270:, which ultimately have a negative impact on agricultural productivity and sustainability. Diverse rotations of crop monocultures can minimize the risk of disease and pest outbreaks. However, the shorter the rotation (fewer crops included) the higher the risk. There are examples of short, two-year rotations selecting for pests that are adapted to such rotations. Ultimately the negative impact of monocultures comes down to two things; loss of biodiversity and the use of pesticides. Healthy ecosystems and habitats are home to hundreds of plant, insect, and animal species. When big stretches of land are used for only one species, the entire balance is disturbed. Important environmental services that are normally provided by the many different species are now left undone. Lower levels of biodiversity on agricultural land also mean that certain insects are left with no natural predators, resulting in their population growing out of control. To control pests on their crops, farmers use heavy pesticides. These can further reduce levels of biodiversity but are also a danger to bodies of water due to chemical run-off.
391:
295:
homes. Turfgrass is a nonnative species and requires high levels of maintenance. However, the drive for its widespread use primarily came from social pressures. At the local level, governments and organizations have begun to take monocultural practices into their own hands (think
Homeowner Associations). Various issues related to maintenance of private property have occurred, such as maintaining aesthetics and real estate value. Disagreements in residential maintenance of weeds, lawns, etc, have resulted in civil cases or even direct aggression against neighbors.
3450:
282:, monoculture refers to the planting of one species of tree. Monoculture plantings provide greater yields and more efficient harvesting than natural stands of trees. Single-species stands of trees are often the natural way trees grow, but the stands show a diversity in tree sizes, with dead trees mixed with mature and young trees. In forestry, monoculture stands that are planted and harvested as a unit provide limited resources for wildlife that depend on dead trees and openings since all the trees are the same size; they are most often harvested by
37:
3462:
2345:
2357:
445:. This mutation was found at a high frequency in Holstein populations worldwide. (15% among bulls in the US, 10% in Germany, and 16% in Japan.) Researchers studying the pedigrees of affected and carrier animals tracked the source of the mutation to a single bull that was widely used in livestock production. In 1990 there were approximately 4 million Holstein cattle in the US, making the affected population around 600,000 animals.
3486:
2381:
3474:
2369:
481:, monofunctionality was advocated as the ideal due to the significant initial advantages in economic efficiency. However, in the years since opinion has shifted away. In the years since it has become clear that monofunctionality suffers from some of the same downsides as monoculture, specifically forgoing synergies and failing to fulfill the whole range of human needs.
286:, which drastically alters the habitat. The mechanical harvesting of trees can compact soils, which can adversely affect understory growth. single-species planting also causes trees to be more vulnerable when they are infected with a pathogen, attacked by insects, or affected by adverse environmental conditions.
363:
cultivar of banana represented almost all bananas consumed in the United States because of their taste, small seeds, and efficiency to produce. Their small seeds, while more appealing than the large ones in other Asian cultivars, were not suitable for planting. This meant that all new banana plants
294:
Lawn monoculture in the United States was historically influenced by
English gardens and manor-house landscapes, but its inception into the American landscape is fairly recent. Aesthetics drove the evolution of the residential green areas, with turfgrass becoming a popular addition to many American
298:
Like agriculture, the high levels of maintenance required for turfgrass created a growing demand for chemical management, i.e. pesticides, herbicides, insecticides. A 1999 study showed that in a sample of urban streams, at least one type of pesticide was found in 99% of the streams. One major risk
237:
In crop monocultures, each plant in a field has the same standardized planting, maintenance, and harvesting requirements resulting in greater yields and lower costs. When a crop is matched to its well-managed environment, a monoculture can produce higher yields than a polyculture. Modern practices
461:
for disease and pest resistance, there is a much lower chance of having those pests or diseases spread throughout the area. This is because if one crop becomes infected with a particular strain of disease or species of pest, there is a chance that the other plants around it will have genes that
311:
across a larger regional area, such that there are numerous plants in the area with an identical genetic makeup to each other. When all plants in a region are genetically similar, a disease to which they have no resistance can destroy entire populations of crops. As of 2009 the
750:
Cardinale, Bradley J.; Matulich, Kristin L.; Hooper, David U.; Byrnes, Jarrett E.; Duffy, Emmett; Gamfeldt, Lars; Balvanera, Patricia; OâConnor, Mary I.; Gonzalez, Andrew (1 March 2011). "The functional role of producer diversity in ecosystems".
72:
are monocultures. Monoculture of crops has allowed farmers to increase efficiency in planting, managing, and harvesting, mainly by facilitating the use of machinery in these operations, but monocultures can also increase the risk of
885:
Tayyab, Muhammad; Yang, Ziqi; Zhang, Caifang; Islam, Waqar; Lin, Wenxiong; Zhang, Hua (26 April 2021). "Sugarcane monoculture drives microbial community composition, activity and abundance of agricultural-related microorganisms".
