Urban agriculture - Knowledge

2014:" have varied, studies indicate that, at least in the United States, there are racial disparities in the food environment. Thus using the definition of environment as the place where people live, work, play and pray, food disparities become an issue of environmental justice. This is especially true in American inner-cities where a history of racist practices have contributed to the development of food deserts in the low-income, minority areas of the urban core. The issue of inequality is so integral to the issues of food access and health that the Growing Food & Justice for All Initiative was founded with the mission of "dismantling racism" as an integral part of creating food security. 874: 1386: 1745: 935:

encouraged Victory Gardens as a means of national security: domestic pressure on major agricultural industries would be relieved to further augment the war economy. With this new plan in action, as many as 5.5 million Americans took part in the victory garden movement and over nine million pounds of fruit and vegetables were grown a year, accounting for 44% of US-grown produce throughout that time. In the post-war period, the US government gradually stopped assisting urban agriculture programs, partially due to the lack of need of war supplies and partially due to the US fully embracing industrialized food systems.

2205: 2235:, mulch, tomato stakes, seeds, and education can be shared and distributed with the gardeners in that cluster. Detroit's Garden Resource Program Collaborative also strengthens their gardening community by providing access to their member's transplants; education on gardening, policy, and food issues; and by building connectivity between gardeners through workgroups, potlucks, tours, field trips, and cluster workdays. In Brazil, "Cities Without Hunger" has generated a public policy for the reconstruction of abandoned areas with food production and has improved the green areas of the community. 1984:

individual's community as a member of the community farm. This social involvement helped raise the aesthetic appeal of the neighborhood, boosting the motivation or efficacy of the community as a whole. This increased efficacy was shown to increase neighborhood attachment. Therefore, the positive health outcomes of urban farming can be explained in part by interpersonal and social factors that boost health. Focusing on improving the aesthetics and community relationships and not only on the plant yield, is the best way to maximize the positive effect of urban farms on a neighborhood.

1055: 1620:, which also contributes to overall social and emotional well-being. Urban agriculture sites have been noted as lowering crime rates generally in local neighborhoods. Many gardens facilitate the improvement of social networks within the communities that they are located. For many neighborhoods, gardens provide a "symbolic focus", which leads to increased neighborhood pride. Urban agriculture increases community participation through diagnostic workshops or different commissions in the area of vegetable gardens. Activities which involve hundreds of people. 1375: 7978: 2380: 1691: 106: 83: 1125: 2112: 915: 2253:, is open on Sundays and Thursdays. However, to create a consumer dependency on urban agriculture and to introduce local food production as a sustainable career for farmers, markets would have to be open regularly. For example, the Los Angeles Farmers' Market is open seven days a week and has linked several local grocers together to provide different food products. The market's central location in downtown Los Angeles provides the perfect interaction for a diverse group of sellers to access their consumers. 1654: 2366: 739: 1009: 898:

produce income, food supply, and boost independence during times of hardship. The Detroit project was successful enough that other US cities adopted similar urban agriculture practices. By 1906, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that over 75,000 schools alone managed urban agriculture programs to provide children and their families with fresh produce. However, it would not be until the First World War that US urban agriculture spread widely.

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were 3.5 times more likely to consume fruits or vegetables at least 5 times daily (p. 1). Garden-based education can also yield nutritional benefits in children. An Idaho study reported a positive association between school gardens and increased intake of fruit, vegetables, vitamin A, vitamin C and fiber among sixth graders. Harvesting fruits and vegetables initiates the enzymatic process of nutrient degradation which is especially detrimental to water

7990: 6873: 6885: 25: 1024:. Gardens and farms, while not easy to define, are the two main types. According to the USDA, a farm is "any place from which $ 1,000 or more of agricultural products were produced and sold." In Europe, the term "city farm" is used to include gardens and farms. Any plot with produce being grown in it can be considered an urban farm. Size does not matter, it is more about growing produce on your own in your personal plot or garden. 1601: 2050:. Urban farming serves as one type of green space in urban areas, it has a positive impact on the air quality in the surrounding area. A case study conducted on a rooftop farm shows the PM2.5 concentration in the urban farming area is 7-33% lower than the surrounding parts without green spaces in a city. When agricultural products are produced locally within the community, they do not need to be transported, which reduces 2186: 1841: 8014: 6909: 8002: 6897: 2123: 1980:

providers by donating shares of their harvest and providing fresh produce in areas that otherwise might be food deserts. The supplemental nutrition program Women, Infants and Children (WIC) as well as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have partnered with several urban gardens nationwide to improve the accessibility to produce in exchange for a few hours of volunteer gardening work.

1901:, plants and the associated microorganisms are selected for their chemical ability to degrade, absorb, convert to an inert form, and remove toxins from the soil. Several chemicals can be targeted for removal, including heavy metals (e.g. Mercury and lead), inorganic compounds (e.g. Arsenic and Uranium), and organic compounds (e.g. petroleum and chlorinated compounds like PBCs). 1858: 2035:

members. Buying and selling quality products to local producers and consumers allows community members to support one another, which may reduce stress. Thus, urban agriculture can help improve conditions in poor communities, where residents experience higher levels of stress due to a perceived lack of control over the quality of their lives.

1922:. Using well-studied plants is important because there has already been substantial bodies of work to test them in various conditions, so responses can be verified with certainty. Such plants are also valuable because they are genetically identical as crops as opposed to natural variants of the same species. Typically urban soil has had the 1722:, 1 US gallon (3.8 L; 0.83 imp gal) of fossil fuel per 100 pounds (45 kg). The energy used to transport food is decreased when urban agriculture can provide cities with locally grown food. Pirog found that traditional, non-local, food distribution system used 4 to 17 times more fuel and emitted 5 to 17 times more CO 2341:

consume plants produced by urban agriculture. It is believed that changes to the physical structure of the plants themselves, which have been correlated to increased levels of air pollution, increase plants' palatability to insect pests. Reduced yields within urban gardens decreases the amount of food available for human consumption.

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error and get a better understanding of the process of producing food and other plants. All while still being able to feed those people in need from the community. It holds as both a learning experience as well as a means of help for those people in need. A community gardening program that is well-established is Seattle's

2322:, serves as a public community and education center in which innovators with sustainable, energy-saving ideas can implement and test them. Community centers like Florida House integrate agriculture into the urban lifestyle by providing centralized urban areas to learn about urban agriculture and food production. 1947:

impairment, hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance." Since most roofs or vacant lots consist of hard flat surfaces that reflect sound waves instead of absorbing them, adding plants that can absorb these waves has the potential to lead to a vast

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and food justice for communities living in food deserts. First, urban agriculture may reduce racial and class disparities in access to healthy food. When urban agriculture leads to locally grown fresh produce sold at affordable prices in food deserts, access to healthy food is not just available for

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A 2009 report by the USDA determined that "evidence is both abundant and robust enough for us to conclude that Americans living in low-income and minority areas tend to have poor access to healthy food", and that the "structural inequalities" in these neighborhoods "contribute to inequalities in diet

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Under an agroecological framework, urban agriculture alleviates much more than simply food insecurity by also encouraging discourse about all facets of community wellness from physical and mental health to community connectedness. It has the potential to play a role as a "public space, as an economic

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Urban farms also provide unique opportunities for individuals, especially those living in cities, to engage with ecological citizenship actively. By reconnecting with food production and nature, urban community gardening teaches individuals the skills necessary to participate in a democratic society.

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for many communities around the globe. City farms vary in size from small plots in private yards to larger farms that occupy a number of acres. In 1996, a United Nations report estimated there are over 800 million people worldwide who grow food and raise livestock in cities. Although some city farms

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communities in various US states. Other groups incorporate urban agriculture programs as part of wider social justice missions, such as those in the city of Wilmington, Delaware. Still others seek to use urban agriculture as a means of combating community-scale food insecurity, as part of wider goals

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called upon all American citizens to utilize any available open food growth, seeing this as a way to pull them out of a potentially damaging situation of food insecurity. The National War Garden Committee under the American Forestry Association organized campaigns with patriotic messages such as "Sow

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of people living in and around cities. Taking part in such practices is seen mostly as an informal activity, but in many cities where inadequate, unreliable, and irregular access to food is a recurring problem, urban agriculture has been a positive response to tackling food concerns. Due to the food

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movement has been hugely influential in the renaissance of urban agriculture throughout the world. During the 1960s a number of community gardens were established in the United Kingdom, influenced by the community garden movement in the United States. Bristol's Severn Project was established in 2010

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accessible to the public, providing space for citizens to cultivate plants for food, recreation and education. In many cities, small plots of land and also rooftops are used for community members to garden. Community gardens give citizens the opportunity to learn about horticulture through trial and

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to lend their properties to the city government ahead of the winter season. The Detroit government would in turn develop these lots as makeshift potato gardens - nicknamed Pingree's Potato Patches after the mayor - as potatoes were weather resistant and easy to grow. He intended for these gardens to

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Studies indicate that the nutritional quality of wheat suffers when urban wheat plants are exposed to high nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide concentrations. This problem is particularly acute in the developing world, where outdoor concentrations of sulfur dioxide are high and large percentages of

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Although studies have demonstrated improved air quality in urban areas related to the proliferation of urban gardens, it has also been shown that increasing urban pollution (related specifically to a sharp rise in the number of automobiles on the road), has led to an increase in insect pests, which

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A large part of the people involved in urban agriculture are the urban poor. In developing countries, the majority of urban agricultural production is for self-consumption, with surpluses being sold in the market. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), urban

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Produce from urban gardens can be perceived to be more flavorful and desirable than store bought produce which may also lead to a wider acceptance and higher intake. A Flint, Michigan study found that those participating in community gardens consumed fruits and vegetables 1.4 times more per day and

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Daily intake of a variety of fruits and vegetables is linked to a decreased risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. Urban agriculture is associated with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables which decreases risk for disease and can be a cost-effective way to

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In practice, fish are raised in a tank, and their waste releases ammonia. Beneficial bacteria then convert the ammonia into nitrites and nitrates, which serve as essential nutrients for the plants. As the plants take up these nutrients, they cleanse the water, which is recirculated back to the fish

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that provided a purpose, job and food to those who would otherwise be without anything during such harsh times. These efforts helped raise spirits and boost economic growth. Over 2.8 million dollars worth of food was produced from the subsistence gardens during the Depression. Public and government

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not only lead to lower property values and high frustration, they can be damaging to human hearing and health. The study "Noise exposure and public health" found that exposure to continual noise is a public health problem. Examples of the detriment of continual noise on humans to include: "hearing

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Urban agriculture is a complex system encompassing a spectrum of interests, from a traditional core of activities associated with the production, processing, marketing, distribution, and consumption, to a multiplicity of other benefits and services that are less widely acknowledged and documented.

