Palm oil - Knowledge

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European Union, and China, with the three consuming nearly 50% of world exports. Thailand's Department of Internal Trade (DIT) usually sets the price of crude palm oil and refined palm oil Thai farmers have a relatively low yield compared to those in Malaysia and Indonesia. Thai palm oil crops yield 4–17% oil compared to around 20% in competing countries. In addition, Indonesian and Malaysian oil palm plantations are 10 times the size of Thai plantations.

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of oil per hectare. By contrast other oils, such as sunflower, soybean, or peanut only produce 0.56, 0.39, and 0.16 metric tons respectively per hectare. Palm oil is the most sustainable vegetable oil in terms of yield, requiring one-ninth of land used by other vegetable oil crops. In the future, laboratory-grown microbes might achieve higher yields per unit of land at comparable prices.

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palm oil trade. Production of palm oil that complies with voluntary sustainability standards is growing at a faster rate than conventional production. Standard-compliant production increased by 110% from 2008 to 2016, while conventional production increased by 2%. The production of vegetable oils as a whole went up 125% between 2000 and 2020, driven by a sharp increase in palm oil.

850:, initiated the large-scale development of such plantations, especially in Tanintharyi, the southernmost region of Myanmar. As of 2019, over 401,814 ha of palm oil concessions have been awarded to 44 companies. 60% of the awarded concessions consist of forests and native vegetation, and some concessions overlap with national parks, including 554:, the Indonesian government banned exports of palm oil. This combined with a reduced harvest in Malaysia greatly increased global prices, while reducing availability causing ripple effects in the global supply chain. On 23 May 2022, the Indonesian government reopened trading hoping to balance supplies. 1343:

Palm oil is a food staple in many cuisines, contributing significant calories as well as fat. Globally, humans consumed an average of 7.7 kg (17 lb) of palm oil per person in 2015. Although the relationship of palm oil consumption to disease risk has been previously assessed, the quality of

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concluded that NDPE (No Deforestation, No Peat, No Exploitation) policies cover 83% of palm oil refineries. NDPE policies are according to the Chain Reaction Research the most effective private mechanism to cut the direct link with deforestation, due to the economic leverage refineries have over palm

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species, which may become an important contributor to the agriculture of the region. Although Ghana has multiple palm species, ranging from local palm nuts to other species locally called agric, it was only marketed locally and to neighboring countries. Production is now expanding as major investment

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had a production project underway initiated by Herakles Farms in the United States. However, the project was halted under the pressure of civil society organizations in Cameroon. Before the project was halted, Herakles left the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil early in negotiations. The project has

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Palm oil is pervasively used in personal care and cleaning products, and it provides the foaming agent in nearly every soap, shampoo, or detergent. Around 70% of personal care products including soap, shampoo, makeup, and lotion, contain ingredients derived from palm oil. However, there are more than

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specifically assessing palm oil effects has been generally poor. Consequently, research has focused on the deleterious effects of palm oil and palmitic acid consumption as sources of saturated fat content in edible oils, leading to conclusions that palm oil and saturated fats should be replaced with

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The organic waste matter that is produced when processing oil palm, including oil palm shells and oil palm fruit bunches, can also be used to produce energy. This waste material can be converted into pellets that can be used as a biofuel. Additionally, palm oil that has been used to fry foods can be

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Significant amounts of palm oil exports to Europe are converted to biodiesel (as of early 2018: Indonesia: 40%, Malaysia 30%). In 2014, almost half of all the palm oil in Europe was burned as car and truck fuel. As of 2018, one-half of Europe's palm oil imports were used for biodiesel. Use of palm

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in the EU is no longer allowed to use the generic terms "vegetable fat" or "vegetable oil" in the ingredients list. Food producers are required to list the specific type of vegetable fat used, including palm oil. Vegetable oils and fats can be grouped together in the ingredients list under the term

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came in second with 37 million tonnes (23%). About 38% of the oils and fats produced in the world were shipped across oceans. Of the 60 million tonnes of oils and fats exported around the world, palm oil and palm kernel oil made up close to 60%; Malaysia, with 45% of the market share, dominated the

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techniques are still used to create new plantations across palm oil producing countries. From January to September 2019, 857,000 hectares of land was burned in Indonesia; peatlands accounted for more than a quarter of the burned area. The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction

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both provide usable oil. Palm oil has garnered criticism from environmentalists due to the environmental importance of where it is grown. However, it is indisputably more efficient in comparison to other oil-producing plants. In 2016, it was found that palm oil farms produce around 4.17 metric tons

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is the world's third largest producer of crude palm oil, producing approximately 2 million metric tons (2.2 million short tons) per year, or 1.2% of global output. Nearly all of Thai production is consumed locally. Almost 85% of palm plantations and extraction mills are in south Thailand.

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In 2012, the country produced 18.8 million metric tons (20.7 million short tons) of crude palm oil on roughly 5,000,000 hectares (19,000 sq mi) of land. Though Indonesia produces more palm oil, Malaysia is the world's largest exporter of palm oil having exported 18 million

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as a region accounts for 52.5 million metric tons (57.9 million short tons) of palm oil production, about 85% of the world total and more than 90% of global exports. Indonesia accounts for 52% of world exports. Malaysian exports total 38%. The biggest consumers of palm oil are India, the

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is the world's largest producer of palm oil, surpassing Malaysia in 2006, producing more than 20.9 million metric tons (23.0 million short tons), a number that has since risen to over 34.5 million metric tons (38.0 million short tons) (2016 output). Indonesia expects to double

59:, so they are frequently favored by food manufacturers. Globally, humans consumed an average of 7.7 kg (17 lb) of palm oil per person in 2015. Demand has also increased for other uses, such as cosmetics and biofuels, encouraging the growth of palm oil plantations in tropical countries. 1047:

Other concerns when it comes to indigenous communities being impacted include lack of government oversight on palm oil plantations, political corruption, or the lacking of enforcement on laws meant to protect indigenous lands. In countries such as Guatemala, palm oil plantations have significant

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There are pressures for increased oil palm production from Indonesian palm-based biodiesel programs. The biodiesel currently contains a 30:70 palm oil to conventional diesel ratio (known as B30) at the gas pumps. The Indonesian government is aiming to produce 100% palm oil biodiesel (or B100) to

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After the meeting in 2009, a number of environmental organisations were critical of the scope of the agreements reached. Palm oil growers who produce CSPO have been critical of the organization because, though they have met RSPO standards and assumed the costs associated with certification, the

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The palm oil industry has a history of violating labor-related human rights, indigenous territorial right and environmental rights of communities in the contexts where the industry is prominent. Child labor violations are common in smallholder farming in many of the post-colonial contexts (such

809:'s domestic production of edible oils covers about a third of its annual demand, estimated at 380,000 metric tons (420,000 short tons). The rest is imported at a cost of around US$ 140 million a year, making edible oil the country's second most important import after petroleum. Since 1993 a new 1318:

51,999,404 metric tonnes of palm oil produced in 2016 was RSPO certified. Products containing Certified Sustainable Palm Oil (CSPO) can carry the RSPO trademark. Members of the RSPO include palm oil producers, environmental groups, and manufacturers who use palm oil in their products. In 2014,

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The result of milling or cold-pressing is a mixture of water, crude palm oil, and fibers from the palm fruit. A minimum degree of processing is required to obtain the oil. The mixture is first passed through a filter to remove the solids, then separated by density to removed the water. Density

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called RBD (refined, bleached, and deodorized) palm oil, does not contain carotenoids. Many industrial food applications of palm oil use fractionated components of palm oil (often listed as "modified palm oil") whose saturation levels can reach 90%; these "modified" palm oils can become highly

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Reports of indigenous peoples and communities in Indonesia, indicate losing farmland and traditionally significant land due to palm oil industry expansion. In 2017, there were over 650 different land disputes between palm oil plantations and indigenous land owners. Indigenous communities also

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acknowledged that palm oil is much more efficient than other oils in terms of land and water usage; however, deforestation causes more biodiversity loss than switching to other oils. The biggest global producers of palm oil are Indonesia, who produced 60% of it in 2022, followed by Malaysia,

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in western Kenya. As well as alleviating the country's deficit of edible oils while providing an important cash crop, it is claimed to have environmental benefits in the region, because it does not compete against food crops or native vegetation and it provides stabilisation for the soil.

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and is semisolid at room temperature. Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of Africa, Southeast Asia and parts of Brazil. Its use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is widespread because of its lower cost and the high oxidative stability

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Aida, Melly; Tahar, Abdul Muthalib; Davey, Orima (2023), Perdana, Ryzal; Putrawan, Gede Eka; Saputra, Bayu; Septiawan, Trio Yuda (eds.), "Ecocide in the International Law: Integration Between Environmental Rights and International Crime and Its Implementation in Indonesia",

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and its fatty acid esters was set to 0.8 micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day (μg/kg bw/day) in 2016 and increased to 2 μg/kg bw/day in 2017, based on evidence linking this substance to organ damage in animal tests and on possible adverse effects on the

1153:(IUCN) concluded that palm oil is "here to stay" due to its higher productivity compared with many other vegetable oils. The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting 946:

Some social initiatives use palm oil cultivation as part of poverty alleviation strategies. Examples include the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation's hybrid oil palm project in Western Kenya, which improves incomes and diets of local populations, and Malaysia's

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Petri Jokinen (right), managing director of Neste Oil Singapore the €550m plant has an annual production capacity of 800,000 metric tons of NExBTL renewable diesel, which is distributed mainly in Europe palm oil, is imported from neighbouring Malaysia and

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Palm oil production is done in some parts of the world artisanally, and the locally produced oil is used for food, handicrafts and other products. This woman in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is showing the palm fruit above a pot for processing the

6295: 371:(FFA) generated by hydrolysis. One type of deodorizer works by distillating out the FFAs using a set of different temperatures. The FFA is collected as "palm fatty acid distillate" (PFAD). PFAD is itself a valuable product used in the manufacture of 2535:

Lidu, Seri Rahimah; Mohamed, Nurul‘Ain; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír; Varbanov, Petar Sabev; Yusup, Suzana (December 2016). "Evaluation of the energy saving opportunities for palm oil refining process: Sahabat Oil Products (SOP) in Lahad Datu, Malaysia".

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In 2022–2023, world production of palm oil was 78 million metric tons (86 million short tons). The annual production of palm oil is projected to reach 240 million metric tons (260 million short tons) by 2050. During the

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market demand for certified palm oil remains low. Even though deforestation has decreased in RSPO-certified oil palm plantations, peatlands continue to be drained and burned for the creation of new RSPO-certified palm plantations.

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While only 5% of the world's vegetable oil farmland is used for palm plantations, palm cultivation produces 38% of the world's total vegetable oil supply. In terms of oil yield, a palm plantation is 10 times more productive than

939:, social services and reduce poverty. However, in some cases, oil palm plantations have developed lands without consultation or compensation of the indigenous people inhabiting the land, resulting in social conflict. The use of 227:

content: palm mesocarp oil is 49% saturated, while palm kernel oil and coconut oil are 81% and 86% saturated fats, respectively. However, crude red palm oil that has been refined, neutralized, bleached and deodorized, a common

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passed a resolution that its members would reduce deforestation to net zero by 2020. They planned to do this through sustainable production of several commodities, including palm oil. As of 2023 that goal has not been met.

