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431:, UK. Besides tetrahedral, trigonal and octahedral holes, there were all-purpose balls with 24 holes. These models allowed rotation about the single rod bonds, which could be both an advantage (showing molecular flexibility) and a disadvantage (models are floppy). The approximate scale was 5 cm per
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In a ball-and-stick model, the radius of the spheres is usually much smaller than the rod lengths, in order to provide a clearer view of the atoms and bonds throughout the model. As a consequence, the model does not provide a clear insight about the space occupied by the model. In this aspect,
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rods. In these models, the use of individually drilled balls with precise bond angles and bond lengths enabled large crystal structures to be accurately created in a light and rigid form.
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are usually represented by two or three curved rods, respectively, or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the
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or plastic or wood sticks, and a number of plastic balls with pre-drilled holes. The sphere colors commonly follow the
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Specialist companies manufacture kits and models to order. One of the earlier companies was
Woosters at
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in the same scale as the atom distances, and therefore show the occupied space but not the bonds.
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was the first to make ball-and-stick molecular models. He used such models in lecture at the
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Turner M (1971). "Ball and stick models for organic chemistry".
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Ball-and-stick models can be physical artifacts or virtual
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of each atom is often indicated by the sphere's color.
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between them. The atoms are typically represented by
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Representation of a molecule's bonds and 3D structure
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318:, connected by rods which represent the bonds.
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408:). Later discoveries disproved this geometry.
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53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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438:The Beeverses Miniature Models company in
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350:ball-and-stick models are distinct from
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184:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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88:adding citations to reliable sources
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418:Royal Institution of Great Britain
279:A plastic ball-and-stick model of
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400:'s 1865 ball-and-stick model of
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557:29 November
367:cyclohexane
695:Other ways
487:(6): 407.
466:References
446:balls and
246:April 2021
216:newspapers
140:April 2021
110:newspapers
39:improve it
440:Edinburgh
425:Bottisham
288:chemistry
186:talk page
45:talk page
727:Category
454:See also
433:ångström
332:pi bonds
310:and the
489:Bibcode
402:methane
398:Hofmann
389:History
316:spheres
306:of the
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131:JSTOR
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559:2017
528:ISBN
444:PMMA
330:and
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497:doi
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