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of produce. Though some sites of urban agriculture were repurposed for other economic development, the overall trend of the 1980s was an expansion of the practice. The 1990s continued this growth of urban agriculture sites in the US, while also expanding their purposes. A result of this broadening

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sprouted during World War One (emulated later during World War Two) in the US, as well as Canada & the United Kingdom. By 1919, American victory gardens numbered 5 million plots country-wide, and over 500 million pounds of produce was harvested. So efficient were the American urban agriculture

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allow for urban dwellers to maintain green spaces in the city without having to set aside a tract of undeveloped land. Rooftop farms allow otherwise unused industrial roofspace to be used productively, creating work and profit. Projects around the world seek to enable cities to become 'continuous

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Improved access to food through urban agriculture can also help alleviate psychosocial stresses in poor communities. Community members engaged in urban agriculture improve local knowledge about healthy ways to fulfill dietary needs. Urban agriculture can also better the mental health of community

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Urban agriculture as a method to mediate chemical pollution can be effective in preventing the spread of these chemicals into the surrounding environment. Other methods of remediation often disturb the soil and force the chemicals contained within it into the air or water. Plants can be used as a

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Urban agriculture is part of a larger discussion of the need for alternative agricultural paradigms to address food insecurity, inaccessibility of fresh foods, and unjust practices on multiple levels of the food system; and this discussion has been led by different actors, including food-insecure

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and home foreclosures. This land could be used to address food insecurity. One study of Cleveland shows that the city could actually meet up to 100% of its fresh produce need. This would prevent up to $ 115 million in annual economic leakage. Using the rooftop space of New York City would also be

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Urban farming has been shown to increase health outcomes. Gardeners consume twice as much fruit and vegetables than non-gardeners. Levels of physical activity are also positively associated with urban farming. These results are seen indirectly and can be supported by the social involvement in an

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In contrast to the dominant model of agriculture, agroecology emphasizes the importance of soil health by fostering connections between the diverse biotic and abiotic factors present. It prioritizes farmer and consumer well-being, traditional knowledge revival, and democratized learning systems.

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Municipal greening policy goals can pose conflicts. For example, policies promoting urban tree canopy are not sympathetic to vegetable gardening because of the deep shade cast by trees. However, some municipalities like Portland, Oregon, and Davenport, Iowa are encouraging the implementation of

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Not only can urban agriculture provide healthy, fresh food options, but also can contribute to a sense of community, aesthetic improvement, crime reduction, minority empowerment and autonomy, and even preserve culture through the use of farming methods and heirloom seeds preserved from areas of

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Over a third of US households, roughly 42 million, participate in food gardening. There has also been an increase of 63% participation in farming by millennials from 2008 to 2013. US households participating in community gardening has also tripled from 1 to 3 million in that time frame. Urban

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has emerged as a solution for sustainable urban agriculture, enabling crops to be cultivated in vertically stacked layers or inclined surfaces, within controlled indoor environments. This approach maximizes space utilization and facilitates year-round cultivation, making it an ideal choice for

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Urban agriculture also provides quality nutrition for low-income households. Studies show that every $ 1 invested in a community garden yields $ 6 worth of vegetables if labor is not considered a factor in investment. Many urban gardens reduce the strain on food banks and other emergency food

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Alternative food networks seek to redefine food production, distribution, and consumption by considering the sociocultural elements of local communities and economies. Sustainable food networks are a related concept, but focus more on ecological concerns. Local food networks focus more on the

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Some community urban farms can be quite efficient and help women find work, who in some cases are marginalized from finding employment in the formal economy. Studies have shown that participation from women have a higher production rate, therefore producing the adequate amount for household

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American urban agriculture initiatives during the 1980s built upon the previous decade's focus on community engagement. A natural evolution was sites of urban agriculture entering everyday community roles and consequently requiring more funding than grassroots movements could muster. The US

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By World War II, the War/Food Administration set up a National Victory Garden Program that set out to systematically establish functioning agriculture within cities. Indeed, these new victory gardens became the "first line of defense for the country". Once more, the government supported and

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able to provide roughly twice the amount of space necessary to supply New York City with its green vegetable yields. Space could be even better optimized through the usage of hydroponic or indoor factory production of food. Growing gardens within cities would also cut down on the amount of

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When individuals come together around UA, physical activity levels are often increased. This can also raise serotonin levels akin to working out at a gym. There is the added element of walking/biking to the gardens, further increasing physical activity and the benefits of being outdoors.

826:", who seek to form social networks founded on a shared ethos of nature and community holism. These networks can develop by way of formal institutional support, becoming integrated into local town planning as a "transition town" movement for sustainable urban development. For others, 1640:

Community and residential gardening, as well as small-scale farming, save household food dollars. They promote nutrition and free cash for non-garden foods and other items. As an example, you can raise your own chickens on an urban farm and have fresh eggs for only $ 0.44 per dozen.

1485:. These movements incorporate urban agriculture in how they address food-resources of a community. Food sovereignty, in addition to promoting food access, also seeks to address the power dynamics and political economy of food; it accounts for the embedded power structures of the 1300:

to cultivate plants. These systems provide a soil-less environment, ensuring efficient use of resources and optimal plant growth. Climate control systems play a crucial role in maintaining the perfect conditions for crops, regulating temperature, humidity, and lighting.

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Access to nutritious food, both economically and geographically, is another perspective in the effort to locate food and livestock production in cities. The tremendous influx of the world population to urban areas has increased the need for fresh and safe food. The

1095:, London. It combines farm animals with gardening space, an addition inspired by children's farms in the Netherlands. Other city farms followed across London and the United Kingdom. In Australia, several city farms exist in various capital cities. In Melbourne, the 1580:, as well as reducing food costs and improving quality. UPA provides employment, income, and access to food for urban populations, which helps to relieve chronic and emergency food insecurity. Chronic food insecurity refers to less affordable food and growing 1334:

methods, frequently using and reusing natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diverse array of land-, water-, and air-based fauna and flora contributing to food security, health, livelihood, and environment of the individual, household, and community.

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agriculture provides unique opportunities to bridge diverse communities together. In addition, it provides opportunities for health care providers to interact with their patients. Thus, making each community garden a hub that is reflective of the community.

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The benefits that UA brings along to cities that implement this practice are numerous. The transformation of cities from only consumers of food to generators of agricultural products contributes to sustainability, improved health, and poverty alleviation.

1934:(TOC) in the soil. This contributes greatly to the functionality of the soil food web. Using common crops, which are generally well-studied, as bioindicators can be used to effectively test the quality of an urban farming plot before beginning planting. 2635: 834:, and income generation are key motivations for the practice. In either case, the more direct access to fresh vegetable, fruit, and meat products that may be realised through urban agriculture can improve food security and food safety while decreasing 1976:. The process of blanching produce in order to freeze or can reduce nutrient content slightly, but not nearly as much as the amount of time spent in storage. Harvesting produce from one's own community garden cuts back on storage times significantly. 2348:

Agricultural activities on land that is contaminated (with such metals as lead) pose potential risks to human health. These risks are associated both with working directly on contaminated land and with consuming food that was grown in contaminated

2620: 962:, continued to shape American urban agricultural practices during the 1970s. These groups - and many others - reinvigorated interest in urban agriculture, aimed not only at community development but also combating environmental crises. 1243:

stands at the forefront of the vertical farming movement, embracing this technology-driven agriculture to address its limited land availability and secure food sustainability. As a densely populated city-state, Singapore's adoption of

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Alternatives for Community & Environment. Environmental Justice and the Green Economy. A Vision Statement and Case Studies for Just and Sustainable Solutions. Rep. Roxbury, MA: Alternatives for Community & Environment, 2010.

1897:", which can be dangerous to public health, especially left stagnant for long periods. The implementation of urban agriculture in these vacant lots can be a cost-effective method for removing these chemicals. In the process known as 1078:

to people who live in urbanized areas. Although the name says urban, urban farming does not have to be in the urban area, it can be in the backyard of a house, or the rooftop of an apartment building. They are important sources of

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Alaimo K, Beavers AW, Crawford C, et al. (2016) Amplifying Health Through Community Gardens: A Framework for Advancing Multicomponent, Behaviorally Based Neighborhood Interventions. Current Environmental Health Reports 3:302–312.

1233:, allowing plants to grow without soil by using nutrient-rich water or air instead. By utilizing vertical space, these farms achieve higher crop yields per square foot compared to conventional farming methods. The integration of 881:

The idea of supplemental food production beyond rural farming operations and distant imports is not new. It was used during war and depression times when food shortage issues arose, as well as during times of relative abundance.

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Pirog, Rich S.; Van Pelt, Timothy; Enshayan, Kamyar; and Cook, Ellen, "Food, Fuel, and Freeways: An Iowa perspective on how far food travels, fuel usage, and greenhouse gas emissions" (2001). Leopold Center Pubs and Papers. 3.

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These include recreation and leisure; economic vitality and business entrepreneurship, individual health and well-being; community health and well being; landscape beautification; and environmental restoration and remediation.

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systems of governance of urban poor communities facilitates the increasing prominence of issues such as unemployment, poverty, access to health, educational and social resources, including a community's access to healthy food.

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has been linked to socioeconomic inequities. Economic barriers to food access are linked to capitalist market structures and lead to "socioeconomic inequities in food choices", "less... healthful foods", and phenomena such as

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Throughout the 2000s, 2010s, and 2020s, urban agriculture sites and usages of these sites have continued to grow. Groups managing some sites focus on the economic security and cultural preservation of immigrants, such as the

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or stacked greenhouses, many environmental benefits can be achieved on a citywide scale that would be impossible otherwise. These systems do not only provide food, but also produce potable water from waste water, and can

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In general, Urban and peri urban agriculture (UPA) contributes to food availability, particularly of fresh produce, provides employment and income and can contribute to the food security and nutrition of urban dwellers.

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and diet-related outcomes". These diet-related outcomes, including obesity and diabetes, have become epidemic in low-income urban environments in the United States. Although the definition and methods for determining "

2245:, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers. Large cities tend to open their farmer's markets on the weekends and one day in the middle of the week. For example, the farmers' market of 1733:

Similarly, in a study by Marc Xuereb and Region of Waterloo Public Health, it was estimated that switching to locally-grown food could save transport-related emissions equivalent to nearly 50,000 metric tons of

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or to local outdoor markets while supplying their household with the proper nutrition of fresh and nutritional products. With the popularity of farmers markets recently, this has allowed an even larger income.

4780: 946:. Despite these efforts, vacant lots as a whole became seen as blighted, decaying areas. Some American cities, such as Syracuse, NY once more supported urban agriculture programs, not for food security but to 3687: 1339:

With rising urbanization, food resources in urban areas are less accessible than in rural areas. This disproportionately affects the poorest communities, and the lack of food access and increased risk of

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have published the Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture, and are working with municipal governments to create successful policy measures that can be incorporated in urban planning.

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or convenience store foods that are high in calories and low in nutrients, which may lead to elevated rates of diet-related illnesses such as diabetes. These problems have brought about the concept of

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McClintock, Nathan. (2008). From Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Unearthing the Root Structure of urban agriculture in Oakland, California. UC Berkeley: Institute for the Study of Societal Issues.

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Comis, Don. (2000). "Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils." Agricultural Research: n. pag. Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Clean Up Soils. USDA-ARS, 13 August 2004. Web. 25 March 2013.

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Kingsley, Jonathan 'Yotti'; Townsend, Mardie; Henderson-Wilson, Claire (2009). "Cultivating health and wellbeing: Members' perceptions of the health benefits of a Port Melbourne community garden".