928:. Regions with fast growing palm oil production have experienced significant violations of indigenous land rights, influxes of illegal immigrant labor and labor practices, and other alleged related human rights violations. 648:, Pakistan, the European Union and the United States are the primary importers of Malaysian palm oil products. In 2016, palm oil prices jumped to a four-year high days after Trump's election victory in the United States. 168:

By around 1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries, which often led to oppressive labor practices, as highlighted in the account of Abina Mansah's life. However, this was overtaken by

4509: 1020:, and unsafe carrying loads. These incidents may receive no response by the company or police, or are left unreported because victims fear retaliation from their abuser. Pesticides used by palm oil plantations include 1219:

trade journal, in 2008 global production of oils and fats stood at 160 million tonnes. Palm oil and palm kernel oil were jointly the largest contributor, accounting for 48 million tonnes, or 30% of the total output.

975:, palm oil was determined to be a sustainable source of both food and biofuel, and the production of palm oil biodiesel does not pose a threat to edible palm oil supplies. According to a 2009 study published in the 5769: 4602: 1157:. The IUCN advocates better practices in the palm oil industry, including the prevention of plantations from expanding into forested regions and creating a demand for certified and sustainable palm oil products. 702:

already hosts many palm plantations. Its 'Agricultural Revival Programme' has identified many thousands of hectares of land as suitable for new oil palm export plantations. In spite of the economic benefits,

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Atabani, A. E.; Silitonga, A. S.; Badruddin, I. A.; Mahlia, T. M. I.; Masjuki, H. H.; Mekhilef, S. (2012). "A comprehensive review on biodiesel as an alternative energy resource and its characteristics".

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was the third-largest producer, with approximately 2.3 million hectares (5.7 million acres) under cultivation. Both small- and large-scale producers participate in the industry. In much of the

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production by the end of 2030. By 2019, this number was 51.8 million metric tons (57.1 million short tons). At the end of 2010, 60% of the output was exported in the form of crude palm oil.

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transition out of using conventional diesel. The Indonesian government has estimated it would need to establish approximately 15 million hectares of oil palm plantations to meet these future demands.

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was formed in 2004 to promote the more sustainable and ethical production of palm oil. However, very little palm oil is certified through the organization, and some groups have criticized it as

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issued an amendment to its palm oil licensing conditions to include maximum limits of 1.25 ppm and 1 ppm, respectively, to the amount of 3-MCPDE and GE that can be found in processed palm oil.

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oil as biodiesel generates three times the carbon emissions as using fossil fuel, and, for example, "biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better."

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Red Palm oil being sold on the side of the road in plastic bottles in Ghana. Artisanal production of palm oil is common in Ghana, providing a key staple food stuff in most traditional cooking.

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considers palm oil (coming from the pulp) and palm kernels to be primary products. The oil extraction rate from a bunch varies from 17 to 27% for palm oil, and from 4 to 10% for palm kernels.

1830: 1375:. A 2019 meta-analysis found no association between total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake with risk of cardiovascular disease. 6620:"Simultaneous quantification of free fatty acids, free sterols, squalene, and acylglycerol molecular species in palm oil by high-temperature gas chromatography-flame ionization detection" 3641: 3672: 1626:, which give it a characteristic dark red color. However, palm oil that has been refined, bleached and deodorized from crude palm oil (called "RBD palm oil") does not contain carotenes. 3043:

six of the world's leading carbon-modeling schemes, including the E.P.A.'s, have concluded that biodiesel made from Indonesian palm oil makes the global carbon problem worse, not better

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Carlson, Kimberly M.; Heilmayr, Robert; Gibbs, Holly K.; Noojipady, Praveen; Burns, David N.; Morton, Douglas C.; Walker, Nathalie F.; Paoli, Gary D.; Kremen, Claire (2 January 2018).

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treatment can also act as a basic form of degumming, provided that the fruit is steamed before milling to hydrolyze the gum, at a cost of also losing some triglycerides to hydrolysis.

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For Indonesia, 40% of its palm oil exports to Europe are converted into biofuels. Europe is Malaysia's second-largest export market for palm oil, with 30% of it used for biodiesel.

2784: 685:(750,000 to 930,000 hectares; 1,900,000 to 2,300,000 acres) were planted in oil palms, employing 300,000 farmers, mostly on small landholdings of 20 rai (3.2 hectares; 7.9 acres). 4632: 3702: 3014:

According to a 2015 study carried out on behalf of the European Commission, the production and use of palm oil biodiesel causes three times the carbon emissions of fossil diesel.

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In 2014, nearly half of the palm oil used in Europe ended up in the gas tanks of cars and trucks, according to data compiled by the EU vegetable oil industry association Fediol

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journal, palm oil biodiesel might increase the demand for palm oil in the future, resulting in the expansion of palm oil production, and therefore an increased supply of food.

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In 1864, Caleb Johnson founded a soap company called B.J. Johnson Soap Co., in Milwaukee. In 1898, this company introduced a soap made of palm and olive oils called Palmolive.

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did not set a safe level for GE. According to the chair of the CONTAM (EFSA's expert Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain), "The exposure to GE of babies consuming solely

6162: 1238:"vegetable oils" or "vegetable fats" but this must be followed by the type of vegetable origin (e.g., palm, sunflower, or rapeseed) and the phrase "in varying proportions". 1048:

leverage within the local justice system, leading local police to disregard land claims, going as far as using force to break up protests, and even murdering local leaders.

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Oguntibeju, O.O; Esterhuyse, A.J.; Truter, E.J. (2009). "Red palm oil: nutritional, physiological and therapeutic roles in improving human wellbeing and quality of life".

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the fruit of the oil palm since the 1990s. This type of artisanal palm oil is usually not further refined, so they keep the natural red color. It is bottled for use as a

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Worker walking near the boundary of an oil mill in Malaysia. Palm oil production is important part of economies in many parts of rural Malaysia, but is also a source of

5540: 3397:"A Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment on Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) and Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas Linn.) as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production in Indonesia" 55:. Palm oil accounted for about 36% of global oils produced from oil crops in 2014. Palm oils are easier to stabilize and maintain quality of flavor and consistency in 5375: 5244: 4669: 4572: 4542: 4174: 4083: 2579:

Tong, Shi-Cheng; Tang, Teck-Kim; Lee, Yee-Ying (December 2021). "A Review on the Fundamentals of Palm Oil Fractionation: Processing Conditions and Seeding Agents".

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Humans used oil palms as far back as 5,000 years. In the late 1800s, archaeologists discovered a substance that they concluded was originally palm oil in a tomb at

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content. Red palm oil is a traditional cooking oil in West Africa. The free fatty acids within provide a "bite" to the flavor. The triglyceride part is around 50%

6296:"Quantitative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk of replacing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with other fats and oils" 2969: 814: 6592: 4060: 5137: 8445: 4824: 3215: 2059: 256:) of the refined product when used for frying. One source reported that humans consumed an average 17 pounds (7.7 kg) of palm oil per person in 2015. 4806: 3602: 1394:

is a particular concern as this is up to ten times what would be considered of low concern for public health". The EFSA's tolerable daily intake (TDI) of

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The final, refined oil is called "refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil" (RBD PO). RBD PO is the basic palm oil sold on the world's commodity markets.

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Che Man, YB; Liu, J.L.; Jamilah, B.; Rahman, R. Abdul (1999). "Quality changes of RBD palm olein, soybean oil and their blends during deep-fat frying".

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and 2-MCPD, are found especially in palm oils and palm fats because of their refining at high temperatures (approx. 200 °C (392 °F)). Since

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The RSPO was established following concerns raised by non-governmental organizations about environmental impacts resulting from palm oil production.

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Ecuador aims to help palm oil producers switch to sustainable methods and achieve RSPO certification under initiatives to develop greener industries.

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The use of palm oil in the production of biodiesel has led to concerns that the need for fuel is being placed ahead of the need for food, leading to

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Hidayat, Arif; Rochmadi; Wijaya, Karna; Nurdiawati, Annisa; Kurniawan, Winarto; Hinode, Hirofumi; Yoshikawa, Kunio; Budiman, Arief (1 August 2015).

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and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, leading to recommendations for reduced use or elimination of dietary palm oil in favor of consuming

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Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JH, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV (2017).

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forests (communal forests). Indigenous communities have made some ground when it comes to land disputes, either through protest or legal means.

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using the different melting points of its components. The part with a higher melting point, which crystalizes out as a solid earlier, is called

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Half of the EU's 6 billion euros ($ 7 billion) worth of palm oil imports are used for biodiesel, according to data from Copenhagen Economics.

4906: 4877: 3786: 3356:"Promoting landscape heterogeneity to improve the biodiversity benefits of certified palm oil production: Evidence from Peninsular Malaysia" 1245:

250,000 or imprisoned for up to five years. One convenience store was raided for selling "no palm oil" ice cream, with all products seized.

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The oil palm produces bunches containing many fruits with the fleshy mesocarp enclosing a kernel that is covered by a very hard shell. The

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Azhar, Badrul; Saadun, Norzanalia; Puan, Chong Leong; Kamarudin, Norizah; Aziz, Najjib; Nurhidayu, Siti; Fischer, Joern (1 January 2015).

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Previously, palm oil could be listed as "vegetable fat" or "vegetable oil" on food labels in the European Union (EU). From December 2014,

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converted into methyl esters for biodiesel. The used cooking oil is chemically treated to create a biodiesel similar to petroleum diesel.

7389: 4624: 3820:"African Case Study: Palm Oil and Economic Development in Nigeria and Ghana; Recommendations for the World Bank's 2010 Palm Oil Strategy" 2776: 881: 871: 74:

where palms are grown and has been cited as a factor in social problems due to allegations of human rights violations among growers. The

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caused by oil palm plantations is more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel and using the palms as

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data shows production increased by over 400% between 1994 and 2004, to over 8.7 million metric tons (9.6 million short tons).

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and residents of palm oil-producing communities. Palm oil production provides employment opportunities, and has been shown to improve

411:", is extensively used in food manufacture. It is valued for its low polyunsaturated fat content, which offers high stability against 189: 6681: 5215: 4762: 3912: 987: 5905: 1935:

Meijaard, Erik; Garcia-Ulloa, John; Sheil, Douglas; Wich, Serge A.; Carlson, K. M.; Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Brooks, Thomas M. (2018).

