Agrivoltaics - Knowledge

1206:. For fence PV, microinverters had better performance when the cross-over fence length was under 30 m or when the system was small, whereas string inverters were a better selection for longer fences. Simulation results show that the row distance between bifacial photovoltaic module structures significantly affects the photosynthetically active radiation distribution. Next2Sun has commercialized vertical agrivoltaic systems in Europe. Open-source vertical wood-based PV racking has been designed for farms that is (i) constructed from locally accessible (domestic) renewable and sustainable materials, (ii) able to be made with hand tools by the average farmer on site, (iii) possesses a 25-year lifetime to match PV warranties, and (iv) is structurally sound, following Canadian building codes to weather high wind speeds and heavy snow loads. The results showed that the capital cost of the racking system is less expensive than the commercial equivalent and all of the previous wood-based rack designs, at a single unit retail cost of CAD 0.21. 324: 2029:

hard to access and have been destroyed during storms. In 2017 the separation rules were revised, allowing counties to formulate their own regulations. A number of agrivoltaic plants have been installed since then. The expansion of photovoltaic plants throughout the countryside has enraged local residents and inspired a number of protests, as the panels are considered an eyesore, and people fear pollution by toxic materials used in the panels, or danger from "electromagnetic waves". Resistance by disgruntled locals to the industry has led to countless legal battles throughout the country. Kim Chang-han, executive secretariat of the Korea Agrivoltaic Association, claims that the problems in the industry are caused by "Fake News".

1178: 1078: 1119: 1943:) launched the national network for sustainable agrivoltaic systems as part of the "Green revolution and ecological transition" mission of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan. According to a study conducted by ENEA and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, the economic and environmental performances of agrivoltaic systems are similar to those of ground photovoltaic plants. ENEA's objective is to increase installed power by 30GW. For ENEA, 0.32% of Italian agricultural fields are to be covered by photovoltaic systems in order to reach 50% of the objectives of the national energy plan. 1256:, proposed a new agrivoltaic concept: curved glass panels covered with a dichroitic polymer film that selectively transmits blue and red wavelengths which are necessary for photosynthesis. All other wavelengths are reflected and concentrated on solar cells for power generation using a dual tracking system. Shadow effects arising from regular solar panels above the crop field are eliminated since the crops continue to receive the blue and red wavelength necessary for photosynthesis. Several awards have been granted for this new type of agrivoltaic, among others the R&D100 prize in 2017. 354: 1377:

community if it integrated agricultural production. Dinesh et al.'s model claims that the value of solar generated electricity coupled to shade-tolerant crop production created an over 30% increase in economic value from farms deploying agrivoltaic systems instead of conventional agriculture. Agrivoltaics may be beneficial for summer crops due to the microclimate they create and the side effect of heat and water flow control. Agrivoltaics is environmentally superior to conventional agriculture or PV systems; a

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permanent structures and dynamic systems, and with capacities of several MW, have since been developed. A 35 MW power plant, installed on 54 ha, started operation in 2018. It consists of panels two metres above the ground at their lowest point, mounted on steel piles in a concrete foundation. The shading rate of this plant is over 50%, a value higher than the 30% shading usually found in the Nagashima systems. Under the panels farmers will cultivate

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claimed to be less than 15%, so as to minimize its effect on the crops. The company advertises as being the first to offer "automated integrated shading net systems into the supporting structure". REM TEC has also designed a dual-axis solar tracking systems integrated into the greenhouse structure. According to the company website, control of the position of the solar panels would optimize the greenhouse microclimate.

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PV system operators pay shepherds to transport sheep. Some experimental sheep agrivoltaics found higher herbage mass available in solar pastures, and while others had lower herbage, this was offset by higher forage quality, resulting in similar spring lamb production to open pastures. Agrivoltaics also can be used to shade cows. Solar grazing is popular in the U.S. and an organization has formed to support it.

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Despite the considerable initial investment cost, the payback time does not surpass more than 5 years, using traditional technologies. It is concluded that Agri-PV worth more than only PV or only agriculture productions, verified by a Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) higher than 1. When the merging is beneficial, the value of LER is higher than 1, showing, in terms of production, that the yield will be increased.

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word 'agrivoltaics' was first coined, calculated that the land use efficiency may increase by 60–70% (mostly in terms of usage of solar irradiance). The central socio-political opportunities of agrivoltaics include income diversification for farmers, enhanced community relations and acceptance for PV developers, and energy demand and emissions reduction for the global population.

1836:. Other prototypes with 1-axis mobile panels were built in 2014 and 2017. The aim of these studies is to manage the microclimate received by plants and to produce electricity, by optimizing the position of the panels. and to study how radiation is distributed between crops and solar panels. The first agrivoltaic plant in the open field of Sun'R is built in the spring of 2018 in 1269:

agrivoltaics increase the spacing between solar cells and use clear backsheets enhancing food production below. In this option, the fixed PV panels enable the east–west movement of the sun to "spray sunlight" over the plants below, thereby reducing "over-exposure" due to the day-long sun as in transparent greenhouses, as they generate electricity above.

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mounting costs could make such systems difficult to finance for farmers based on convention farming loans, but it is possible that in the future governmental regulations, market changes and subsidies may create a new market for investors in such schemes, potentially giving future farmers completely different financing opportunities.

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in plastic tunnels; ginseng was selected because it requires deep shape. The area was previously used to grow lawn grass for golf courses, but due to golf becoming less popular in Japan, the farming land had begun to be abandoned. A proposal for a solar power plant of 480 MW to be built on the island

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Japan was the first country to develop of open field agrivoltaics when in 2004 Akira Nagashima developed a demountable structure that he tested on several crops. Removable structures allow farmers to remove or move facilities based on crop rotations and their needs. A number of larger facilities with

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In 2009 the Italian company REM TEC developed a dual-axis solar tracking system. In 2011 and 2012, REM TEC built several MW of open field agrivoltaic power plants. The solar panels are installed 5 m above the ground to operate agricultural machinery. The shadow due to the cover of photovoltaic panels

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Beyond the ongoing activities, the Ministry of Energy has issued funding for dozens of agrovoltaic pilots in Israel in order to reach the goals of the COP27 conference, and MIGAL has undertaken many of these pilots, especially since Israel is the only country that researches and promotes the field of

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for solar energy production and plant cultivation in 1982, which would address the problem of competition for the use of arable land between solar energy production and crops. The light saturation point is the maximum amount of photons absorbable by a plant species: more photons will not increase the

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The shade produced by systems located on top of crops can reduce production of some crops, but such losses may be offset by the energy produced. Many experimental plots have been installed by various organisations around the world, but no such systems are known to be commercially viable outside China

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Photovoltaic systems are technologically complex, meaning farmers will be unable to fix some things that may break down or be damaged, and requiring a sufficient pool of professionals. In the case of Germany the average increase in labour costs due to agrivoltaic systems are expected to be around 3%.

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A study identified barriers to adoption of agrivoltaics among farmers that include (i) desired certainty of long-term land productivity, (ii) market potential, (iii) just compensation and (iv) a need for predesigned system flexibility to accommodate different scales, types of operations, and changing

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under solar panels. The sheep control vegetation, which would otherwise shade the PV. Sheep even do a more thorough job than lawnmowers as they can reach around the legs of the structures. In return, sheep or goats receive forage and a shady place to rest. Sheep may be cheaper than mowing. In general

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In Switzerland, the company Insolight is developing translucent solar modules with an integrated tracking system that allows the modules to remain static. The module uses lenses to concentrate light onto solar cells and a dynamic light transmission system to adjust the amount of transmitted light and

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The simplest and earliest system was built in Japan using a rather flimsy set of panels mounted on thin pipes on stands without concrete footings. This system is dismountable and lightweight, and the panels can be moved around or adjusted manually during the seasons as the farmer cultivates the land.

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ism for PV systems, which has been becoming an issue. A U.S. survey study assessed if public support for solar development increases when energy and agricultural production are combined in an agrivoltaic system and found 81.8% of respondents would be more likely to support solar development in their

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The difficulty of such systems is to find the mode of operation to maintain the good balance between the two types of production according to the goals of the system. Fine control of the panels to adapt shading to the need of plants requires advanced agronomic skills to understand the development of

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All three systems have several variables used to maximize solar energy absorbed in both the panels and the crops. The main variable taken into account for agrivoltaic systems is the tilt angle of the solar panels. Other variables taken into account for choosing the location of the agrivoltaic system

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for energy policy, with the goal to have 20% of the energy supply based on renewable resources by 2030, against 5% in 2017. In 2019 Korea Agrivoltaic Association was established to promote and develop South Korea's agrivoltaic industry. SolarFarm.Ltd built the first agrivoltaic power plant in South

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Portugal is a country with good climate characteristics of solar production, in financial, production and environmental terms. In, a study is presented and has concluded that combining agriculture with photovoltaic systems can be very beneficial from energy production and a financial point of view.