888:
473:
is an analogous concept; however, it is entirely possible for a monofunctional land bloc to have its function produced by multiple species and so does not suffer from all the same downsides. When
299:
associated with pesticides on lawns include exposure of chemicals into the home through the air, clothing, and furniture which can be more detrimental to children than to the average adult.
1111:
382:, a cultivar grown in a similar way. This cultivar is under similar disease stress since all the bananas are clones of each other and could easily succumb as the Gros Michel did.
421:
rely on just a small number of highly specialized breeds. Focusing heavily on a single trait (output) may come at the expense of other desirable traits – such as
947:
Correa-GarcĂa, Esteban (Summer 2018). "Territorial transformations produced by the sugarcane agroindustry in the ethnic communities of LĂłpez
Adentro and El Tiple, Colombia".
686:
the idiosyncratic nature of what an urban main street can offer local residents stands in sharp contrast to the predictable monoculture of contemporary retail development.
351:
arrived in
Ireland from the Americas in 1845, the lumper had no resistance to the disease, leading to the nearly complete failure of the potato crop across Ireland.
320:
crops in Uganda and Kenya, and having started to spread in Asia as well. Given the very genetically similar strains of much of the world's wheat crops following the
1160:
663:
378:, a fungal disease that spread quickly throughout the Caribbean where they were being grown. By the beginning of the 1960s, growers had to switch to growing the
2418:
986:"Soil Sickness in Aged Tea Plantation Is Associated With a Shift in Microbial Communities as a Result of Plant Polyphenol Accumulation in the Tea Gardens"
470:
984:
Arafat, Yasir; Ud Din, Israr; Tayyab, Muhammad; Jiang, Yuhang; Chen, Ting; Cai, Zhaoying; Zhao, Hanyu; Lin, Xiangmin; Lin, Wenxiong; Lin, Sheng (2020).
3098:
1515:
462:
protect them from that strain or species. This can help increase crop productivity while simultaneously lowering pesticide usage and risk of exposure.
1045:
Arafat, Yasir; Tayyab, Muhammad; Khan, Muhammad Umar; Chen, Ting; Amjad, Hira; Awais, Saadia; Lin, Xiangmin; Lin, Wenxiong; Lin, Sheng (August 2019).
1549:
Hajjar, Reem; Jarvis, Devra I.; Gemmill-Herren, Barbara (February 2008). "The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services".
3490:
2524:
2330:
1985:
1948:
1298:
1654:
457:
by introducing organisms with varying genes can divert them and make the system more sustainable. For example, by having crops with varying
307:
While often referring to the production of the same crop species in a field (space), monoculture can also refer to the planting of a single
1681:
1242:
592:"Permaculture to monoculture in shifting cultivation landscape of Mizoram, Northeast India: Are agrobiodiversity and happiness waning?"
107:
The term "oligoculture" has been used to describe a crop rotation of just a few crops, as practiced in several regions of the world.
81:
outbreaks. This practice is particularly common in industrialized nations worldwide. Diversity can be added both in time, as with a
3287:
2411:
2298:
2242:
1551:
1208:
122:
In an agricultural context, the term describes the practice of planting one species in a field. Examples of monoculture include
395:
100:, where farmers raise the same species year after year, can lead to the quicker buildup and spread of pests and diseases in a
1623:
1282:
829:
713:
411:
390:
1156:"Adaptation of the Western Corn Rootworm to Crop Rotation: Evolution of a New Strain in Response to a Management Practice"
2404:
2200:
591:
2230:
1645:
263:
3512:
2772:
2385:
1523:
1395:
679:
632:
1674:
550:
699:
2278:
2263:
2258:
2035:
2325:
2320:
2268:
2015:
20:
372:
form of planting, all bananas grown had identical genetic makeups which gave them no traits for resistance to
3478:
2000:
1711:
515:
442:
28:
1527:
2799:
2497:
2020:
1995:
847:
453:
While having little to no variety in the genetics of an agricultural system can have drawbacks, increasing
3318:
2005:
1667:
671:
570:
3517:
2809:
2482:
2462:
2045:
1980:
1807:
1607:
1047:"Long-Term Monoculture Negatively Regulates Fungal Community Composition and Abundance of Tea Orchards"
990:
753:
705:
624:
3338:
3292:
3142:
1782:
545:
2732:
2589:
2293:
1879:
1792:
1777:
1732:
520:
101:
3376:
3152:
3054:
3049:
2767:
2644:
2220:
1943:
1938:
1829:
1797:
3277:
3214:
3162:
3125:
3120:
2594:
2288:
2273:
2215:
2210:
1965:
1896:
1889:
1706:
1701:
540:
437:
were observed to grow poorly and died in the first 6 months of life. They were all found to be
347:
342:
338:
221:
is not the same as between monocropping and intercropping. The first two describe diversity in
815:
3466:
3224:
2941:
2559:
2554:
2447:
2104:
1884:
1154:
Levine, Eli; Spencer, Joseph L.; Isard, Scott A.; Onstad, David W.; Gray, Michael E. (2002).
