:Potting compost
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8043:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8010:Soil improvers
8007:
8002:
8000:Gardening aids
7997:
7992:
7987:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7928:Soil fertility
7924:
7922:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7863:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7827:
7825:
7821:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7751:
7749:
7743:
7742:
7731:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7638:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7610:Garden tourism
7607:
7602:
7600:Groundskeeping
7597:
7596:
7595:
7590:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7389:free-flowering
7386:
7381:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7270:
7265:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7237:
7235:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6931:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6864:
6863:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6706:Groundskeeping
6703:
6702:
6701:
6699:computer-aided
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6625:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6558:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6440:Street sweeper
6437:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6324:United Kingdom
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6114:tire recycling
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6094:land recycling
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Biodegradation
6001:
5996:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5964:Surface runoff
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5852:Chemical waste
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5828:
5826:
5820:
5819:
5804:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5719:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5619:Bottle cutting
5615:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Land recycling
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5410:United Kingdom
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5223:
5221:Automotive oil
5218:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5115:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5069:
5068:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5010:
5009:
4991:978-0226139937
4990:
4970:
4961:
4926:
4908:Cato, Marcus.
4900:
4878:
4852:
4822:
4789:
4763:
4733:
4707:
4693:
4668:
4650:
4639:
4607:
4590:
4576:
4550:
4524:
4492:
4466:
4407:
4381:
4356:
4331:
4302:
4295:
4277:
4204:
4197:
4174:
4137:(3): 799â813.
4117:
4087:
4044:
4035:
4012:
3981:
3938:
3909:
3878:
3817:
3768:
3719:
3693:
3686:
3666:
3649:
3623:
3597:
3566:
3545:
3519:
3501:
3485:
3467:
3464:. 21 May 2019.
3447:
3422:
3394:
3373:
3355:
3304:
3272:
3246:
3213:(4): 433â438.
3193:
3134:
3099:
3074:
3049:
3023:
2998:
2976:
2965:on 21 May 2022
2945:
2936:
2899:
2867:
2837:
2804:
2774:
2748:
2718:
2679:(6): 551â558.
2659:
2593:
2564:(1): 187â199.
2544:
2513:(4): 315â324.
2490:
2453:
2421:
2389:
2357:
2323:
2294:(Pt 1): 1â11.
2274:
2227:(5): 841â852.
2207:
2170:
2152:
2133:
2113:
2094:
2080:"Septic tanks"
2067:
2032:
2013:
1993:
1968:
1938:
1908:
1878:
1789:
1770:(5): 331â340.
1750:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Carbon farming
1610:
1608:
1605:
1565:Rudolf Steiner
1538:Cato the Elder
1532:Compost basket
1525:
1522:
1438:
1435:
1415:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1353:
1350:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1220:greenhouse gas
1210:from fugitive
1208:global warming
1197:
1186:
1179:
1165:
1162:organic matter
1149:
1146:
1080:organic matter
1052:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1008:Main article:
991:
988:
986:
983:
968:organic matter
936:
928:
926:
923:
910:biodegradation
881:
873:
871:
868:
828:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
800:
797:
759:
751:
749:
746:
741:
740:Animal remains
738:
734:parasitic worm
686:
683:
669:
666:
638:Main article:
635:
632:
626:
623:
617:
614:
607:
606:
600:
594:
589:
586:Histoplasmosis
583:
578:
567:
564:
502:
499:
481:
478:
477:
476:
470:
464:
445:
442:
441:
440:
434:
428:
418:
412:
406:
396:
389:
382:
374:
371:
370:
369:
363:
345:
344:
343:
336:Actinomycetota
333:
321:
307:microorganisms
298:
295:
289:
286:
277:Hot composting
265:
264:
254:
248:
242:
183:
180:
156:carbon dioxide
107:, acting as a
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8042:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7921:Miscellaneous
7919:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7858:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7729:
7724:
7722:
7717:
7715:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7694:
7693:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7672:
7670:
7669:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7605:Garden centre
7603:
7601:
7598:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7583:Floral design
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7450:
7449:reforestation
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7359:Intercropping
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7300:most valuable
7298:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7268:Arboriculture
7266:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6932:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6861:Garden square
6859:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6791:Ancient Egypt
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6695:
6694:Garden design
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6588:
6587:Organizations
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6559:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Landfill fire
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6356:
6355:EU directives
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6336:
6330:
6329:United States
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:Waste sorting
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:Marine debris
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5802:
5797:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5767:
5766:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5747:organizations
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:Simple living
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Pallet crafts
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5593:Waste picking
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5523:Repairability
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5473:Green economy
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:United States
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5334:Waste sorting
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Mobile phones
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5031:
5021:
5020:
5017:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4974:
4965:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4888:
4882:
4866:
4862:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4793:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4722:on 1 May 2014
4721:
4717:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4648:
4643:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4411:
4396:
4392:
4385:
4370:
4366:
4360:
4345:
4344:Garden Health
4341:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4298:
4296:9781845936716
4292:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3782:GCB Bioenergy
3779:
3772:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3038:. 2 June 2020
3037:
3033:
3027:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2959:Modern Farmer
2956:
2949:
2940:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2731:www.nachi.org
2728:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
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2678:
2674:
2670:
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2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
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2471:
2464:
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2438:
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2425:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2374:
2367:
2361:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2134:9780873713733
2130:
2127:. CRC Press.
2126:
2125:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2014:9780131553842
2010:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1896:
1892:
1888:
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1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
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1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
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1660:Related lists
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1649:Waste sorting
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1158:worm castings
1156:(also called
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1073:
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1065:
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704:
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685:Human excreta
682:
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47:
40:
33:
19:
8030:Permaculture
7964:Biostimulant
7892:Living mulch
7877:Green manure
7824:Assimilation
7690:
7678:
7666:
7647:
7550:Weed control
7439:horticulture
7369:Olericulture
7349:Hydroculture
7339:Fruticulture
7317:Floriculture
7246:Permaculture
7233:Horticulture
6629:Horticulture
6459:Other topics
6450:Waste picker
6377:incineration
6156:Urban mining
6034:Incineration
6014:Durable good
6008:
5959:Sharps waste
5919:Mining waste
5763:
5628:
5624:Cogeneration
5453:Durable good
5000:. Retrieved
4980:
4973:
4964:
4952:. Retrieved
4948:the original
4943:
4917:. Retrieved
4913:
4910:"37.2; 39.1"
4903:
4891:. Retrieved
4881:
4869:. Retrieved
4864:
4855:
4843:. Retrieved
4834:
4825:
4815:19 September
4813:. Retrieved
4802:
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4766:
4754:. Retrieved
4745:
4736:
4724:. Retrieved
4720:the original
4710:
4696:
4684:. Retrieved
4680:
4671:
4663:ec.europa.eu
4662:
4653:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4623:the original
4610:
4593:
4579:
4567:. Retrieved
4563:the original
4553:
4541:. Retrieved
4527:
4515:. Retrieved
4508:the original
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4479:the original
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4424:
4420:
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4394:
4384:
4372:. Retrieved
4368:
4359:
4347:. Retrieved
4343:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4286:
4280:
4239:
4235:
4188:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4108:. Retrieved
4099:
4090:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4038:
4021:
4015:
4007:the original
4002:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3922:the original
3918:"Startseite"
3912:
3900:. Retrieved
3891:
3881:
3841:(1): 14â22.
3838:
3834:
3820:
3788:(2): 84â91.
3785:
3781:
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3739:
3735:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3696:
3676:
3669:
3652:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:the original
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:the original
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3563:, p. 46
3560:
3548:
3536:. Retrieved
3532:the original
3522:
3504:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3459:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:
3425:
3414:
3388:The Guardian
3386:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3259:the original
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3210:
3206:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3151:
3147:
3137:
3115:(2): 382â9.