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In 2004 Günter Czaloun proposed a photovoltaic tracking system with a rope rack system. Panels can be oriented to improve power generation or shade crops as needed. The first prototype was built in 2007 in Austria. The company REM TEC deployed several plants equipped with dual-axis tracking systems

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South Korea has very little agricultural land compared to most nations. National zoning laws, called separation regulations, made it illegal to build solar farms near roads or residential areas, but meant that solar farms must be installed on otherwise unproductive mountain slopes, where they were

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since 2007. Their first power plants consisted of alternation of crops and solar panels. The new power plants are greenhouses. In 2017 the Tenergie company began the deployment of photovoltaic greenhouses with an architecture that diffuses light in order to reduce the contrasts between light bands

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Dual use in land for agriculture and energy production could alleviate competition for land resources and allow for less pressure to develop farmland or natural areas into solar farms, or to convert natural areas into more farmland. Initial simulations performed by Dupraz et al. in 2011, where the

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Agrivolatics has started in Canada. Between a quarter (vertical bifacial PV) and more than one third (single-axis tracking PV) of Canada's electrical energy needs can be provided solely by agrivoltaics using only 1% of current agricultural lands. Several policies are needed to overcome regulatory

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In Europe in the early 2000s, experimental photovoltaic greenhouses have been built, with part of the greenhouse roof replaced by solar panels. In Austria, a small experimental open field agrivoltaic system was built in 2007, followed by two experiments in Italy. Experiments in France and Germany

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Agrivoltaics require a large investment, not only in the solar arrays, but in different farming machinery and electrical infrastructure. The potential for farm machinery to damage the infrastructure can also drive up insurance premiums as opposed to conventional solar arrays. In Germany, the high

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Three 13 kWp agro-photovoltaic systems were built in Chile in 2017. The goal of this project, supported by the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, was to study the plants that can benefit from the shading of the agrivoltaic system. The electricity produced was used to power agricultural facilities:

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A disadvantage often cited as an important factor in photovoltaics in general is the substitution of food-producing farmland with solar panels. Cropland is the same type of land on which solar panels are the most efficient. Despite allowing for some agriculture to occur on the solar power plant,

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systems have been developed. Most agricultural fences can be used for vertical agrivoltaics. Overall, at least one PV module between posts is acceptable for most fences for $ 0.035/kWh for racking on existing fencing in the U.S.; although the yield for a vertical PV is only 76% facing south, the

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In France, Sun'R and Agrivolta companies are developing single-axis tracking systems. According to them, their systems can be adapted to the plant needs. The Sun'R system is east–west axis tracking system. According to the company, complex plant growth models, weather forecasts, calculation and

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To obtain permission to exploit solar panels over crops, Japanese law requires farmers to maintain at least 80% of agricultural production. Farmers must remove panels if the municipality finds that they are shading out too much cropland. At the same time, the Japanese government gives out high

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for crops in both positive and negative manners with no net benefit, reducing quality by increasing humidity and disease, and requiring a higher expenditure on pesticides, but mitigating temperature fluctuations and thus increasing yields. In countries with low or unsteady precipitation, high

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Potential new photovoltaic technologies which let through the colors of light needed by the interior plants, but use the other wavelengths to generate electricity, might one day have some future use in greenhouses. There are prototypes of such greenhouses. "Semi-transparent" PV panels used in

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in India. The agrivoltaic system studied in this article consist of solar panels intercalated between crops to limit shading on plants. This study claimed that the system could increase the revenue (not profit) of Indian farmers in one specific area by 1500% (ignoring investment costs).

1920:) is the leader in the domain of agrivoltaics in Israel. The institute established a knowledge center on agrivoltaic technologies and And two annual APV conferences in Israel. The conference is being held in collaboration with many distinguished bodies from Israel and around the world. 1712:

A pilot project was initiated in Belgium in 2020, which will test if it is viable to cultivate pear trees among solar panels. A second pilot project was installed in 2021, which trials arable cultures in a crop rotation, comparing a static bifacial and a single axis tracked system.

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in the Kubuqi region. Among the techniques used, agrivoltaic systems were installed to protect crops and produce electricity. Wan You-Bao received a patent in 2007 for shade system equipment to protect crops in the desert. The shades are equipped with solar panels.

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is applied to dedicated dual-use technology, generally a system of mounts or cables to raise the solar array some five metres above the ground in order to allow the land to be accessed by farm machinery, or a system where solar paneling is installed on the roofs of

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agrivoltaics may be accompanied by a drop in production. Although some crops in some situations, such as lettuce in California, do not appear to be affected by shading in terms of yield, some land will be sacrificed for mounting structures and systems equipment.

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In 2011 the Fraunhofer Institute ISE started to research agrivoltaics. Research continues with the APV-Resola project, which began in 2015 and was scheduled to end in 2020. A first prototype of 194.4 kWp was to be built in 2016 from Hilber Solar (today

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Cypark later developed other four other solar farms integrated with agriculture activities: 6MW in Kuala Perlis with sheep and goat rearing, 425KW in Pengkalan Hulu with local vegetables, and 4MW in Jelebu and 11MW in Tanah Merah with sheep and goats.

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Many agricultural activities can be combined with solar, including plant crops, livestock, greenhouses, and wild plants to provide pollinator support. Agrivoltaic systems can include solar panels between crops, elevated above crops, or on greenhouses.

2098:. According to this institute, the results of their pilot project indicate that water consumption has been reduced by 75%. Their system might offer other benefits such as shading for workers as well as a lower and stable water temperature for better 5830:"Kyocera and 7 Other Companies Announce Progress of Development Plan for Max. 480-Megawatt Solar Power Project; Companies exploring plan to construct and operate solar power project located on agricultural land on Ukujima island, Nagasaki, Japan" 1283: 3909:

Barron-Gafford, Greg A.; Pavao-Zuckerman, Mitchell A.; Minor, Rebecca L.; Sutter, Leland F.; Barnett-Moreno, Isaiah; Blackett, Daniel T.; Thompson, Moses; Dimond, Kirk; Gerlak, Andrea K.; Nabhan, Gary P.; Macknick, Jordan E. (September 2019).

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launched a study project of agrivoltaic systems on orchards in 2014. In 2023 the university estimated Europe could host 51 TW of agrivoltaic capacity, generating 71,500 TWh of electricity per year (25 times higher than current power demand).

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The most important factor in the economic viability of agrivoltaics is the cost of installing the photovoltaic panels. It is calculated that in Germany, the subsidising of such projects' electricity generation by a bit more than 300%

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A study was done on the heat of the land, air and crops under solar panels for a growing season. It was found that while the air beneath the panels stayed consistent, the land and plants had lower temperatures recorded.

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Experimental facilities often have a control agricultural area. The control zone is exploited under the same conditions as the agrivoltaic device in order to study the effects of the device on the development of crops.

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Thompson, Elinor P.; Bombelli, Emilio L.; Shubham, Simon; Watson, Hamish; Everard, Aldous; D'Ardes, Vincenzo; Schievano, Andrea; Bocchi, Stefano; Zand, Nazanin; Howe, Christopher J.; Bombelli, Paolo (September 2020).

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optimization software are used. The device from Agrivolta is equipped with south-facing solar panels that can be removed by a sliding system. A Japanese company has also developed a tracking system to follow the sun.

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can be grazed among conventional solar panels without any modification. Likewise, some conceive agrivoltaics so broadly as to include the mere installation of solar panels on the roofs of barns or livestock sheds.

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Agrivoltaic greenhouses are inefficient; in one study, greenhouses with half of the roof covered in panels were simulated, and the resulting crop output reduced by 64% and panel productivity reduced by 84%.

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In Malaysia, Cypark Resources Berhad (Cypark), Malaysia's largest developer of renewable energy projects had in 2014 commissioned Malaysia's first Agriculture Integrated Photo Voltaic (AIPV) Solar Farm in

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subsidies, known as FITs, for local energy production, which allows landowners, using the rather flimsy and light-weight systems, to generate much more revenue from energy production than farming.

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Agrivoltaics will only work well for plants that require shade and where sunlight is not a limiting factor. Shade crops represent only a tiny percentage of agricultural productivity. For instance,

1982:. The AIPV combines a 1MW solar installation with agriculture activities on 5 acres of land. The AIPV produces, among other things, melons, chillies, cucumbers which are sold at the local market. 1880:. As of 2015, photovoltaic power generation is still not economically viable in Germany without governmental FIT subsidies. As of 2021, FITs are not available in Germany for agrovoltaic systems. 1062:

Solar panels help plants to retain moisture and lower temperatures, and can provide shelter for livestock animals. The dual use of land can also provide a diversified income stream for farmers.

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Allowing sheep to graze among the solar panels may be an attractive option to extract extra agriculture usage from conventional solar arrays, but there may not be enough shepherds available.

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Dupraz, C.; Marrou, H.; Talbot, G.; Dufour, L.; Nogier, A.; Ferard, Y. (2011). "Combining solar photovoltaic panels and food crops for optimising land use: Towards new agrivoltaic schemes".