729:
130:
Diversity of crops in space and time; monocultures and polycultures, and rotations of both.
3328:
3269:
2762:
2713:
2574:
2549:
2529:
2349:
2185:
1975:
1834:
1787:
1560:
1352:
1217:
1120:
897:
369:
1655:
Modern
Agriculture: Ecological impacts and the possibilities for truly sustainable farming
8:
3247:
3110:
2666:
2534:
2519:
2467:
2457:
2373:
1802:
659:
Small
Business and the City: The Transformative Potential of Small Scale Entrepreneurship
267:
1564:
1356:
1221:
1124:
901:
341:
of 1845â1849. Lumpers provided inexpensive food to feed the Irish masses. Potatoes were
3449:
3323:
3237:
3202:
3088:
2981:
2961:
2361:
2283:
2109:
2025:
1491:
1456:
1376:
1343:
1292:
1051:
1022:
985:
966:
929:
864:
796:
525:
360:
259:
1338:
110:
The concept of monoculture can also extend to (for example) discussions of variety in
3371:
3232:
3197:
3192:
3059:
2901:
2686:
2634:
2356:
1953:
1926:
1874:
1844:
1619:
1576:
1496:
1478:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1278:
1179:
1136:
1027:
1009:
962:
933:
921:
913:
868:
825:
788:
780:
709:
675:
628:
474:
454:
57:
2725:
970:
800:
3454:
3428:
3182:
2946:
2671:
2619:
2472:
2190:
2148:
2040:
1931:
1839:
1824:
1611:
1568:
1486:
1470:
1461:
1360:
1225:
1169:
1128:
1094:
1089:
1081:
1060:
1017:
999:
958:
905:
860:
856:
821:
770:
762:
410:
The term is also used where a single breed of farm animal is raised in large-scale
379:
365:
321:
2869:
3433:
3418:
3413:
3105:
3011:
2991:
2891:
2879:
2864:
2844:
2839:
2703:
2654:
2629:
2609:
2165:
1901:
1649:
949:
657:
643:, relying mainly on only a few crops, particularly corn (maize), wheat, and rice.
618:
313:
111:
78:
61:
24:
2896:
1203:
258:, sugarcane, tea and pines, can lead to soil and environmental problems such as
225:, as does intercropping. Monocropping and crop rotation describe diversity over
3408:
3398:
3242:
3187:
3177:
2996:
2971:
2951:
2819:
2814:
2804:
2696:
2691:
2676:
2604:
2504:
2121:
1572:
1253:
909:
530:
500:
3132:
1615:
1132:
3506:
3403:
3381:
3157:
3066:
3016:
3001:
2936:
2931:
2916:
2886:
2849:
2829:
2789:
2784:
2754:
2720:
2659:
2639:
2624:
2584:
2492:
2396:
2315:
2180:
2138:
2084:
1906:
1727:
1580:
1482:
1372:
1312:
1183:
1140:
1013:
917:
784:
535:
505:
374:
337:
In
Ireland, exclusive use of one variety of potato, the "lumper", led to the
316:
fungus caused much concern internationally, having already severely affected
90:
82:
1642:
1065:
1046:
1004:
3348:
3167:
3147:
3115:
3044:
3031:
3006:
2986:
2956:
2681:
2649:
2427:
2235:
2094:
2069:
1911:
1869:
1814:
1772:
1500:
1400:
1204:"Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems"
1031:
925:
792:
555:
490:
478:
434:
324:, the impacts of such diseases threaten agricultural production worldwide.
283:
243:
97:
36:
775:
698:
Connor, David J.; Loomis, Robert S.; Cassman, Kenneth G. (28 April 2011).
620:
Darwinian
Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture
242:
have reduced the amount of additional land needed to produce food, called
3254:
3039:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2834:
2824:
2599:
2564:
2544:
2509:
2477:
2225:
2160:
2143:
2116:
2089:
2074:
1921:
1762:
1690:
1474:
1174:
1155:
845:
Leech, Garry (2009). "The Oil Palm
Industry: A Blight on Afro-Colombia".