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in addition to promoting food access. For example, agroecology has been integral to social movements surrounding public demand for sustainably grown food free from pesticides and other chemicals.

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the Seeds of Victory", with the aim of reducing domestic pressure on food production. In so doing, primary agricultural industries could focus on shipping rations to troops in Europe. So called

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security that comes with UA, feelings of independence and empowerment often arise. The ability to produce and grow food for oneself has also been reported to improve levels of self-esteem or of

1588:. UPA plays an important role in making food more affordable and in providing emergency supplies of food. Research into market values for produce grown in urban gardens has been attributed to a 1121:) are appearing. The goal behind these is to rejuvenate areas and workforces that have thus far been marginalized. Simultaneously top level pesticide-free produce will be grown and harvested. 6179: 2001:

organic waste back to energy and nutrients. At the same time, they can reduce food-related transportation to a minimum while providing fresh food for large communities in almost any climate.

1459:, racial formation, and racialized geographies... Food justice serves as a theoretical and political bridge between scholarship and activism on sustainable agriculture, food insecurity, and 5282:

Alaimo, K., Packnett, E., Miles, R., Kruger, D. (2008). "Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Urban Community Gardeners". Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. (1499-4046),40 (2), p. 94.

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Vilar-Compte, Mireya; Burrola-Méndez, Soraya; Lozano-Marrufo, Annel; Ferré-Eguiluz, Isabel; Flores, Diana; Gaitán-Rossi, Pablo; Teruel, Graciela; Pérez-Escamilla, Rafael (20 January 2021).

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the population rely upon urban agriculture as a primary source of food. These studies have implications for the nutritional quality of other staple crops that are grown in urban settings.

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Rickman, Joy C; Barrett, Diane M; Bruhn, Christine M (2007). "Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables. Part 1. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds".

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during harvest time. However, this process relies heavily on the types of plants selected and the methodology of farming. Specifically, choosing plants that do not lose their leaves and

1636:. Households and small communities take advantage of vacant land and contribute not only to their household food needs but also the needs of their resident city. The CFSC states that: 4459:

Sommers, L., and B. Butterfield, as cited in: Blair, D., C. Giesecke, and S. Sherman. (1991). "A Dietary, Social and Economic Evaluation of the Philadelphia Urban Gardening Project,"

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has the potential to remove up to 4000 kg of particulate matter and that one square meter of green roof is sufficient to offset the annual particulate matter emissions of a car.

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Urban agriculture may improve the livability and built environment in communities that lack supermarkets and other infrastructure due to the presence of high unemployment caused by

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Can a hands-on teaching tool affect students' attitudes and behavior regarding fruit and vegetables? by Lineberger Sarah E. and J. M. Zajicek, HortTechnology 10 (3) 593-596 -2000

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contamination is particularly common, with hazardous levels of lead found in soil in many United States cities. High lead levels in soil originate from sources including flaking

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Nathan McClintock (2011). "From Industrial Garden to Food Desert: Demarcated Devaluation in the Flatlands of Oakland, California". In Alison Hope Alkon; Julian Agyeman (eds.).

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In theory one would save money, but everything is being run on the house's power grid most of the time. So prices can vary according to when you water, or how you water, etc.

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Decisions must be made on a group-level basis to run the farm. Most effective results are achieved when community residents are asked to take on more active roles in the farm.

4890: 1110:, followed by an even larger location in 2012. Both were a result of municipal programs such as The Green Roof Tax Abatement Program and Green Infrastructure Grant Program. 1930:(SOM), total nitrogen, available nutrients, porosity, aggregate stability, and compaction. A new measurement is active carbon (AC), which is the most usable portion of the 1915:

method to remove chemicals and also to hold the soil and prevent erosion of contaminated soil decreasing the spread of pollutants and the hazard presented by these lots.

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for the plants, while the plants filter and purify the water for the fish. This ingenious system not only minimizes water usage but also eliminates the need for chemical

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The first urban agriculture method of growing occurs when family farms maintain their land as the city grows around it. City farms/Urban farms are agricultural plots in

870:, water was conserved and reused as part of the stepped architecture of the city, and vegetable beds were designed to gather sun in order to prolong the growing season. 3784:

Ning Yuan, Grace; B-Marquez, Gian Powell; Deng, Haoran; Iu, Anastasiia; Fabella, Melisa; B. Salonga, Reginald; Ashardiono, Fitrio; A. Cartagena, Joyce (November 2022).

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Wastewater and organic solid waste can be transformed into resources for growing agriculture products: the former can be used for irrigation, the latter as fertilizer.

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food production. Vertical farms have gained significant traction globally as they offer solutions to overcome the limitations associated with traditional agriculture.

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Xuereb, Marc. (2005). "Food Miles: Environmental Implications of Food Imports to Waterloo Region." Public Health Planner Region of Waterloo Public Health. November.

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offsetting some of the carbon accumulation that is innate to urban areas, where pavement and buildings outnumber plants. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO

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Some of the first evidence of urban agriculture comes from Mesopotamia. Farmers would set aside small plots of land for farming within the city's walls. (3500BC) In

4760:"Mahbuba Kaneez Hasna. IDRC. CFP Report 21: NGO Gender Capacity in Urban Agriculture: Case Studies from Harare (Zimbabwe), Kampala (Uganda), and Accra (Ghana) 1998" 1259:. The obstacles that vertical farming must overcome include; training/indoor farming expertise, commercial feasibility and resistance from city people/politicians. 889:

In the context of the USA, urban agriculture as a widely recognized practice took root in response of the 1893-1897 economic depression in Detroit. In 1894, Mayor

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Lasat, M. M. (2000). "Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: a review of plant /soil/metal interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues".

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Teresa M. Mares, Devon G. Pena (2011). "Environmental and Food Justice: Toward Local, Slow, and Deep Food Systems". In Alison Hope Alkon, Julian Agyeman (ed.).

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UPA is a very effective tool to fight against hunger and malnutrition since it facilitates the access to food by an impoverished sector of the urban population.

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An industry that produces, processes, and markets food, fuel, and other outputs, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city, or

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The Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST) defines urban agriculture to include aspects of environmental health, remediation, and recreation:

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and human diets, among a multitude of other uses. Much attention has been placed on the practice of urban agriculture in connection to food movements such as

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Naylor, Lindsay (1 October 2012). ""Hired Gardens and the Question of Transgression: Lawns, Food Gardens and the Business of 'alternative' Food Practice."".

1907:

is both an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective and energy-efficient measure to reduce pollution. Phytoremediation only costs about $ 5–$ 40 per ton of

1413:. The definition allows for a multitude of interpretations across cultures and time. Frequently it is tied to policy decisions to build sustainable cities. 1191:

crops on floating rafts in nutrient-rich waters. In modern times, researchers like Dr. Mark McMurtry and Dr. James Rakocy further developed and popularized

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stripped away and has led to soil with low aeration, porosity, and drainage. Typical measures of soil health are microbial biomass and activity, enzymes,

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Creating a community-based infrastructure for urban agriculture means establishing local systems to grow and process food and transfer it from farmer to

931:

support for Victory Gardens waned during the Interwar Period, with most American sites becoming repurposed for various economic development initiatives.

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Morales, Alfonso (2011). "Growing Food and Justice: Dismantling Racism through Sustainable Food Systems". In Alison Hope Alkon; Julian Agyeman (eds.).

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Vacant urban lots are often victims to illegal dumping of hazardous chemicals and other wastes. They are also liable to accumulate standing water and "

1506:

is a scientific framework, movement, and applied practice of agricultural management systems that seeks to achieve food sovereignty within food systems

5369:

McAleese, Jessica D.; Rankin, Linda L. (2007). "Garden-Based Nutrition Education Affects Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Sixth-Grade Adolescents".

2337:

The utilization of untreated wastewater for urban agricultural irrigation can facilitate the spread of waterborne diseases among the human population.

5476:

Litt, J.s., et al. “Exploring Ecological, Emotional, and Social Levers of Self-Rated Health for Urban Gardeners and Non-Gardeners: A Path Analysis.”

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As most UA activities are conducted on vacant municipal land, there have been raising concerns about the allocation of land and property rights. The

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UA creates circular energy loops in which food is consumed in the same place it is produced and waste is not exported to the peripheral rural areas.

8018: 7052: 4810: 4759: 3759: 2318:

and gardens educate the community to see agriculture as an integral part of urban life. The Florida House Institute for Sustainable Development in

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To facilitate food production, cities have established community-based farming projects. Some projects have collectively tended community farms on

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Katharine Travaline & Christian Hunold (2010) Urban agriculture and ecological citizenship in Philadelphia, Local Environment, 15:6, 581-590,

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All persons in a community having access to culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate food through local, non-emergency sources at all times.

5322:"Connecting food environments and health through the relational nature of aesthetics: Gaining insight through the community gardening experience" 2227:

on a community level has been accommodated by centralizing resources in community tool sheds and processing facilities for farmers to share. The

1409:

Modern planning and design initiatives are often more responsive to this model of urban agriculture because they fit within the current scope of

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have paid employees, most rely heavily on volunteer labour, and some are run by volunteers alone. Other city farms operate as partnerships with

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By the 1950s and 1960s, urban agriculture was more focused on grassroots initiatives spearheaded by politicized social movements, including the

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methods. With unpredictable weather patterns and urbanization taking up valuable arable land, indoor farming offers a sustainable alternative.

660: 620: 138: 5953:

Bell, J. N.B.; Power, S. A.; Jarraud, N.; Agrawal, M.; Davies, C. (2011). "The effects of air pollution on urban ecosystems and agriculture".

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IDRC/ UN-HABITAT".Guidelines for Municipal Policymaking on Urban Agriculture" Urban Agriculture: Land Management and Physical Planning (2003)

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in urban areas along with increase the health of those living in cities. A 2011 article found that a rooftop containing 2000 m of uncut

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Some systematic reviews have already explored urban agriculture contribution to food security and other determinants of health outcomes (see)

971:

was the division of urban agriculture practitioners based on motivations, organizational structure, and a host of other operational concerns.

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Raja, S.; Changxing Ma; Yadav, P. (2008). "Beyond Food Deserts: Measuring and Mapping Racial Disparities in Neighborhood Food Environments".

5450:

Swartz, S.H.; Ranum, O.J.; Phillips, O.K.; Cavanaugh, J.J.; Bennett, A.E. (2003). "Urban Gardening Yields Benefits for Low Income Families".

2308:

UPA provides food and creates savings in household expenditure on consumables, thus increasing the amount of income allocated to other uses.

6211: 5998:"Assessing soil lead contamination at multiple scales in Oakland, California: Implications for urban agriculture and environmental justice" 5555: 4891:

https://web.archive.org/web/20180128180314/http://chd.region.waterloo.on.ca/en/researchResourcesPublications/resources/FoodMiles_Report.pdf

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Armstrong, Donna (2000). "A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development".