3112:
3108:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:
3077:
3065:. Retrieved
3061:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3035:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3010:
3001:
2993:The Guardian
2988:
2979:
2967:. Retrieved
2963:the original
2958:
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2920:the original
2915:
2902:
2890:. Retrieved
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2854:the original
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2817:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2786:
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2761:
2758:"Composting"
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2676:
2672:
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2617:
2613:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2535:. Retrieved
2510:
2506:
2481:. Retrieved
2469:
2463:"Composting"
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2424:
2412:. Retrieved
2398:"Composting"
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2360:
2348:. Retrieved
2339:
2291:
2288:Microbiology
2287:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2224:
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2165:the original
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2123:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2084:
2058:. Retrieved
2049:
2045:
2042:"Composting"
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2003:
1996:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:. Retrieved
1950:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1873:the original
1868:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1634:Soil science
1629:Permaculture
1601:Rodale, Inc.
1597:J. I. Rodale
1554:
1535:
1517:
1499:
1495:
1480:
1476:
1452:
1448:
1428:
1417:
1403:
1395:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1366:
1358:fermentation
1355:
1347:
1336:
1293:
1288:transplanted
1285:
1269:strawberries
1262:
1247:
1216:landfill gas
1190:fecal sludge
1169:
1154:Vermicompost
1107:coconut coir
1100:
1070:that treats
1061:
1030:
1029:Benefits of
1028:
1013:
957:
882:
850:conditions.
829:
774:
760:
748:Human bodies
743:
719:
700:
694:
671:
662:
655:
650:thermophilic
628:
619:
608:
569:
559:
555:
550:
534:
528:
521:
519:
504:
495:
491:
483:
472:
466:
460:
455:
330:pasteurizing
315:thermophilic
291:
282:
270:
266:
256:
250:
244:
234:
229:
221:
182:Fundamentals
172:
148:detritivores
146:, and other
121:
93:horticulture
68:
67:
54:
7943:Agrobiology
7867:Fertigation
7692:WikiProject
7461:Monoculture
7456:Viticulture
7434:agriculture
7394:propagation
7334:HĂŒgelkultur
7256:sustainable
7241:Agriculture
7183:Therapeutic
7163:Shakespeare
6974:Renaissance
6766:Xeriscaping
6761:Sustainable
6756:Square foot
6746:Proplifting
6711:Garden tool
6679:Foodscaping
6481:Downcycling
6428:Occupations
6397:waste water
6294:Switzerland
6284:South Korea
6274:New Zealand
6199:Afghanistan
6171:Waste trade
6131:Repurposing
5969:Toxic waste
5949:Scrap metal
5884:Green waste
5847:Brown waste
5824:Major types
5737:by material
5598:Wishcycling
5548:Repurposing
5448:Downcycling
5400:Switzerland
5236:PET bottles
5184:Cooking oil
5169:Refrigerant
5066:Environment
4919:19 February
4782:4 September
4726:21 December
4543:4 September
4517:4 September
4395:www.epa.gov
4242:(1): 1â33.
4100:cornell.edu
3902:28 February
3761:15 February
3712:22 February
2929:17 November
2892:17 November
2860:17 November
2830:17 November
2762:www.epa.gov
2620:: 299â306.
2446:30 December
2414:30 December
2382:21 December
1961:16 November
1644:Terra preta
1569:biodynamics
1514:Sierra Club
1437:Regulations
1431:greenhouses
1352:Compost tea
1339:phytotoxins
1320:vermiculite
1096:dry toilets
1072:human waste
1031:HĂŒgelkultur
1018:HĂŒgelkultur
1010:HĂŒgelkultur
1001:hĂŒgelkultur
960:agriculture
778:thermophile
560:chrysogenum
551:B. subtilis
529:Rhizoctonia
437:Springtails
384:Beetles as
263:conditions.