892:. For example, these processes have resulted in significant acreage losses of the natural habitat of the three surviving species of 6154: 4573:""Losing Ground" – report on indigenous communities and oil palm development from LifeMosaic, Sawit Watch and Friends of the Earth" 3949: 2909: 2890: 2828: 1651: 971: 551: 6087: 3460:. Clean, Efficient and Affordable Energy for a Sustainable Future: The 7th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE2015). 3186: 2940: 2754: 730:, most palm oil in Benin is still produced by women for domestic use. The FAO additionally states that peasants in Benin practice 489:. Palm oil biodiesel is often blended with other fuels to create palm oil biodiesel blends. Palm oil biodiesel meets the European 7482: 7446: 3146: 2376: 2002: 1663: 5950: 3856: 3082: 1909: 4677: 2728: 2172: 2077: 920:, the forest (F), is being replaced by oil palm plantations (G). These changes are irreversible for all practical purposes (H). 5344:, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, vol. 740, Paris: Atlantis Press SARL, pp. 572–584, 4355: 3694: 1326: 5735: 5517: 5359: 5046: 2664: 2352: 2188: 2155: 1946: 1700: 8455: 6397:"Dietary total fat, fatty acids intake, and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies" 5548: 5402:"Ecocides as a Serious Human Rights Violation: A Study on the Case of River Pollution by the Palm Oil Industry in Indonesia" 3970: 746:

been controversial due to opposition from villagers and the location of the project in a sensitive region for biodiversity.

711:, claim biofuels will compete with domestic food production in some existing prime agricultural sites. Other areas comprise 9171: 7394: 5219: 5161:"Land use change emissions from oil palm expansion in Pará, Brazil depend on proper policy enforcement on deforested lands" 4654: 4256:

Nomura, Keiko; Mitchard, Edward T. A.; Patenaude, Genevieve; Bastide, Joan; Oswald, Patrick; Nwe, Thazin (15 August 2019).

3454:"Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate with High Amount of Free Fatty Acids Using Coconut Shell Char Based Catalyst" 3403:. Conference and Exhibition Indonesia - New and Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation (The 3rd Indo EBTKE-ConEx 2014). 1750:. Agriculture handbook 8-4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. p. 4. 6461: 847: 5852: 5596: 5236: 4850: 2298: 1241:

In Malaysia, it is illegal to label products in ways that "discriminate against" palm oil. Offenders can be fined up to

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of the fat into alkanes and propane. The world's largest palm oil biodiesel plant is the €550 million Finnish-operated

75: 1036:(ECHA) classified glyphosate as causing serious eye damage but did not find evidence implicating it as a carcinogen). 8378: 8358: 7374: 4543:"Free, Prior and Informed Consent in the Palm Oil Sector – Sarawak: IOI-Pelita and the community of Long Teran Kanan" 2271: 2180: 1297: 437:

The highly saturated nature of palm oil renders it solid at room temperature in temperate regions, making it a cheap

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In addition to environmental concerns, palm oil development in regions that produce it has also led to significant

563: 547: 4052: 3545: 3315:"Characterization of methyl ester compound of biodiesel from industrial liquid waste of crude palm oil processing" 758:

reached 1.6 million metric tons (1.8 million short tons), representing some 8% of national agricultural

134:. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use as a cooking oil in Europe. 8450: 7420: 5504: 4197:"Ecuador to invest $ 1.2bn in palm oil sustainability & innovation: 'There is a tremendous opportunity here'" 2044: 969:

in developing nations. This is known as the food versus fuel debate. According to a 2008 report published in the

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Agrofuels in Africa: the impacts on land, food and forests: case studies from Benin, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia

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have encouraged consumers to limit the consumption of palm oil, palmitic acid and foods high in saturated fat.

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Indonesian migrant workers: with particular reference in the oil palm plantation industries in Sabah, Malaysia

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Siregar, Kiman; Tambunan, Armansyah H.; Irwanto, Abdul K.; Wirawan, Soni S.; Araki, Tetsuya (1 January 2015).

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Getz, Trevor and Liz Clarke (2011). Abina and the Important Men: A Graphic History. Oxford University Press.

4405: 1791: 1407:. According to the EFSA, there is not enough data to set a safe level for 2-MCPD. As of December 2022, the 1168:, and said that none was performing adequately in avoiding "conflict palm oil". Many of the companies told 632:

pledged to limit the expansion of palm oil plantations by retaining a minimum of half the nation's land as

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in Indonesia, much of which is caused by palm oil production has often been described by academics as an

830:(now Myanmar) in the 1920s. Beginning in the 1970s, smaller-scale palm oil plantations were developed in 723:

plants will be introduced into the region, jeopardizing the current premium paid for their non-GM crops.

158: 4807:""When We Lost the Forest, We Lost Everything": Oil Palm Plantations and Rights Violations in Indonesia" 4487: 4442: 8847: 8489: 8125: 7362: 7352: 7239: 6998: 5288: 3293: 2124: 2008: 1364:

indicated that palm oil is among foods supplying dietary saturated fat which increases blood levels of

1361: 1173: 1119: 1083:

However, palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including

665:, palm oil is commonoly referred to as "red oil" (or red gold) to distinguish it from the "black oil" ( 6244:"Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory from the American Heart Association" 2432:

Matthäus, Bertrand (2007). "Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high-stability oils".

8810: 8630: 8499: 8160: 6619: 5342:

Proceedings of the 3rd Universitas Lampung International Conference on Social Sciences (ULICoSS 2022)

2045:"British Colonial Policies and the Oil Palm Industry in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, 1900–1960" 1647: 1319:

Indonesia accounted for 40% of global palm oil production and 44% of the total RSPO-certified areas.

1161: 1057: 1033: 598: 6618:

Nang Lau, Harrison Lik; Puah, Chiew Wei; Choo, Yuen May; Ma, Ah Ngan; Chuah, Cheng Hock (May 2005).

5441:

Fargione, Joseph; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Polasky, Stephen; Hawthorne, Peter (7 February 2008).

2380: 1004:

violations in the production of palm oil in Indonesia and Malaysia, including exposure to hazardous

8949: 8635: 8243: 8208: 7325: 1408: 1088: 951:

and Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority, which both support rural development.

404:. It is also possible to fractionate at a different point of processing, even with crude palm oil. 280: 8585: 5376:"Ecocide: why establishing a new international crime would be a step towards interspecies justice" 3795: 1852:

Immerzeel, DESIRÉE J.; Verweij, PITA A.; van der Hilst, FLOOR; Faaij, ANDRÉ P. C. (5 April 2013).

734:. They harvest palm fruit from small farms and the palm oil is mostly used for local consumption. 8778: 8669: 8565: 8560: 5268:"Burning down the house: How Unilever and other global brands continue to fuel Indonesia's fires" 1643: 1639: 1365: 1180: 770:. In addition, palm oil and other crops provide a productive alternative for illegal crops, like 473:

200 different names for these palm oil ingredients and only 10% of them include the word "palm".

6811: 3755: 3108: 1962: 798:

funds are purchasing plantations, because Ghana is considered a major growth area for palm oil.

8555: 8550: 8430: 8418: 8097: 7803: 7468: 7142: 6969: 6846: 6346:

Sun, Ye; Neelakantan, Nithya; Wu, Yi; Lote-Oke, Rashmi; Pan, An; van Dam, Rob M (20 May 2015).

5313: 3830: 2702: 2254:

Gibon, Véronique (2012). "Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Oil Refining and Fractionation Technology".

1025: 993: 858:, which have seen deforestation and threaten conservation efforts for endemic species like the 759: 629: 505:, which opened in 2011 with a capacity of 800,000 tons per year and produces hydrodeoxygenated 347: 3724: 9063: 9049: 8720: 7727: 901: 827: 142: 56: 8657: 6756: 3313:

Maulidiyah; Nurdin, Muhammad; Fatma, Fetty; Natsir, Muh.; Wibowo, Dwiprayogo (1 June 2017).

3109:

Recovery and conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel

943:

in Malaysia has also raised concerns about working conditions within the palm oil industry.

137:

Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity by British traders for use as an industrial

8939: 8679: 8620: 8590: 8460: 8248: 7367: 7254: 7086: 6929: 6030: 5454: 5172: 5092: 4735: 4269: 4147: 3465: 3408: 2545: 2336: 2215:"Characteristics of red palm oil, a carotene- and vitamin E–rich refined oil for food uses" 1678: 1369: 1259: 1135: 720: 716: 6673: 5928: 5699: 5442: 4825:"Indigenous Papuans won their forest back from a palm oil firm, but still lack land title" 4377: 2087: 8: 9140: 8511: 8328: 8296: 8061: 8037: 7219: 7137: 7116: 6946: 6824: 6184:

Mancini, A; Imperlini, E; Nigro, E; Montagnese, C; Daniele, A; Orrù, S; Buono, P (2015).

5717: 4515:(Press release). Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. 5 November 2007. Archived from 3268: 1350: 940: 855: 727: 486: 357:

Bleaching removes color from the oil. This is achieved by adding a clay absorbent called

342: 337: 325: 321: 6186:"Biological and Nutritional Properties of Palm Oil and Palmitic Acid: Effects on Health" 6034: 6019:"Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia" 5458: 5176: 4739: 4698: 4273: 4151: 4008: 3941: 3469: 3412: 2549: 2340: 876:

Forests have been cleared in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia to make space for oil-palm

193:

An oil palm stem, weighing about 10 kg (22 lb), with some of its fruits picked

9091: 8610: 8605: 8435: 8398: 8353: 8306: 8213: 8203: 7214: 7179: 7159: 7154: 6988: 6981: 6962: 6788: 6729: 6704: 6655: 6565: 6540: 6431: 6396: 6328: 6273: 6212: 6185: 6061: 6018: 5478: 5185: 5160: 4810: 4298: 4257: 3861: 3434: 2682: 2635: 2596: 2561: 2512: 2418: 2263: 2236: 1891: 1718: 1450:

is also a major constituent of palm oil. Unrefined palm oil is a significant source of

1196: 932: 897: 831: 3277: 3143: 2022: 44: 9161: 9130: 8891: 8413: 8393: 8383: 8368: 8273: 8090: 7439: 7091: 6909: 6839: 6769: 6734: 6647: 6639: 6598: 6570: 6436: 6418: 6377: 6369: 6320: 6265: 6217: 6066: 6048: 5799: 5731: 5513: 5482: 5470: 5423: 5355: 5190: 5042: 4303: 4285: 4227: 4175:"Smallholder oil palm producers contributing to peace and sustainability in Colombia" 3527: 3483: 3438: 3426: 3377: 3336: 2914: 2867: 2807: 2670: 2660: 2656:

The art of fufu : a guide to the culture and flavors of a West African tradition

2615: 2600: 2565: 2504: 2278:

This super stearin contains ~90% of saturated fatty acids, predominantly palmitic ...

2267: 2184: 2151: 2012: 1942: 1883: 1751: 1706: 1696: 1345: 1292:(RSPO) was established in 2004 with the objective of promoting the growth and use of 1242: 1040:

expressed concern over the loss of natural resources, such as wild rubber, reed, and

889: 859: 415:

and allows it to replace hydrogenated fats in a variety of baked and fried products.

126: 6332: 5823:"Deforestation: Mobilising resources to help achieve zero net deforestation by 2020" 2639: 2516: 2240: 2194: 1895: 1745: 568: 9006: 8991: 8753: 8710: 8545: 8403: 8388: 8363: 8017: 7902: 7637: 7531: 6893: 6765: 6724: 6716: 6659: 6631: 6560: 6552: 6426: 6408: 6359: 6310: 6255: 6207: 6197: 6056: 6038: 5723: 5462: 5413: 5345: 5180: 4993: 4743: 4701:

Malaysian Palm oil: Surviving the food versus fuel dispute for a sustainable future

4699:

Man Kee Kam; Kok Tat Tan; Keat Teong Lee; Abdul Rahman Mohamed (9 September 2008).