560:
218:
86:
45:
766:
403:
2976:
2859:
2794:
2779:
2737:
2614:
2514:
1916:
1864:
1859:
1742:
1603:
438:
239:
730:"Ecological Theories, Meta-Analysis, and the Benefits of Monocultures"
3423:
3386:
3333:
3313:
3308:
2966:
2452:
2439:
2431:
2126:
1854:
1426:
1274:
565:
495:
430:
422:
418:
1516:"The Value of Genome Mapping for the Genetic Conservation of Cattle"
1082:"Large scale eucalypt plantations associated to increased fire risk"
3282:
3209:
3137:
2874:
2749:
2539:
1819:
1229:
458:
308:
279:
255:
74:
3391:
3353:
3343:
3219:
2854:
2744:
2175:
2131:
2099:
1594:
Mander, Ălo; Wiggering, Hubert; Helming, Katharina, eds. (2007).
1432:
817:
Living in the
Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions
701:
Crop Ecology: Productivity and Management in Agricultural Systems
667:
65:
3083:
3076:
3071:
2487:
2153:
2079:
1747:
1737:
1599:
1405:
510:
1659:
1455:
Schwarzacher, Trude; Heslop-Harrison, J. S. (1 October 2007).
3172:
2170:
1317:
813:
749:
399:
317:
426:
327:
56:
species in a field at a time. Monoculture is widely used in
3093:
2708:
2061:
1849:
1519:
1454:
123:
69:
53:
1548:
590:
Pandey, D.K; Adhiguru, P; De, H K; Hazarikaa, B N (2021).
3021:
589:
1153:
656:
Gomez, Rafael; Isakov, Andre; Semansky, Matthew (2015).
238:
such as monoculture planting and the use of synthesized
983:
1593:
814:
G. Tyler Miller; Scott Spoolman (24 September 2008).
1044:
884:
1457:"Domestication, Genomics and the Future for Banana"
1396:"'Stem rust' fungus threatens global wheat harvest"
880:
878:
697:
655:
217:Note that the distinction between monoculture and
1587:
807:
126:, fields of wheat or corn, or an apple orchard.
3504:
1109:Bullock, D. G. (January 1992). "Crop rotation".
875:
448:
1339:"The Lawn-Chemical Economy and Its Discontents"
2426:
1259:
441:for a mutation in the gene that caused bovine
2412:
1675:
1337:Robbins, Paul; Sharp, Julie (November 2003).
946:
3288:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1336:
889:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
254:Monocultures of perennials, such as African
2419:
2405:
1682:
1668:
1297:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1265:
345:with little to no genetic variation. When
332:
289:
1552:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
1490:
1173:
1093:
1064:
1021:
1003:
774:
328:Historic examples of genetic monocultures
1513:
1209:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1197:
1195:
1193:
389:
198:intermingled in a field (intercropping)
35:
1108:
616:
599:Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge
302:
68:cornfield and a 10-ha field of organic
27:. For the popular culture concept, see
16:Farms producing only one crop at a time
3505:
412:concentrated animal feeding operations
368:of another plant. As a result of this
2400:
1663:
1526:of the United Nations. Archived from
1431:The banana knowledge platform of the
1393:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1201:
1190:
844:
639:Regionally and globally, we practice
433:instincts. In the early 1990s, a few
134:
3473:
2368:
465:
168:Monoculture, one species in a field
23:. For the sociological concept, see
3485:
2380:
1079:
13:
2231:Environmental impact of irrigation
1514:Williams, J.L. (22 October 2015).
1325:
1266:Richardson, David M., ed. (2000).
1112:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
14:
3529:
1636:
1524:Food and Agriculture Organization
196:Polyculture, two or more species
85:or sequence, or in space, with a
3484:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3448:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2344:
2343:
1365:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00366.x
963:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.026
551:Neglected and underutilized crop
2299:Agriculture and the environment
2036:British Agricultural Revolution
1689:
1542:
1507:
1448:
1419:
1387:
1305:
1247:
1236:
1147:
1102:
1073:
1038:
977:
940:
52:is the practice of growing one
19:For the computing concept, see
2243:Climate change and agriculture
2016:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
1095:10.7287/peerj.preprints.3348v1
861:10.1080/10714839.2009.11725459
838:
743:
722:
691:
648:
609:
583:
477:first came to agriculture and
117:
21:Monoculture (computer science)
1:
1394:Vidal, John (19 March 2009).
627:(published 2016). p. 3.
