64:
425:
297:
79:
1399:, also referred to as carotenemia, is a benign and reversible medical condition where an excess of dietary carotenoids results in orange discoloration of the outermost skin layer. It is associated with a high blood β-carotene value. This can occur after a month or two of consumption of beta-carotene rich foods, such as carrots, carrot juice, tangerine juice, mangos, or in Africa, red palm oil. β-carotene dietary supplements can have the same effect. The discoloration extends to palms and soles of feet, but not to the
744:
94:
851:
49:
1568:, cataract extraction, progression of cataract, and slowing the loss of visual acuity. These studies found no evidence of any protective effects afforded by β-carotene supplementation on preventing and slowing age-related cataract. A second meta-analysis compiled data from studies that measured diet-derived serum beta-carotene and reported a not statistically significant 10% decrease in cataract risk.
912:
854:
856:
1519:, while low-dosage (<9.6 mg/day) supplementation does not have a significant effect on mortality. Research is insufficient to determine whether a minimum level of beta-carotene consumption is necessary for human health and to identify what problems might arise from insufficient beta-carotene intake. However, a 2018 meta-analysis mostly of
2046:
855:
1543:
Reviews reported mixed results for observational studies, with some reporting that diets higher in β-carotene correlated with a decreased risk of AMD whereas other studies reporting no benefits. Reviews reported that for intervention trials using only β-carotene, there was no change to risk of developing AMD.
1116:(LDLs). From these circulating lipoproteins and the chylomicrons that bypassed the liver, β-carotene is taken into cells via receptor SCARB1. Human tissues differ in expression of SCARB1, and hence β-carotene content. Examples expressed as ng/g, wet weight: liver=479, lung=226, prostate=163 and skin=26.
1179:
Another older unit of vitamin A activity is the international unit (IU). Like retinol equivalent, the international unit does not take into account carotenoid variable absorption and conversion to vitamin A by humans, as well as the more modern retinol activity equivalent. Unfortunately, food and
1428:, which is encoded by the BCO1 gene, into two molecules of retinal. When plasma retinol is in the normal range the gene expression for SCARB1 and BCO1 are suppressed, creating a feedback loop that suppresses absorption and conversion. Because of these two mechanisms, high intake will not lead to
1527:
beta-carotene are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. The highest circulating beta-carotene category, compared to the lowest, correlated with a 37% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while the highest dietary beta-carotene intake category, compared to the lowest, was
1551:
A meta-analysis concluded that supplementation with β-carotene does not appear to decrease the risk of cancer overall, nor specific cancers including: pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, breast, melanoma, or skin cancer generally. High levels of β-carotene may increase the risk of lung cancer in
1542:
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) represents the leading cause of irreversible blindness in elderly people. AMD is an oxidative stress, retinal disease that affects the macula, causing progressive loss of central vision. β-carotene content is confirmed in human retinal pigment epithelium.
1475:
Increases in lung cancer have been attributed to the tendency of β-carotene to oxidize, yet based on the pharmacokinetics of β-carotene absorption and transport through the intestine and the lack of specific β-carotene transporters, it is unlikely that β-carotene reaches the lung of smokers in
1166:
RAE takes into account carotenoids' variable absorption and conversion to vitamin A by humans better than and replaces the older retinol equivalent (RE) (1 μg RE = 1 μg retinol, 6 μg β-carotene, or 12 μg α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin). RE was developed 1967 by the United
1119:
Once taken up by peripheral tissue cells, the major usage of absorbed β-carotene is as a precursor to retinal via symmetric cleavage by the enzyme beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase, which is encoded by the BCO1 gene. A lesser amount is metabolized by the mitochondrial enzyme beta-carotene
184:
2912:"Meta-regression analyses, meta-analyses, and trial sequential analyses of the effects of supplementation with beta-carotene, vitamin A, and vitamin E singly or in different combinations on all-cause mortality: do we have evidence for lack of harm?"
1419:
cell wall, β-carotene is taken up by the membrane transporter protein scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SCARB1). Absorbed β-carotene is then either incorporated as such into chylomicrons or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to
1109:, which is encoded by the BCO1 gene, into two molecules of retinal. When plasma retinol is in the normal range the gene expression for SCARB1 and BCO1 are suppressed, creating a feedback loop that suppresses β-carotene absorption and conversion.
1205:
The average daily intake of β-carotene is in the range 2–7 mg, as estimated from a pooled analysis of 500,000 women living in the US, Canada, and some
European countries. Beta-carotene is found in many foods and is sold as a
2996:"Dietary Antioxidants, Circulating Antioxidant Concentrations, Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies"
752:
1124:
molecules and rosafluene. BCO2 appears to be involved in preventing excessive accumulation of carotenoids; a BCO2 defect in chickens results in yellow skin color due to accumulation in subcutaneous fat.
1034:. The separation of β-carotene from the mixture of other carotenoids is based on the polarity of a compound. β-Carotene is a non-polar compound, so it is separated with a non-polar solvent such as
1097:
At the enterocyte cell wall, β-carotene is taken up by the membrane transporter protein scavenger receptor class B, type 1 (SCARB1). Absorbed β-carotene is then either incorporated as such into
724:
1472:
damage has been detected in those who are exposed to cigarette smoke and who ingest a physiological dose of β-carotene (6 mg), in contrast to high pharmacological dose (30 mg)..
448:
InChI=1S/C40H56/c1-31(19-13-21-33(3)25-27-37-35(5)23-15-29-39(37,7)8) 17-11-12-18-32(2)20-14-22-34(4)26-28-38-36(6)24-16-30-40(38,9) 10/h11-14,17-22,25-28H,15-16,23-24,29-30H2,1-10H3
1476:
sufficient quantities. Additional research is required to understand the link between the increased risk of cancer and all-cause mortality following β-carotene supplementation.
1407:. Carotenodermia is reversible upon cessation of excessive intake. Consumption of greater than 30 mg/day for a prolonged period has been confirmed as leading to carotenemia.
1090:
As part of the digestive process, food-sourced carotenoids must be separated from plant cells and incorporated into lipid-containing micelles to be bioaccessible to intestinal
810:
857:
1094:. If already extracted (or synthetic) and then presented in an oil-filled dietary supplement capsule, there is greater bioavailability compared to that from foods.
1133:
For counting dietary vitamin A intake, β-carotene may be converted either using the newer retinol activity equivalents (RAE) or the older international unit (IU).