4293: 4277: 4155: 3517: 3473: 3416: 3367: 3326: 3273: 3106: 2809:

Production of Biodiesel from Palm Oil and Performance Test with Diesel in CI Engine

2627: 2588: 2553: 2500: 2496: 2441: 2414: 2344: 2259: 2226: 1873: 1865: 1746:

Reeves, James B.; Weihrauch, John L; Consumer and Food Economics Institute (1979).

1165: 810: 611: 543: 181: 162: 6487: 6277: 5891: 5889: 5887: 4609:(Report). Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University. 11 December 2010. 4347: 2321: 9016: 8874: 8859: 8715: 8662: 8645: 8348: 8316: 8286: 8238: 8223: 8198: 7957: 7844: 7788: 7589: 7106: 7031: 6916: 6879: 6260: 6243: 5350: 4747: 4646: 4159: 3964: 3478: 3453: 3421: 3396: 3300: 3150: 1331: 925: 498: 368: 358: 317: 273: 202: 130:

has long been recognized in West and Central African countries, used widely as a

28: 20: 5208: 4510:"Palm oil cultivation for biofuel blocks return of displaced people in Colombia" 4133: 3372: 3355: 2999:"Does EU biofuel deal compromise the environment for trade with Southeast Asia?" 9176: 9077: 9001: 8996: 8929: 8837: 8825: 8790: 8748: 8696: 8691: 8615: 8533: 8425: 8268: 8258: 7977: 7962: 7829: 7249: 7111: 6886: 6705:"Improved Method for the Qualitative Analyses of Palm Oil Carotenes Using UPLC" 6202: 6098: 5944: 5942: 5884: 5650: 5506:

Oil palm and biodiversity. A situation analysis by the IUCN Oil Palm Task Force

4997: 4281: 4258:"Oil palm concessions in southern Myanmar consist mostly of unconverted forest" 3331: 3314: 2231: 2214: 1963:"Palm Oil Production by Country | World Agricultural Production 2023/2024" 1769: 1693:

Planet palm : how palm oil ended up in everything-and endangered the world

1615: 1404: 1391: 1234: 1192: 1104: 1100: 936: 494: 438: 376: 215: 150: 6720: 6635: 6556: 6413: 5795:"Malaysian authorities raid convenience store selling 'No Palm Oil' ice cream" 5604: 4081: 2674: 2557: 1936: 1854:"Biodiversity impacts of bioenergy crop production: a state-of-the-art review" 1710: 9155: 9105: 9086: 9011: 8971: 8924: 8763: 8735: 8600: 8538: 8477: 8472: 8281: 8233: 8071: 8022: 8012: 7932: 7907: 7871: 7798: 7783: 7379: 7305: 7270: 7204: 7169: 7164: 7096: 7058: 7048: 7043: 6953: 6773: 6643: 6422: 6373: 6052: 5978: 5976: 5427: 5194: 4382: 4289: 3487: 3430: 3381: 3340: 2871: 1887: 1635: 1619: 1555: 1507: 1491: 1443: 1372: 1357: 1139: 1084: 1032:, which has been involved in a US class-action lawsuit regarding cancer (the 960: 931:

The palm oil industry has had both positive and negative impacts on workers,

885: 843: 767: 530: 449: 446: 393: 313: 253: 248: 234: 224: 198: 118: 67: 40: 6315: 6043: 5939: 5466: 2466: 624:

is the world's second largest producer of palm oil. In 1992, in response to

400:. It consists of mostly saturated fats. The remaining liquid part is called 102: 9119: 8954: 8650: 8640: 8625: 8595: 8518: 8494: 8408: 8373: 8338: 8253: 8228: 8184: 8032: 7927: 7856: 7732: 7678: 7647: 7229: 7224: 7068: 7063: 6939: 6816: 6738: 6651: 6574: 6440: 6381: 6324: 6269: 6221: 6070: 5474: 4404:

Budidarsono, Suseno; Dewi, Sonya; Sofiyuddin, Muhammad; Rahmanulloh, Arif.

4307: 3603:"Malaysia Has Little Room for Expanding Palm-Oil Production, Minister Says" 3531: 2654: 2592: 2508: 2445: 1755: 1523: 1386:, the parent compound of GE, is considered genotoxic and carcinogenic, the 1305: 1169: 1154: 1017: 1001: 966: 633: 493:

standard for biodiesels. Hydrodeoxygenated biodiesel is produced by direct

397: 173:

in the 1880s with the introduction of colonial European cocoa plantations.

79: 6364: 6347: 5973: 5418: 5401: 3107:

Loh Soh Kheang; Choo Yuen May; Cheng Sit Food; Ma Ah Ngan (18 June 2006).

2814:

International Conference on Mechanical Industrial & Energy Engineering

1330:

Left, reddish palm oil made from the pulp of oil palm fruit. Right, clear

1115: 813:

variety of cold-tolerant, high-yielding oil palm has been promoted by the

464:. Palm oil is sometimes used as a minor ingredient in calf milk replacer. 8986: 8966: 8959: 8919: 8886: 8467: 8218: 8066: 8002: 7992: 7987: 7967: 7866: 7819: 7747: 7673: 7526: 7174: 7026: 7021: 6123: 6012: 6010: 1668: 1451: 1293: 1221: 1143: 1009: 877: 851: 839: 763: 731: 662: 284: 220: 210: 206: 131: 6541:"A review of characterization of tocotrienols from plant oils and foods" 3695:"MPOB expects CPO production to increase to 19 million tonnes this year" 2806:

Nahian, Md. Rafsan; Islam, Md. Nurul; Khan, Shaheen (26 December 2016).

2719: 1464:

The approximate concentration of esterified fatty acids in palm oil is:

606: 456:

dough and baked goods. Palm oil is used in West African cuisine such as

8981: 8976: 8702: 8323: 8027: 7972: 7937: 7912: 7897: 7851: 7752: 7548: 7460: 7244: 7149: 7101: 7053: 6590: 5628:"NDPE Policies Cover 83% of Palm Oil Refineries; Implementation at 78%" 4084:"Barometer on sustainable production and trade of palm oil in Colombia" 2631: 2348: 1878: 1869: 1673: 1539: 1447: 1431: 1425: 1131: 1029: 682: 640:

metric tons (20 million short tons) of palm oil products in 2011.

457: 408: 309: 288: 170: 6007: 5571:"Biggest food brands 'failing goals to banish palm oil deforestation'" 4541:

Colchester, Marcus; Jalong, Thomas; Meng Chuo, Wong (2 October 2012).

3028:"Supposed to Help Save the Planet. Instead It Unleashed a Catastrophe" 2967: 2703:"Calf milk replacer: Ingredients, formulation and benefits for calves" 2213:

Nagendran, B.; Unnithan, U. R.; Choo, Y. M.; Sundram, Kalyana (2000).

2148:

Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa

1773: 19:

For oil created from the palm kernel, rather than the palm fruit, see

8864: 8842: 8743: 8685: 8301: 8167: 8007: 7997: 7922: 7892: 7861: 7834: 7742: 7737: 7709: 7563: 7275: 7234: 7132: 5873: 5727: 5093:"The bird communities of oil palm and rubber plantations in Thailand" 4322:"Myanmar risks losing forests to oil palm, but there's time to pivot" 4112: 2082: 1853: 1455: 1096: 1068: 1005: 893: 835: 794: 666: 576: 502: 482: 461: 412: 292: 229: 138: 91: 7887: 4958:"Oil palms need one-ninth of land used by other vegetable oil crops" 3522: 3505: 1983: 1792:"Sustainable palm oil: how can food companies step up to the plate?" 1301: 1164:

surveyed eight global brands involved in palm oil extraction in the

481:

Palm oil is used to produce both methyl ester and hydrodeoxygenated

247:

Along with coconut oil, palm oil is one of the few highly saturated

51:. The oil is used in food manufacturing, in beauty products, and as 8944: 8914: 8909: 8869: 8805: 8725: 8113: 7982: 7949: 7917: 7824: 7775: 7683: 7613: 7598: 7558: 7287: 5013:"From algae to yeast: the quest to find an alternative to palm oil" 4878:"Guatemala's growing palm oil industry fuels Indigenous land fight" 1623: 1439: 1383: 1123: 1072: 1021: 755: 742: 677: 621: 615: 490: 353:

Crude PO can be refined to remove its non-triglyceride components.

154: 106: 6513: 4700: 4172: 2320:

Behrman, E. J.; Gopalan, Venkat (2005). William M. Scovell (ed.).

1851: 302:

The result of basic processing is called a "crude palm oil" or a "

32:

Palm oil block showing the lighter color that results from boiling

8934: 8830: 8800: 8795: 8783: 8773: 8758: 8311: 7699: 7664: 7516: 7508: 7209: 6678:

Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database, Release SR-21

5722:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023. 5541:"Snack food giants fall short on palm oil deforestation promises" 3634:"French firms urged to back away from 'no palm oil' label claims" 3216:"Indonesia bans palm oil exports as global food inflation spikes" 3155:

King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang Science Journal

2941:"New palm oil figures: Biodiesel use in EU fueling deforestation" 2907: 1309: 1176:

scorecard rated only 15 out of 173 companies as performing well.

1109: 1064: 657: 367:

The oil enters the deodorizer, which is responsible for removing

52: 9114: 4403: 3665:"Palm Oil Advances as Malaysia's Export Tax May Boost Shipments" 3241:"Indonesia Lifts Palm Oil Export Ban in Relief to Global Market" 8768: 8506: 8343: 8291: 8190: 7704: 7632: 7608: 7568: 7543: 6902: 6758:

Cruel Oil: How Palm Oil Harms Health, Rainforest & Wildlife

6183: 6155:"A New, Global Oil Quandary: Costly Fuel Means Costly Calories" 4982: 4136:"Oil palm plantations in Colombia: a model of future expansion" 3451: 3282:...such as Indonesia, the world's largest producer of palm oil. 1476:

Fatty acid content of palm oil (present as triglyceride esters)

1400: 1395: 1379: 917: 506: 453: 442: 272:

Palm oil is traditionally, and still industrially, produced by

71: 48: 6826:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

4976: 4255: 3756:"Malaysia: economic transformation advances oil palm industry" 3572:"P&G may build oleochemical plant to secure future supply" 2370:"Palm Oil Continues to Dominate Global Consumption in 2006/07" 2114:"The Cocoa Industry in West Africa: A History of Exploitation" 912: 509:

biodiesel from palm oil imported from Malaysia and Indonesia.

9100: 8820: 7623: 7575: 7553: 7521: 7282: 6016: 5406:

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning

4763:"Rape, abuses in palm oil fields linked to top beauty brands" 4134:

Carmenza Castiblanco; Andrés Etter; T. Mitchell Aide (2013).