576:
516:Genetically modified organism
449:Benefits of genetic diversity
443:leukocyte adhesion deficiency
364:had to be grown from the cut
29:Monoculture (popular culture)
2021:Arab Agricultural Revolution
1268:Ecology and biogeography of
848:NACLA Report on the Americas
419:livestock production systems
398:prepared for monoculture or
7:
3319:Index of pesticide articles
1610:. pp. 93â104/xii+422.
672:University of Toronto Press
484:
273:
232:
182:(rotation of monocultures)
96:Continuous monoculture, or
10:
3534:
2463:Climate-friendly gardening
1981:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
1573:10.1016/j.agee.2007.08.003
991:Frontiers in Plant Science
910:10.1007/s11356-021-14033-y
754:American Journal of Botany
706:Cambridge University Press
625:Princeton University Press
354:
18:
3442:
3364:
3339:Plant disease forecasting
3301:
3293:Vegan organic agriculture
3268:
3143:Genetically modified tree
3030:
2573:
2438:
2340:
2331:Universities and colleges
2307:
2251:
2199:
2060:
1964:
1949:Universities and colleges
1761:
1754:
1720:
1697:
1616:10.1007/978-3-540-36763-5
1133:10.1080/07352689209382349
617:Denison, R. Ford (2012).
425:, resistance to disease,
385:
211:Sequence of polycultures
208:Rotation of polycultures
186:Sequence of monocultures
157:
144:
141:
136:
40:Monocultural potato field
3513:Agricultural terminology
2316:Agriculturist profession
1793:Agricultural engineering
1778:Agricultural cooperative
1596:Multifunctional Land Use
521:Great French Wine Blight
249:
2221:Agricultural wastewater
1944:Sustainable food system
1939:Sustainable agriculture
1830:Animal-free agriculture
1798:Agricultural technology
1643:Monoculture and disease
1066:10.3390/agronomy9080466
1005:10.3389/fpls.2020.00601
343:propagated vegetatively
333:Great Famine of Ireland
290:Residential monoculture
3278:Biodynamic agriculture
3215:Postharvest physiology
3163:Landscape architecture
2860:Indonesian home garden
2321:Agricultural machinery
2279:History of agriculture
2264:Agriculture by country
2259:Agricultural machinery
2216:Agricultural pollution
2211:Agricultural expansion
1986:Austronesian expansion
1897:Mechanised agriculture
546:Kil'ayim (prohibition)
541:Intensive crop farming
407:
402:, near Porto Velho in
348:Phytophthora infestans
41:
2525:Historic conservation
2326:Government ministries
2269:Agriculture companies
2105:Convertible husbandry
1783:Agricultural supplies
1733:Agricultural Engineer
1202:Duffy, J. E. (2009).
1161:American Entomologist
664:Rotman-UTP Publishing
393:
359:Until the 1950s, the
153:Dynamic (non-cyclic)
39:
3455:Gardening portal
3354:Aquamog weed remover
3329:List of insecticides
1976:Neolithic Revolution
1835:Cellular agriculture
1788:Agricultural science
1648:12 June 2010 at the
1277:, U.K. p. 371.
1243:Monoculture Forestry
303:Genetic monocultures
1565:2008AgEE..123..261H
1357:2003Antip..35..955R
1222:2009FrEE....7..437D
1125:1992CRvPS..11..309B
902:2021ESPR...2848080T
896:(35): 48080â48096.
767:10.3732/ajb.1000364
526:Gros Michel bananas
268:soil-borne diseases
131:
93:(see table below).
3324:List of fungicides
3089:Companion planting
2110:Rotational grazing
2026:Columbian exchange
1475:10.1093/aob/mcm191
1175:10.1093/ae/48.2.94
674:. pp. 15â16.
408:
260:soil acidification
159:Diversity in space
137:Diversity in time
129:
42:
3518:Intensive farming
3500:
3499:
3372:Community orchard
3198:drought tolerance
2394:
2393:
1954:Urban agriculture
1927:Rice-duck farming
1875:Intensive farming
1845:Extensive farming
1625:978-3-540-36763-5
1284:978-0-521-78910-3
1080:Cordero, Adolfo.
831:978-0-495-55671-8
715:978-1-139-50032-6
475:industrialisation
471:Monofunctionality
466:Monofunctionality
455:genetic diversity
406:, Brazil, in 2020
215:
214:
58:intensive farming
3525:
3488:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3429:Plant collecting
3365:Related articles
3302:Plant protection
2483:French intensive
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2347:
2346:
2191:Wildlife farming
2041:Green Revolution
1992:Ancient history
1932:Rice-fish system
1840:Contract farming
1825:Animal husbandry
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1469:(5): 1073â1084.