2334:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium and Zinc
689:
2688:"Beta-carotene in multivitamins and the possible risk of lung cancer among smokers versus former smokers: a meta-analysis and evaluation of national brands"
4547:
3832:
865:
925:
1452:
can decrease absorption of β-carotene. Consuming alcohol with β-carotene can decrease its ability to convert to retinol and could possibly result in
879:
3686:
1373:
Excess β-carotene is predominantly stored in the fat tissues of the body. The most common side effect of excessive β-carotene consumption is
3822:
1564:
looked at supplementation of β-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, independently and combined, on people to examine differences in risk of
464:
3293:
Zhang LR, Sawka AM, Adams L, Hatfield N, Hung RJ (March 2013). "Vitamin and mineral supplements and thyroid cancer: a systematic review".
1468:
while its natural vitamer, retinol, increases lung cancer in smokers and nonsmokers. The effect is specific to supplementation dose as no
1141:
Since 2001, the US Institute of
Medicine uses retinol activity equivalents (RAE) for their Dietary Reference Intakes, defined as follows:
2060:
Mercadante AZ, Steck A, Pfander H (January 1999). "Carotenoids from guava (Psidium guajava l.): isolation and structure elucidation".
872:
2044:, Rüegg, Rudolf, "Extraction Process for Beta-Carotene", published 27 March 1984, assigned to Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
4540:
1511:
Medical authorities generally recommend obtaining beta-carotene from food rather than dietary supplements. A 2013 meta-analysis of
1424:, before being incorporated into chylomicrons. The conversion process consists of one molecule of β-carotene cleaved by the enzyme
1105:, before being incorporated into chylomicrons. The conversion process consists of one molecule of β-carotene cleaved by the enzyme
2781:
Hurst JS, Saini MK, Jin GF, Awasthi YC, van Kuijk FJ (August 2005). "Toxicity of oxidized beta-carotene to cultured human cells".
1515:
concluded that high-dosage (≥9.6 mg/day) beta-carotene supplementation is associated with a 6% increase in the risk of all-cause
2485:
1655:
3428:"Degradation kinetics of carotenoids and visual colour in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) slices during microwave-vacuum drying"
4491:
3493:
2519:
2349:
2211:
2112:
1996:
1755:
1180:
supplement labels still generally use IU, but IU can be converted to the more useful retinol activity equivalent as follows:
3387:"Association of blood antioxidants and vitamins with risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis of observational studies"
4642:
920:
4533:
1425:
1106:
1693:
5621:
3865:
2978:
1769:
1444:. Taking them together can lower the effectiveness of these medications and is considered only a moderate interaction.
3197:"Beta-carotene supplementation and cancer risk: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials"
2397:"Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies"
2012:
Karrer P, Helfenstein A, Wehrli H (1930). "Pflanzenfarbstoffe XXV. Über die
Konstitution des Lycopins und Carotins".
439:
133:
4508:
932:
4180:
1689:"Structure and Conformation of Photosynthetic Pigments and Related Compounds 3. Crystal Structure of β-Carotene"
2875:
Singh RV, Sambyal K (June 2022). "An overview of β-carotene production: Current status and future prospects".
1939:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. October 2023
1936:
1649:
1577:
1007:
116:
17:
5098:
2647:"Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity"
2384:. FAO Food and Nutrition Series B. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization. 1967.
788:
382:
292:
2446:"Chromatographic determination of changes in pigments in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) during processing"
5648:
4620:
4189:
4171:
2395:
Koushik A, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Buring JE, Freudenheim JL, et al. (November 2006).
1512:
403:
3338:"Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract"
3195:
Druesne-Pecollo N, Latino-Martel P, Norat T, Barrandon E, Bertrais S, Galan P, et al. (July 2010).
2138:"Carotenoid metabolism in mammals, including man: formation, occurrence, and function of apocarotenoids"
1120:
9',10'-dioxygenase, which is encoded by the BCO2 gene. The products of this asymmetric cleavage are two
802:
1520:
743:
254:
5642:
3486:
1465:
1168:
1112:
The majority of chylomicrons are taken up by the liver, then secreted into the blood repackaged into
304:
2750:
4635:
4002:
2041:
1484:
420:
4496:
1113:
1828:"Parallels in Intercellular Communication in Oomycete and Fungal Pathogens of Plants and Humans"
202:
5685:
5053:
4604:
3858:
2745:
2014:
1605:
1561:
1365:
Government and non-government organizations have not set a dietary requirement for β-carotene.
3099:"The Age-Related Eye Disease 2 Study: Micronutrients in the Treatment of Macular Degeneration"
2280:"Molecular aspects of β, β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase 2 in carotenoid metabolism and diseases"
1968:. MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 27 January 2023
5690:
5680:
4900:
3148:"Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration"
2971:
Herb, nutrient, and drug interactions : clinical implications and therapeutic strategies
2816:
Babino D, Palczewski G, Widjaja-Adhi MA, Kiser PD, Golczak M, von Lintig J (9 October 2015).
1589:
1464:
Chronic high doses of β-carotene supplementation increases the probability of lung cancer in
1449:
1445:
766:
736:
640:
274:
106:
2202:
von Lintig J (2020). "Carotenoids". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.).
822:
5670:
4926:
4457:
4237:
3961:
3479:
2923:
2818:"Characterization of the Role of β-Carotene 9,10-Dioxygenase in Macular Pigment Metabolism"
2229:"Characterization of the Role of β-Carotene 9,10-Dioxygenase in Macular Pigment Metabolism"
2227:
Babino D, Palczewski G, Widjaja-Adhi MA, Kiser PD, Golczak M, von Lintig J (October 2015).
1537:
818:
391:
69:
1813:
1024:
Isolation of β-carotene from fruits abundant in carotenoids is commonly done using column
160:
8:
4628:
4599:
4351:
150:
84:
2927:
424:
296:
234:
5675:
4130:
4025:
3457:
3362:
3337:
3318:
3270:
3245:
3226:
3172:
3147:
3123:
3098:
3071:
3044:
3020:
2995:
2946:
2911:
2892:
2852:
2817:
2763:
2717:
2605:
2566:
2510:
Blaner WS (2020). "Vitamin A". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.).
2426:
2363:
2304:
2279:
2255:
2228:
2164:
2137:
1854:
1827:
1712:
1503:), and genetically-engineered microbes. The synthetic path is low-cost and high-yield.
1429:
1207:
1062:
A worldwide, with β-carotene as the best-known provitamin A carotenoid. Others include
1003:
472:
CC2(C)CCCC(\C)=C2\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(/C)CCCC1(C)C
214:
2104:
1499:) or by extraction from biological sources such as vegetables, microalgae (especially
1496:
1210:. β-Carotene contributes to the orange color of many different fruits and vegetables.