4111:. Sustainable Trade Platform - Colombia. 2020. Archived from 3394: 1934: 1910:"Child labor in palm oil industry tied to Girl Scout cookies" 1435: 1280: 806: 790: 699: 686: 645: 641: 264: 6594:

Palm Oil: Production, Processing, Characterization, and Uses

5672: 3962: 2212: 1638:, which makes up 44% of palm oil, increases blood levels of 1266: 1211:

Palm oil is one of the most commonly produced vegetable oils

1195:(EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or 698:

Palm is native to the wetlands of western Africa, and south

602:

A palm oil mill located on a palm oil plantation in Malaysia

485:. Palm oil methyl ester is created through a process called 452:

in uses where solid fat is desirable, such as the making of

8879: 8854: 8528: 8082: 7652: 7642: 7603: 7585: 7538: 6831: 6488:"Revised safe intake for 3-MCPD in vegetable oils and food" 5625: 4907:"Why does palm oil still dominate the supermarket shelves?" 4082:

Inga Hilbert; María Goretti Esquivel; Joel Brounen (2019).

3312: 1304:, Switzerland, while the secretariat is currently based in 1076: 1013: 771: 712: 372: 219:). The differences are in color (raw palm kernel oil lacks 146: 6591:

Oi-Ming Lai; Chin-Ping Tan; Casimir C. Akoh, eds. (2015).

5237:"Camera catches bulldozer destroying Sumatra tiger forest" 4760: 4726:

Corley, R. H. V. (2009). "How much palm oil do we need?".

4441:

Norwana, Awang Ali Bema Dayang; Kunjappan, Rejani (2011).

3911:

Arunmas, Phusadee; Wipatayotin, Apinya (28 January 2018).

2486: 2001:

Kiple, Kenneth F.; Conee Ornelas, Kriemhild, eds. (2000).

1461:

The linoleic acid content of palm oil is about 6,4 - 15%.

1187:

Palm oil is one of seven commodities included in the 2023

7766: 7499: 7491: 5926: 5697: 5440: 4540: 4406:"Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Palm Oil Production" 3294:

Indonesia: Palm Oil Production Prospects Continue to Grow

2968:

Robert-Jan Bartunek; Alissa de Carbonnel (14 June 2018).

2910:"European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL" 2891:"European ban on palm oil in biofuels upsets Jakarta, KL" 2534: 1984:"Indonesia's biodiesel drive is leading to deforestation" 581: 197:

Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high

6345: 6241: 6097:(Report). 2003. pp. 82, 88 table 10. Archived from 6082: 6080: 5698:

Voora, V.; Larrea, C.; Bermudez, S.; Baliño, S. (2019).

3353: 3272:, vol. 307, no. 6, p. 10, December 2012, 2777:"Assessing the Engine Performance of Palm Oil Biodiesel" 2146:

Law, Robin; Schwarz, Suzanne; Strickrodt, Silke (2013).

529:

Although palm oil is applied to wounds for its supposed

66:. The palm oil industry is a significant contributor to 6395:

Zhu, Yongjian; Bo, Yacong; Liu, Yanhua (6 April 2019).

4173:

David Calderón; Carlos Alberto Pérez (1 January 2019).

2908:

Wahyudi Soeriaatmadja; Trinna Leong (24 January 2018).

2404: 1138:

oppose the use of palm oil biofuels, claiming that the

815:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

287:, in addition to other uses such as being blended into 6674:"Oil, vegetable, palm per 100 g; Fats and fatty acids" 5935:. International Institute for Sustainable Development. 5719:

World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023

3942:"Benin: Large scale oil palm plantations for agrofuel" 2970:"EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030" 1642:(LDL) and total cholesterol, and so increases risk of 1312:. RSPO currently has 5,650 members from 94 countries. 533:

effects, research does not confirm its effectiveness.

6088:

Diet Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

6077: 4443:"The local impacts of oil palm expansion in Malaysia" 3687: 3303:

31 December 2007, USDA-FAS, Office of Global Analysis

3144:

Antimicrobial effects of palm kernel oil and palm oil

904:

because of habitat loss due to palm oil cultivation.

550:

and crop failures in other parts of the world due to

5100:

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)