89:landscaping
77:decomposing
32:Compositing
8005:Sanitation
7985:Composting
7979:Categories
7747:Imbalances
7739:Fertilizer
7354:Indigenous
7251:stock-free
7223:Zoological
7103:Pollinator
6996:Greenhouse
6939:Sharawadgi
6927:Vietnamese
6888:East Asian
6796:Australian
6751:Raised bed
6716:Green wall
6536:Zero waste
6338:Agreements
6269:Kazakhstan
6224:Bangladesh
6009:Composting
5894:Heat waste
5879:Food waste
5872:by country
5742:by product
5732:by country
5649:Freeganism
5629:Composting
5603:Zero waste
5503:Precycling
5324:Collection
5314:Blue boxes
5216:Appliances
5002:16 October
4865:sierraclub
4686:25 October
4427:: 123613.
4374:15 January
4349:15 January
3228:2454/10748
3092:12 January
3067:12 January
3042:12 January
3016:12 January
2483:19 October
2145:16 October
1986:21 October
1688:References
1654:Zero waste
1407:John Innes
1385:Salmonella
1141:earthworms
1119:mesophilic
1068:dry toilet
908:for rapid
888:composting
840:bioreactor
835:composting
790:without a
726:houseflies
658:food waste
597:Paronychia
542:microbiota
486:wood chips
409:Millipedes
392:Earthworms
332:the waste.
311:mesophilic
144:earthworms
117:humic acid
105:fertilizer
18:Composting
7810:Chlorosis
7625:Perennial
7588:Floristry
7535:Pesticide
7515:Herbicide
7510:Fungicide
7404:hardiness
7168:Shrubbery
7148:Sculpture
6969:landscape
6898:Cantonese
6873:Container
6868:Community
6836:Byzantine
6831:Butterfly
6821:Botanical
6721:Guerrilla
6669:Community
6659:Butterfly
6654:Arboretum
6649:Allotment
6641:Gardening
6633:gardening
6516:Upcycling
6382:landfills
6372:framework
6365:Recycling
6360:batteries
6289:Sri Lanka
6249:Hong Kong
6214:Australia
6191:Countries
6069:Recycling
5987:Processes
5808:Biosolids
5573:Upcycling
5567:Green Dot
5355:Australia
5343:Countries
5309:Blue bags
5297:Apparatus
5243:Computers
5226:Batteries
5119:Aluminium
5111:Materials
5103:Recycling
5042:Gardening
4449:224919030
4400:18 August
4264:0144-8765
4161:1432-2048
3857:1365-3156
3812:1757-1707
3350:131775180
3265:2 January
3239:2 January
3186:2 January
2693:1573-0972
2642:104755582
2634:0957-5820
2580:1477-8920
2527:0734-242X
2310:1465-2080
2241:1432-0614
2060:17 August
1977:"Compost"
1891:ThoughtCo
1784:0044-3263
1463:biosolids
1343:seedlings
1308:nutrients
1111:peat moss
1024:nurse log
954:facility.
858:biosolids
844:biofilter
768:in which
730:blowflies
715:biosolids
507:pathogens
395:drainage.
288:Organisms
280:ammonia.
261:anaerobic
239:oxidation
7668:Category
7578:Features
7484:Grafting
7444:forestry
7426:Tropical
7411:Pomology
7384:cuttings
7379:breeding
7213:Wildlife
7193:Tropical
7143:Scottish
7093:Pleasure
7081:Paradise
7076:Charbagh
7046:Monastic
7041:Medieval
6951:Floating
6905:Japanese
6856:Communal
6846:Colonial
6811:Biblical
6776:Types of
6741:Parterre
6577:Journals
6392:vehicles
6314:Thailand
6304:Tanzania
6039:Landfill
5999:Balefill
5727:Category
5612:See also
5431:Concepts
5390:Mongolia
5385:Malaysia
5288:Vehicles
5278:Textiles
5208:Products
5129:Concrete
4996:Archived
4893:24 March
4871:29 March
4845:30 March
4839:Archived
4837:. 1998.
4809:Archived
4776:Archived
4756:13 April
4750:Archived
4746:edie.net
4537:Archived
4459:29 April
4453:Archived
4324:7 August
4318:Archived
4272:49226669
4169:30406411
4104:Archived
4082:18585031
3976:18585031
3896:Archived
3892:POLITICO
3865:24261901
3752:Archived
3742:: 5â12.