4417:
4392:
3851:
3449:
3408:
3367:
3310:
3275:
3218:
3177:
3128:
3076:
3025:
2974:
2951:
2896:
2857:
2839:
2798:
2709:
2668:
2597:
2558:
2553:
2536:
2515:
2467:
2418:
2355:
2345:
2309:
2260:
2207:
2169:
2118:
2108:
2077:
1992:
1859:
1765:
1716:
1039:
1030:
3461:
3322:
3230:
2767:
2721:
2624:
2609:
2570:
2430:
2367:
2278:
Wu L, Guo X, Wang W, Medeiros DM, Clarke SL, Lucas EA, et al. (November 2016).
1965:
1785:
371:
5240:
5016:
4956:
4525:
4427:
4402:
4322:
3543:
3439:
3398:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3302:
3265:
3257:
3208:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3118:
3110:
3066:
3056:
3015:
3007:
2941:
2931:
2884:
2847:
2829:
2790:
2755:
2737:
2699:
2658:
2589:
2548:
2457:
2408:
2337:
2299:
2291:
2250:
2240:
2159:
2149:
2100:
2069:
2023:
1849:
1839:
1702:
1659:
1385:
952:
710:
700:
664:
582:
565:
487:
63:
54:
4102:
4097:
4092:
3444:
3427:
2331:
5359:
5274:
5232:
4740:
4432:
3989:
3974:
3306:
2936:
1989:
Gardner's commercially important chemicals: synonyms, trade names, and properties
1844:
1480:
1378:
1242:
1075:
616:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
2462:
2445:
78:
5625:
5579:
5492:
5487:
5477:
5454:
5416:
5406:
4987:
4502:
4422:
4135:
3948:
3626:
3616:
3601:
3538:
3533:
3523:
2888:
2794:
1576:
High doses of β-carotene (up to 180 mg per day) may be used as a treatment for
1516:
1453:
1374:
1261:
1063:
1025:
903:
780:
653:
3011:
2593:
5664:
5570:
5536:
5531:
5482:
4712:
4609:
4271:
4261:
4246:
3966:
3764:
3729:
3709:
3696:
3621:
3611:
3548:
3528:
3453:
3261:
2843:
2663:
2646:
2295:
2027:
1809:
1593:
1588:
Foods rich in carotenoid dyes show discoloration upon drying. This is due to
1384:
tint arising from deposition of the carotenoid in the outermost layer of the
1067:
1014:
621:
4.51 g/kg (20 °C) = 5.98 g/L (given BCM density of 1.3266 g/cm at 20°C)
552:
540:
330:
285:
3904:
3403:
3386:
2834:
2759:
2245:
1580:, a rare inherited disorder of sunlight sensitivity, without toxic effects.
5584:
5502:
5421:
5411:
5354:
5337:
5322:
5291:
5251:
5221:
5147:
4826:
4806:
4591:
4575:
4560:
4477:
4397:
4356:
4309:
4276:
4256:
4251:
4112:
4040:
4030:
4020:
3878:
3812:
3792:
3714:
3676:
3666:
3646:
3631:
3558:
3412:
3371:
3314:
3279:
3222:
3181:
3132:
3080:
3029:
2955:
2861:
2802:
2713:
2672:
2601:
2562:
2471:
2422:
2359:
2313:
2264:
2173:
2122:
2081:
1937:"α-Carotene, β-Carotene, β-Cryptoxanthin, Lycopene, Lutein, and Zeaxanthin"
1863:
1296:
1279:
The U.S. Department of
Agriculture lists foods high in β-carotene content:
1250:
999:
705:
695:
33:
4650:
3194:
3114:
1707:
1688:
1479:
Additionally, supplemental, high-dose β-carotene may increase the risk of
878:
5556:
5546:
5522:
5507:
5349:
5314:
5309:
5198:
5193:
5061:
5025:
5002:
4941:
4890:
4880:
4830:
4750:
4409:
4266:
4087:
3979:
3807:
3671:
3651:
3636:
3606:
3588:
3578:
3568:
1620:
1487:, and cardiovascular and total mortality irrespective of smoking status.
1441:
1396:
1257:
1121:
1098:
1091:
1043:
891:
814:
93:
3061:
2154:
1225:
are particularly rich sources, as are yellow and orange fruits, such as
864:
806:
5541:
5459:
5385:
5344:
5332:
5327:
5213:
5203:
4997:
4992:
4945:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4296:
4289:
4216:
4162:
4144:
4060:
4035:
4009:
3984:
3943:
3817:
3802:
3797:
3681:
3661:
3641:
3502:
2704:
2687:
1524:
1416:
1226:
1059:
1047:
871:
626:
612:
593:
576:
509:
305:
265:
3213:
3196:
2413:
2396:
2206:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 531–49.
2073:
1552:
current and former smokers. Results are not clear for thyroid cancer.
5168:
5077:
5030:
4961:
4801:
4656:
4580:
4556:
4452:
4444:
4361:
4327:
4153:
4122:
4052:
3929:
3919:
3896:
3827:
3787:
3739:
2994:
Jayedi A, Rashidy-Pour A, Parohan M, Zargar MS, Shab-Bidar S (2018).
2514:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 73–92.
1761:
1644:
1610:
1078:. One molecule of β-carotene can be cleaved by the intestinal enzyme
1028:. It is industrially extracted from richer sources such as the algae
979:
964:
2486:"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28"
1663:
902:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
5512:
5497:
5469:
5398:
5364:
5163:
5035:
4936:
4910:
4895:
4846:
4836:
4796:
4721:
4660:
4230:
3779:
3724:
3573:
3563:
3553:
3510:
2444:
Kidmose U, Edelenbos M, Christensen LP, Hegelund E (October 2005).
2443:
2341:
1565:
1404:
1222:
1071:
1018:
1013:β-carotene is the most common carotenoid in plants. When used as a
968:
960:
837:
605:
346:
322:
1162:
1 μg RAE = 24 μg α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin from food
830:
183:
5390:
5380:
5301:
5122:
5117:
5045:
5040:
4982:
4977:
4931:
4905:
4841:
4780:
4775:
4701:
4692:
4652:
3914:
3874:
3843:
3769:
3759:
3246:"Vitamin supplement consumption and breast cancer risk: a review"
2815:
2226:
2095:
Biesalski HK, Chichili GR, Frank J, von Lintig J, Nohr D (2007).
1615:
1377:, a physically harmless condition that presents as a conspicuous
1348:
1337:
1265:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1211:
995:
991:
983:
956:
794:
600:
589:
530:
358:
2584:
Nasser Y, Jamal Z, Albuteaey M (11 August 2021). "Carotenemia".