4851:"Indonesia: Indigenous Peoples Losing Their Forests" 4053:"Cameroon changes mind on Herakles palm oil project" 3725:"Malaysia: Stagnating Palm Oil Yields Impede Growth" 2829:"World's Largest Biodiesel Plant Opens in Singapore" 2145: 1338: 5055: 4788:"Glyphosate not classified as a carcinogen by ECHA" 4625:"Malaysia Plans High-Tech Card for Foreign Workers" 865: 6617: 6462:"Process contaminants in vegetable oils and foods" 5951:"RSPO trademark, not much gain for growers: Gapki" 3913:"EU move fuelling unease among palm oil producers" 3910: 3794: 2816:2016, Kuet, Khulna, Bangladesh. CMIEE-PI-160160-4. 2000: 1191:(EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products 1172:they were working to improve their performance. A 308:", referring to its intense color due to the high 6538: 6293: 5512:(PDF ed.). Gland: IUCN Oil Palm Task Force. 5400:Setiyono, Joko; Natalis, Aga (30 December 2021). 5374:Alberro, Heather; Daniele, Luigi (29 June 2021). 4761:Margie Mason; Robin McDowell (18 November 2020). 4647:"Malaysia rounds up thousands of migrant workers" 3986:"Palm oil is unavoidable. Can it be sustainable?" 3025: 2720:Milk Specialties Global Animal Nutrition (2019). 2313: 62:The use of palm oil has attracted the concern of 9153: 5927:Voora V, Larrea C, Bermudez S, Baliño S (2019). 4670:"Felcra a success story in rural transformation" 4440: 4222:. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. 4009:"West African women defend traditional palm oil" 3890:"Red gold: a history of palm oil in West Africa" 2581:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 2434:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 1024:, which has been banned in Europe over links to 6116: 6023:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5399: 4904: 3969:. translated by. African Biodiversity Network. 3787:"Palm oil hits 4-year high after Trump victory" 3503: 2805: 2291:"FAO data – dimension-member – Oil, palm fruit" 1978: 1976: 1296:palm oil products through global standards and 5373: 5338: 5010: 4452:. Center for International Forestry Research. 4216:"Hybrid oil palms bear fruit in western Kenya" 3983: 3887: 3057:"Top Indonesian Palm Oil Developments in 2020" 2319: 1823:"We Each Consume 17 Pounds of Palm Oil a Year" 1446:, to which it gives its name. Monounsaturated 1151:International Union for Conservation of Nature 87:International Union for Conservation of Nature 8098: 7476: 6847: 6754: 4028:"Report Assails Palm Oil Project in Cameroon" 3625: 2858:Tuck, Andrew, ed. (July 2011). "Neste Oil_". 2620:Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 2482: 2480: 1000:One report indicated numerous allegations of 467: 328:. It is a source of Vitamin A and Vitamin E. 213:derived from the kernel of the coconut palm ( 7316:Indonesia Commodity and Derivatives Exchange 6815: This article incorporates text from a 5985:"Defining 'Sustainable' Palm Oil Production" 5751: 3632:Scott-Thomas, Caroline (17 September 2012). 3631: 3168:"Global production volume palm oil 20222/23" 2938: 1973: 1248: 1189:EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products 16:Edible vegetable oil from fruit of oil palms 7390:Social and environmental impact of palm oil 6755:Brown, Ellie; Jacobson, Michael F. (2005). 5895: 5646:"Regulation on Deforestation-free products" 5443:"Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt" 5159:Yui, Sahoko; Yeh, Sonia (1 December 2013). 4801: 4799: 4797: 4692: 4397: 3904: 3888:Von Hellermann, Pauline (18 January 2021). 3259: 2996: 2578: 2538:Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2530: 2528: 2526: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1614:Red palm oil is rich in carotenes, such as 882:significant impacts on the local ecosystems 872:Social and environmental impact of palm oil 610:A satellite image showing deforestation in 8105: 8091: 7483: 7469: 6854: 6840: 6793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4900: 4898: 4534: 3499: 3497: 2687:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2477: 2179:. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148. 1723:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 846:. In 1999, the ruling military junta, the 715:, whose drainage would have a deleterious 90:Thailand, and Nigeria. Indonesia produces 6728: 6564: 6430: 6412: 6363: 6314: 6259: 6211: 6201: 6146: 6060: 6042: 5417: 5349: 5229: 5216:Center for Science in the Public Interest 5209:"Palm oil threatening endangered species" 5184: 4297: 4026:Rosenthal, Elisabeth (5 September 2012). 4025: 3546:"Produksi Sawit 2019 Capai 51,8 Juta Ton" 3521: 3477: 3420: 3371: 3330: 3100: 2230: 2177:Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa 1877: 1690: 1267:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) 1228: 279:Besides milling, palm oil is produced by 7490: 6819:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 6750: 6748: 6394: 6289: 6287: 6152: 5948: 5502: 4986:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4794: 4705:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 4639: 4617: 4595: 4480:"Palm oil transforms economic landscape" 3784: 3717: 3055:Jong, Hans Nicholas (28 December 2020). 2770: 2768: 2613: 2523: 2431: 2150:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 22. 1809: 1652:National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute 1430:Palm oil, like all fats, is composed of 1325: 1279: 1206: 1114: 986: 972:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 911: 605: 597: 567: 552:extreme weather caused by climate change 422: 341: 263: 188: 180: 101: 27: 6586: 6584: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 5225:from the original on 17 September 2012. 5130:"A Grim Portrait of Palm Oil Emissions" 5121: 4895: 4667: 4661: 4478:Ismail, Saidi Isham (9 November 2012). 4434: 4213: 3854: 3817: 3600: 3594: 3494: 2377:United States Department of Agriculture 1768: 1664:Council of Palm Oil Producing Countries 1284:Roundtable No 2 (RT2) in Zürich in 2005 1253: 1075:cultivation because the palm fruit and 476: 201:content. It is not to be confused with 9154: 6702: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6303:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5982: 5638: 5498: 5496: 5158: 5127: 4952: 4950: 4725: 4657:from the original on 5 September 2013. 4477: 4471: 3662: 3656: 3613:from the original on 12 September 2012 3213: 3187:"How the World Got Hooked on Palm Oil" 3184: 3080: 3074: 3026:Abrahm Lustgarten (20 November 2018). 2888: 2755:"How the world got hooked on palm oil" 2752: 2652: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2208: 2206: 2204: 754:In 2018, total palm oil production in 8086: 7464: 6835: 6745: 6539:Ahsan H, Ahad A, Siddiqui WA (2015). 6284: 5597:"Palm Oil Buyers' Scorecard Analysis" 5201: 5039:World Agriculture and the Environment 4875: 4635:from the original on 13 January 2014. 4613:from the original on 11 January 2014. 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4063:from the original on 13 December 2013 3963:African Biodiversity Network (2007). 3939: 3855:Ayodele, Thompson (15 October 2010). 3827:Initiative For Public Policy Analysis 3766:from the original on 13 November 2012 3735:from the original on 18 February 2013 3209: 3207: 2826: 2820: 2774: 2765: 2489:British Journal of Biomedical Science 2358:from the original on 21 October 2012. 2253: 2078:"The History of Soaps and Detergents" 2065:from the original on 16 January 2013. 1994: 1820: 681:At year-end 2016, 4.7 to 5.8 million 364:Filters remove the clay from the oil. 7395:Vegetable oils as alternative energy 6684:from the original on 28 October 2016 6581: 6339: 6228: 6134:from the original on 9 February 2013 5898:"The beginning of the end for RSPO?" 5759:New EU Food Labeling Rules Published 5710: 5626:The Chain Reaction Research (2020). 5265: 5247:from the original on 16 January 2013 5140:from the original on 16 January 2013 5036: 5011:Laura Paddison (29 September 2017). 4917:from the original on 4 December 2016 4905:Spinks, Rosie J (17 December 2014). 4502: 4422:from the original on 11 January 2014 4214:Buerkle, Teresa (24 November 2003). 3869:from the original on 19 January 2018 3785:Terazono, Emiko (11 November 2016). 3747: 3705:from the original on 27 January 2013 3663:Pakiam, Ranjeetha (3 January 2013). 3054: 2857: 2170: 1300:. The seat of the association is in 64:environmental and human right groups 9030: 6447: 6165:from the original on 1 January 2015 6153:Bradsher, Keith (19 January 2008). 5933:State of Sustainability Initiatives 5704:State of Sustainability Initiatives 5493: 5109:from the original on 6 October 2016 4947: 4668:Ibrahim, Ahmad (31 December 2012). 4565: 4383:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 4358:from the original on 17 August 2016 4207: 3973:from the original on 18 April 2016. 3952:from the original on 8 August 2014. 3933: 3857:"The World Bank's Palm Oil Mistake" 3753: 3675:from the original on 5 January 2013 3214:Nangoy, Fransiska (23 April 2022). 2452: 2201: 2004:The Cambridge World History of Food 1967:www.worldagriculturalproduction.com 1748:Composition of foods: fats and oils 848:State Peace and Development Council 233:saturated, but are not necessarily 13: 7331:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 7311:Federal Land Development Authority 6783:from the original on 6 March 2009. 6709:Journal of Chromatographic Science 6294:Mozaffarian, D; Clarke, R (2009). 5896:Gunasegaran, P. (8 October 2011). 5878:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 5775:from the original on 16 April 2012 4754: 4728:Environmental Science & Policy 4240: 4013:Food and Agricultural Organization 3984:Hillary Rosner (4 December 2018). 3644:from the original on 12 March 2013 3601:Morales, Alex (18 November 2010). 3204: 3081:Choong, Meng Yew (27 March 2012). 2419:10.1111/j.1745-4522.1999.tb00142.x 2264:10.1016/B978-0-9818936-9-3.50015-0 2075: 1684: 1290:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 1274:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 949:Federal Land Development Authority 572:A palm oil plantation in Indonesia 76:Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil 14: 9188: 8379:Global Forest Information Service 7375:Environmental impact of biodiesel 5766:USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 5547:. 17 January 2020. Archived from 5503:Meijaard, E; et al. (2018). 5489:from the original on 28 May 2011. 5069:. 8 November 2007. Archived from 4876:Cuffe, Sandra (15 October 2021). 4459:from the original on 22 June 2013 3818:Ayodele, Thompson (August 2010). 3754:May, Choo Yuen (September 2012). 3729:USDA Foreign Agricultural Service 3582:from the original on 25 July 2012 3278:10.1038/scientificamerican1212-10 3185:Tullis, Paul (19 February 2019). 2839:from the original on 26 June 2012 2775:Rojas, Mauricio (3 August 2007). 2753:Tullis, Paul (19 February 2019). 2653:Ukegbu, Kavachi Michelle (2021). 2181:Food and Agriculture Organization 1796:www.foodprocessing-technology.com 1762: 1414: 1378:Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE), 1339:Nutrition, composition and health 996:) in which palm oil is produced. 896:. One species in particular, the 9135: 9126: 9125: 9113: 9099: 9085: 9071: 9057: 9043: 9029: 7434: 7433: 6810: 6696: 6666: 6611: 6532: 6506: 6480: 6388: 6177: 5995:from the original on 12 May 2013 5983:Browne, Pete (6 November 2009). 5961:from the original on 15 May 2013 5929:"Global Market Report: Palm Oil" 5920: 5866: 5845: 5815: 5787: 5700:"Global Market Report: Palm Oil" 5691: 5665: 5619: 5589: 5563: 5533: 5434: 5393: 5367: 5332: 5306: 5281: 5259: 5152: 5128:Foster, Joanna M. (1 May 2012). 5085: 5030: 5004: 4929: 4869: 4843: 4817: 4780: 4583:from the original on 14 May 2013 4553:from the original on 14 May 2013 4177:. ETFRN, Tropenbos International 4140:Environmental Science and Policy 3552:(in Indonesian). 4 February 2020 3125:from the original on 4 July 2010 3083:"Waste not the palm oil biomass" 2787:from the original on 11 May 2013 1833:from the original on 17 May 2017 1629: 1272:This section is an excerpt from 1087:, loss of natural habitats, and 1051: 977:Environmental Science and Policy 954: 866:Social and environmental impacts 564:Palm oil production in Indonesia 524: 9136: 6703:Ng, M. H.; Choo, Y. M. (2016). 5949:Yulisman, Linda (4 June 2011). 5063:"Palm oil: Cooking the Climate" 4719: 4370: 4340: 4314: 4189: 4166: 4127: 4101: 4075: 4045: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3977: 3956: 3940:Pazos, Flavio (3 August 2007). 3881: 3848: 3811: 3778: 3564: 3538: 3504:Natasha Gilbert (4 July 2012). 3445: 3388: 3360:Global Ecology and Conservation 3347: 3306: 3287: 3233: 3178: 3160: 3137: 3048: 3019: 2990: 2961: 2932: 2901: 2882: 2851: 2827:Yahya, Yasmine (9 March 2011). 2799: 2746: 2713: 2695: 2646: 2607: 2572: 2425: 2398: 2362: 2283: 2247: 2164: 2139: 2106: 2097: 2069: 2037: 1821:Raghu, Anuradha (17 May 2017). 1215:According to the Hamburg-based 982: 726:According to recent article by 594:Palm oil production in Malaysia 145:. Palm oil formed the basis of 141:for machinery during Britain's 47:(reddish pulp) of the fruit of 7358:Certified sustainable palm oil 6492:European Food Safety Authority 6466:European Food Safety Authority 5165:Environmental Research Letters 3760:American Oil Chemists' Society 2614:Deffense, E. (February 1985). 2501:10.1080/09674845.2009.11730279 1955: 1928: 1902: 1845: 1784: 1739: 1691:Zuckerman, Jocelyn C. (2021). 1419: 705:Non-governmental organisations 669:) which dominates production. 1: 7321:Malaysia Derivatives Exchange 5314:"Explainer: What is ecocide?" 5041:. Island Press. p. 219. 3319:Analytical Chemistry Research 3157:, Vol. 5, No. 2, Jan–Jun 2005 2329:Journal of Chemical Education 1732: 1308:, with a satellite office in 1130:Environmental groups such as 1093:critically endangered species 536: 259: 176: 8112: 6861: 6821:license statement/permission 6401:Lipids in Health and Disease 6261:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 5545:Food and Drink International 5351:10.2991/978-2-38476-046-6_57 5186:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044031 4748:10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.011 4160:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.01.003 3479:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.301 3422:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.01.054 3116:Journal of Palm Oil Research 2997:Hans Spross (22 June 2018). 2939:Melanie Hall (1 June 2016). 1609: 626:concerns about deforestation 557: 7: 9172:Environmental controversies 7385:Issues relating to biofuels 5768:(Report). 12 January 2012. 5632:The Chain Reaction Research 4829:Mongabay Environmental News 4326:Mongabay Environmental News 3373:10.1016/j.gecco.2015.02.009 2616:"Fractionation of palm oil" 2379:. June 2006. Archived from 2219:Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1657: 1360:and 2017 advisory from the 1298:multistakeholder governance 826:Palm oil was introduced to 749: 737: 672: 614:to allow the plantation of 587: 548:Russian invasion of Ukraine 331: 185:Oil palm fruits on the tree 10: 9193: 8490:Growth and yield modelling 7988:Linseed oil (flaxseed oil) 7363:Deforestation by continent 7353:Biofuel policy of Malaysia 7240:Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad 6999:Bursaphelenchus cocophilus 6805: 6520:. Malaysian Palm Oil Board 6203:10.3390/molecules200917339 4998:10.1016/j.rser.2012.01.003 4937:"The Benefits of Palm Oil" 4352:www.sustainablepalmoil.org 4282:10.1038/s41598-019-48443-3 3332:10.1016/j.ancr.2017.01.002 3153:Ekwenye, U.N and Ijeomah, 2889:hermes (24 January 2018). 