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Urban agriculture can have a large impact on the social and emotional well-being of individuals. UA can have an overall positive impact on

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The concept of vertical farming dates back to the early 20th century, but its recent popularity has surged due to the challenges posed by

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model, in which gardeners care for individual plots in a larger gardening area, often sharing a tool shed and other amenities. Seattle's

1455:

which Alkon and Norgaard (2009; 289) explain that, "places access to healthy, affordable, culturally appropriate food in the contexts of

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government created an Urban Garden Program, which funded programs in twenty-eight cities who in turn produced roughly twenty-one million

3045:"Community Food Security Via Urban Agriculture: Understanding People, Place, Economy, And Accessibility From A Food Justice Perspective" 2290:

Local production of food also allows savings in transportation costs, storage, and in product loss, what results in food cost reduction.

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and plants to produce food. They are usually community-run gardens seeking to improve community relationships and offer an awareness of

1795:

can be further improved by combining other agriculture techniques to increase removal from the atmosphere and prevent the release of CO

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individuals, farm workers, educators and academics, policymakers, social movements, organizations, and marginalized people globally.

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Bays, Sharon (1998). "What's Culture Got to Do With It? "Cultural Preservation" and Hmong Women's Activism In Central California".

2325:

Urban farms also are also a proven effective educational tool to teach kids about healthy eating and meaningful physical activity.

722: 2603:"Chapter 13: Food for thought? The potential of urban agriculture in local food production for food security in the South Pacific" 901:

During World War One, food production became a major national security concern for several countries, including the US. President

818:

Urban agriculture can appear at varying levels of economic and social development. It can involve a movement of organic growers, "

5526:"Access to Affordable and Nutritious Food: Measuring and Understanding Food Deserts and Their Consequences: A Report to Congress" 4465: 3492: 2169:

in Los Angeles and the Food Roof Farm in St. Louis. Independent urban gardeners also grow food in individual yards and on roofs.

2051: 5653: 1366:. In order to fund these projects, it would require financial capital in the form of private enterprises or government funding. 5533: 3883:"Urban poverty and nutrition challenges associated with accessibility to a healthy diet: a global systematic literature review" 2836: 2571: 1532: 5296: 4588:"Increased community participation. [Social Impact]. Cities Without Hunger - Community Gardens: Sao Paulo (2003-2009)" 1616:, which directly impacts individuals social and emotional well-being. Urban gardens are often places that facilitate positive 6048: 5830: 767: 5498: 3517: 3277: 2703: 3592: 3327: 6932: 6728: 5997: 2063: 1911:. Implementation of this process also reduces the amount of soil that must be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill. 5320:

Hale, James; Knapp, Corrine; Bardwell, Lisa; Buchenau, Michael; Marshall, Julie; Sancar, Fahriye; Litt, Jill S. (2011).

4846: 4025:

Alkon, Alison Hope; Norgaard, Kari Marie (2009). "Breaking the Food Chains: An Investigation of Food Justice Activism".

3990:

Fraser, Evan D.G. (2002). "Urban Ecology in Bangkok Thailand: Community Participation, Urban Agriculture and Forestry".

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was established in 1979 on the Abbotsford Precinct Heritage Farmlands (the APHF), the oldest continually farmed land in

911:

programs that surplus foodstuffs were shipped to war-ravaged European nations, in addition to American military forces.

6758: 5892:

Smit, Jack, et al. "Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities: Using Wastes and Idle Land and Water Bodies as Resources"

1000:

political responses to globalization or concerns with the environmental impacts of industrialized food transportation.

1515:

and diversity of knowledge is a central theme to agroecology, so many urban agroecology initiatives address topics of

45: 7300: 6913: 6147: 6129: 5637: 5612: 4331: 3852: 2672: 2614: 2399: 1880: 1674: 1433: 67: 6119: 5005:

Environmental Affairs Department, City of Los Angeles. 2006. "Green Roofs - Cooling Los Angeles: A Resource Guide".

3409: 3186:

Kontothanasis, Georgios (2017). "Social Practices of Urban Agriculture in the Metropolitan Region of Thessaloniki".

2984:"Resisting Agricultural Assimilation: The Political Ecology of Hmong Growers in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Region" 8045: 6204: 4811:"Checking the food odometer: Comparing food miles for local versus conventional produce sales to Iowa institutions" 1757: 6068: 2081:

However, urban agriculture can also present urban growers with health risks if the soil used for urban farming is

6806: 6791: 6786: 6563: 3565: 2741:

At the Intersection of Urban Agriculture and Social Justice Activism: Practices and Perceptions in Wilmington, DE

2404: 2371: 2231:

based in Detroit has cluster tool banks. Different areas of the city have tool banks where resources like tools,

702: 687: 682: 188: 34: 5721:

Gottlieb, Robert (2009). "Where We Live, Work, Play . . . And Eat: Expanding the Environmental Justice Agenda".

2901: 1152:

to create a self-sustaining ecosystem. In this mutually beneficial relationship, fish waste serves as a natural

6853: 6848: 6796: 6543: 2146: 1918:

One way of identifying soil contamination is through using already well-established plants as bioindicators of

1096: 692: 655: 650: 168: 4702: 8006: 6528: 6241: 1305:, often powered by energy-efficient LED technology, ensures that plants receive the right light spectrum for 939: 153: 2528:

Bailkey, M., and J. Nasr. 2000. "From Brownfields to Greenfields: Producing Food in North American Cities",

2296:

Urban agriculture also makes the city a healthier place to live by improving the quality of the environment.

7327: 7025: 6548: 6523: 5071:

Black, H. "Absorbing Possibilities: Phytoremediation." Environ Health Perspectives 103.12 (1995): 1106-108.

2354:

fruit-bearing trees (as street trees or as park orchards) to meet both greening and food production goals.

2242: 1727: 919: 873: 173: 148: 3123: 1237:

and sophisticated climate control systems ensures optimal conditions for crop growth throughout the year.

866:

carrying mountain water to support intensive food production, nurtured by wastes from the communities. In

7846: 6533: 6197: 5831:"New York Could Grow All Its Own Food. Theoretically, New York City could become largely self-sufficient" 2106: 988: 158: 4821: 4763: 2304:

poor consumers spend 60–80% of their income on food, making them very vulnerable to higher food prices.

1775:

by reducing the amount of transport that occurs to deliver goods to the consumer. Such areas can act as

1385: 1106:

In 2010, New York City saw the building and opening of the world's largest privately owned and operated

8040: 7337: 7010: 6990: 6573: 6508: 6337: 6110: 1862: 1851: 479: 198: 133: 5749: 5109:

Cluis, C. (Fall 2004). "Junk-greedy Greens: phytoremediation as a new option for soil decontamination"

4274:"Food Sovereignty and Alternative Paradigms to Confront Land Grabbing and the Food and Climate Crises" 3009:

L'Annunziata, Elena (2010). "FOLLOWING THE PLANT: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF A HMONG COMMUNITY GARDEN".

7866: 7820: 7670: 6312: 5913:"Urban agriculture, using sustainable practices that involve the reuse of wastewater and solid waste" 4115: 2572:"The role of urban agriculture in addressing household poverty and food security: the case of Zambia" 2293:

UA improves the quality of the urban environment through greening and thus, a reduction in pollution.

2287:

Urban agriculture saves energy (e.g. energy consumed in transporting food from rural to urban areas).

1524: 1046:

for £2500 and provides 34 tons of produce per year, employing people from disadvantaged backgrounds.

843: 760: 454: 4389:"Urban agriculture for sustainable cities: Using wastes and idle land and water bodies as resources" 4177: 3543: 7260: 7117: 6821: 6409: 6322: 6307: 6262: 5007:

http://environmentla.org/pdf/EnvironmentalBusinessProgs/Green%20Roofs%20Resource%20Guide%202007.pdf

4724: 2449: 2246: 2078:, have demonstrated improvements to their local environments through urban agricultural practices. 2031:

those who live in wealthy areas, thereby leading to greater equity in rich and poor neighborhoods.

839: 717: 551: 464: 449: 387: 313: 3661: 2204: 1744: 1718:, the average conventional produce item travels 1,500 miles (2,400 km), using, if shipped by 1378:

A mixed garden bed of plants for food and for bees and insects in a community based urban farm in

7904: 7680: 7582: 7577: 7295: 7172: 6748: 6473: 6468: 6359: 6327: 6164: 5869:"Black farmers in Detroit are growing their own food. But they're having trouble owning the land" 5108: 2479: 1592:

plot a median yield value of between approximately $ 200 and $ 500 (US, adjusted for inflation).

1275: 992: 863: 615: 610: 501: 469: 2792: 7805: 7742: 7690: 7653: 7648: 7122: 6816: 6801: 6743: 6738: 6493: 6426: 6419: 6236: 6231: 4595: 2484: 1752:, incorporating discarded plastic bottles into pots for hydroponic agriculture in urban windows 1699: 1573: 1569: 1528: 812: 712: 697: 568: 561: 323: 115: 38: 6121:

Alternative Urban Futures: Planning for sustainable development in cities throughout the world

3940:

Grewal, Sharanbir S.; Grewal, Parwinder S. (2012). "Can cities become self-reliant in food?".

2811: 7994: 7752: 7469: 7087: 7082: 6975: 6632: 6414: 3493:"Collingwood Children's Farm in Melbourne, Australia, established in 1979 — City Farmer News" 2409: 2394: 2042:. Urban farmers who follow sustainable agricultural methods can not only help to build local 2027: 1715: 1539:

development strategy, and as a community-organizing tool" while alleviating food insecurity.

1478: 1460: 1331: 556: 382: 318: 291: 2983: 1771:

As mentioned above, the energy-efficient nature of urban agriculture can reduce each city's

1281:

The concept of indoor farming emerged as a solution to the challenges faced by conventional

942:. These groups benefited from a great number of vacant lots, left behind during a period of 886:

emerged in Germany in the early 19th century as a response to poverty and food insecurity.

7856: 7797: 7290: 7241: 7102: 7077: 7057: 6877: 6713: 6503: 6364: 6317: 6009: 5962: 5924: 5761: 5416: 5038: 4980: 4937: 4910: 4400: 3797: 3448: 3205:

Feagan, Robert (2007). "The Place of Food: Mapping out the 'local' in Local Food Systems".

3094: 2874: 2228: 2142: 1931: 1908: 1792: 1761: 1572:(UPA) expands the economic base of the city through production, processing, packaging, and 1456: 1100: 967: 753: 506: 459: 128: 6174: 5856:

Continuous Productive Urban Landscapes: Designing Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities

2665:

Continuous productive urban landscapes: designing urban agriculture for sustainable cities

1604:

The needs of urban landscaping can be combined with those of suburban livestock farmers. (

1576:

of consumable products. This results in an increase in entrepreneurial activities and the

49: 8: 7775: 7638: 7194: 7062: 7047: 6995: 6985: 6901: 6332: 5554:

Designed for Disease: The Link Between Local Food Environments and Obesity and Diabetes.

4527: 2489: 2439: 2039: 1927: 1512: 1302: 1234: 1033: 474: 6013: 5966: 5928: 5812: 5765: 5748:

Tong, Zheming; Whitlow, Thomas H.; Landers, Andrew; Flanner, Benjamin (1 January 2016).