2094:
5551:
5093:
4951:
4885:
4851:
4822:
4735:
4387:
4374:
4304:
3734:
3656:
2993:
2394:
1495:β-carotene is industrially made either by total synthesis (see
1400:
1307:
1035:
987:
972:
798:
630:
245:
48:
3471:
1528:
linked to an 18% decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality.
3719:
3045:"Prevention of the Onset of Age-Related Macular Degeneration"
1273:
959:
abundant in fungi, plants, and fruits. It is a member of the
826:
225:
173:
1730:
1196:
1 IU α-carotene or β-cryptoxanthin from food = 0.025 μg RAE1
408:
2332:
Institute of
Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001).
1788:. PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 27 January 2024
1469:
1421:
1381:
1326:
1269:
1102:
776:
337:
2099:. Vitamins & Hormones. Vol. 75. pp. 117–30.
1440:β-Carotene can interact with medication used for lowering
1145:
1 μg RAE = 1 μg retinol from food or supplements
3096:
2382:
Requirement of
Vitamin A, Thiamine, Riboflavin and Niacin
1214:
1101:
or first converted to retinal and then retinol, bound to
1459:
3292:
2909:
2011:
1085:
2735:
Russel, R.M. (2002). "Beta-carotene and lung cancer".
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2059:
1136:
3097:
Gorusupudi A, Nelson K, Bernstein PS (January 2017).
1642:
323:
5620:
Terpene synthase enzymes (many), having in common a
4555:
2780:
2583:
2534:
1058:
Plant carotenoids are the primary dietary source of
967:(isoprenoids), synthesized biochemically from eight
772:
3335:
2537:"Carotenoderma--a review of the current literature"
2180:
1986:
1826:Lee SC, Ristaino JB, Heitman J (13 December 2012).
3336:Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM (June 2012).
3243:
1825:
1753:
1010:, an inherited condition of sunlight sensitivity.
2685:
2277:
1980:
1410:
201:
5662:
3426:Song J, Wang X, Li D, Liu C (18 December 2017).
3042:
2512:Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition
2204:Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition
1571:
370:
2042:States4439629 United States expired 4439629
853:
159:
4698:Iridoid glycosides (iridoids bound to a sugar)
3145:
2903:
2135:
1686:
986:(vitamin A). In foods, it has rich content in
557:654.7 °C (1,210.5 °F; 927.9 K)
4636:
4541:
3859:
3487:
3425:
2535:Maharshak N, Shapiro J, Trau H (March 2003).
1403:, which helps distinguish the condition from
1190:1 IU β-carotene from supplements = 0.3 μg RAE
1171:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO/WHO).
1070:. Carotenoid absorption is restricted to the
3329:
3092:
3090:
2987:
2874:
2734:
2503:
1638:
1636:
3342:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3188:
3036:
2622:
2336:. (free download): National Academy Press.
2097:Conversion of β-carotene to retinal pigment
1731:"SciFinder – CAS Registry Number 7235-40-7"
1643:Hursthouse MB, Nathani SC, Moss GP (2004).
4643:
4629:
4548:
4534:
3985:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
3866:
3852:
3494:
3480:
3391:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3385:Cui YH, Jing CX, Pan HW (September 2013).
3384:
3244:Misotti AM, Gnagnarella P (October 2013).
2910:Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C (2013).
2651:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2220:
2201:
2062:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1021:E160a. The structure was deduced in 1930.
423:
295:
273:
27:Red-orange pigment of the terpenoids class
3443:
3402:
3361:
3269:
3212:
3171:
3122:
3087:
3070:
3060:
3019:
2968:
2945:
2935:
2851:
2833:
2749:
2703:
2662:
2644:
2552:
2461:
2412:
2303:
2254:
2244:
2163:
2153:
2040:
2034:
1853:
1843:
1706:
1633:
1360:
390:
138:, β-Carotene, Food Orange 5, Provitamin A
3432:International Journal of Food Properties
2327:
2325:
2323:
1723:
1053:
1805:
1803:
1682:
1680:
1531:
1193:1 IU β-carotene from food = 0.05 μg RAE
419:
121:1,1′-bis(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene)
14:
5663:
2625:"Comprehensive Guide to Beta-Carotene"
2509:
2271:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1778:
1656:Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre
1174:
896:103 °C (217 °F; 376 K)
545:183 °C (361 °F; 456 K)
286:
4624:
4529:
3847:
3475:
3295:European Journal of Cancer Prevention
3043:Di Carlo E, Augustin AJ (July 2021).
2962:
2868:
2686:Tanvetyanon T, Bepler G (July 2008).
2320:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1757:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1490:
1460:β-Carotene and lung cancer in smokers
1256:The color of β-carotene is masked by
1128:
451:Key: OENHQHLEOONYIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
253:
233:
3146:Evans JR, Lawrenson JG (July 2017).
1800:
1749:
1747:
1677:
1435:
1086:Absorption, metabolism and excretion
982:compound, converting in the body to
709:
699:
2822:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2136:Eroglu A, Harrison EH (July 2013).
1687:Senge MO, Hope H, Smith KM (1992).
1497:Retinol § Industrial synthesis
1137:Retinol activity equivalents (RAEs)
361:
345:
24:
5622:terpene synthase N terminal domain
4181:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K
3873:
2450:Journal of Chromatographic Science
1951:
1870:
1606:Sunless tanning with beta-carotene
1200:
1155:1 μg RAE = 12 μg of all-
849:
25:
5702:
1819:
1744:
1272:, sweet potato leaves, and sweet
1082:into two molecules of vitamin A.
1080:β,β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase
1046:lacking functional groups, it is
1042:, it is deeply colored, and as a
2969:Stargrove M (20 December 2007).
2554:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01657.x
1991:. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
1754:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
1426:beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
1107:beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase
910:
742:
499:
92:
77:
62:
47:
3501:
3419:
3378:
3286:
3237:
3201:International Journal of Cancer
3139:
2809:
2774:
2728:
2679:
2645:Leo MA, Lieber CS (June 1999).
2638:
2616:
2577:
2528:
2478:
2437:
2401:International Journal of Cancer
2388:
2374:
2129:
2088:
2053:
2005:
1368:
1184:1 μg RAE = 3.33 IU retinol
1006:and may be prescribed to treat
906:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
4190:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K
4172:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K
3354:10.1002/14651858.CD004567.pub2
3164:10.1002/14651858.CD000253.pub4
1583:
1411:No risk for hypervitaminosis A
1391:
1148:1 μg RAE = 2 μg all-
955:, strongly colored red-orange
493:
13:
1:
3445:10.1080/10942912.2017.1306553
2105:10.1016/S0083-6729(06)75005-1
1650:Cambridge Structural Database
1626:
1592:of carotenoids, possibly via
1578:erythropoietic protoporphyria
1572:Erythropoietic protoporphyria
1008:erythropoietic protoporphyria
5099:Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
3307:10.1097/cej.0b013e32835849b0
2937:10.1371/journal.pone.0074558
1987:Milne, George W. A. (2005).