3706:Archived
3584:Archived
3512:Archived
3461:BBC News
3435:Sky News
3416:BBC News
3342:31017776
3233:Archived
3180:Archived
3176:17180968
3129:18701167
2969:23 March
2883:Archived
2824:Archived
2741:19 April
2735:Archived
2711:27 April
2705:Archived
2701:81831444
2652:27 April
2646:Archived
2588:21301126
2537:19 April
2531:Archived
2474:Archived
2437:Archived
2405:Archived
2373:Archived
2344:Archived
2318:24085838
2267:29 April
2261:Archived
2257:24884198
2249:18256821
2200:11 April
2194:Archived
2139:Archived
2100:Archived
2054:Archived
2019:Archived
1955:Archived
1925:Archived
1895:Archived
1737:Archived
1607:See also
1467:pathogen
1424:landfill
1362:microbes
1273:tomatoes
1258:soybeans
1123:pathogen
1084:bacteria
896:windrows
892:aeration
781:microbes
770:microbes
678:nitrogen
431:Sow bugs
415:Rotifers
366:Protozoa
350:such as
303:Bacteria
245:Nitrogen
160:ammonium
136:windrows
128:"browns"
124:"greens"
7938:Soil pH
7860:Methods
7680:Commons
7593:Ikebana
7545:Pruning
7471:Organic
7421:Roguing
7307:Cutting
7198:Victory
7173:Spanish
7153:Sensory
7098:Prairie
7066:Persian
7056:Orchard
7021:Kitchen
7016:Keyhole
7011:Italian
7006:Islamic
7001:Hanging
6960:French
6946:Fernery
6934:English
6893:Chinese
6878:Cottage
6806:Baroque
6778:gardens
6731:History
6244:Georgia
6219:Belgium
6209:Armenia
6204:Albania
5765:Commons
5370:Ireland
5231:Bottles
5164:Plastic
5124:Asphalt
5054:Ecology
5016:Portals
4954:11 July
4632:23 July
4569:23 July
4485:18 July
4429:Bibcode
4244:Bibcode
4139:Bibcode
4110:3 March
4062:Bibcode
3956:Bibcode
3931:23 July
3790:Bibcode
3642:18 July
3616:18 July
3590:18 July
3538:1 March
3440:20 June
3322:Bibcode
3297:14 July
3156:Bibcode
2797:12 July
2350:12 July
2106:1 April
2025:28 June
1931:13 July
1901:13 July
1743:12 July
1524:History
1426:cover.
1379:E. coli
1324:perlite
1302:, as a
1277:peppers
1212:methane
1182:Bokashi
1103:sawdust
1092:aerobic
976:windrow
610:Oocytes
603:Tetanus
558:and P.
531:species
515:oocysts
224:aerobic
85:gardens
69:Compost
63:Germany
7430:Urban
7327:Taiwan
7322:Canada
7285:Botany
7278:Saikei
7273:Bonsai
7218:Winter
7203:Walled
7138:School
7133:Sacred
7088:Physic
7051:Mughal
7031:Market
6986:German
6964:formal
6956:Flower
6922:Korean
6841:Cactus
6826:Bottle
6786:Alpine
6736:Native
6689:Garden
6674:Forest
6565:
6319:Turkey
6309:Taiwan
6279:Russia
6259:Israel
6229:Brazil
5954:Sewage
5909:Litter
5814:, and
5563:Symbol
5405:Taiwan
5375:Israel
5365:Canada
5360:Brazil
5258:Lumber
5179:Timber
5154:Gypsum
5144:Energy
5139:Cotton
5134:Copper
4988:
4447:
4293:
4270:
4262:
4195:
4167:
4159:
4131:Planta
4080:
3974:
3873:899081
3871:
3863:
3855:
3810:
3684:
3660:
3496:
3348:
3340:
3174:
3127:
2767:18 May
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