1462:Annals of Botany
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1007:
981:
975:
974:
944:
938:
937:
882:
873:
872:
842:
836:
835:
822:Cengage Learning
811:
805:
804:
778:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
726:
720:
719:
695:
689:
688:
652:
646:
645:
613:
607:
606:
596:
587:
417:Many of today's
380:Cavendish banana
322:Green Revolution
132:
128:
112:urban landscapes
102:susceptible crop
3533:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3447:
3438:
3434:Turf management
3419:Lists of plants
3414:List of gardens
3360:
3297:
3264:
3026:
2576:
2569:
2434:
2425:
2395:
2390:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2303:
2294:Poultry farming
2247:
2202:
2195:
2166:Poultry farming
2056:
2032:Modern history
2012:Post-classical
1960:
1959:
1958:
1902:Organic farming
1757:
1756:
1752:
1716:
1693:
1688:
1650:Wayback Machine
1639:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1592:
1588:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1530:on 6 March 2016
1512:
1508:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1335:
1326:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1200:
1191:
1152:
1148:
1107:
1103:
1086:PeerJ Preprints
1078:
1074:
1043:
1039:
982:
978:
950:Land Use Policy
945:
941:
883:
876:
843:
839:
832:
824:. p. 279.
812:
808:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
727:
723:
716:
696:
692:
682:
653:
649:
635:
614:
610:
594:
588:
584:
579:
487:
468:
451:
435:Holstein calves
400:cattle ranching
396:deforested area
394:Aerial view of
388:
357:
335:
330:
314:wheat leaf rust
305:
292:
276:
252:
235:
120:
64:: both a 1,000-
62:organic farming
32:
25:Monoculturalism
17:
12:
11:
5:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3409:Garden tourism
3406:
3401:
3399:Groundskeeping
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:free-flowering
3185:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:Groundskeeping
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:computer-aided
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2122:Insect farming
2119:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
2001:Ancient Greece
1998:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1638:
1637:External links
1635:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1586:
1559:(4): 261â270.
1541:
1506:
1447:
1418:
1386:
1351:(5): 955â979.
1324:
1304:
1283:
1258:
1246:
1235:
1230:10.1890/070195
1216:(8): 437â444.
1189:
1146:
1119:(4): 309â326.
1101:
1072:
1037:
976:
939:
874:
837:
830:
806:
776:2027.42/141994
761:(3): 572â592.
742:
721:
714:
690:
680:
647:
633:
608:
581:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
531:Heirloom plant
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
501:Crop diversity
498:
493:
486:
483:
467:
464:
459:genetic traits
450:
447:
387:
384:
356:
353:
334:
331:
329:
326:
304:
301:
291:
288:
275:
272:
251:
248:
234:
231:
213:
212:
209:
206:
200:
194:
188:
187:
184:
180:Crop rotation
178:
169:
166:
161:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
119:
116:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3530:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3493:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3404:Garden centre
3402:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:Floral design
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:reforestation
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:Intercropping
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3099:most valuable
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:Arboriculture
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:Garden square
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Ancient Egypt
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2493:Garden design
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2289:Meat industry
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Biotechnology
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2201:Environmental
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Sheep farming
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Dairy farming
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2062:Farming Types
2059:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:Ancient Egypt
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1907:Paludiculture
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:Biotechnology
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1728:Agriculturist
1726:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:"Gros Michel"
1422:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1168:(2): 94â107.
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
980:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
943:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
881:
879:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
841:
833:
827:
823:
819:
818:
810:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
746:
731:
725:
717:
711:
707:
703:
702:
694:
687:
683:
681:9781442696518
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
654:For example:
651:
644:
642:
636:
634:9780691173764
630:
626:
623:. Princeton:
622:
621:
612:
605:(2): 479â485.
604:
600:
593:
586:
582:
572:
571:Three Sisters
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:Intercropping
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:Crop rotation
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
482:
480:
476:
472:
463:
460:
456:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
413:
405:
401:
397:
392:
383:
381:
377:
376:
375:Fusarium wilt
371:
367:
362:
352:
350:
349:
344:
340:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
300:
296:
287:
285:
281:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
247:
245:
241:
230:
228:
224:
220:
210:
207:
205:
201:
199:
195:
193:
190:
189:
185:
183:
179:
177:
176:monocropping
174:
173:monoculture,
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
156:
152:
149:
148:
140:
133:
127:
125:
115:
113:
108:
105:
103:
99:
94:
92:
91:intercropping
88:
84:
83:crop rotation
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3489:
3477:
3465:
3446:
3349:Weed control
3259:
3238:horticulture
3168:Olericulture
3148:Hydroculture
3138:Fruticulture
3116:Floriculture
3045:Permaculture
3032:Horticulture
2428:Horticulture
2384:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2236:Overdrafting
2095:Goat farming
2050:
2006:Ancient Rome
1912:Permaculture
1870:Horticulture
1815:Agroforestry
1773:Agribusiness
1595:
1589:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1509:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1401:The Guardian
1399:
1389:
1348:
1342:
1316:
1307:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1249:
1238:
1213:
1207:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1085:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1040:
995:
989:
979:
954:
948:
942:
893:
887:
855:(4): 30â34.