1845:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003028
1523:found that both dietary and
1513:randomized controlled trials
1152:-β-carotene from supplements
7:
5649:Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
1816:. Retrieved on 27 May 2014.
1599:
1555:
1506:
978:Dietary β-carotene is a pro
10:
5707:
4569:Emollients and protectives
3152:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2889:10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101717
2795:10.1016/j.exer.2005.04.002
1535:
1521:prospective cohort studies
31:
5643:Isopentenyl pyrophosphate
5635:
5613:
5597:Norisoprenoids (modified)
5596:
5569:
5521:
5468:
5453:
5436:
5373:
5300:
5290:
5273:
5212:
5186:
5156:
5131:
5110:
5086:
5076:
5015:
4970:
4919:
4873:
4864:
4815:
4789:
4768:
4749:
4711:
4668:
4589:
4568:
4486:
4470:
4443:
4215:
4206:
4121:
4051:
3980:25-hydroxycholecalciferol
3928:
3895:
3886:
3778:
3748:
3695:
3587:
3509:
2783:Experimental Eye Research
2594:10.1007/s00253-001-0902-7
2463:10.1093/chromsci/43.9.466
1596:and oxidation reactions.
1546:
1422:retinol binding protein 2
1219:Momordica cochinchinensis
1187:1 IU retinol = 0.3 μg RAE
1169:World Health Organization
1103:retinol binding protein 2
971:units and thus having 40
900:
723:
718:
682:
480:
460:
435:
143:
127:
115:
105:
100:
91:
76:
61:
46:
5636:Activated isoprene forms
5437:Sesquarterpenes/oids (7)
4686:Monocyclic (single ring)
3262:10.3332/ecancer.2013.365
2296:10.1177/1535370216657900
2028:10.1002/hlca.19300130532
1485:intracerebral hemorrhage
1114:low density lipoproteins
789:Precautionary statements
559:at 760 mmHg (101324 Pa)
32:Not to be confused with
5259:Secodehydroabietic acid
3404:10.3945/ajcn.112.053835
3012:10.1093/advances/nmy040
2835:10.1074/jbc.M115.668822
2760:10.1351/pac200274081461
2246:10.1074/jbc.M115.668822
1318:Carrots, raw or boiled
5054:Farnesyl pyrophosphate
3749:Vitamin A retinoids (C
2664:10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1071
2284:Exp Biol Med (Maywood)
2015:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1450:proton-pump inhibitors
1446:Bile acid sequestrants
1361:No dietary requirement
860:
5256:Sandaracopimaric acid
4901:Geranyl pyrophosphate
4003:Dihydroergocalciferol
3250:ecancermedicalscience
3115:10.3945/an.116.013177
2973:(1 ed.). Mosby.
1708:10.1515/znc-1992-0623
1645:"CSD Entry: CARTEN02"
1290:Milligrams per 100 g
1159:-β-carotene from food
1054:Provitamin A activity
859:
525:Dark orange crystals
117:Systematic IUPAC name
5446:Tetraprenylcurcumene
4927:Grapefruit mercaptan
4590:Protectives against
4458:Dehydroascorbic acid
3962:7-Dehydrocholesterol
1538:Macular degeneration
1532:Macular degeneration
842:(fire diamond)
70:Ball-and-stick model
5229:Dehydroabietic acid
4695:(cyclopentane ring)
4352:Pyridoxal phosphate
3438:(sup1): S632–S643.
3062:10.3390/jcm10153297
2928:2013PLoSO...874558B
2828:(41): 24844–24857.
2155:10.1194/jlr.R039537
1652:: Access Structures
1590:thermal degradation
1221:Spreng.) and crude
1175:International Units
566:Solubility in water
517: g·mol
215:Beilstein Reference
85:Space-filling model
43:
4689:Bicyclic (2 rings)
4513:Never to phase III
4026:Dihydrotachysterol
2705:10.1002/cncr.23527
1491:Industrial sources
1430:hypervitaminosis A
1299:, skinned, boiled
1208:dietary supplement
1129:Conversion factors
1004:dietary supplement
1002:. It is used as a
933:Infobox references
861:
41:
5658:
5657:
5606:7,8-dihydroionone
5565:
5564:
5432:
5431:
5269:
5268:
5237:Lambertianic acid
5011:
5010:
4860:
4859:
4675:Acyclic (linear,
4618:
4617:
4600:Aminobenzoic acid
4559:and protectives (
4523:
4522:
4466:
4465:
4418:Adenosylcobalamin
4393:Dihydrofolic acid
4202:
4201:
3841:
3840:
3833:Zuretinol acetate
3214:10.1002/ijc.25008
2623:Meschino Health.
2521:978-0-323-66162-1
2491:. 28 October 2015
2414:10.1002/ijc.22076
2351:978-0-309-07279-3
2290:(17): 1879–1887.
2213:978-0-323-66162-1
2114:978-0-12-709875-3
2074:10.1021/jf980405r
1998:978-0-471-73518-2
1810:Sigma-Aldrich Co.
1760:(92nd ed.).
1694:Z. Naturforsch. C
1501:Dunaliella salina
1436:Drug interactions
1358:
1357:
1031:Dunaliella salina
951:-carotene) is an
941:Chemical compound
939:
938:
767:Hazard statements
404:CompTox Dashboard
185:Interactive image
137:
16:(Redirected from
5698:
5466:
5465:
5298:
5297:
5275:Sesterterpenoids
5241:Levopimaric acid
5103:Geranyl-linalool
5084:
5083:
5017:Sesquiterpenoids
4957:Perillyl alcohol
4871:
4870:
4766:
4765:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4622:
4621:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4428:Hydroxocobalamin
4403:Levomefolic acid
4323:Pantothenic acid
4213:
4212:
4136:Phylloquinone (K
3893:
3892:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3447:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3216:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3126:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2939:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2837:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2753:
2744:(8): 1461–1467.
2738:Pure Appl. Chem.
2732:
2726:
2725:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2556:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2416:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2329:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2248:
2239:(41): 24844–57.
2224:
2218:
2217:
2199:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2157:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2022:(5): 1084–1099.
2009:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1838:(12): e1003028.
1823:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1764:. p. 3.94.
1751:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1701:(5–6): 474–476.