2722:"Calf Milk Replacer Guide" 2659:. Grubido. Austin, Texas. 2232:10.1177/156482650002100213 2125:Anti-Slavery International 2009:Cambridge University Press 1423: 1362:American Heart Association 1271: 1202: 1120:Deforestation in Indonesia 1055: 958: 869: 821: 777: 719:. They are also concerned 651: 591: 561: 468:Non-food consumer products 432: 335: 121:dating back to 3,000 BCE. 97: 18: 9064:Earth sciences portal 9050:Climate change portal 9025: 8902: 8734: 8631:Great Green Wall (Africa) 8576: 8267: 8177: 8120: 8054: 7946: 7880: 7812: 7797: 7774: 7765: 7720: 7692: 7663: 7622: 7584: 7507: 7498: 7429: 7403: 7343: 7296: 7263: 7197: 7190: 7125: 7079: 7009: 6928: 6869: 6636:10.1007/s11745-005-1413-1 6597:. Elsevier. p. 471. 6557:10.1007/s12154-014-0127-8 6414:10.1186/s12944-019-1035-2 6095:World Health Organization 5747:– via FAODocuments. 5293:forensic-architecture.org 4413:World Agroforestry Centre 4232:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3946:World Rainforest Movement 3266:"The Other Oil Problem", 2558:10.1007/s10098-016-1252-6 1938:Oil palm and biodiversity 1648:World Health Organization 1583: 1578: 1570: 1565: 1554: 1549: 1538: 1533: 1522: 1517: 1506: 1501: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1249:Supply chain institutions 1162:Rainforest Action Network 1058:2015 Southeast Asian haze 1034:European Chemicals Agency 907: 161:" soap, and the American 94:primarily from palm oil. 85:In 2018, a report by the 8636:Great Green Wall (China) 8209:Close to nature forestry 7326:Malaysian Palm Oil Board 6352:The Journal of Nutrition 5989:The New York Times Blogs 4577:Forest Peoples Programme 2467:"3. PALM OIL PROCESSING" 2322:"Cholesterol and Plants" 2052:African Study Monographs 1409:Malaysian Palm Oil Board 1089:greenhouse gas emissions 801: 785: 693: 386:RBD PO is also known as 316:—considerably less than 276:the fruits of oil palm. 223:and is not red), and in 8670:Million Tree Initiative 6721:10.1093/chromsci/bmv241 6316:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602976 6044:10.1073/pnas.1704728114 5467:10.1126/science.1152747 5289:"Forensic Architecture" 1644:cardiovascular diseases 1640:low-density lipoprotein 1181:Chain Reaction Research 418: 9092:Environment portal 8524:Sustainable management 8419:Trillion Tree Campaign 6970:Rhynchophorus palmarum 4790:. ECHA. 15 March 2017. 4547:Forest Peoples Program 3149:2 October 2008 at the 2593:10.1002/ejlt.202100132 2446:10.1002/ejlt.200600294 2407:Journal of Food Lipids 1335: 1285: 1229:Food label regulations 1212: 1127: 1091:which have threatened 997: 921: 762:and benefiting mainly 630:Government of Malaysia 618: 603: 573: 429: 350: 348:environmental conflict 269: 194: 186: 114: 33: 9017:Wood process engineer 8721:Urban forest inequity 6958:Little leaf syndrome 6954:Cadang-cadang disease 6365:10.3945/jn.115.210575 6124:"The other oil spill" 5419:10.18280/ijsdp.160807 2197:on 23 September 2009. 1646:. Other reviews, the 1558:polyunsaturated C18:2 1542:monounsaturated C18:1 1334:made from the kernels 1329: 1283: 1210: 1122:, to make way for an 1118: 990: 915: 902:critically endangered 900:, has been listed as 609: 601: 571: 426: 345: 267: 209:of the same fruit or 192: 184: 143:Industrial Revolution 105: 57:ultra-processed foods 31: 9167:Tropical agriculture 8680:Shifting cultivation 8621:Forest fragmentation 8591:Carbon sequestration 8461:Woodland Carbon Code 8426:Forest certification 8334:Even-aged management 8249:Sustainable forestry 7753:Vegetable shortening 7492:Edible fats and oils 7368:Southeast Asian haze 7255:Wilmar International 7087:Biodiesel production 6977:Oil palm bunch moth 6104:on 21 September 2012 5860:Consumer Goods Forum 5827:Consumer Goods Forum 5037:Clay, Jason (2004). 4813:. 22 September 2019. 4767:The Associated Press 4653:. 2 September 2013. 4579:. 28 February 2008. 3996:on 10 December 2018. 3731:. 11 December 2012. 2258:. pp. 329–375. 2173:"Origin of oil palm" 2171:Poku, Kwasi (2002). 1679:Tropical agriculture 1634:Excessive intake of 1351:polyunsaturated fats 1260:Consumer Goods Forum 1254:Consumer Goods Forum 1149:A 2018 study by the 1136:Friends of the Earth 856:Lenya National Parks 721:genetically modified 717:environmental impact 477:Biomass and biofuels 392:. It can be further 8485:Formally designated 8329:Ecological thinning 8239:Plantation forestry 8147:Research institutes 8038:Watermelon seed oil 7264:Buyers / processors 7220:Equatorial Palm Oil 7117:Transesterification 6947:Ganoderma orbiforme 6823:). Text taken from 6309:(Suppl 2): S22–33. 6035:2018PNAS..115..121C 5833:on 17 November 2019 5607:on 31 December 2019 5459:2008Sci...319.1235F 5453:(5867): 1235–1238. 5266:Jope, Alan (2019). 5243:. 12 October 2010. 5241:World Wildlife Fund 5177:2013ERL.....8d4031Y 4857:. 22 September 2019 4740:2009ESPol..12..134C 4522:on 27 November 2007 4490:on 12 November 2012 4274:2019NatSR...911931N 4152:2013ESPol..27..172C 4057:World Wildlife Fund 3990:National Geographic 3799:on 10 December 2022 3701:. 15 January 2013. 3470:2015EnPro..75..969H 3413:2015EnPro..65..170S 3299:10 May 2009 at the 3269:Scientific American 2550:2016CTEP...18.2453L 2341:2005JChEd..82.1791B 1772:(9 February 2021). 1179:In 2020 a study by 1026:Parkinson's disease 728:National Geographic 501:biodiesel plant in 487:transesterification 379:and other products. 338:Edible oil refining 326:polyunsaturated fat 322:monounsaturated fat 9078:Ecology portal 8611:Forest degradation 8606:Ecosystem services 8214:Community forestry 7215:Carson Cumberbatch 7160:Girl Scout Cookies 7155:Cellulosic ethanol 6996:Red ring disease ( 6989:Tirathaba rufivena 6982:Tirathaba mundella 6963:Oryctes rhinoceros 6768:pp. iv, 3–5. 6159:The New York Times 5853:"Palm Oil Roadmap" 5134:The New York Times 4943:. 8 February 2018. 4855:Human Rights Watch 4811:Human Rights Watch 4631:. 9 January 2014. 4328:. 13 November 2019 4262:Scientific Reports 4115:on 30 October 2020 3862:The New York Times 3032:The New York Times 2781:Biodiesel Magazine 2632:10.1007/BF02541408 2386:on 19 October 2012 2349:10.1021/ed082p1791 2058:(1): 19–33. 2000. 2025:on 20 October 2012 1990:. 8 December 2021. 1916:. 29 December 2020 1870:10.1111/gcbb.12067 1481:Type of fatty acid 1336: 1286: 1213: 1197:forest degradation 1128: 998: 941:illegal immigrants 933:indigenous peoples 922: 898:Sumatran orangutan 832:Tanintharyi Region 619: 604: 574: 546:instigated by the 430: 361:in a vacuum mixer. 351: 270: 195: 187: 149:products, such as 115: 34: 9149: 9148: 9106:Plants portal 8892:green woodworking 8080: 8079: 8050: 8049: 8046: 8045: 7761: 7760: 7693:Other animal fats 7458: 7457: 7344:Policies, impacts 7339: 7338: 7092:Fat hydrogenation 6494:. 10 January 2018 5800:The Straits Times 5737:978-92-5-138262-2 5679:. 18 January 2020 5577:. 17 January 2020 5519:978-2-8317-1910-8 5361:978-2-38476-045-9 5048:978-1-55963-370-3 4964:. 6 February 2019 4831:. 27 October 2021 4674:New Straits Times 2915:The Straits Times 2895:The Straits Times 2833:The Jakarta Globe 2734:on 31 August 2021 2666:978-1-62634-596-6 2375:(Press release). 2301:on 17 August 2018 2190:978-92-5-104859-7 2157:978-1-847-01075-9 2127:. 2004. p. 5 2090:on 14 July 2012. 1948:978-2-8317-1911-5 1778:Our World in Data 1702:978-1-62097-523-7 1607: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1597:: polyunsaturated 1592:: monounsaturated 1346:clinical research 890:biodiversity loss 860:Indochinese tiger 407:RBD PO, or "palm 205:derived from the 127:Elaeis guineensis 111:Elaeis guineensis 43:derived from the 9184: 9139: 9138: 9129: 9128: 9120:Trees portal 9118: 9117: 9104: 9103: 9090: 9089: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9062: 9061: 9060: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9033: 9032: 8754:Forest gardening 8711:Timber recycling 8658:Invasive species 8546:Tree measurement 8107: 8100: 8093: 8084: 8083: 8018:Pumpkin seed oil 7918:Mongongo nut oil 7810: 7809: 7772: 7771: 7638:Clarified butter 7505: 7504: 7485: 7478: 7471: 7462: 7461: 7437: 7436: 7299:non-governmental 7195: 7194: 6944:Basal stem rot ( 6856: 6849: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6814: 6799: 6798: 6792: 6784: 6782: 6766:Washington, D.C. 6763: 6752: 6743: 6742: 6732: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6588: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6458: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6416: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6367: 6358:(7): 1549–1558. 6343: 6337: 6336: 6318: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6281: 6263: 6239: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6205: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6130:. 24 June 2010. 6120: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6103: 6092: 6084: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6046: 6014: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5980: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5955:The Jakarta Post 5946: 5937: 5936: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5908:on 13 April 2013 5904:. Archived from 5893: 5882: 5881: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5829:. Archived from 5819: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5774: 5763: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5728:10.4060/cc8166en 5714: 5708: 5707: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5623: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5603:. 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Archived from 4665: 4659: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4514: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4486:. Archived from 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4421: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4253: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4223: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4059:. 21 June 2013. 4049: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3992:. Archived from 3981: 3975: 3974: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3892:. Dialogue Earth 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3836:on 22 April 2012 3835: 3829:. Archived from 3824: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3793:. Archived from 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3576:The Jakarta Post 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3525: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3424: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3375: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3310: 3304: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3124: 3113: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2980: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2803: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2727:. Archived from 2726: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2678: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2544:(8): 2453–2465. 2532: 2521: 2520: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2463: 2450: 2449: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2385: 2374: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2326: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2297:. Archived from 2295:ref.data.fao.org 2287: 2281: 2280: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2234: 2210: 2199: 2198: 2193:. Archived from 2168: 2162: 2161: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2086:. Archived from 2073: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2021:. Archived from 1998: 1992: 1991: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1881: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1818: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1743: 1728: 1722: 1714: 1473: 1472: 1467: 1466: 1166:Leuser Ecosystem 709:Nature Tropicale 707:(NGOs), such as 612:Malaysian Borneo 544:2022 food crises 391: 390: 369:free fatty acids 307: 306: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9145: 9112: 9098: 9084: 9072: 9070: 9058: 9056: 9044: 9042: 9021: 8898: 8875:spruce-pine-fir 8848:Christmas trees 8730: 8646:Illegal logging 8578: 8572: 8287:Controlled burn 8272: 8263: 8244:Social forestry 8224:Energy forestry 8204:Bamboo forestry 8199:Analog forestry 8173: 8116: 8111: 8081: 8076: 8042: 7958:Ambadi seed oil 7948: 7942: 7876: 7845:palm kernel oil 7801: 7793: 7789:Shark liver oil 7757: 7716: 7688: 7659: 7618: 7580: 7494: 7489: 7459: 7454: 7425: 7399: 7345: 7335: 7298: 7292: 7259: 7186: 7121: 7075: 7005: 6931: 6924: 6865: 6860: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6701: 6697: 6687: 6685: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6589: 6582: 6537: 6533: 6523: 6521: 6518:eqc.mpob.gov.my 6512: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6448: 6393: 6389: 6344: 6340: 6298: 6292: 6285: 6240: 6229: 6196:(9): 17339–61. 6182: 6178: 6168: 6166: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6135: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6090: 6086: 6085: 6078: 6015: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5974: 5964: 5962: 5947: 5940: 5925: 5921: 5911: 5909: 5902:The Star Online 5894: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5608: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5439: 5435: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5320:. 4 August 2022 5312: 5311: 5307: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5009: 5005: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4903: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4870: 4860: 4858: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4805: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4759: 4755: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4697: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4607:Biomass Society 4601: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4388: 4386: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4348:"Deforestation" 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4254: 4241: 4225: 4224: 4212: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4171: 4167: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4036: 4034: 4024: 4020: 4005: 4001: 3982: 3978: 3961: 3957: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3822: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3791:Financial Times 3783: 3779: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3699:The Star Online 3693: 3692: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3647: 3645: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3578:. 24 May 2011. 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3523:10.1038/487014a 3516:(7405): 14–15. 