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The Artigianfer company developed a photovoltaic greenhouse whose solar panels are installed on movable shutters. The panels can follow the course of the sun along an east–west axis.

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Chinese companies have developed several GWs of solar power plants combining agriculture and solar energy production, either photovoltaic greenhouses or open-field installations.

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The term "agrivoltaic" may have been used for the first time in a 2011 publication. The concept has been called "agrophotovoltaics" in a German report, and a term translating as "

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The German Fraunhofer Institute claimed in 2021 that the South Korean government is planning to build 100,000 agrivoltaic systems on farms as a retirement provision for farmers.

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barriers in Alberta and Ontario to support the rapid deployment of agrivoltaics in Canada. A non profit, Agrivoltaics Canada, has formed to keep Canada's farmers farming. The

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Some newer agrivoltaic system designs use a tracking system to automatically optimize the position of the panels to improve agricultural production or electricity production.

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Willockx, Brecht; Lavaert, Cas; Cappelle, Jan (November 2023). "Performance evaluation of vertical bifacial and single-axis tracked agrivoltaic systems on arable land".

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more broadly, so as to include any agricultural activity among solar arrays, including conventional solar arrays not originally intended for dual use. As an example,

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cleaning, packaging and cold storage of agricultural production, and incubators for eggs. One of the systems was installed in a region with a lot of power outages.

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desert demonstrated water savings of 50% for certain crops. Australian trials found that solar panels can keep grass watered through condensation below the panels.

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of agrivoltaics remove light and space from the crops, but they also affect crops and land they cover in other ways. Two possible effects are water and heat.

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In 2009 and 2011, agrivoltaic systems with fixed panels were installed above vineyards. Experiments showed a slight decrease of the yield and late harvests.

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temperature fluctuation and fewer opportunities for artificial irrigation, such systems are expected to beneficially affect the quality of the microclimate.

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Agrivoltaic is one of the solutions studied to increase the share of renewable energies in Korea's energy mix. The South Korean government has adopted the

1787:. The electricity production is used for the irrigation system and agricultural machinery. At first crops requiring shade will be tested under the device. 3867:"Effects on Crop Development, Yields and Chemical Composition of Celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum) Cultivated Underneath an Agrivoltaic System" 1688:

Agrivoltaics is a promising method of intensifying land use throughout the world. Below are examples of agrivoltaics being adopted in many countries.

323: 5999: 3387: 5496:"MIGAL Spearheading Transition of Agri-Photovoltaics From Vision to Reality: Hosts SunnySide APV Summit 2023 & Launches Agri-PV Knowledge Center" 4964: 3151: 2805: 2360: 6084: 5701: 2060:, parsley, coriander, beans, peas, shallots and mustard. Projects for isolated sites are also studied. Universities are studying the concept: the 5058: 1832:

have been working on the Sun'Agri program. A first prototype installed in the field with fixed panels is built in 2009 on a surface of 0.1 ha in

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Faustino Ferreira, Rafael; Marques Lameirinhas, Ricardo A.; P. Correia V. Bernardo, Catarina; N. Torres, João Paulo; Santos, Marcelino (2024).

1069:, crop quality, and energy production. Some crops and livestock benefit from the increased shade, lessening or even eliminating the trade-off. 908: 868: 386: 3103: 1821: 5218: 2993:

La Notte, Luca; Giordano, Lorena; Calabrò, Emanuele; Bedini, Roberto; Colla, Giuseppe; Puglisi, Giovanni; Reale, Andrea (15 November 2020).

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2017 conference in Munich. This technology may potentially be less expensive than other open field systems because it requires less steel.

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subsidiary Savion received approval in 2024 for its 6,050-acre, $ 1 billion, 800-megawatt Oak Run Solar Project in Madison County, Ohio.

3975:"Solar Sharing for Both Food and Clean Energy Production: Performance of Agrivoltaic Systems for Corn, A Typical Shade-Intolerant Crop" 270: 1727: 5532:"משרד האנרגיה ורשות החדשנות יעניקו מענקים בסך של כ-3.3 מיליון שקלים לשלוש חברות בתחום האנרגיה שיבצעו פיילוטים במסגרת קול קורא משותף" 1565:(FITs)) can make agrivoltaic systems cost-effective for investors and thus may be part of the future mix of electricity generation. 6780: 6724: 6029: 3675: 3080: 2003:, a medicinal herb often called Java tea in English. It is a fixed structure installed on an experimental surface of about 0.4 ha. 970: 2044:. A first power plant on 0.4 ha is under development. An area of 2.8 ha is used as a control. Several types of crops are studied: 5394: 3669:"To mix or not to mix : evidences for the unexpected high productivity of new complex agrivoltaic and agroforestry systems" 7457: 6900: 2136: 1154:

In their initial 1982 paper, Goetzberger and Zastrow published a number of ideas on how to optimise agrivoltaic installations.

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Valle, B.; Simonneau, T.; Sourd, F.; Pechier, P.; Hamard, P.; Frisson, T.; Ryckewaert, M.; Christophe, A. (15 November 2017).

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in 2007 on a 0.1 ha area. The cable structure is more than five meters above the surface. A new system was presented at the

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Agrivoltaic practices vary from one country to another. In Europe and Asia, where the concept was first pioneered, the term

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In 2004 Günter Czaloun proposed a photovoltaic tracking system with a rope rack system. The first prototype was built in

149: 5807: 5585: 3049: 6712: 3453:"Advancing agrivoltaics within the U.S. legal framework: A multidimensional assessment of barriers & opportunities" 1965:

of Ukujima, part of which would be agrivoltaics, was tendered in 2013. The construction was supposed to begin in 2019.

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Goetzberger, A.; Zastrow, A. (1 January 1982). "On the Coexistence of Solar-Energy Conversion and Plant Cultivation".

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Schindele, Stefan (2013). "Combining Pv And Food Crops To Agrophotovoltaic–Optimization Of Orientation And Harvest".

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Solar panels block light, which means that the design of dual use systems can require trade-offs between optimizing

156: 7364: 7239: 6156: 3359: 3123: 3338:"An economic analysis of agrophotovoltaics: Opportunities, risks and strategies towards a more efficient land use" 7749: 7429: 6760: 6745: 6740: 6517: 4238:

Beck, M.; Bopp, Georg; Goetzberger, Adolf; Obergfell, Tabea; Reise, Christian; Schindele, Sigrid (January 2012).

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Since the beginning of the 2000s, photovoltaic greenhouses have been experimentally built in France. The company

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More recently, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Developmenent (

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Liu, Wen; Liu, Luqing; Guan, Chenggang; Zhang, Fangxin; Li, Ming; Lv, Hui; Yao, Peijun; Ingenhoff, Jan (2018).

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study found the pasture-based agrivoltaic system features a dual synergy that consequently produces 69.3% less

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elevation of the supporting structure of the solar panels to homogenize the amounts of radiation on the ground.

940: 903: 898: 416: 134: 5084: 163: 7780: 7573: 7447: 6999: 6482: 6193: 4439:"A First Investigation of Agriculture Sector Perspectives on the Opportunities and Barriers for Agrivoltaics" 1657: 1525: 1203: 401: 130: 49: 3075: 1851:, Agrivolta deployed its system on a plot of the National Research Institute of Horticulture (Astredhor) in 6502: 6477: 5369:"Farmers to maximize profit through 'Agri- Voltaic: a Solar Energy and Harvesting Project' | City Air News" 1908:

with the airport's agrivoltaic farming scaled up to 20 acres became the largest of its kind in the country

1177: 421: 396: 2861: 1583:, founder of the Fraunhofer Institute in 1981, together with Armin Zastrow, theorised about dual usage of 7334: 7324: 6487: 6149: 5008: 4071:"Productivity and radiation use efficiency of lettuces grown in the partial shade of photovoltaic panels" 1847:

In 2016, the Agrivolta company specialized on the agrivoltaïcs. After a first prototype built in 2017 in

1776: 1219: 406: 145: 17: 4873:"Net Zero Agrivoltaic Arrays for Agrotunnel Vertical Growing Systems: Energy Analysis and System Sizing" 3565:"Do agrivoltaics improve public support for solar? A survey on perceptions, preferences, and priorities" 7594: 7304: 7076: 6893: 6527: 6462: 6289: 4398:"Photovoltaic greenhouses: evaluation of shading effect and its influence on agricultural performances" 2929: 1569: 1122: 1077: 727: 446: 381: 327: 4125: 4070: 4015: 2994: 2955: 2588: 2533: 1158:

orientation of solar panels in the south for fixed or east–west panels for panels rotating on an axis,

7141: 6264: 6103:"Fraunhofer Experiments In Chile And Vietnam Prove Value Of Agrophotovoltaic Farming | CleanTechnica" 4983:"Fraunhofer Experiments In Chile And Vietnam Prove Value Of Agrophotovoltaic Farming | CleanTechnica" 4273: 1990: 1856: 1648: 1516: 1238:

in Italy and China. They have also developed an equivalent system used for agricultural greenhouses.