5420: 5042: 4984: 4941: 4404: 3801: 3452: 3188:

Procedia Environmental Sciences, Sustainable Synergies from Buildings to the Urban Scale

3098: 2878: 105: 7977: 7851: 7765: 7730: 7616: 7509: 7489: 6889: 6811: 6637: 6553: 6037: 5978: 5585: 5432: 5346: 5321: 5257: 5232: 5166: 5153: 5133: 4675: 4635: 4610: 4418: 4301: 4254: 4205: 4143: 4088: 4061: 4042: 3917: 3882: 3820: 3785: 3707:"A LITTLE HISTORY ON THE MOST RECENT EVOLUTION OF VERTICAL, URBAN FARMING IN SINGAPORE" 3361: 2494: 2379: 2238: 2166: 2082: 2075: 1816: 1617: 1520: 1410: 1165: 1067: 959: 743: 707: 296: 178: 5463: 4992: 4565: 4458: 4116:"Agroecology as a territory in dispute: between institutionality and social movements" 3124:"The Paleo paradox: Re-wilding as a health strategy across scales in the anthropocene" 2311:

UPA surpluses can be sold in local markets, generating more income for the urban poor.

1690: 7899: 7725: 7720: 7429: 7214: 7162: 6884: 6456: 6404: 6374: 6184: 6143: 6125: 6044: 5982: 5785: 5777: 5657: 5633: 5608: 5386: 5351: 5262: 5171: 5054: 4953: 4679: 4640: 4622: 4569: 4509: 4422: 4366: 4327: 4293: 4246: 4209: 4197: 4147: 4135: 4093: 4062:"Impacts of Urban Agriculture on the Determinants of Health: Scoping Review Protocol" 4038: 3922: 3904: 3880: 3858: 3848: 3825: 3740: 3732: 3474: 3466: 2909: 2678: 2668: 2610: 2602: 2334:

Space is at a premium in cities and is accordingly expensive and difficult to secure.

2319: 2281:

and increases the availability of fresh water for drinking and household consumption.

1585: 1054: 598: 546: 516: 365: 308: 271: 7253: 5596: 5589: 5485: 5337: 4796:

Alaimo, K., Beavers, A.W., Crawford, C. et al. Curr Envir Health Rpt (2016) 3: 302.

4305: 4258: 4161:

Katz, Michael (2015). "What Kind of Problem Is Poverty? The Archeology of an Idea".

4046: 3160: 2579: 2284:

UPA can help to preserve bioregional ecologies from being transformed into cropland.

2066:

can also promote worker protection and consumer rights. For example, communities in

1819:

can benefit human health. Reducing these particulates and ozone gases could reduce

1444:

Areas faced with food security issues have limited choices, often relying on highly

1374: 1124: 7982: 7956: 7710: 7474: 7199: 7147: 7000: 6718: 6676: 6568: 6461: 6369: 6354: 6017: 5970: 5932: 5769: 5730: 5577: 5481: 5459: 5436: 5424: 5378: 5341: 5333: 5252: 5244: 5212: 5161: 5145: 5046: 4988: 4945: 4667: 4630: 4561: 4499: 4435: 4408: 4356: 4285: 4236: 4189: 4127: 4083: 4073: 4034: 4009: 3949: 3912: 3894: 3815: 3805: 3456: 3214: 3139: 3135: 3102: 3083:"Reframing urban "wildlife" to promote inclusive conservation science and practice" 3056: 2964: 2934: 2882: 2504: 2419: 2385: 2315: 2278: 2274:

Vacant urban areas can be used for agriculture production instead of sitting unused

2178:

productive landscapes' by cultivating vacant urban land and temporary or permanent

2158: 1904: 1898: 1772: 1703: 1613: 1589: 1482: 1245: 1207: 1118: 984: 927: 890: 883: 804: 796: 603: 511: 496: 234: 193: 7397: 6169: 5621: 4193: 4176:

Borras, Saturnino M.; Franco, Jennifer C.; Suárez, Sofía Monsalve (4 March 2015).

4131: 3810: 2173:

projects seek to pair producers with the land, typically, residential yard space.

7961: 7946: 7941: 7633: 7539: 7519: 7419: 7407: 7392: 7372: 7367: 7231: 7182: 7157: 7137: 6693: 6431: 6185:

Built-Up Encroachment and the Urban Field: A Comparison of Forty European Cities.

6021: 5974: 5773: 5705: 5050: 5013: 4949: 4873: 4784: 4469: 4241: 4224: 4053: 4013: 3953: 2459: 2224: 2111: 2094: 1943: 1719: 1445: 1256: 1169: 1085: 976: 951: 943: 914: 573: 345: 330: 266: 249: 7424: 5936: 4361: 4348: 3060: 1547: 7936: 7926: 7770: 7715: 7705: 7524: 7499: 7479: 7347: 7342: 7332: 7224: 7219: 7204: 7132: 7032: 6649: 5382: 4413: 4388: 3899: 3107: 3082: 2499: 2469: 2179: 2170: 2086: 1993: 1820: 1788: 1707: 1516: 1306: 947: 907: 902: 372: 82: 7660: 5216: 5189: 4671: 4102: 2046:

infrastructure, but can also contribute to improving local air, and water and

8034: 7931: 7909: 7685: 7594: 7544: 7529: 7464: 7459: 7444: 7414: 7377: 7357: 7317: 7312: 7282: 7248: 7187: 7167: 7152: 7112: 7020: 6924: 6843: 6708: 6666: 6612: 6436: 6257: 5781: 5581: 4626: 4370: 4297: 4250: 4201: 4139: 3908: 3744: 3642: 3470: 3387: 3218: 2968: 2913: 2886: 2444: 2250: 2067: 1969: 1948: 1710:

of foodstuffs. According to a study by Rich Pirog, associate director of the

1633: 1581: 1474: 1426: 1080: 827: 645: 578: 360: 261: 254: 4797: 4504: 4487: 3862: 2682: 7876: 7695: 7675: 7643: 7572: 7559: 7534: 7514: 7484: 7209: 7177: 6955: 6763: 6622: 6597: 6441: 6399: 6344: 6302: 5789: 5390: 5355: 5266: 5248: 5058: 4957: 4644: 4573: 4513: 4097: 3926: 3829: 3478: 2474: 2454: 2194: 2174: 2126:

Rooftop urban farming at the Food Roof Farm in downtown St. Louis, Missouri

2047: 2011: 1653: 1577: 1452: 1358: 1341: 1215: 1161: 1129: 1107: 1092: 1042: 1013: 867: 808: 583: 541: 486: 444: 401: 377: 5734: 5175: 4273: 3662:"Aquaponics: A Brief History of This Integrated Fish & Veggies System" 2607:

Food Systems Failure: The Global Food Crisis and the Future of Agriculture

7787: 7782: 7567: 7454: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7362: 7352: 7127: 7092: 7072: 7037: 7005: 6753: 6688: 6671: 6644: 6617: 6602: 6578: 6451: 6292: 6220: 5558:, PolicyLink, and the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. April 2008. 4486:

Wakefield, S.; Yeudall, F.; Taron, C.; Reynolds, J.; Skinner, A. (2007).

4438:"Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture, Household Food Security and Nutrition" 4289: 4078: 3618:"ComCrop - Singapore's first and only commercial rooftop farming company" 2414: 2213: 2198: 2138: 2043: 1919: 1776: 1503: 1498: 1486: 1379: 1346: 1289: 1271: 1253: 1249: 1226: 1219: 1188: 1149: 1145: 1071: 1008: 800: 792: 784: 593: 419: 409: 350: 335: 244: 229: 203: 97: 6088: 3365: 3044: 1584:, while emergency food insecurity relates to breakdowns in the chain of 7504: 7387: 7322: 7307: 7265: 7142: 7042: 6446: 6394: 6389: 6272: 5157: 2509: 2424: 2209: 2090: 1894: 1749: 1628: 1394: 1390: 1363: 1350: 1327: 1297: 1293: 1230: 1192: 1176: 1157: 1153: 1141: 1114: 1063: 1021: 996: 950:. Social and environmental justice groups, such as New York City based 835: 588: 536: 531: 424: 414: 303: 281: 276: 5911:

Rojas-Valencia, M.N.; Velásquez, M.T. Orta de; Franco, Víctor (2011).

5428: 3569: 1252:

can effectively tackle the challenges of urban living while promoting

7951: 7914: 7861: 7841: 7836: 7494: 6980: 6967: 6959: 6654: 6384: 4225:"Re-thinking agrarian reform, land and territory in La Via Campesina" 3786:"A review on urban agriculture: technology, socio-economy and policy" 2190: 2154: 2150: 2116: 1800: 1552: 1448: 1240: 981: 831: 526: 5955:

International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology

5912: 5750:"A case study of air quality above an urban roof top vegetable farm" 5149: 5026: 4925: 3969:"Urban and Agriculture Communities: Opportunities for Common Ground" 3461: 3436: 3352:

Patman, Suzanne (Winter 2015). "A New Direction in Garden History".

2860: 2858: 7810: 7737: 7665: 7402: 7277: 7067: 6349: 5294: 3733:"Vertical farms, building a viable indoor farming model for cities" 2545: 2464: 2434: 2131: 2071: 1965: 823: 491: 4437: 2208:

Tomato plants growing in a pot farming alongside a small house in

1657:

A vegetable garden in the square in front of the train station in

1600: 7919: 7881: 7871: 7747: 7382: 7272: 6703: 6659: 6627: 5646: 4488:"Growing urban health: Community gardening in South-East Toronto" 2855: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2429: 2232: 2185: 2162: 1998: 1973: 1923: 1645:

This allows families to generate larger incomes selling to local

1282: 1075: 1038: 955: 894: 340: 286: 87: 4657: 1960:

provide citizens with quality, fresh produce in urban settings.

1322:

The Urban Agriculture Network has defined urban agriculture as:

7611: 7604: 7599: 7015: 6681: 6607: 6277: 6267: 6175:

Water, Land, and Health of Urban and Peri-Urban food production

6159: 5708:, "Sick of Poverty," Scientific American, Dec. 2005, pp: 93-99. 4353:

Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development

3049:

Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development

2752: 2750: 2122: 2059: 1646: 1605: 1225:

In practice, vertical farms employ advanced techniques such as

1184: 1180: 855: 819: 239: 6189: 5678: 4324:

Agroecology and the search for a truly sustainable agriculture

3968: 3688:"The Full History of Vertical Farming: When Did It All Start?" 3518:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places - Smithsonian" 2765: 2759:

To dwell is to garden: a history of Boston's community gardens

2569: 1211:

densely populated urban areas with limited land availability.

7700: 6698: 5910: 5523: 4485: 3971:. Ames, Iowa: Council for Agricultural Science and Technology 3842: 3030:

Planning for Equitable Urban Agriculture in the United States

2779:. City bountiful: a century of community gardening in America 2605:. In Rosin, Christopher; Stock, Paul; Campbell, Hugh (eds.). 1824: 1812: 1658: 1144:

is a closed-loop farming technique that ingeniously combines

1012:

A cow at Mudchute Park and Farm, Tower Hamlets, London. Note

859: 811:

in an urban context. Urban agriculture is distinguished from

355: 5449: 4611:"How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs" 4059: 2747: 2058:

rates and other pollutants that contribute to high rates of

1806: 1278:

such as weather fluctuations and limited land availability.

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from the original on 1 April 2024 – via ResearchGate.