852:
846:
840:
816:
809:
758:
752:
745:
735:18 September
733:. Retrieved
724:
700:
693:
685:
658:
650:
641:oligoculture
640:
638:
619:
611:
602:
598:
585:
556:Permaculture
491:Biodiversity
479:silviculture
469:
452:
416:
409:
373:
358:
346:
339:Great Famine
336:
306:
297:
293:
284:clearcutting
277:
253:
244:land sparing
236:
226:
222:
216:
204:polyculture
203:
197:
191:
181:
175:
172:
163:
158:
121:
109:
106:
98:monocropping
95:
49:
43:
33:
3491:WikiProject
3260:Monoculture
3255:Viticulture
3233:agriculture
3193:propagation
3133:HĂźgelkultur
3055:sustainable
3040:Agriculture
2982:Therapeutic
2962:Shakespeare
2773:Renaissance
2565:Xeriscaping
2560:Sustainable
2555:Square foot
2545:Proplifting
2510:Garden tool
2478:Foodscaping
2386:Wikiproject
2226:Overgrazing
2161:Pig farming
2144:Paddy field
2117:Hydroponics
2090:Fur farming
2075:Aquaculture
2070:Agrivoltaic
2051:Monoculture
1972:Prehistory
1922:Polyculture
1743:Farm worker
1721:Occupations
1691:Agriculture
957:: 847â860.
561:Polyculture
361:Gros Michel
264:degradation
240:fertilizers
219:polyculture
202:Continuous
171:Continuous
118:Agriculture
87:polyculture
50:monoculture
46:agriculture
3507:Categories
3153:Indigenous
3050:stock-free
3022:Zoological
2902:Pollinator
2795:Greenhouse
2738:Sharawadgi
2726:Vietnamese
2687:East Asian
2595:Australian
2550:Raised bed
2515:Green wall
2252:Categories
1917:Plantation
1865:Free range
1860:Feed ratio
1604:Heidelberg
1534:22 October
1313:"Forestry"
1059:(8): 466.
577:References
439:homozygous
3424:Perennial
3387:Floristry
3334:Pesticide
3314:Herbicide
3309:Fungicide
3203:hardiness
2967:Shrubbery
2947:Sculpture
2768:landscape
2697:Cantonese
2672:Container
2667:Community
2635:Byzantine
2630:Butterfly
2620:Botanical
2520:Guerrilla
2468:Community
2458:Butterfly
2453:Arboretum
2448:Allotment
2440:Gardening
2432:gardening
2284:Livestock
2127:Livestock
1855:Farmhouse
1581:0167-8809
1483:0305-7364
1381:154002130
1373:0066-4812
1293:cite book
1275:Cambridge
1256:umich.edu
1184:2155-9902
1141:0735-2689
1014:1664-462X
934:233403664
918:0944-1344
869:157642907
785:0002-9122
615:Compare:
566:Seed bank
496:Cash crop
431:mothering
423:fertility
414:(CAFOs).
3467:Category
3377:Features
3283:Grafting
3243:forestry
3225:Tropical
3210:Pomology
3183:cuttings
3178:breeding
3012:Wildlife
2992:Tropical
2942:Scottish
2892:Pleasure
2880:Paradise
2875:Charbagh
2845:Monastic
2840:Medieval
2750:Floating
2704:Japanese
2655:Communal
2645:Colonial
2610:Biblical
2575:Types of
2540:Parterre
2350:Category
2176:Orchards
2149:Pastoral
1820:Agronomy
1646:Archived
1608:Springer
1501:17766312
1344:Antipode
1254:Forestry
1052:Agronomy
1032:32547573
971:51932235
926:33904129
801:10801536
793:21613148
485:See also
404:RondĂ´nia
309:cultivar
280:forestry
274:Forestry
256:palm oil
233:Benefits
75:diseases
3479:Commons
3392:Ikebana
3344:Pruning
3270:Organic
3220:Roguing
3106:Cutting
2997:Victory
2972:Spanish
2952:Sensory
2897:Prairie
2865:Persian
2855:Orchard
2820:Kitchen
2815:Keyhole
2810:Italian
2805:Islamic
2800:Hanging
2759:French
2745:Fernery
2733:English
2692:Chinese
2677:Cottage
2605:Baroque
2577:gardens
2530:History
2374:Commons
2186:Terrace
2132:Pasture
2100:Grazing
2046:Organic
1966:History
1880:animals
1803:Digital
1763:General
1707:History
1702:Outline
1561:Bibcode
1492:2759213
1435:network
1433:ProMusa
1353:Bibcode
1218:Bibcode
1121:Bibcode
1023:7270330
998:: 601.