1008: 702: 227: 4371: 4126:"Increasing the total productivity of a land by combining mobile photovoltaic panels and food crops" 2711: 2532:

Masna, Sudhachandra; Morse, Stephen M.; Hayibo, Koami Soulemane; Pearce, Joshua M. (15 March 2023).

7677: 7279: 7199: 7171: 7091: 6775: 6361: 6274: 6259: 6214: 5628: 2738:"An integrated solar-driven system produces electricity with fresh water and crops in arid regions" 2223: 1841: 1731: 1382: 965: 799: 712: 697: 635: 561: 5900: 2736:

Li, Renyuan; Wu, Mengchun; Aleid, Sara; Zhang, Chenlin; Wang, Wenbin; Wang, Peng (16 March 2022).

2091: 7385: 7344: 7314: 7309: 7166: 6930: 6925: 6702: 6425: 6420: 6311: 6279: 3337: 2111: 1889: 863: 858: 749: 717: 275: 123: 2388: 1118: 7744: 7424: 7354: 7329: 7319: 7294: 7289: 7244: 7234: 7209: 7204: 7194: 7189: 7181: 7049: 7004: 6770: 6755: 6697: 6692: 6447: 6378: 6371: 6188: 6183: 5726: 5308: 960: 945: 816: 809: 571: 363: 5829: 5034:"Apparatus and Method For Desert Environmental Control And For Promoting Desert Plants Growth" 4173:"Remarkable agrivoltaic influence on soil moisture, micrometeorology and water-use efficiency" 3178:"Remarkable agrivoltaic influence on soil moisture, micrometeorology and water-use efficiency" 2462:

Campana, Pietro Elia; Stridh, Bengt; Amaducci, Stefano; Colauzzi, Michele (20 November 2021).

1877: 7807: 7768: 7630: 7599: 7419: 7349: 7284: 7274: 7259: 7249: 7219: 7214: 6886: 6586: 6366: 5925: 5167:"Vers des systèmes agrivoltaïques conciliant production agricole et production d'électricité" 4616:"Agrivoltaics of hoe je met zonnepanelen in een boomgaard peren én elektriciteit kan oogsten" 3865:

Weselek, Axel; Bauerle, Andrea; Zikeli, Sabine; Lewandowski, Iris; Högy, Petra (April 2021).

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Andrew, Alyssa C.; Higgins, Chad W.; Smallman, Mary A.; Graham, Maggie; Ates, Serkan (2021).

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SolAgra is interested in the concept in collaboration with the Department of Agronomy at the

1999: 1378: 804: 630: 566: 539: 7802: 7369: 7339: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7224: 7156: 6991: 6831: 6667: 6457: 6316: 6269: 5973: 5857:"Promising Potentials of Agrivoltaic Systems for the Development of Malaysia Green Economy" 5409: 4638: 4316: 4240:"Combining PV and Food Crops to Agrophotovoltaic – Optimization of Orientation and Harvest" 4184: 4137: 4082: 4027: 3923: 3823: 3766: 3713: 3633: 3576: 3563:

Pascaris, Alexis S.; Schelly, Chelsea; Rouleau, Mark; Pearce, Joshua M. (23 October 2022).

3521: 3464: 3425: 3189: 3006: 2967: 2749: 2600: 2545: 2485: 2322: 2237: 2185: 1780: 1735: 1723: 1260:

plants. Experimental devices are usually developed in collaboration with research centers.

1198: 1125: 1001: 754: 707: 376: 331: 3700:

Pascaris, Alexis S.; Handler, Rob; Schelly, Chelsea; Pearce, Joshua M. (1 December 2021).

3276: 3152:"Sheep, ag and sun: Agrivoltaics propel significant reductions in solar maintenance costs" 2076:). Jack's Solar Garden in Colorado grows vegetables under an array of 3,200 solar panels. 170: 8: 7724: 7498: 7414: 7161: 7065: 7059: 7019: 6855: 6284: 5873: 5856: 5610: 722: 5413: 4642: 4580:"Mola di Bari: realizzato primo impianto fotovoltaico su un un vigneto di uva da tavola" 4320: 4188: 4141: 4086: 4031: 3927: 3827: 3770: 3717: 3637: 3580: 3525: 3468: 3429: 3193: 3010: 2971: 2753: 2604: 2549: 2489: 2326: 2241: 2189: 1896:, northern India. A study published in 2017 looked at the potential of agrivoltaics for 353: 90:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

7552: 7146: 7054: 6843: 6765: 6591: 6507: 5665: 5549: 5433: 4654: 4601: 4347: 4304: 4215: 4172: 4106: 4051: 3955: 3847: 3792: 3649: 3602: 3545: 3490: 3212: 3177: 3030: 2624: 2569: 2511: 2475: 2201: 1291: 991: 955: 544: 426: 5567: 5531: 3811: 232: 7714: 7672: 7578: 7478: 7109: 6838: 6435: 6408: 6356: 6326: 5878: 5683: 5437: 5425: 4894: 4777: 4736: 4695: 4658: 4515: 4460: 4419: 4352: 4334: 4251: 4239: 4220: 4202: 4153: 4098: 4055: 4043: 3996: 3959: 3947: 3939: 3912:"Agrivoltaics provide mutual benefits across the food–energy–water nexus in drylands" 3911: 3888: 3851: 3839: 3796: 3784: 3731: 3653: 3606: 3594: 3549: 3537: 3494: 3482: 3258: 3217: 3034: 3022: 2777: 2693: 2628: 2616: 2573: 2561: 2515: 2503: 2338: 2288: 2205: 2090:

Fraunhofer ISE has deployed their agrivoltaic system on a shrimp farm located in the

2079: 1796: 1643: 1615:. Facilities such as photovoltaic greenhouses can be considered agrivoltaic systems. 1612: 1580: 1511: 1052: 873: 846: 794: 764: 613: 556: 519: 236: 55: 5085:"Aarhus Univ: 51 TW Agri PV Capacity Could Produce Up To 71,500 TWh/Year For Europe" 4110: 2830: 2267:"Integration of Crops, Livestock, and Solar Panels: A Review of Agrivoltaic Systems" 1855:. Agrivolta won several innovation prizes Agrivolta presented its technology at the 7719: 7104: 6951: 6672: 6630: 6522: 6413: 6321: 6306: 5868: 5702:"Energy: ENEA launches national network for sustainable agrivoltaic systems — Enea" 5417: 5133:"Ferme photovoltaïque : Sun'R combine agriculture et production d'électricité" 4884: 4767: 4726: 4685: 4646: 4450: 4409: 4342: 4324: 4247: 4210: 4192: 4149: 4145: 4090: 4039: 4035: 3986: 3931: 3878: 3831: 3774: 3721: 3641: 3584: 3529: 3472: 3433: 3248: 3237:"Herbage Yield, Lamb Growth and Foraging Behavior in Agrivoltaic Production System" 3207: 3197: 3018: 3014: 2975: 2930:"Greenhouse and System for Generating Electrical Energy and Greenhouse Cultivation" 2767: 2757: 2683: 2608: 2553: 2493: 2330: 2278: 2245: 2193: 1876:) on a 0.5 ha site belonging to the Hofgemeinschaft Heggelbach cooperative farm in 1784: 1593: 1148: 851: 759: 744: 482: 441: 4372:"New Solar Panels Help Farmers Harness Full Light Spectrum to Improve Crop Yields" 2979: 2557: 2498: 2463: 1775:

In 2017 a structure was installed with a 500 kWp open field power plant near

6647: 6383: 5193:"Inauguration de la première centrale vitivoltaïque dans les Pyrénées-Orientales" 4650: 4197: 3437: 3202: 2670:

Vandewetering, Nicholas; Hayibo, Koami Soulemane; Pearce, Joshua M. (June 2022).

2589:"Optimal inverter and wire selection for solar photovoltaic fencing applications" 1848: 1763: 1738:

agrivoltaic agrotunnel, which uses outdoor agrivoltaic arrays to power an indoor

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The spacing between the solar panels is wide in order to reduce wind resistance.

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ran the first agrivoltaic conference in Canada in 2022. The Canadian PV company

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Adeh, Elnaz H.; Good, Stephen P.; Calaf, M.; Higgins, Chad W. (7 August 2019).

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funded agrivoltaics as part of their Home Grown Innovation Challenge the first

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desert, a 14–29% savings in evaporation was found, and similar research in the

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racking cost savings enable fence-retrofit agrivoltaics to often produce lower

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spacing between solar panels for sufficient light transmission to ground crops,

620: 335: 4094: 3935: 3253: 3236: 2612: 2334: 2250: 2225: 7796: 7635: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7132: 7114: 7034: 7009: 6797: 6662: 6620: 6566: 6388: 6209: 5882: 5429: 5329: 4898: 4781: 4740: 4699: 4464: 4455: 4438: 4423: 4338: 4206: 4171:

Adeh, Elnaz Hassanpour; Selker, John S.; Higgins, Chad W. (1 November 2018).