2217: 1288:

In practice, indoor farms utilize advanced techniques like

815:, which takes place in rural areas at the edge of suburbs. 788: 521: 221: 5230: 2902:"Victory Gardens Were More About Solidarity Than Survival" 2570:

Hampwaye, G.; Nel, E. & Ingombe, L. (September 2009).

7549: 5747: 5681:

Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability

5630:

Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability

5605:

Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and Sustainability

5319: 4436:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

4060:

Audate, PP; Fernandez, MA; Cloutier, G; Lebel, A (2018).

3302: 2636:"Fifth of global food-related emissions due to transport" 4326:(1st ed.). United Nations Environmental Programme. 4114:

Giraldo, Omar Felipe; Rosset, Peter M. (19 March 2018).

3847:. New York, N.Y.: United Nations Development Programme. 3783: 2812:"The School Garden | National Agricultural Library" 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2093:

which was widely used before being banned in the 1970s,

1738:, or the equivalent of taking 16,191 cars off the road. 5952: 5127: 5125: 3647:

food and africulture organization of the united nations

2004: 1020:

There is no overarching term for agricultural plots in

958:, Boston-based Urban Gardeners, and Philadelphia-based 6124:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 185–217. 5813:

Murphy, Kate. "For Urban Gardeners, Lead Is a Concern"

3617: 1694:

Edible oyster mushrooms growing on used coffee grounds

5567: 5402: 5400: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4349:"No Buts About It…The Value of Urban Food Production" 3845:

Urban agriculture: food, jobs, and sustainable cities

2721: 1861:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 1803:

can increase the farm's ability to sequester carbon.