1684:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1640:
1401:white of the eye
1282:
1281:
923:
917:
914:
913:
881:
874:
867:
852:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
782:
778:
774:
746:
713:
703:
665:Refractive index
516:
501:
495:
488:Chemical formula
428:
427:
412:
410:
394:
374:
363:
349:
325:
307:
299:
288:
277:
257:
237:
205:
187:
163:
131:
96:
81:
66:
55:Skeletal formula
51:
44:
40:
21:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5631:
5609:
5592:
5561:
5517:
5457:
5455:Tetraterpenoids
5449:
5428:
5369:
5360:Cholecalciferol
5286:
5283:Geranylfarnesol
5265:
5248:Neoabietic acid
5233:Isopimaric acid
5208:
5182:
5152:
5127:
5106:
5072:
5007:
4966:
4915:
4866:
4865:Monoterpenoids
4856:
4811:
4785:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4741:Isovaleric acid
4731:
4727:
4707:
4664:
4649:
4619:
4614:
4585:
4564:
4554:
4524:
4519:
4518:
4503:Clinical trials
4482:
4462:
4439:
4433:Methylcobalamin
4413:
4384:
4371:
4343:
4319:
4300:
4286:
4241:
4227:
4208:
4198:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4148:
4145:Menaquinones (K
4139:
4117:
4047:
4013:
3999:
3990:Calcitroic acid
3975:Cholecalciferol
3970:
3958:
3940:
3924:
3888:
3882:
3872:
3842:
3837:
3774:
3752:
3744:
3702:
3691:
3594:
3583:
3516:
3505:
3500:
3470:
3469:
3424:
3420:
3383:
3379:
3348:(6): CD004567.
3334:
3330:
3291:
3287:
3242:
3238:
3193:
3189:
3158:(7): CD000253.
3144:
3140:
3095:
3088:
3041:
3037:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2967:
2963:
2908:
2904:
2877:Food Bioscience
2873:
2869:
2814:
2810:
2779:
2775:
2751:10.1.1.502.6550
2733:
2729:
2684:
2680:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2582:
2578:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2442:
2438:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2352:
2330:
2321:
2276:
2272:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2200:
2181:
2134:
2130:
2115:
2093:
2089:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1966:"Beta-carotene"
1964:
1963:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1871:
1824:
1820:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1786:"Beta-carotene"
1784:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1752:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1685:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1664:10.5517/cc8j3mh
1641:
1634:
1629:
1602:
1586:
1574:
1562:Cochrane review
1558:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1509:
1493:
1481:prostate cancer
1462:
1438:
1413:
1394:
1371:
1363:
1262:leaf vegetables
1243:root vegetables
1203:
1201:Dietary sources
1177:
1139:
1131:
1088:
1076:small intestine
1068:β-cryptoxanthin
1056:
1038:. Being highly
942:
935:
930:
929:
928: ?)
919:
915:
911:
907:
886:
885:
884:
883:
876:
869:
862:
858:
850:
791:
769:
755:
739:
692:
675:
673:
617:dichloromethane
603:
597:
586:
568:
558:
546:
514:
504:
498:
490:
476:
473:
468:
467:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
431:
413:
406:
397:
377:
364:
352:
317:
280:
260:
240:
217:
208:
190:
177:
166:
153:
139:
123:
122:
111:
87:
82:
72:
67:
57:
52:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5704:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5626:protein domain
5617:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5580:Natural rubber
5576:
5574:
5571:Polyterpenoids
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5526:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Delta-Carotene
5490:
5488:Gamma-Carotene
5485:
5480:
5478:Alpha-Carotene
5474:
5472:
5463:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5417:Betulinic acid
5414:
5409:
5407:Oleanolic acid
5401:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5319:Citrostadienol
5317:
5306:
5304:
5295:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5262:Palustric acid
5260:
5257:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:Bornyl acetate
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4713:Hemiterpenoids
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4648:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4596:
4594:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4423:Cyanocobalamin
4420:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4131:Naphthoquinone
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3949:Ergocalciferol
3946:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3780:Retinoid drugs
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:Apocarotenoids
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3627:Diadinoxanthin
3624:
3619:
3617:Citranaxanthin
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Antheraxanthin
3598:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3467:
3418:
3377:
3328:
3285:
3236:
3187:
3138:
3086:
3035:
3006:(6): 701–716.
2986:
2980:978-0323029643
2979:
2961:
2902:
2867:
2808:
2773:
2727:
2678:
2657:(6): 1071–85.
2637:
2615:
2576:
2541:Int J Dermatol
2527:
2520:
2502:
2477:
2436:
2407:(9): 2148–54.
2387:
2373:
2350:
2342:10.17226/10026
2319:
2270:
2219:
2212:
2179:
2148:(7): 1719–30.
2128:
2113:
2087:
2052:
2033:
2004:
1997:
1979:
1950:
1869:
1832:PLOS Pathogens
1818:
1799:
1777:
1771:978-1439855119
1770:
1743:
1722:
1676:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1582:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1536:Main article:
1533:
1530:
1508:
1505:
1492:
1489:
1461:
1458:
1454:hepatotoxicity
1437:
1434:
1412:
1409:
1393:
1390:
1375:carotenodermia
1370:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1288:Beta-carotene
1286:
1251:sweet potatoes
1202:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1087:
1084:
1055:
1052:
1026:chromatography
940:
937:
936:
931:
909:
908:
904:standard state
901:
898:
897:
894:
888:
887:
877:
870:
863:
848:
847:
846:
845:
843:
834:
833:
811:P305+P351+P338
792:
787:
784:
783:
770:
765:
762:
761:
756:
751:
748:
747:
740:
735:
732:
731:
721:
720:
716:
715:
693:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:
676:
671:
663:
660:
659:
656:
654:Vapor pressure
650:
649:
646:
637:
636:
633:
623:
622:
619:
609:
608:
595:
584:
579:
573:
572:
569:
564:
561:
560:
555:
549:
548:
543:
537:
536:
533:
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
512:
506:
505:
502:
496:
491:
486:
483:
482:
478:
477:
475:
474:
471:
463:
462:
461:
458:
457:
455:
454:
450:
447:
446:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
430:
429:
416:
414:
402:
399:
398:
396:
395:
387:
385:
379:
378:
376:
375:
367:
365:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
342:
340:
334:
333:
327:
319:
318:
316:
315:
311:
309:
301:
300:
290:
282:
281:
279:
278:
270:
268:
262:
261:
259:
258:
250:
248:
242:
241:
239:
238:
230:
228:
222:
221:
218:
213:
210:
209:
207:
206:
198:
196:
192:
191:
189:
188:
180:
178:
171:
168:
167:
165:
164:
156:
154:
149:
146:
145:
141:
140:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
113:
112:
109:
103:
102:
98:
97:
89:
88:
83:
74:
73:
68:
59:
58:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5703:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:Tetraterpenes
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5603:3-oxo-α-ionol
5602:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5537:Cryptoxanthin
5535:
5533:
5532:Canthaxanthin
5530:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Beta-Carotene
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5443:Ferrugicadiol
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:Serratenediol
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5292:Triterpenoids
5289:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5245:Mercusic acid
5244:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5226:Communic acid
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4863:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4752:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4634:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4478:Multivitamins
4476:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Ascorbic acid
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Prosultiamine
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:Fursultiamine
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Acefurtiamine
4245:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4195:
4188:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4161:
4159:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Retinoic acid
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3730:Food orange 7
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Abscisic acid
3708:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3622:Cryptoxanthin
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3612:Canthaxanthin
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3397:(3): 778–86.