4157: 4102: 4047: 4000: 3943: 3892: 3883: 3866: 3843: 3788: 3735: 3598: 3541: 3509: 3486: 3262: 3176:

Hassanpour Adeh, Elnaz; Selker, John S.; Higgins, Chad W. (1 November 2018).

3026: 2956:"A novel agricultural photovoltaic system based on solar spectrum separation" 2781: 2697: 2620: 2565: 2534:"The potential for fencing to be used as low-cost solar photovoltaic racking" 2507: 2342: 2292: 2283: 2266: 2226:"Agri-PV in Portugal: How to combine agriculture and photovoltaic production" 1953: 1608: 893: 826: 608: 509: 502: 5773: 3451:

Pascaris, Alexis S.; Schelly, Chelsea; Pearce, Joshua M. (6 December 2022).

2890: 7693: 7656: 7524: 7462: 7024: 6909: 6717: 6576: 6393: 6351: 6296: 6254: 4356: 4224: 3812:"Crop production in partial shade of solar photovoltaic panels on trackers" 3779: 3754: 3221: 2688: 2671: 2095: 2053: 1979: 1940: 1597: 1319: 1312: 1298:

Perhaps the easiest use of agriculture and PV is allowing sheep or cows to

1253: 1044: 831: 789: 734: 692: 649: 625: 6136: 5393:

Malu, Prannay R.; Sharma, Utkarsh S.; Pearce, Joshua M. (1 October 2017).

4913:"Boosting food productivity and power by optimizing the use of the sun. |" 4437:

Pascaris, Alexis S.; Schelly, Chelsea; Pearce, Joshua M. (December 2020).

3388:"Merino sheep grazing under solar panels produce better wool, trial shows" 1600:(PV) systems and farming to use the excess light, and developed the first 1451:

Sheep grazing around solar panels in Australia produce a higher volume of

214: 7698: 7519: 7070: 6982: 6967: 6707: 6642: 6625: 6598: 6571: 6556: 6532: 6403: 6244: 6172: 6000:"Agrivoltaics: how plants grown under solar panels can benefit humankind" 5901:"Back off: 'loathed' PV panels intensify separation rules in countryside" 4965:"'Ripe with possibility': Innovative local agrotunnel effort bears fruit" 4414: 4397: 4016:"Agrivoltaic systems to optimise land use for electric energy production" 2116: 2061: 1833: 1829: 1697: 1584: 1471:

crops have been shown to produce lower yield in a low-light environment.

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The most conventional systems install fixed solar panels on agricultural

1048: 841: 667: 657: 598: 583: 492: 477: 451: 345: 4846: 3908: 3277:"Agrivoltaics to Shade Cows | West Central Research and Outreach Center" 2772: 2416:"Kenya to use solar panels to boost crops by 'harvesting the sun twice'" 7640: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7542: 7537: 7151: 7081: 7014: 6398: 6346: 6341: 6224: 4889: 4872: 4772: 4755: 4731: 4714: 4690: 4673: 2831:"Axial Agritracker - New solar tracker from Axial Structural Solutions" 1701: 1344: 1318:

In northern latitude climates, agrivoltaics are expected to change the

1186: 1095: 1066: 836: 784: 779: 672: 662: 551: 529: 524: 3951: 3835: 3477: 3452: 2137:"Vertical solar panels could save farm land and transform agriculture" 1263: 7547: 7099: 6608: 6336: 4672:

Jamil, Uzair; Bonnington, Abigail; Pearce, Joshua M. (January 2023).

3360:"This Colorado 'solar garden' is literally a farm under solar panels" 1961: 1860: 1837: 1601: 774: 6973: 6030:"UA Researchers Plant Seeds to Make Renewable Energy More Efficient" 3621: 2712:"These solar panels pull in water vapor to grow crops in the desert" 2361:"The Agrivoltaic Juggernaut: A 21st Century Agricultural Revolution" 1852: 112: 6301: 5684:"REM Tec - La soluzione per il fotovoltaico legata all'agricoltura" 5666:"REM Tec - La soluzione per il fotovoltaico legata all'agricoltura" 5629:"REM Tec - La soluzione per il fotovoltaico legata all'agricoltura" 5611:"REM Tec - La soluzione per il fotovoltaico legata all'agricoltura" 4274:"REM Tec - La soluzione per il fotovoltaico legata all'agricoltura" 2480: 1994: 1957: 1897: 1401: 1336: 1215: 739: 5648:"Fotovoltaico e agricoltura: maggiore produttività in meno spazio" 4014:

Amaducci, Stefano; Yin, Xinyou; Colauzzi, Michele (15 June 2018).

2916:

Solar Power Europe Agrisolar Best Practices Guidelines Version 1.0

2435:"Photovoltaic greenhouse and agricultural photovoltaic greenhouse" 6657: 6613: 6581: 4796: 4550: 4244:

27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

2643:"Photovoltaics innovation for up to 20% higher electricity yield" 2389:"A New Vision for Farming: Chickens, Sheep, and ... Solar Panels" 2049: 2045: 1435: 1422: 1348: 1340: 1299: 1252:

In 2015 Wen Liu from the University of Science and Technology in

588: 534: 5513: 3510:"Community obstacles to large scale solar: NIMBY and renewables" 2806:"Japan Next-Generation Farmers Cultivate Crops and Solar Energy" 261: 6878: 6635: 6561: 6229: 6219: 5323: 5107:"Mallemort expérimente un nouveau type de serre photovoltaïque" 4069:

Marrou, H.; Wery, J.; Dufour, L.; Dupraz, C. (1 January 2013).

3864: 2052:, lettuce, spinach, beets, carrots, chard, radishes, potatoes, 1825: 1440: 1430: 1406: 487: 6141: 5477: 5009:"What We Can Learn From the Greening of China's Kubuqi Desert" 4938:"Net-zero vertical farm aims to solve a growing berry problem" 4871:

Asgari, Nima; Jamil, Uzair; Pearce, Joshua M. (January 2024).

3104:"Mixing solar and farming could be key to clean energy future" 2995:"Hybrid and organic photovoltaics for greenhouse applications" 1924:

Agrivoltaics on a national scale and with government support.

1596:). Recognising this, Akira Nagashima also suggested combining 6652: 3751: 3076:"With new solar modules, greenhouses run on their own energy" 2992: 2461: 1893: 1468: 1445: 1416: 1396: 1373: 1290:

Agrovoltaics combined with sheep farming; a short video from

1106: 1082: 603: 6131: 4237: 3699: 3562: 3301: 3175: 6543: 6331: 3234: 2642: 2057: 1452: 1392:

Increased crop yield has been shown for a number of crops:

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Hudelson, Timothy; Lieth, Johann Heinrich (28 June 2021).

3620:

Dinesh, Harshavardhan; Pearce, Joshua M. (February 2016).

1372:

A large advantage of agrivoltaics is that it can overcome

6946: 5452:"world's first solar power airport is in Kerala - qoobon" 2669: 3415: 2587:

Hayibo, Koami S.; Pearce, Joshua M. (1 September 2022).

2464:"Optimisation of vertically mounted agrivoltaic systems" 1762:

For 30 years, the Elion Group has been trying to combat

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

4602:"Heggelbach Archiv - first agrivoltaics plant Germany" 4068: 2531: 1653:

indiscriminate collection of examples without context.

1568:

The photovoltaic industry cannot make use of European

5855:

Othman, N. F.; Su, A. S. Mat; Ya'acob, M. E. (2018).

4671: 4436: 4305:"Solar PV Power Potential is Greatest Over Croplands" 3450: 5275:

Aix Marseille French Tech #AMFT #Startup #Innovation

4756:"Agrivoltaics in Ontario Canada: Promise and Policy" 4302: 1335:

levels under solar panels for shade resistant crops

27:

Simultaneous agriculture and solar energy production

5854: 4485:"Fraunhofer ISE Issues Guidelines For Agrivoltaics" 4013: 3345:

The Constitutional Economics Network Working Papers

1264:

Greenhouses with spectrally selective solar modules

1214:A standalone solar panel integrated system using a 137:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4715:"Energy Policy for Agrivoltaics in Alberta Canada" 2312: 5894: 5892: 5347:Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE 4870: 4170: 3973:Sekiyama, Takashi; Nagashima, Akira (June 2019). 3972: 2169:Dinesh, Harshavardhan; Pearce, Joshua M. (2016). 1997:, launched experiments in 2015 on plantations of 1888:Projects for isolated sites are being studied by 7794: 5568:"Germany and Israel to agree Energy Partnership" 5392: 4713:Jamil, Uzair; Pearce, Joshua M. (January 2023). 4478: 4476: 4474: 3569:Green Technology, Resilience, and Sustainability 1181:Tomatoes under solar panels in Dornbirn, Austria 1172: 6055:"UMass finds fertile ground in South Deerfield" 5402:Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 5395:"Agrivoltaic potential on grape farms in India" 5245:"Agrivolta propose des ombrières intelligentes" 4574: 4572: 2953: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 1101:By 2019, some authors had begun using the term 5889: 5554:Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology 5277:(in French). 16 September 2017. Archived from 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2735: 6894: 6157: 5748:"日本で最も有名なソーラーシェアリング成功事例！匝瑳市における地域活性プロジェクトとは" 5586:"A profile of Franciacorta's sparkling wines" 5082: 4471: 4370:Jaynes, Cristen Hemingway (19 January 2023). 3809: 3514:Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 3411: 3409: 1779:. The agronomic studies are supported by the 1730:commercialized greenhouse integrated PV. The 1009: 4569: 3619: 2788: 2586: 2168: 1197:Vertically mounted agrivoltaic systems with 5219:"Agrivolta fait de l'ombre… intelligemment" 4712: 4298: 4296: 4294: 3335: 3316: 3302:"Home - American Solar Grazing Association" 1783:and the agricultural engineering school of 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 6901: 6887: 6164: 6150: 4395: 3507: 3406: 2383: 2381: 2264: 1016: 1002: 5898: 5872: 4888: 4771: 4730: 4689: 4534: 4482: 4454: 4413: 4346: 4328: 4271: 4214: 4196: 3990: 3882: 3778: 3725: 3588: 3476: 3252: 3211: 3201: 2771: 2761: 2687: 2497: 2479: 2282: 2249: 1817:and shade bands created by solar panels. 1676:Learn how and when to remove this message 1544:Learn how and when to remove this message 309:Learn how and when to remove this message 197:Learn how and when to remove this message 5139:(in French). 29 May 2017. Archived from 4962: 4291: 3904: 3902: 3626:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 3081:Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne 2927: 2803: 2457: 2455: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2178:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 1276: 1176: 1117: 1076: 322: 286:of all important aspects of the article. 5997: 5646:Gandola, Cristina (25 September 2012). 5645: 4509: 4503: 4396:Castellano, Sergio (21 December 2014). 3747: 3745: 3357: 3121: 2928:Cardelli, Massimo (20 September 2013). 2378: 1389:compared to non-integrated production. 1051:. The technique was first conceived by 14: 7795: 7458:Financial incentives for photovoltaics 6091:from the original on 20 November 2021. 5478:"The MIGAL Galilee Research Institute" 5164: 4753: 4514:. Freiburg/Germany: Bernward Janzing. 4369: 3622:"The potential of agrivoltaic systems" 3508:O'Neil, Sandra George (1 March 2021). 2665: 2663: 2527: 2525: 2413: 2171:"The potential of agrivoltaic systems" 2074:University of Massachusetts at Amherst 1916:The MIGAL Galilee Research Institute ( 1225: 282:Please consider expanding the lead to 6882: 6145: 6065:from the original on 19 November 2018 5536:Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure 5160: 5158: 4674:"The Agrivoltaic Potential of Canada" 3899: 3382: 3380: 3241:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 3146: 3144: 3117: 3115: 3113: 2885: 2883: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2452: 2414:Kamadi, Geoffrey (22 February 2022). 2358: 2315:International Journal of Solar Energy 2212: 2025:Korea in 2016 and has produced rice. 1812:has been developing their concept of 1209: 1147:are the crops chosen, panel heights, 1139:Arrays elevated above crops/livestock 7775: 6850: 3742: 3047: 2354: 2352: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 1906:Cochin International Airport Limited 1626: 1572:when building on agricultural land. 1494: 1128:solar arrays on farm field 3D sketch 255: 208: 135:adding citations to reliable sources 106: 70: 29: 6862: 5550:"מיגל מכון למחקר מדעי יישומי בגליל" 4483:Bhambhani, Anu (23 February 2021). 4402:Journal of Agricultural Engineering 3706:Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 2804:Movellan, Junko (10 October 2013). 2660: 2522: 1192: 24: 6713:Environmental impact of irrigation 6132:American Solar Grazing Association 5952:솔라팜, "태양광발전 통해 벼 재배 성공, 4개월 만에 수확" 5727:"What is it and How does it Work?" 5155: 4847:"BiPV Solar Glass for Greenhouses" 4794: 4754:Pearce, Joshua M. (January 2022). 3666: 3613: 3377: 3358:Siegler, Kirk (15 November 2021). 3141: 3110: 3073: 2880: 2849: 2432: 2230:Energy for Sustainable Development 1740:controlled environment agriculture 25: 7819: 7569:Building-integrated photovoltaics 6125: 6010:from the original on 16 July 2018 5514:"MIGAL sunnyside apv summit 2023" 4963:Baleeiro, Beatriz (17 May 2024). 3336:Trommsdorff, Maximillian (2016). 2349: 2299: 2265:Soto-Gómez, Diego (August 2024). 2143: 2070:Stockbridge School of Agriculture 2042:University of California at Davis 1113: 330:, east to west orientation, with 45:This article has multiple issues. 7774: 7763: 7762: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6908: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6826: 6825: 6095: 6077: 6047: 6022: 5991: 5966: 5943: 5918: 5899:Dong-hwan, Ko (27 August 2020). 5848: 5822: 5792: 5766: 5740: 5719: 5694: 5676: 5658: 5639: 5621: 5603: 5578: 5560: 5165:Dorthe, Chantal (26 June 2017). 4252:10.4229/27thEUPVSEC2012-5AV.2.25 2035: 1631: 1499: 1458: 1272: 985: 352: 260: 213: 111: 75: 34: 6781:Agriculture and the environment 6518:British Agricultural Revolution 6171: 5998:Pallone, Tony (20 April 2017). 5542: 5524: 5506: 5488: 5470: 5444: 5386: 5361: 5335: 5293: 5263: 5237: 5211: 5185: 5125: 5099: 5076: 5051: 5026: 5001: 4975: 4956: 4930: 4905: 4864: 4839: 4814: 4788: 4747: 4706: 4665: 4622: 4608: 4594: 4543: 4528: 4430: 4389: 4363: 4265: 4231: 4164: 4117: 4062: 4007: 3966: 3858: 3803: 3693: 3660: 3556: 3501: 3444: 3351: 3294: 3269: 3228: 3169: 3096: 3067: 3041: 2986: 2947: 2921: 2909: 2823: 2729: 2704: 2635: 2580: 1795:The Agronomy Department of the 971:Agriculture and the environment 437:British Agricultural Revolution 274:may be too short to adequately 122:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 6725:Climate change and agriculture 6498:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 5974:"SolAgra Farming™ & Solar" 5874:10.1088/1755-1315/146/1/012002 5251:(in French). 29 September 2017 5083:Anu Bhambhani (19 July 2023). 4822:"Ivey Agrivoltaics Conference" 4150:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.113 4040:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.081 3122:Wallace, Janet (6 July 2020). 3019:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115582 2426: 2407: 2258: 2129: 2015: 1043:) is the dual use of land for 417:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 284:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 7574:Passive solar building design 7000:Passive solar building design 5926:"한국 영농형 태양광협회 출범…'태양광 성장' 주도" 4537:13th IAEE European Conference 2980:10.1016/j.solener.2017.12.053 2918:, p.43 and p.46 Case study 15 2742:Cell Reports Physical Science 2558:10.1016/j.solener.2023.02.018 2499:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129091 2468:Journal of Cleaner Production 2359:Casey, Tina (25 March 2024). 2122: 1363: 1246:adapt to agricultural needs. 1199:bifacial photovoltaic modules 1173:Fixed solar panels over crops 1072: 6503:Arab Agricultural Revolution 4651:10.1016/j.renene.2023.119181 4198:10.1371/journal.pone.0203256 4075:European Journal of Agronomy 3438:10.1016/j.renene.2011.03.005 3203:10.1371/journal.pone.0203256 2862:"A rope rack for PV modules" 1490: 1136:Interleaved arrays and crops 1081:Sheep under solar panels in 422:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7: 5307:(in French). Archived from 3992:10.3390/environments6060065 3050:"Strom aus dem Gewächshaus" 2105: 2006: 1972: 1651:. The specific problem is: 1622: 1519:. The specific problem is: 1343:watered by irrigation in a 1220:atmospheric water generator 1132:The three basic types are: 1055:and Armin Zastrow in 1981. 226:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 7824: 7077:Photovoltaic power station 6463:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 5774:"耕作放棄地を豊かに！"メガ"ソーラーシェアリング" 5422:10.1016/j.seta.2017.08.004 4510:Janzing, Bernward (2011). 4330:10.1038/s41598-019-47803-3 3816:AIP Conference Proceedings 3727:10.1016/j.clrc.2021.100030 3646:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.024 3590:10.1007/s44173-022-00007-x 3534:10.1007/s13412-020-00644-3 3457:AIP Conference Proceedings 2891:"ソーラーシェアリングには「追尾式架台」がベスト！" 2763:10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100781 2198:10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.024 2085: 1866: 1790: 1770: 1707: 1691: 1575: 1306: 1204:levelized cost electricity 382:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 7758: 7737: 7707: 7686: 7665: 7649: 7623: 7587: 7561: 7518: 7511: 7471: 7440: 7407: 7398: 7378: 7180: 7142:artificial photosynthesis 7123: 7090: 7033: 6990: 6981: 6958: 6939: 6916: 6822: 6813:Universities and colleges 6789: 6733: 6681: 6542: 6446: 6431:Universities and colleges 6243: 6236: 6202: 6179: 4095:10.1016/j.eja.2012.08.003 3936:10.1038/s41893-019-0364-5 3759:Advanced Energy Materials 3254:10.3389/fsufs.2021.659175 2613:10.1016/j.ref.2022.06.006 2335:10.1080/01425918208909875 2251:10.1016/j.esd.2024.101408 1991:Universiti Putra Malaysia 1911: 1803: 1716: 1151:and climate of the area. 909:Universities and colleges 869:Universities and colleges 84:This article needs to be 7678:Solar water disinfection 7172:Thermoelectric generator 6798:Agriculturist profession 6275:Agricultural engineering 6260:Agricultural cooperative 4456:10.3390/agronomy10121885 3884:10.3390/agronomy11040733 2810:renewableenergyworld.com 2284:10.3390/agronomy14081824 1946: 1927: 1883: 1754: 1745: 1732:Weston Family Foundation 1383:greenhouse gas emissions 1326: 894:Agriculturist profession 713:Agricultural engineering 698:Agricultural cooperative 239:may contain suggestions. 