6117: 5948: 5946: 5290: 5288: 5122: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4808: 4717:"What's the Real Cost of Raising Backyard Chickens?" 3253:"What's the Difference Between a Garden and a Farm?" 2361: 5406: 3080: 3027: 893:called on outlying citizens of a depression-struck 6036: 5397: 5278: 5276: 4695:"Urban Agriculture – Why It Has a Positive Impact" 4474: 4175: 2935:"Open Space Management Mission: Community Gardens" 1666:consumption while supplying more for market sale. 795:. The term also applies to the area activities of 6069:"GM expanding urban gardening program in Detroit" 6043:. Washington DC: Island Press. pp. 118–119. 5943: 5627: 5285: 4971:Mayer, Helmut (1999). "Air pollution in cities". 4878: 3042: 2220:grew over 700 tomatoes during the summer of 2013. 1128:A tidy front yard flower and vegetable garden in 926:A very similar practice came into use during the 8032: 6160:Federation of City Farms & Community Gardens 6111:"URBACT - Sustainable food in urban communities" 6066: 5602: 3410:"Federation of City Farms and Community Gardens" 3008: 1954: 1357:Today, some cities have much vacant land due to 877:A gardening demonstration in New York City, 1922 5854:André Viljoen, Katrin Bohn and Joe Howe, 2005, 5273: 5231:Passchier-Vermeer, W.; Passchier, W.F. (2000). 5027:"Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement" 4926:"Green roofs as a means of pollution abatement" 2546:"Food for the Cities: Production systems (UPA)" 6954: 5828: 5496: 5409:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 5368: 5190:"Managing Urban Runoff | Polluted Runoff" 4874:http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/leopold_pubspapers/3 4165:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 39–78. 3704: 3566:"NYC DEP - Green Infrastructure Grant Program" 2662: 2277:The use of wastewater for irrigation improves 1058:The Project Eats Rooftop Farm in New York City 6940: 6205: 6096:City Farm Grows Jobs, Knowledge, and Tomatoes 5756:. Special Issue: Urban Health and Wellbeing. 5716: 5714: 5524:USDA; Economic Research Service (June 2009). 5295:Bellows, Anne C.; Katherine Brown; Jac Smit. 4113: 4024: 3966: 3705:Klein-Hessling, Dr. Hermann (11 March 2021). 3185: 1274:plants indoors, free from the constraints of 761: 7816:List of organic gardening and farming topics 6180:Turning Shipping Containers Into Urban Farms 5556:California Center for Public Health Advocacy 5452:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 5371:Journal of the American Dietetic Association 4745:FAO. (1999). "Issues in Urban Agriculture", 3967:Butler, L.; Moronek, D.M., eds. (May 2002). 3939: 2578:. Global Development Network. Archived from 1627:UPA can be seen as a means of improving the 5886: 5134:"Absorbing possibilities: Phytoremediation" 4847:"Eat Locally, Ease Climate Change Globally" 4103:http://www.researchprotocols.org/2018/3/e89 3593:"New Rooftop Farms to Sprout in Singapore!" 2563: 2141:, much like that of the eighteenth-century 1477:is accompanied by the related movements of 6947: 6933: 6212: 6198: 5995: 5711: 5699: 5570:Journal of Planning Education and Research 4818:Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture 3983: 3887:International Journal for Equity in Health 3843:Smit, Jac; Ratta, Annu; Nasr, Joe (1996). 3730: 2899: 2157:. Other community garden projects use the 1712:Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture 768: 754: 48:. Please do not remove this message until 6039:Public Produce: The New Urban Agriculture 5345: 5256: 5165: 4798:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-016-0105-0 4634: 4551: 4503: 4412: 4360: 4240: 4087: 4077: 3916: 3898: 3819: 3809: 3760:"The future of farming is moving indoors" 3731:Despommier, Dickson (24 September 2019). 3460: 3106: 2944:. Boston Parks and Recreation Department. 1881:Learn how and when to remove this message 1807:Reduction in ozone and particulate matter 1187:, who practiced a form of this method by 1091:An early city farm was set up in 1972 in 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 5720: 4615:Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 4386: 4346: 3250: 2738: 2663:André, Viljoen; Howe, Joe, eds. (2005). 2600: 2203: 2184: 2121: 2110: 2021: 1857:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1743: 1689: 1652: 1599: 1546: 1384: 1373: 1317: 1123: 1053: 1007: 913: 872: 81: 44:Relevant discussion may be found on the 6034: 5692: 5690: 5530:Administrative Publication No. (AP-036) 5226: 5224: 5092:Journal of Hazardous Substance Research 4321: 3659: 1830: 1248:showcases how innovative approaches to 1199:tank, completing the sustainable loop. 8033: 5297:"Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture" 4271: 4222: 3989: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3757: 3711:Association for Vertical Farming (AVF) 3685: 3590: 3434: 3351: 3204: 3121: 2864: 2776: 2756: 1992:Using high-density urban farming with 6928: 6193: 5848: 5796: 5501:"Large Scale Urban agriculture Essay" 5131: 5089: 4970: 4692: 4686: 4608: 4382: 4380: 4317: 4315: 3251:Crawford, Andrea (12 February 2014). 3028:Lipman and Campbell (20 March 2024). 2900:Steinhauer, Jennifer (15 July 2020). 2633: 2229:Garden Resource Program Collaborative 1136: 948:make these vacant lots more appealing 8001: 6896: 5687: 5221: 5024: 4923: 4160: 4066:Journal of Medical Internet Research 3660:Bradley, Kirsten (19 January 2014). 3231: 3011:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations 2981: 2954: 2658: 2656: 2540: 2538: 2005:Health inequalities and food justice 1834: 1685: 944:post-war urban to suburban migration 18: 8013: 6908: 6099:, article about Chicago's City Farm 6067:Wayland, Michael (29 August 2013). 5829:Schultz, Colin (13 February 2014). 5497:Tom Bosschaert (15 December 2007). 4592:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository 4216: 3869: 3303:"European Federation of City Farms" 2165:Gardens use this model, as did the 1987: 1766: 1202: 13: 6759:Environmental impact of irrigation 6103: 6091:(2 April 2007). New York Magazine. 5654:"Growing Food and Justice for All" 5233:"Noise exposure and public health" 4532:Out & About Greater Wilmington 4377: 4312: 4272:Rosset, Peter (28 February 2011). 3435:Lawson, Laura (22 December 2016). 2816:USDA National Agricultural Library 2601:Thornton, Alan (9 December 2013). 1937: 1783:) and release breathable oxygen (O 1179:can be traced back to the ancient 1117:rooftop farms (which also rely on 14: 8057: 6165:European Federation of City Farms 6153: 5237:Environmental Health Perspectives 5138:Environmental Health Perspectives 4609:Young, Simon N. (November 2007). 2781:. University of California Press. 2653: 2535: 2400:Asset-based community development 2189:Urban agriculture project in the 2145:. One such community farm is the 2100: 1492: 1436:(CFSC) defines food security as: 1434:Community Food Security Coalition 16:Farming in cities and urban areas 8012: 8000: 7989: 7988: 7976: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6872: 6871: 6028: 5989: 5904: 5895: 5861: 5822: 5806: 5741: 5672: 5561: 5548: 5517: 5490: 5470: 5443: 4347:Weissman, Evan (25 March 2013). 4039:10.1111/j.1475-682x.2009.00291.x 3122:Leiper, Chelsea (October 2019). 2809: 2761:. Northeastern University Press. 2378: 2364: 1839: 1758:Energy efficiency in agriculture 1420: 1369: 1066:, that have people working with 737: 104: 23: 6827:Agriculture and the environment 6564:British Agricultural Revolution 6219: 5607:. MIT Press. pp. 149–177. 5486:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.09.004 5362: 5338:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.03.044 5313: 5204: 5182: 5102: 5083: 5074: 5065: 5018: 4999: 4964: 4917: 4895: 4865: 4839: 4809:Pirog, R.; A. Benjamin (2003). 4802: 4790: 4770: 4752: 4739: 4723:. 29 March 2015. Archived from 4709: 4651: 4602: 4580: 4545: 4520: 4452: 4429: 4340: 4265: 4169: 4154: 4107: 4018: 4002: 3960: 3933: 3836: 3777: 3751: 3724: 3698: 3679: 3653: 3635: 3610: 3591:Swartz, Joe (2 February 2018). 3584: 3558: 3528: 3510: 3485: 3428: 3402: 3380:"The Severn Project, Our Story" 3372: 3345: 3320: 3295: 3270: 3244: 3225: 3198: 3179: 3153: 3115: 3074: 3036: 3021: 3002: 2975: 2948: 2927: 2893: 2837:"Gardening for the Common Good" 2829: 2803: 2785: 2667:. Oxford: Architectural Press. 2609:. Routledge. pp. 203–218. 2405:Building-integrated agriculture 2372:Agriculture and Agronomy portal 1702:system is accountable for high 1555:glass jar with mung beans in it 1389:Tomato plant at Roof garden in 1312: 1262: 787:, processing, and distributing 783:refers to various practices of 723:Agriculture and the environment 189:British Agricultural Revolution 6771:Climate change and agriculture 6544:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 5683:. MIT Press. pp. 197–221. 5632:. MIT Press. pp. 89–121. 4492:Health Promotion International 4461:Journal of Nutrition Education 4120:The Journal of Peasant Studies 3758:Lutkin, Aimee (7 March 2018). 3437:"Agriculture: Sowing the city" 3140:10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.05.015 2739:Sundberg, Todd (Spring 2018). 2689: 2627: 2594: 2522: 2243:farmers' market in Los Angeles 2062:in lower socioeconomic areas. 2026:Urban agriculture may advance 169:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 1: 6118:Pinderhughes, Raquel (2004). 5917:Agricultural Water Management 5858:, Oxford: Architectural Press 5478:Social Science & Medicine 5464:10.1016/s0002-8223(08)70150-0 5326:Social Science & Medicine 4993:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00144-2 4693:Hales, Steve (26 July 2016). 4566:10.1016/S1353-8292(00)00013-7 4387:Smit, Jac; Nasr, Joe (1992). 4194:10.1080/01436597.2015.1029225 4132:10.1080/03066150.2017.1353496 3811:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11583 3737:Field Actions Science Reports 3328:"P-Patch Community Gardening" 3087:Biodiversity and Conservation 2982:Kerr, Laura (30 April 2007). 2757:Warner, Sam Bass Jr. (1987). 2634:Smith, Loren (21 June 2022). 2516: 2328: 2064:Sustainable urban agriculture 1955:Nutrition and quality of food 1003: 940:African-American Civil Rights 6549:Arab Agricultural Revolution 6022:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.10.001 5975:10.1080/13504509.2011.570803 5774:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.006 5480:, vol. 144, 2015, pp. 1–8., 5051:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029 4950:10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.029 4528:"The Greening of Wilmington" 4393:Environment and Urbanization 4242:10.1080/03066150.2013.826654 4014:10.1080/13549839.2010.487529 3954:10.1016/j.cities.2011.06.003 3081:Egerer and Buchholz (2021). 2530:Community Food Security News 1949:reduction in noise pollution 1195:during the 1970s and 1980s. 920:Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis 174:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7: 7847:Index of pesticide articles 5996:McClintock, Nathan (2012). 5937:10.1016/j.agwat.2011.04.005 5503:, Except Consultancy, 2007" 4362:10.5304/jafscd.2013.032.014 4223:Rosset, Peter (July 2013). 4178:"Land and food sovereignty" 3739:(Special Issue 20): 68–73. 3643:"Fisheries and Aquaculture" 3207:Progress in Human Geography 3061:10.5304/jafscd.2012.031.013 2793:"Hazen S. Pingree Monument" 2357: 2256: 2147:Collingwood Children's Farm 2107:Urban agriculture by region 1563: 1218:and the growing demand for 1097:Collingwood Children's Farm 50:conditions to do so are met 10: 8062: 6991:Climate-friendly gardening 6509:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 5383:10.1016/j.jada.2007.01.015 4414:10.1177/095624789200400214 4229:Journal of Peasant Studies 3900:10.1186/s12939-020-01330-0 3108:10.1007/s10531-021-02182-y 3043:Meenar and Hoover (2012). 2104: 1755: 1496: 1424: 1027: 849: 842:, thereby contributing to 134:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 7970: 7892: 7867:Plant disease forecasting 7829: 7821:Vegan organic agriculture 7796: 7671:Genetically modified tree 7558: 7101: 6966: 6868: 6859:Universities and colleges 6835: 6779: 6727: 6588: 6492: 6479:Universities and colleges 6291: 6284: 6250: 6227: 5217:10.1007/s40572-016-0105-0 5025:Rowe, D. Bradley (2011). 4924:Rowe, D. Bradley (2011). 4672:10.1080/02614360902769894 3536:"Department of Buildings" 3234:"Emerging Food Movements" 2988:Geography Honors Projects 2957:Transforming Anthropology 2942:Open Space Plan 2002-2006 2743:. University of Delaware. 2532:. Fall 1999/Winter 2000:6 1909:soil being decontaminated 1595: 1542: 1525:ecological sustainability 993:sustainable food networks 989:alternative food networks 844:climate change mitigation 661:Universities and colleges 621:Universities and colleges 6844:Agriculturist profession 6323:Agricultural engineering 6308:Agricultural cooperative 6060: 6035:Nordahl, Darrin (2009). 5582:10.1177/0739456X08317461 5012:12 February 2017 at the 4322:Altieri, Miguel (2005). 3219:10.1177/0309132507073527 3167:. USEPA. 4 December 2015 2969:10.1525/tran.1998.7.2.35 2887:10.1177/1474474012451543 2450:Metropolitan agriculture 2247:Boulevard Richard-Lenoir 1049: 840:greenhouse gas emissions 646:Agriculturist profession 465:Agricultural engineering 450:Agricultural cooperative 8046:Sustainable food system 6749:Agricultural wastewater 6474:Sustainable food system 6469:Sustainable agriculture 6360:Animal-free agriculture 6328:Agricultural technology 5754:Environmental Pollution 5031:Environmental Pollution 4973:Atmospheric Environment 4930:Environmental Pollution 3692:vertical farming planet 3238:Body and Soul Australia 2480:Subsistence agriculture 1276:traditional agriculture 616:Sustainable food system 611:Sustainable agriculture 502:Animal-free agriculture 470:Agricultural technology 7806:Biodynamic agriculture 7743:Postharvest physiology 7691:Landscape architecture 7388:Indonesian home garden 6849:Agricultural machinery 6807:History of agriculture 6792:Agriculture by country 6787:Agricultural machinery 6744:Agricultural pollution 6739:Agricultural expansion 6514:Austronesian expansion 6427:Mechanised agriculture 5249:10.1289/ehp.00108s1123 4747:FAO Spotlight Magazine 4163:Territories of Poverty 2777:Lawson, Laura (2005). 2485:Terraces (agriculture) 2221: 2201: 2127: 2119: 2115:A small urban farm in 1753: 1700:industrial agriculture 1695: 1662: 1643: 1609: 1570:Peri-urban agriculture 1556: 1529:indigenous sovereignty 1442: 1407: 1397: 1382: 1337: 1133: 1059: 1032:Many communities make 1017: 923: 878: 858:'s semi-desert towns, 813:peri-urban agriculture 744:Agriculture portal 703:History of agriculture 688:Agriculture by country 683:Agricultural machinery 651:Agricultural machinery 569:Mechanised agriculture 139:Austronesian expansion 91: 7053:Historic conservation 6854:Government ministries 6797:Agriculture companies 6633:Convertible husbandry 6313:Agricultural supplies 6263:Agricultural Engineer 6084:Farming Goes Vertical 5735:10.1089/env.2009.0001 5723:Environmental Justice 5532:: 160. Archived from 4913:on 28 September 2013. 4783:14 April 2018 at the 4505:10.1093/heapro/dam001 4182:Third World Quarterly 3686:Piechowiak, Mateusz. 3278:"USDA ERS - Glossary" 3232:Meryment, Elizabeth. 2410:Ecological sanitation 2395:Allotment (gardening) 2207: 2188: 2125: 2114: 2105:Further information: 2028:environmental justice 2022:Environmental justice 1801:remain green all year 1747: 1716:Iowa State University 1693: 1656: 1638: 1603: 1550: 1461:environmental justice 1438: 1402: 1388: 1377: 1324: 1318:Resource and economic 1270:is a method involves 1127: 1103:, farmed since 1838. 1057: 1011: 997:local food movements. 917: 876: 693:Agriculture companies 656:Government ministries 455:Agricultural supplies 292:Convertible husbandry 85: 7983:Gardening portal 7882:Aquamog weed remover 7857:List of insecticides 6504:Neolithic Revolution 6365:Cellular agriculture 6318:Agricultural science 4766:on 18 December 2007. 4705:on 29 December 2019. 4598:on 5 September 2017. 4468:16 July 2007 at the 4290:10.1057/dev.2010.102 4079:10.2196/resprot.9427 4027:Sociological Inquiry 3764:world economic forum 3384:thesevernproject.org 2990:. Macalester College 2867:Cultural Geographies 2797:historicdetroit.org/ 2640:University of Sidney 1932:total organic carbon 1850:factual accuracy is 1831:Soil decontamination 1793:Carbon Sequestration 1762:Efficient energy use 1457:institutional racism 1332:intensive production 507:Cellular agriculture 460:Agricultural science 129:Neolithic Revolution 6014:2012AppGe..35..460M 5967:2011IJSDW..18..226B 5929:2011AgWM...98.1388R 5766:2016EPoll.208..256T 5421:2007JSFA...87..930R 5043:2011EPoll.159.2100R 4985:1999AtmEn..33.4029M 4942:2011EPoll.159.2100R 4903:"Urban Agriculture" 4851:The Washington Post 4405:1992EnUrb...4..141S 3802:2022Heliy...811583Y 3546:on 13 February 2016 3453:2016Natur.540..522L 3161:"Urban Agriculture" 3099:2021BiCon..30.2255E 2879:2012CuGeo..19..483N 2490:Underground farming 2440:Guerrilla gardening 2040:deindustrialization 1928:soil organic matter 1726:than the local and 1513:Transdisciplinarity 1303:Artificial lighting 1235:artificial lighting 1034:community gardening 838:, leading to lower 388:Steam sterilization 37:of this article is 7852:List of fungicides 7617:Companion planting 6638:Rotational grazing 6554:Columbian exchange 5873:The World from PRX 5817:The New York Times 4979:(24–25): 4029–37. 4936:(8–9): 2100–2110. 4554:Health & Place 3522:smithsonianmag.com 2906:The New York Times 2495:Urban horticulture 2222: 2202: 2167:South Central Farm 2128: 2120: 2076:Richmond, Virginia 1817:particulate matter 1754: 1728:regional transport 1696: 1663: 1618:social interaction 1610: 1557: 1521:gender empowerment 1411:sustainable design 1398: 1383: 1166:resource-efficient 1137:Aquaponics systems 1134: 1060: 1018: 1016:in the background. 