898:Bibcode
668:Toronto
370:asexual
366:suckers
355:Bananas
150:Cyclic
145:Higher
66:hectare
60:and in
3229:Urban
3126:Taiwan
3121:Canada
3084:Botany
3077:Saikei
3072:Bonsai
3017:Winter
3002:Walled
2937:School
2932:Sacred
2887:Physic
2850:Mughal
2830:Market
2785:German
2763:formal
2755:Flower
2721:Korean
2640:Cactus
2625:Bottle
2585:Alpine
2535:Native
2488:Garden
2473:Forest
2362:Portal
2203:impact
2154:Bocage
2080:Cattle
1748:Herder
1738:Farmer
1622:
1600:Berlin
1579:
1522:: The
1499:
1489:
1481:
1440:8 June
1411:13 May
1406:London
1379:
1371:
1281:
1182:
1139:
1030:
1020:
1012:
969:
932:
924:
916:
867:
828:
799:
791:
783:
712:
678:
631:
511:Fallow
429:, and
386:Cattle
266:, and
192:Higher
3173:Plant
3111:Flora
3060:urban
3007:Water
2987:Trial
2957:Shade
2917:Roman
2790:Greek
2780:Front
2682:Dutch
2650:Color
2308:Lists
2171:Ranch
2139:Mixed
1890:crops
1712:Index
1377:S2CID
1318:USEPA
1270:Pinus
967:S2CID
930:S2CID
865:S2CID
797:S2CID
595:(PDF)
427:vigor
318:wheat
250:Risks
223:space
124:lawns
3094:Crop
2927:Rose
2922:Roof
2912:Rock
2907:Rain
2870:BÄgh
2835:Mary
2825:Knot
2709:Roji
2600:Back
2430:and
1885:pigs
1850:Farm
1620:ISBN
1577:ISSN
1536:2015
1520:Rome
1497:PMID
1479:ISSN
1442:2019
1413:2010
1369:ISSN
1299:link
1279:ISBN
1180:ISSN
1137:ISSN
1028:PMID
1010:ISSN
922:PMID
914:ISSN
826:ISBN
789:PMID
781:ISSN
737:2015
710:ISBN
676:ISBN
629:ISBN
227:time
142:Low
79:pest
70:kale
54:crop
2977:Tea
2714:Zen
2615:Bog
1612:doi
1569:doi
1557:123
1487:PMC
1471:doi
1467:100
1361:doi
1226:doi
1170:doi
1129:doi
1090:doi
1061:doi
1018:PMC
1000:doi
959:doi
906:doi
857:doi
771:hdl
763:doi
278:In
164:Low
89:or
77:or
44:In
3509::
1618:.
1606::
1602:,
1598:.
1575:.
1567:.
1555:.
1518:.
1495:.
1485:.
1477:.
1465:.
1459:.
1429:.
1404:.
1398:.
1375:.
1367:.
1359:.
1349:35
1347:.
1341:.
1327:^
1315:.
1295:}}
1291:{{
1273:.
1224:.
1212:.
1206:.
1192:^
1178:.
1166:48
1164:.
1158:.
1135:.
1127:.
1117:11
1115:.
1088:.
1084:.
1055:.
1049:.
1026:.
1016:.
1008:.
996:11
994:.
988:.
965:.
955:76
953:.
928:.
920:.
912:.
904:.
894:28
892:.
877:^
863:.
853:42
851:.
820:.
795:.
787:.
779:.
769:.
759:98
757:.
708:.
704:.
684:.
670::
666:.
662:.
637:.
603:20
601:.
597:.
262:,
246:.
229:.
114:.
104:.
48:,
2420:e
2413:t
2406:v
1683:e
1676:t
1669:v
1628:.
1614::
1583:.
1571::
1563::
1538:.
1503:.
1473::
1444:.
1415:.
1383:.
1363::
1355::
1321:.
1301:)
1287:.
1232:.
1228::
1220::
1214:7
1186:.
1172::
1143:.
1131::
1123::
1098:.
1092::
1069:.
1063::
1057:9
1034:.
1002::
973:.
961::
936:.
908::
900::
871:.
859::
834:.
803:.
773::
765::
739:.
718:.
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