3502: 3495: 3458:Energy Procedia 3450: 3446: 3401:Energy Procedia 3393: 3389: 3352: 3348: 3311: 3307: 3301:Wayback Machine 3292: 3288: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3205: 3195: 3193: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3151:Wayback Machine 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3087:The Star Online 3079: 3075: 3065: 3063: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3034: 3024: 3020: 3007: 3005: 2995: 2991: 2978: 2976: 2966: 2962: 2949: 2947: 2937: 2933: 2920: 2918: 2906: 2902: 2887: 2883: 2856: 2852: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2821: 2804: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2766: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2680: 2679: 2667: 2651: 2647: 2612: 2608: 2577: 2573: 2533: 2524: 2485: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2453: 2430: 2426: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2355: 2324: 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2252: 2248: 2211: 2202: 2191: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2128: 2121:antislavery.org 2116: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2074: 2070: 2062: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2019: 1999: 1995: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1850: 1846: 1836: 1834: 1819: 1810: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1770:Ritchie, Hannah 1767: 1763: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1716: 1715: 1703: 1687: 1685:Further reading 1660: 1632: 1612: 1603: 1602: 1593: 1588: 1576: 1563: 1547: 1531: 1515: 1499: 1428: 1422: 1417: 1366:LDL cholesterol 1341: 1332:palm kernel oil 1324: 1323: 1277: 1269: 1256: 1251: 1231: 1205: 1060: 1054: 985: 963: 957: 926:social conflict 910: 874: 868: 824: 804: 788: 780: 752: 740: 696: 675: 654: 596: 590: 566: 560: 539: 527: 479: 470: 435: 421: 388: 387: 359:bleaching earth 340: 334: 318:palm kernel oil 304: 303: 262: 203:palm kernel oil 179: 100: 24: 21:Palm kernel oil 17: 12: 11: 5: 9190: 9180: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9133: 9123: 9109: 9095: 9081: 9067: 9053: 9039: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9014: 9009: 9007:Timber cruiser 9004: 9002:Shingle weaver 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8840: 8838:Rail transport 8835: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8779:pulp and paper 8776: 8771: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749:Forest farming 8746: 8740: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8699: 8697:slash-and-char 8694: 8692:slash-and-burn 8689: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8616:Forest dieback 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8582: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8536: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8465: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8423: 8422: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8259:Urban forestry 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8195: 8194: 8181: 8179: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8110: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978:Grape seed oil 7975: 7970: 7965: 7963:Apple seed oil 7960: 7954: 7952: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7832: 7830:Cottonseed oil 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7807: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7778: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7724: 7722: 7721:Vegetable fats 7718: 7717: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7670: 7668: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7635: 7629: 7627: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7513: 7511: 7502: 7496: 7495: 7488: 7487: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7430: 7427: 7426: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7297:Governmental / 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7267: 7265: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7250:TH Plantations 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7201: 7199: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7140: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7112:Saponification 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6985: 6975: 6974: 6973: 6966: 6956: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6934: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6913: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6890: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6836: 6829:, FAO, FAO. 6807: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6744: 6715:(4): 633–638. 6695: 6665: 6630:(5): 523–528. 6610: 6604:978-0128043462 6603: 6580: 6531: 6505: 6479: 6446: 6387: 6338: 6283: 6227: 6176: 6145: 6115: 6076: 6029:(1): 121–126. 6006: 5972: 5938: 5919: 5883: 5865: 5844: 5814: 5786: 5750: 5736: 5709: 5690: 5664: 5651:European Union 5637: 5618: 5588: 5562: 5551:on 6 July 2020 5532: 5518: 5492: 5433: 5392: 5366: 5360: 5331: 5305: 5280: 5258: 5228: 5200: 5151: 5120: 5084: 5054: 5047: 5029: 5003: 4975: 4946: 4928: 4894: 4868: 4842: 4816: 4793: 4779: 4753: 4734:(2): 134–838. 4718: 4691: 4660: 4638: 4616: 4594: 4564: 4533: 4501: 4484:Business Times 4470: 4433: 4396: 4378:"Pongo abelii" 4369: 4339: 4313: 4239: 4206: 4201:Food Navigator 4188: 4165: 4126: 4100: 4074: 4044: 4018: 3999: 3976: 3955: 3932: 3903: 3880: 3847: 3810: 3777: 3746: 3716: 3686: 3655: 3624: 3593: 3563: 3537: 3493: 3444: 3387: 3346: 3305: 3286: 3258: 3232: 3203: 3177: 3159: 3136: 3099: 3073: 3047: 3018: 3003:Deutsche Welle 2989: 2960: 2945:Deutsche Welle 2931: 2900: 2881: 2850: 2819: 2798: 2764: 2745: 2712: 2694: 2665: 2645: 2626:(2): 376–385. 2606: 2571: 2522: 2476: 2451: 2440:(4): 400–409. 2424: 2413:(3): 181–193. 2397: 2361: 2312: 2282: 2272: 2246: 2200: 2189: 2163: 2156: 2138: 2105: 2096: 2076:Bellis, Mary. 2068: 2036: 2018:978-0521402163 2017: 1993: 1972: 1954: 1947: 1927: 1901: 1864:(3): 183–209. 1844: 1827:Bloomberg News 1808: 1783: 1761: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1701: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1659: 1656: 1631: 1628: 1616:alpha-carotene 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1454:, part of the 1424:Main article: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1415:Key components 1413: 1405:male fertility 1392:infant formula 1373:vegetable oils 1370:unhydrogenated 1340: 1337: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1235:food packaging 1230: 1227: 1204: 1201: 1193:European Union 1105:Slash-and-burn 1101:Sumatran tiger 1095:, such as the 1053: 1050: 984: 981: 959:Main article: 956: 953: 937:infrastructure 909: 906: 870:Main article: 867: 864: 844:Rakhine States 823: 820: 803: 800: 787: 784: 779: 776: 751: 748: 739: 736: 695: 692: 674: 671: 653: 650: 592:Main article: 589: 586: 562:Main article: 559: 556: 538: 535: 526: 523: 495:hydrogenolysis 478: 475: 469: 466: 450:vegetable oils 434: 431: 420: 417: 389:white palm oil 384: 383: 380: 377:washing powder 365: 362: 333: 330: 261: 258: 249:vegetable fats 216:Cocos nucifera 178: 175: 151:Lever Brothers 124:Palm oil from 99: 96: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9189: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9142: 9134: 9132: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9110: 9108: 9107: 9102: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9068: 9066: 9065: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8997:Rubber tapper 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8925:Choker setter 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8764:Manufacturing 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8601:Deforestation 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8581: 8577:Environmental 8575: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8548: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8501: 8498: 8497: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8479: 8478:reforestation 8476: 8474: 8473:afforestation 8471: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8282:Arboriculture 8280: 8279: 8277: 8275: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8234:Permaforestry 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8108: 8103: 8101: 8096: 8094: 8089: 8088: 8085: 8073: 8072:Essential oil 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8053: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023:Rice bran oil 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013:Poppyseed oil 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7933:Pistachio oil 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7908:Macadamia oil 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7873: 7872:Sunflower oil 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7862:Safflower oil 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7800: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7784:Cod liver oil 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Borneo tallow 7726: 7725: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7479: 7474: 7472: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7380:Food vs. fuel 7378: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7342: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7306:FELCRA Berhad 7304: 7303: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7205:Bumitama Agri 7203: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191:Organisations 7189: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7170:Vegetable oil 7168: 7166: 7165:Oleochemicals 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7097:Fractionation 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:palmitic acid 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7049:myristic acid 7047: 7045: 7044:linoleic acid 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7008: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6845: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6813: 6796: 6790: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6749: 6740: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6493: 6489: 6483: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6254:(3): e1–e23. 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6133: 6129: 6128:The Economist 6125: 6119: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6083: 6081: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6011: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5945: 5943: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5771: 5767: 5760: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5720: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5668: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5536: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5507: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5363: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5221: 5217: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5171:(4): 044031. 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4789: 4783: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4518: 4511: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4437: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4203:. 4 May 2018. 4202: 4198: 4192: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4089:. Solidaridad 4085: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4048: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3884: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3638:Foodnavigator 3635: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3551: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3247:. 19 May 2022 3246: 3245:Bloomberg.com 3242: 3236: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3192: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3088: 3084: 3077: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3044: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2946: 2942: 2935: 2928: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2690: 2684: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495:(4): 216–22. 2494: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2323: 2316: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2275: 2273:9780981893693 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1977: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:GCB Bioenergy 1855: 1848: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1742: 1738: 1726: 1720: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1650:, and the US 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:palmitic acid 1630:Palmitic acid 1627: 1625: 1621: 1620:beta-carotene 1617: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1573: 1571:Other/unknown 1569: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1526:saturated C18 1525: 1521: 1512: 1510:saturated C16 1509: 1505: 1496: 1494:saturated C14 1493: 1489: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:palmitic acid 1441: 1437: 1433: 1427: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1358:meta-analysis 1354: 1353:in the diet. 1352: 1347: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1275: 1264: 1261: 1258:In 2010, the 1246: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1184:oil growers. 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160:In 2019, the 1158: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1140:deforestation 1137: 1133: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:deforestation 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1052:Environmental 1049: 1045: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 995: 989: 980: 978: 974: 973: 968: 962: 961:Food vs. fuel 955:Food vs. fuel 952: 950: 944: 942: 938: 934: 929: 927: 919: 914: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:deforestation 883: 879: 873: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828:British Burma 819: 816: 812: 808: 799: 796: 793:has a lot of 792: 783: 775: 773: 769: 768:deforestation 765: 761: 757: 747: 744: 735: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 701: 691: 688: 684: 679: 670: 668: 664: 659: 649: 647: 643: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 617: 613: 608: 600: 595: 585: 583: 578: 570: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 534: 532: 531:antimicrobial 525:In wound care 522: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 474: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 440: 425: 416: 414: 410: 405: 403: 399: 395: 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 363: 360: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314:saturated fat 311: 300: 296: 294: 293:vegetable oil 290: 286: 282: 281:cold-pressing 277: 275: 266: 257: 255: 250: 245: 243: 238: 236: 231: 226: 225:saturated fat 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 204: 200: 199:beta-carotene 191: 183: 174: 172: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 128: 122: 120: 112: 108: 104: 95: 93: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:deforestation 65: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 41:vegetable oil 39:is an edible 38: 30: 26: 22: 9111: 9097: 9083: 9069: 9055: 9041: 9034: 9012:Tree planter 8992:Resin tapper 8972:Truck driver 8967:River driver 8815: 8716:Tree hugging 8701: 8684: 8651:timber mafia 8641:High grading 8626:Ghost forest 8596:Clearcutting 8519:Silviculture 8495:Horticulture 8339:Fire ecology 8254:Urban forest 8229:Mycoforestry 8189: 8185:Agroforestry 8166: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8138: 8133:Forest areas 8131: 8124: 8033:Tea seed oil 7928:Pine nut oil 7903:Hazelnut oil 7857:Rapeseed oil 7839: 7738:Mango butter 7733:Cocoa butter 7648:Niter kibbeh 7445: 7438: 7230:FGV Holdings 7225:Feronia Inc. 7064:stearic acid 7038: 6997: 6987: 6980: 6968: 6961: 6945: 6940:Bagworm moth 6930:Diseases and 6915: 6910:E. guineesis 6908: 6901: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6825: 6817:free content 6809: 6757: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6686:. 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