224:may need to be rewritten 7386:Solar Shade Control Act 7167:Space-based solar power 6703:Agricultural wastewater 6426:Sustainable food system 6421:Sustainable agriculture 6312:Animal-free agriculture 6280:Agricultural technology 6059:Daily Hampshire Gazette 6004:insights.globalspec.com 5063:challenges.openideo.com 5038:worldwide.espacenet.com 2112:Growth of photovoltaics 1993:, which specializes in 1385:and demands 82.9% less 1354: 1331:In experiments testing 864:Sustainable food system 859:Sustainable agriculture 750:Animal-free agriculture 718:Agricultural technology 336:Donaueschingen, Germany 7750:Solar power by country 7425:Thermal energy storage 7050:Nanocrystal solar cell 7005:Solar air conditioning 6803:Agricultural machinery 6761:History of agriculture 6746:Agriculture by country 6741:Agricultural machinery 6698:Agricultural pollution 6693:Agricultural expansion 6468:Austronesian expansion 6379:Mechanised agriculture 4795:Canada, Agrivoltaics. 3780:10.1002/aenm.202001189 2689:10.3390/designs6030054 2593:Renewable Energy Focus 1295: 1182: 1129: 1086: 992:Agriculture portal 951:History of agriculture 936:Agriculture by country 931:Agricultural machinery 899:Agricultural machinery 817:Mechanised agriculture 387:Austronesian expansion 339: 7631:Salt evaporation pond 7600:Hybrid solar lighting 7420:Phase-change material 6808:Government ministries 6751:Agriculture companies 6587:Convertible husbandry 6265:Agricultural supplies 6215:Agricultural Engineer 6061:. 28 September 2017. 4917:homegrownchallenge.ca 4797:"Agrivoltaics Canada" 3916:Nature Sustainability 2066:University of Arizona 2000:Orthosiphon stamineus 1455:, at better quality. 1289: 1180: 1142:Arrays on greenhouses 1121: 1080: 941:Agriculture companies 904:Government ministries 703:Agricultural supplies 540:Convertible husbandry 328:Vertical solar panels 326: 7157:Solar thermal rocket 6458:Neolithic Revolution 6317:Cellular agriculture 6270:Agricultural science 6087:. 19 November 2021. 4826:Ivey Business School 4415:10.4081/jae.2014.433 3048:Kempkens, Wolfgang. 2934:patentscope.wipo.int 2092:Province of Bạc Liêu 1781:University of Osijek 1777:Virovitica-Podravina 1724:Ivey Business School 1658:improve this section 1647:to meet Knowledge's 1526:improve this section 1515:to meet Knowledge's 755:Cellular agriculture 708:Agricultural science 377:Neolithic Revolution 131:improve this article 7725:Solar water heating 7499:Solar water heating 7415:Grid energy storage 7162:Solar updraft tower 7071:Photovoltaic module 7066:Photovoltaic effect 7020:Solar water heating 6085:"Good News Network" 5955:, 19 September 2016 5804:tech.nikkeibp.co.jp 5414:2017SETA...23..104M 5349:. 18 September 2016 5143:on 1 September 2017 4801:Agrivoltaics Canada 4643:2023REne..21719181W 4321:2019NatSR...911442A 4189:2018PLoSO..1303256H 4142:2017ApEn..206.1495V 4087:2013EuJAg..44...54M 4032:2018ApEn..220..545A 3928:2019NatSu...2..848B 3828:2021AIPC.2361h0001H 3771:2020AdEnM..1001189T 3718:2021CResC...300030P 3681:on 16 February 2014 3638:2016RSERv..54..299D 3581:2022GTRS....2....8P 3526:2021JEnSS..11...85O 3469:2022AIPC.2635e0002P 3430:2011REne...36.2725D 3281:wcroc.cfans.umn.edu 3194:2018PLoSO..1303256H 3011:2020ApEn..27815582L 2972:2018SoEn..162...84L 2754:2022CRPS....300781L 2605:2022REneF..42..115H 2550:2023SoEn..253...30M 2490:2021JCPro.32529091C 2327:1982IJSE....1...55G 2242:2024ESusD..7901408F 2190:2016RSERv..54..299D 2139:. 10 February 2023. 1918:מרכז ידע גליל עליון 1842:Pyrénées-Orientales 1611:" has been used in 1479:farming practices. 1379:life cycle analysis 1226:Dynamic agrivoltaic 636:Steam sterilization 7553:Solar-powered pump 7147:Solar-pumped laser 7060:Photovoltaic array 7055:Organic solar cell 7038:and related topics 6592:Rotational grazing 6508:Columbian exchange 5834:global.kyocera.com 5780:. 27 November 2017 5332:(5. Dezember 2022) 5330:agrosolareurope.de 4890:10.3390/su16146120 4773:10.3390/su14053037 4732:10.3390/en16010053 4691:10.3390/su15043228 4618:. 27 October 2020. 4309:Scientific Reports 3106:. 7 November 2023. 3083:via techxplore.com 1742:vertical growing. 1604:in Japan in 2004. 1296: 1292:Our Land and Water 1210:Integrated systems 1183: 1130: 1087: 545:Rotational grazing 427:Columbian exchange 340: 7790: 7789: 7733: 7732: 7715:Solar combisystem 7673:Soil solarization 7579:Urban heat island 7507: 7506: 7479:Electric aircraft 7394: 7393: 7110:Solar power tower 6876: 6875: 6436:Urban agriculture 6409:Rice-duck farming 6357:Intensive farming 6327:Extensive farming 6107:cleantechnica.com 5810:on 25 August 2018 5458:. 26 January 2022 5311:on 8 January 2018 4987:cleantechnica.com 4969:London Free Press 4521:978-3-9814265-0-2 3836:10.1063/5.0055174 3478:10.1063/5.0103386 3424:(10): 2725–2732. 3304:. 3 November 2017 3128:Small Farm Canada 3074:Carron, Cécilia. 2897:. 1 December 2017 2056:, mint, turnips, 1904:In December 2021 1797:Aarhus University 1686: 1685: 1678: 1649:quality standards 1640:This section may 1581:Adolf Goetzberger 1554: 1553: 1546: 1517:quality standards 1508:This section may 1412:Chiltepin peppers 1287: 1053:Adolf Goetzberger 1033:agrophotovoltaics 1026: 1025: 874:Urban agriculture 847:Rice-duck farming 795:Intensive farming 765:Extensive farming 319: 318: 311: 301: 300: 254: 253: 228:quality standards 207: 206: 199: 181: 105: 104: 68: 16:(Redirected from 7815: 7778: 7777: 7766: 7765: 7720:Solar controller 7516: 7515: 7405: 7404: 7105:Parabolic trough 6988: 6987: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6952:Solar irradiance 6903: 6896: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6865: 6864: 6853: 6852: 6841: 6829: 6828: 6673:Wildlife farming 6523:Green Revolution 6474:Ancient history 6414:Rice-fish system 6322:Contract farming 6307:Animal husbandry 6166: 6159: 6152: 6143: 6142: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5896: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5806:. 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Archived from 3673: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3592: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3480: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3418:Renewable Energy 3413: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3333: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3256: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3205: 3188:(11): e0203256. 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3045: 3039: 3038: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2868:. 28 August 2017 2858: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2835:Axial Structural 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2801: 2786: 2785: 2775: 2765: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2691: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2501: 2483: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2347: 2346: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2286: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2221: 2210: 2209: 2175: 2166: 2141: 2140: 2133: 1890:Amity University 1874:AgroSolar Europe 1681: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1594:photorespiration 1549: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1521:largely uncited. 1503: 1502: 1495: 1288: 1193:Vertical systems 1149:solar irradiance 1018: 1011: 1004: 990: 989: 988: 852:Rice-fish system 760:Contract farming 745:Animal husbandry 483:Animal husbandry 442:Green Revolution 393:Ancient history 356: 342: 341: 332:bifacial modules 314: 307: 296: 293: 287: 264: 256: 249: 246: 240: 217: 209: 202: 195: 191: 188: 182: 180: 139: 115: 107: 100: 97: 91: 79: 78: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7754: 7729: 7703: 7682: 7661: 7645: 7619: 7583: 7557: 7522: 7503: 7467: 7436: 7400: 7390: 7374: 7176: 7125: 7119: 7086: 7037: 7029: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6956: 6935: 6912: 6907: 6877: 6872: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6785: 6776:Poultry farming 6729: 6684: 6677: 6648:Poultry farming 6538: 6514:Modern history 6494:Post-classical 6442: 6441: 6440: 6384:Organic farming 6239: 6238: 6234: 6198: 6175: 6170: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5956: 5949: 5948: 5944: 5935: 5933: 5932:, February 2019 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5897: 5890: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5700: 5699: 5695: 5682: 5681: 5677: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5644: 5640: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5609: 5608: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5566: 5565: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5476: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5450: 5449: 5445: 5397: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5373:cityairnews.com 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5284: 5282: 5281:on 19 June 2018 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5202: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5163: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5042: 5040: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017: 5015: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4936: 4935: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4793: 4789: 4752: 4748: 4711: 4707: 4670: 4666: 4627: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4577: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4492: 4481: 4472: 4435: 4431: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4368: 4364: 4301: 4292: 4282: 4280: 4272:Edera.digital. 