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3301:(2): 158–68.
3300:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3207:(1): 172–84.
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:(9): e74558.
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:(2): 239–43.
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2547:(3): 178–81.
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2487:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2456:(9): 466–72.
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:(1): 145–51.
2067:
2063:
2056:
2043:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1787:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1594:isomerization
1591:
1581:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Carotenoderma
1389:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:, and orange
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:, it has the
1016:
1015:food coloring
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
934:
927:
922:
905:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
882:
875:
868:
844:
841:
840:
836:
835:
793:
790:
786:
785:
771:
768:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
750:
749:
745:
741:
738:
734:
733:
729:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:Pharmacology
681:
677:
670:
666:
662:
661:
658:2.71·10 mmHg
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
639:
638:
634:
632:
628:
625:
624:
620:
618:
614:
611:
610:
607:
604:Insoluble in
602:
598:
591:
587:
580:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
563:
562:
556:
554:
553:Boiling point
551:
550:
544:
542:
541:Melting point
539:
538:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
520:
513:
511:
508:
507:
492:
489:
485:
484:
479:
470:
469:
466:
459:
445:
444:
441:
434:
426:
422:
421:DTXSID3020253
418:
417:
415:
405:
401:
400:
393:
389:
388:
386:
384:
381:
380:
373:
369:
368:
366:
360:
356:
355:
348:
344:
343:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
328:
326:
321:
320:
313:
312:
310:
308:
303:
302:
298:
294:
291:
289:
287:ECHA InfoCard
284:
283:
276:
272:
271:
269:
267:
264:
263:
256:
252:
251:
249:
247:
244:
243:
236:
232:
231:
229:
227:
224:
223:
219:
216:
212:
211:
204:
200:
199:
197:
194:
193:
186:
182:
181:
179:
175:
170:
169:
162:
158:
157:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
135:
130:Betacarotene
126:
118:
114:
108:
104:
99:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
71:
65:
60:
56:
50:
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18:Beta-carotene
5691:Cyclohexenes
5681:Hydrocarbons
5589:Gutta-balatá
5585:Gutta percha
5523:Xanthophylls
5503:Neurosporene
5422:Moronic acid
5412:Ursolic acid
5355:Testosterone
5338:Stigmasterol
5323:Cycloartenol
5310:Phytosterols
5252:Pimaric acid
5222:Abietic acid
5173:Manoyl oxide
5148:Salvinorin A
5138:
5078:Diterpenoids
4942:Thujaplicins
4867:(2,modified)
4807:Phellandrene
4751:Monoterpenes
4680:
4676:
4669:Basic forms:
4610:Betacarotene
4592:UV-radiation
4471:Combinations
4398:Folinic acid
4357:Pyridoxamine
4328:Dexpanthenol
4277:Sulbutiamine
4257:Benfotiamine
4252:Allithiamine
4154:Menadione (K
4113:Tocofersolan
4041:Paricalcitol
4031:Calcipotriol
4021:Alfacalcidol
4017:D analogues
3967:Previtamin D
3909:
3813:Isotretinoin
3793:Alitretinoin
3715:Apocarotenal
3687:Zeinoxanthin
3677:Violaxanthin
3667:Rhodoxanthin
3647:Flavoxanthin
3632:Diatoxanthin
3589:Xanthophylls
3559:Neurosporene
3435:
3431:
3421:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3345:
3341:
3331:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3109:(1): 40–53.
3106:
3102:
3055:(15): 3297.
3052:
3048:
3038:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2698:(1): 150–7.
2695:
2691:
2681:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2618:
2585:
2579:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2511:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2480:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2381:
2376:
2333:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2203:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2096:
2090:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2036:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1941:. Retrieved
1835:
1831:
1821:
1790:. Retrieved
1780:
1756:
1734:. Retrieved
1725:
1698:
1692:
1667:. Retrieved
1648:
1587:
1575:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1463:
1439:
1414:
1395:
1372:
1369:Side effects
1364:
1297:Sweet potato
1289:
1278:
1255:
1218:
1204:
1178:
1165:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1118:
1111:
1099:chylomicrons
1096:
1089:
1079:
1057:
1029:
1023:
1012:
1000:sweet potato
977:
963:, which are
948:
944:
943:
838:
758:
725:
668:
642:
144:Identifiers
128:Other names
110:β,β-Carotene
38:
34:beta-keratin
29:
5671:Carotenoids
5557:Rubixanthin
5547:Astaxanthin
5508:Phytofluene
5460:Carotenoids
5350:Cholesterol
5345:Tocopherols
5315:Campesterol
5214:Resin acids
5199:Gibberellin
5194:Aphidicolin
5187:Tetracyclic
5062:Longifolene
5026:Artemisinin
5003:Umbellulone
4891:Citronellol
4881:Citronellal
4499:from market
4310:Niacinamide
4267:Octotiamine
4088:Tocotrienol
3808:Fenretinide
3672:Rubixanthin
3652:Fucoxanthin
3637:Dinoxanthin
3607:Astaxanthin
3579:Lycopersene
3569:Phytofluene
3503:Carotenoids
2233:J Biol Chem
2142:J Lipid Res
1621:Carotenoids
1584:Food drying
1525:circulating
1442:cholesterol
1392:Carotenosis
1258:chlorophyll
1122:beta-ionone
1092:enterocytes
1044:hydrocarbon
892:Flash point
753:Signal word
581:Soluble in
547:decomposes
522:Appearance
481:Properties
293:100.027.851
235:CHEBI:17579
42:β-Carotene
5665:Categories
5542:Zeaxanthin
5386:Lanosterol
5333:Sitosterol
5328:Sitostanol
5204:Paclitaxel
5111:Monocyclic
4998:Ascaridole
4993:Eucalyptol
4946:Hinokitiol
4920:Monocyclic
4790:Monocyclic
4657:terpenoids
4605:Octinoxate
4557:Emollients
4388:Folic acid
4348:Pyridoxine
4333:Pantethine
4290:Riboflavin
4163:Various (K
4061:Tocopherol
4036:Tacalcitol
3944:Ergosterol
3910:β-Carotene
3905:α-Carotene
3823:Temarotene
3818:Tazarotene
3803:Etretinate
3798:Bexarotene
3682:Zeaxanthin
3662:Neoxanthin
3642:Echinenone
3549:ζ-Carotene
3544:ε-Carotene
3539:δ-Carotene
3534:γ-Carotene
3529:β-Carotene
3524:α-Carotene
3049:J Clin Med
2883:: 101717.