960:Philadelphia Green 924: 879: 297:Rotational grazing 179:Columbian exchange 92: 8041:Urban agriculture 8028: 8027: 7900:Community orchard 7726:drought tolerance 6922: 6921: 6483:Urban agriculture 6457:Rice-duck farming 6405:Intensive farming 6375:Extensive farming 6050:978-1-59726-588-1 6002:Applied Geography 5760:(Pt A): 256–260. 5429:10.1002/jsfa.2825 5132:Black, H (1995). 3447:(7634): 522–524. 2320:Sarasota, Florida 2316:Community centers 1942:Large amounts of 1905:Phytoremeditation 1891: 1890: 1883: 1811:The reduction in 1791:. The process of 1686:Energy efficiency 1586:food distribution 1086:local authorities 1041:. The grassroots 884:Allotment gardens 862:were fed through 781:Urban agriculture 778: 777: 626:Urban agriculture 599:Rice-duck farming 547:Intensive farming 517:Extensive farming 86:An urban farm in 78: 77: 70: 8053: 8016: 8015: 8004: 8003: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7980: 7957:Plant collecting 7893:Related articles 7830:Plant protection 7011:French intensive 6949: 6942: 6935: 6926: 6925: 6911: 6910: 6899: 6898: 6887: 6875: 6874: 6719:Wildlife farming 6569:Green Revolution 6520:Ancient history 6462:Rice-fish system 6370:Contract farming 6355:Animal husbandry 6214: 6207: 6200: 6191: 6190: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6114: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6055: 6054: 6042: 6032: 6026: 6025: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5865: 5859: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5718: 5709: 5706:Sapolsky, Robert 5703: 5697: 5694: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5660:on 15 March 2013 5656:. 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Archived from 3376: 3370: 3369: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3282:www.ers.usda.gov 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3093:(7): 2255–2266. 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2774: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2702:. Archived from 2701: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2582:on 14 April 2018 2567: 2561: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2542: 2533: 2526: 2505:Vertical farming 2420:Forest gardening 2388: 2386:Gardening portal 2383: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2279:water management 2239:Farmers' markets 2159:allotment garden 1988:Economy of scale 1966:soluble vitamins 1899:Phytoremediation 1886: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1863:reliably sourced 1843: 1842: 1835: 1773:carbon footprint 1767:Carbon footprint 1614:community health 1590:community garden 1578:creation of jobs 1483:food sovereignty 1349:. Additionally, 1246:vertical farming 1208:Vertical farming 1203:Vertical farming 1119:vertical farming 954:, Seattle-based 928:Great Depression 891:Hazen S. Pingree 797:animal husbandry 770: 763: 756: 742: 741: 740: 604:Rice-fish system 512:Contract farming 497:Animal husbandry 235:Animal husbandry 194:Green Revolution 145:Ancient history 108: 94: 93: 73: 66: 62: 59: 53: 27: 26: 19: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8024: 7975: 7966: 7962:Turf management 7947:Lists of plants 7942:List of gardens 7888: 7825: 7792: 7554: 7104: 7097: 6962: 6953: 6923: 6918: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6831: 6822:Poultry farming 6775: 6730: 6723: 6694:Poultry farming 6584: 6560:Modern history 6540:Post-classical 6488: 6487: 6486: 6432:Organic farming 6287: 6286: 6282: 6246: 6223: 6218: 6156: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6109: 6106: 6104:Further reading 6074: 6072: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6033: 6029: 6008:(1–2): 460–73. 5994: 5990: 5951: 5944: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5746: 5742: 5719: 5712: 5704: 5700: 5695: 5688: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5640: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5601: 5597: 5566: 5562: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5536:on 6 April 2013 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5499:"Bosschaert, T 5495: 5491: 5475: 5471: 5448: 5444: 5405: 5398: 5367: 5363: 5332:(11): 1853–63. 5318: 5314: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5229: 5222: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5192:. Water.epa.gov 5188: 5187: 5183: 5150:10.2307/3432605 5130: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5023: 5019: 5014:Wayback Machine 5004: 5000: 4969: 4965: 4922: 4918: 4907:Delta Institute 4901: 4900: 4896: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4813: 4807: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4785:Wayback Machine 4775: 4771: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4727:on 2 April 2015 4715: 4714: 4710: 4691: 4687: 4660:Leisure Studies 4656: 4652: 4607: 4603: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4484: 4475: 4470:Wayback Machine 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4385: 4378: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4320: 4313: 4270: 4266: 4221: 4217: 4174: 4170: 4159: 4155: 4112: 4108: 4058: 4054: 4023: 4019: 4007: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3938: 3934: 3879: 3870: 3855: 3841: 3837: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3756: 3752: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3703: 3699: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3658: 3654: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3624: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3589: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3497:cityfarmer.info 3491: 3490: 3486: 3462:10.1038/540522a 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3245: 3230: 3226: 3203: 3199: 3184: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3120: 3116: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3041: 3037: 3026: 3022: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2980: 2976: 2953: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2916: 2898: 2894: 2863: 2856: 2846: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2804: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2766: 2755: 2748: 2737: 2722: 2712: 2710: 2709:on 19 July 2011 2706: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2675: 2661: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2632: 2628: 2617: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2568: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2460:Rooftop gardens 2384: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2331: 2259: 2225:Food processing 2180:kitchen gardens 2109: 2103: 2095:vehicle exhaust 2055: 2024: 2007: 1990: 1957: 1944:noise pollution 1940: 1938:Noise pollution 1887: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1856: 1848:This section's 1844: 1840: 1833: 1821:mortality rates 1809: 1798: 1786: 1782: 1769: 1764: 1737: 1725: 1720:tractor-trailer 1688: 1598: 1566: 1545: 1501: 1495: 1429: 1423: 1372: 1320: 1315: 1265: 1257:food production 1205: 1175:The origins of 1170:food production 1160:, making it an 1139: 1052: 1030: 1006: 952:Green Guerillas 908:victory gardens 852: 774: 738: 736: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 718:Poultry farming 675: 667: 666: 665: 640: 632: 631: 630: 574:Organic farming 439: 431: 430: 429: 404: 394: 393: 392: 224: 214: 213: 212: 211: 210: 185:Modern history 165:Post-classical 118: 74: 63: 57: 54: 43: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8059: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8026: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8010: 7998: 7986: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7937:Garden tourism 7934: 7929: 7927:Groundskeeping 7924: 7923: 7922: 7917: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7716:free-flowering 7713: 7708: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7651: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7597: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7564: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7107: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7033:Groundskeeping 7030: 7029: 7028: 7026:computer-aided 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6952: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6929: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6685: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6650:Insect farming 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6529:Ancient Greece 6526: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6498: 6496: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6341: 6340: 6335: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6155: 6154:External links 6152: 6151: 6150: 6130: 6115: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6081: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6049: 6027: 5988: 5942: 5923:(9): 1388–94. 5903: 5894: 5885: 5860: 5847: 5821: 5819:. 13 May 2009. 5805: 5795: 5740: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5671: 5645: 5638: 5620: 5613: 5595: 5560: 5547: 5516: 5489: 5469: 5442: 5396: 5361: 5312: 5284: 5272: 5243:(1): 123–131. 5220: 5203: 5181: 5144:(12): 1106–8. 5121: 5101: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5017: 4998: 4963: 4916: 4894: 4877: 4864: 4853:. 9 March 2008 4838: 4827:on 14 May 2012 4801: 4789: 4769: 4751: 4738: 4721:UrbanFarmingHQ 4708: 4699:My Green Hobby 4685: 4650: 4621:(6): 394–399. 4601: 4579: 4544: 4519: 4473: 4451: 4428: 4399:(2): 141–152. 4376: 4339: 4332: 4311: 4264: 4235:(4): 721–775. 4215: 4188:(3): 600–617. 4168: 4153: 4126:(3): 545–564. 4106: 4052: 4033:(3): 289–305. 4017: 4001: 3982: 3959: 3932: 3868: 3853: 3835: 3796:(11): e11583. 3776: 3750: 3723: 3697: 3678: 3652: 3634: 3609: 3583: 3557: 3527: 3509: 3484: 3427: 3401: 3390:on 16 May 2018 3371: 3360:(2): 273–283. 3354:Garden History 3344: 3319: 3294: 3269: 3257:Slate Magazine 3243: 3224: 3197: 3178: 3152: 3114: 3073: 3055:(1): 143–160. 3035: 3020: 3001: 2974: 2947: 2926: 2892: 2873:(4): 483–504. 2854: 2841:library.si.edu 2828: 2802: 2784: 2764: 2746: 2720: 2688: 2673: 2652: 2626: 2615: 2593: 2562: 2534: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2500:Urban forestry 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2470:Sheet mulching 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2389: 2375: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2327: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2258: 2255: 2241:, such as the 2171:Garden sharing 2102: 2101:Implementation 2099: 2053: 2023: 2020: 2006: 2003: 1994:vertical farms 1989: 1986: 1956: 1953: 1939: 1936: 1889: 1888: 1847: 1845: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1808: 1805: 1796: 1789:photosynthesis 1784: 1780: 1768: 1765: 1735: 1723: 1708:transportation 1687: 1684: 1597: 1594: 1565: 1562: 1544: 1541: 1517:social justice 1497:Main article: 1494: 1493:Agroecological 1491: 1425:Main article: 1422: 1419: 1371: 1368: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1307:photosynthesis 1268:Indoor farming 1264: 1261: 1204: 1201: 1138: 1135: 1113:In Singapore, 1051: 1048: 1029: 1026: 1005: 1002: 977:Hmong American 903:Woodrow Wilson 851: 848: 776: 775: 773: 772: 765: 758: 750: 747: 746: 733: 732: 726: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 679: 678: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 664: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 607: 606: 601: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 565: 564: 559: 554: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 483: 482: 477: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 432: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 406: 405: 400: 399: 396: 395: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 373:Slash-and-burn 370: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 306: 301: 300: 299: 294: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 232: 226: 225: 220: 219: 216: 215: 209: 208: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 183: 182: 181: 176: 171: 163: 162: 161: 156: 154:Ancient Greece 151: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 122: 121: 120: 119: 114: 113: 110: 109: 101: 100: 76: 75: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8058: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8021: 8020: 8011: 8009: 8008: 7999: 7997: 7996: 7987: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7932:Garden centre 7930: 7928: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7910:Floral design 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7776:reforestation 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7686:Intercropping 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7628: 7627:most valuable 7625: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7595:Arboriculture 7593: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7259: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7188:Garden square 7186: 7185: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Ancient Egypt 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7021:Garden design 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6938: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6880: 6879: 6870: 6867: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Meat industry 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Biotechnology 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6729:Environmental 6726: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6709:Sheep farming 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Dairy farming 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6590:Farming Types 6587: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Ancient Egypt 6522: 6521: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6491: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6437:Paludiculture 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 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Dan Austin. 2798: 2794: 2788: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2674:9780750655439 2670: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2616:9780415712606 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2445:Market garden 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2381: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2251:Paris, France 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2143:Boston Common 2140: 2135: 2133: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:New York City 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2019: 2015: 2013: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1970:ascorbic acid 1967: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1885: 1882: 1874: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1778: 1774: 1763: 1759: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1731: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1634:self-efficacy 1630: 1625: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1582:urban poverty 1579: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1533:participation 1531:, and public 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1475:food security 1473:The issue of 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1428: 1427:Food security 1421:Food security 1418: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1376: 1370:Environmental 1367: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1209: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1082: 1081:food security 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1001: 998: 994: 990: 986: 983: 978: 972: 969: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 932: 929: 921: 916: 912: 909: 904: 899: 896: 892: 887: 885: 875: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828:food security 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 771: 766: 764: 759: 757: 752: 751: 749: 748: 745: 735: 734: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:Meat industry 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 698:Biotechnology 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 671: 670: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 636: 635: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 579:Paludiculture 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 481: 480:Biotechnology 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 435: 434: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 398: 397: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 368: 364: 362: 361:Sharecropping 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 305: 302: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 223: 218: 217: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 184: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 164: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 149:Ancient Egypt 147: 146: 144: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 124: 123: 117: 112: 111: 107: 103: 102: 99: 96: 95: 89: 84: 80: 72: 69: 61: 51: 47: 41: 40: 36: 30: 21: 20: 8017: 8005: 7993: 7974: 7877:Weed control 7766:horticulture 7760: 7696:Olericulture 7676:Hydroculture 7666:Fruticulture 7644:Floriculture 7587: 7573:Permaculture 7560:Horticulture 6956:Horticulture 6912: 6900: 6888: 6876: 6764:Overdrafting 6623:Goat farming 6534:Ancient Rome 6442:Permaculture 6400:Horticulture 6345:Agroforestry 6303:Agribusiness 6170:FAO programs 6135:. 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