2586:StatPearls
2495:5 February
1972:31 January
1943:31 January
1814:β-Carotene
1792:31 January
1736:21 October
1627:References
1417:enterocyte
1227:cantaloupe
1212:Vietnamese
1064:α-carotene
1060:provitamin
1048:lipophilic
1040:conjugated
965:terpenoids
945:β-Carotene
737:Pictograms
627:Solubility
613:Solubility
577:Solubility
571:Insoluble
535:1.00 g/cm
510:Molar mass
392:01YAE03M7J
266:ChemSpider
255:ChEMBL1293
172:3D model (
151:CAS Number
107:IUPAC name
5676:Vitamin A
5614:Synthesis
5470:Carotenes
5365:Ecdysones
5169:Forskolin
5157:Tricyclic
5144:Epimanool
5069:Nootkatin
5066:Muurolene
5058:Juniperol
5050:Chanootin
5031:Bisabolol
4962:Carvacrol
4802:Terpinene
4704:(4 rings)
4651:Types of
4581:Carbamide
4509:Phase III
4497:Withdrawn
4362:Pyritinol
4242:analogues
3920:Tretinoin
3828:Tretinoin
3788:Acitretin
3740:Peridinin
3511:Carotenes
3454:1094-2912
2897:248252973
2844:1083-351X
2746:CiteSeerX
1762:CRC Press
1717:100905826
1611:Vitamin A
1517:mortality
1386:epidermis
1351:, canned
1340:, canned
1329:, boiled
1260:in green
980:vitamin A
961:carotenes
823:P337+P313
819:P332+P313
807:P302+P352
728:labelling
331:(colours)
314:230-636-6
306:EC Number
161:7235-40-7
5513:Phytoene
5498:Lycopene
5399:Squalane
5391:Saponins
5302:Steroids
5164:Cembrene
5141:-Abienol
5132:Bicyclic
5036:Cadinene
4971:Bicyclic
4937:p-Cymene
4911:Linalool
4896:Geraniol
4847:Sabinene
4837:Camphene
4816:Bicyclic
4797:Limonene
4781:Myrcenes
4722:Isoprene
4702:Steroids
4693:Iridoids
4661:isoprene
4653:terpenes
4576:Paraffin
4231:Thiamine
3875:Vitamins
3725:Crocetin
3574:Torulene
3564:Phytoene
3554:Lycopene
3462:90336692
3413:23842458
3372:22696344
3323:35660646
3315:22926510
3280:24171049
3231:24850769
3223:19876916
3182:28756617
3133:28096126
3103:Adv Nutr
3081:34362080
3030:30239557
3000:Adv Nutr
2956:24040282
2916:PLOS ONE
2862:26307071
2803:15967438
2768:15046337
2722:33827601
2714:18429004
2673:10357725
2610:22232461
2602:30521299
2571:27934066
2563:12653910
2472:16212792
2431:22948131
2423:16823847
2368:44243659
2360:25057538
2314:27390265
2265:26307071
2174:23667178
2123:17368314
2082:10563863
1864:23271965
1600:See also
1566:cataract
1556:Cataract
1507:Research
1405:jaundice
1276:leaves.
1264:such as
1245:such as
1223:palm oil
1167:Nations/
1072:duodenum
1019:E number
969:isoprene
839:NFPA 704
719:Hazards
690:ATC code
635:0.1 g/L
606:glycerin
324:E number
220:1917416
5651:(DMAPP)
5381:Betulin
5179:Pimarol
5176:Pimaral
5123:Retinal
5118:Retinol
5087:Acyclic
5046:Cedrene
5041:Cadinol
4983:Borneol
4978:Camphor
4932:Menthol
4906:Halomon
4874:Acyclic
4842:Thujene
4776:Ocimene
4769:Acyclic
4209:soluble
3915:Retinol
3889:soluble
3770:Retinol
3760:Retinal
3735:Ionones
3363:4410744
3271:3805144
3256:: 365.
3173:6483250
3124:5227975
3072:8348883
3021:6247336
2947:3765487
2924:Bibcode
2853:4598995
2305:5068469
2256:4598995
2165:3679377
1855:3521652
1616:Retinol
1466:smokers
1415:At the
1349:Spinach
1338:Pumpkin
1266:spinach
1247:carrots
1239:papayas
1235:pumpkin
1231:mangoes
1074:of the
996:spinach
992:pumpkin
988:carrots
984:retinol
973:carbons
957:pigment
953:organic
926:what is
924: (
759:Warning
708: (
706:D02BB01
704:)
698: (
696:A11CA02
648:14.764
601:ethanol
590:benzene
531:Density
515:536.888
372:5280489
359:PubChem
275:4444129
5573:(many)
5552:Lutein
5403:Acids
5094:Phytol
4952:Thymol
4886:Citral
4852:Carene
4823:Pinene
4736:Prenol
4683:forms)
4663:units)
4659:(# of
4492:WHO-EM
4375:Biotin
4305:Niacin
4207:Water
3701:<40
3657:Lutein
3460:
3452:
3411:
3370:
3360:
3321:
3313:
3278:
3268:
3229:
3221:
3180:
3170:
3131:
3121:
3079:
3069:
3028:
3018:
2977:
2954:
2944:
2895:
2860:
2850:
2842:
2801:
2766:
2748:
2720:
2712:
2692:Cancer
2671:
2630:29 May
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2121:
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1995:
1862:
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1669:9 July
1547:Cancer
1379:orange
1310:juice
1308:Carrot
1237:, and
1036:hexane
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921:verify
918:
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631:hexane
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5645:(IPP)
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4681:trans
4107:Delta
4103:Gamma
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3720:Bixin
3458:S2CID
3319:S2CID
3227:S2CID
2893:S2CID
2764:S2CID
2718:S2CID
2606:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2489:(PDF)
2427:S2CID
2364:S2CID
1713:S2CID
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