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4236: 4232: 4169: 4165: 4122: 4118: 4067: 4063: 4012: 4008: 3971: 3967: 3907: 3900: 3863: 3859: 3808: 3804: 3765:(35): 2001189. 3750: 3743: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3618: 3614: 3561: 3557: 3506: 3502: 3449: 3445: 3414: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3356: 3352: 3340: 3334: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3233: 3229: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3124:"Agri-voltaics" 3120: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3046: 3042: 2991: 2987: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2860: 2859: 2850: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2802: 2789: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2668: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2585: 2581: 2530: 2523: 2460: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2427: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2395:. 28 April 2020 2387: 2386: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2357: 2350: 2311: 2300: 2263: 2259: 2222: 2213: 2173: 2167: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2108: 2088: 2064:project at the 2038: 2018: 2009: 1975: 1949: 1930: 1914: 1886: 1869: 1849:Aix-en-Provence 1806: 1793: 1773: 1764:desertification 1757: 1748: 1719: 1710: 1694: 1682: 1671: 1665: 1662: 1655: 1636: 1632: 1625: 1619:then followed. 1578: 1563:feed-in tariffs 1550: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1504: 1500: 1493: 1461: 1366: 1357: 1329: 1309: 1277: 1275: 1266: 1228: 1218:can work as an 1212: 1195: 1175: 1116: 1075: 1047:production and 1022: 986: 984: 979: 978: 977: 976: 975: 966:Poultry farming 923: 915: 914: 913: 888: 880: 879: 878: 822:Organic farming 687: 679: 678: 677: 652: 642: 641: 640: 472: 462: 461: 460: 459: 458: 433:Modern history 413:Post-classical 366: 315: 304: 303: 302: 297: 291: 288: 281: 269:This article's 265: 250: 244: 241: 231: 218: 203: 192: 186: 183: 140: 138: 128: 116: 101: 95: 92: 89: 80: 76: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7821: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7784: 7772: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7584: 7582: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7527: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7453:Feed-in tariff 7450: 7448:Cost by source 7444: 7442: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7360:United Kingdom 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7230:Czech Republic 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7186: 7184: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7138:Solar chemical 7135: 7129: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7096: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7063: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7045:Floating solar 7041: 7039: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6917: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6689: 6687: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6606: 6604:Insect farming 6601: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6483:Ancient Greece 6480: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6169: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6126:External links 6124: 6121: 6120: 6109:. 21 June 2018 6094: 6076: 6046: 6021: 5990: 5965: 5942: 5917: 5888: 5847: 5836:. 1 April 2012 5821: 5791: 5765: 5754:. 6 March 2018 5739: 5718: 5693: 5675: 5657: 5638: 5620: 5602: 5577: 5559: 5541: 5523: 5505: 5487: 5469: 5456:www.qoobon.com 5443: 5385: 5360: 5334: 5322: 5292: 5262: 5249:LaProvence.com 5236: 5210: 5184: 5154: 5124: 5098: 5087:. Taiyang News 5075: 5050: 5025: 5000: 4989:. 21 June 2018 4974: 4955: 4929: 4904: 4877:Sustainability 4863: 4838: 4813: 4787: 4760:Sustainability 4746: 4705: 4678:Sustainability 4664: 4621: 4607: 4593: 4568: 4542: 4527: 4520: 4502: 4470: 4429: 4408:(4): 168–175. 4388: 4362: 4290: 4264: 4230: 4163: 4130:Applied Energy 4116: 4061: 4020:Applied Energy 4006: 3965: 3922:(9): 848–855. 3898: 3857: 3802: 3741: 3692: 3659: 3612: 3555: 3500: 3443: 3405: 3376: 3350: 3315: 3293: 3268: 3227: 3168: 3140: 3109: 3095: 3066: 3040: 2999:Applied Energy 2985: 2946: 2920: 2908: 2879: 2848: 2822: 2787: 2728: 2703: 2659: 2634: 2579: 2521: 2451: 2425: 2406: 2377: 2348: 2298: 2257: 2211: 2142: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2107: 2104: 2087: 2084: 2037: 2034: 2017: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1974: 1971: 1948: 1945: 1929: 1926: 1913: 1910: 1885: 1882: 1868: 1865: 1805: 1802: 1792: 1789: 1772: 1769: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1621: 1590:photosynthesis 1577: 1574: 1552: 1551: 1507: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1460: 1457: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1365: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1328: 1325: 1308: 1305: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1227: 1224: 1211: 1208: 1194: 1191: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1115: 1114:System designs 1112: 1074: 1071: 1041:dual-use solar 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1006: 998: 995: 994: 981: 980: 974: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 926: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 912: 911: 906: 901: 896: 890: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 877: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 855: 854: 849: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 813: 812: 807: 802: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 731: 730: 725: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 689: 688: 685: 684: 681: 680: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 654: 653: 648: 647: 644: 643: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 621:Slash-and-burn 618: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 575: 574: 569: 564: 554: 549: 548: 547: 542: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 480: 474: 473: 468: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 431: 430: 429: 424: 419: 411: 410: 409: 404: 402:Ancient Greece 399: 391: 390: 389: 384: 379: 370: 369: 368: 367: 362: 361: 358: 357: 349: 348: 317: 316: 299: 298: 278:the key points 268: 266: 259: 252: 251: 221: 219: 212: 205: 204: 146:"Agrivoltaics" 119: 117: 110: 103: 102: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7820: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7783: 7782: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7745:Photovoltaics 7743: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708:Water heating 7706: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7636:Solar furnace 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7526: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7494:Solar vehicle 7492: 7490: 7489:Solar balloon 7487: 7485: 7484:Electric boat 7482: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7397: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:United States 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7179: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7133:Magnetic sail 7131: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7115:Solar tracker 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073:(solar panel) 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062:(and systems) 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7035:Photovoltaics 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7010:Solar chimney 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6892: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6870: 6869: 6860: 6858: 6857: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6834: 6833: 6824: 6821: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6771:Meat industry 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756:Biotechnology 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6683:Environmental 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663:Sheep farming 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6567:Dairy farming 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6544:Farming Types 6541: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478:Ancient Egypt 6476: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6389:Paludiculture 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6290:Biotechnology 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6210:Agriculturist 6208: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6155: 6153: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6108: 6104: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5931: 5927: 5921: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5867:(1): 012002. 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5779: 5778:Solar Journal 5775: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5689: 5688:remtec.energy 5685: 5679: 5671: 5670:remtec.energy 5667: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5633:remtec.energy 5630: 5624: 5616: 5615:remtec.energy 5612: 5606: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5519: 5518:sunnyside-apv 5515: 5509: 5501: 5500:yahoo finance 5497: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5396: 5389: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5266: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5111:lemoniteur.fr 5108: 5102: 5086: 5079: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4970: 4966: 4959: 4944:. 20 May 2024 4943: 4939: 4933: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4581: 4575: 4573: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4538: 4531: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512:Solare Zeiten 4506: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4279: 4278:remtec.energy 4275: 4268: 4253: 4249: 4246:: 4096–4100. 4245: 4241: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136:: 1495–1507. 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3822:(1): 080001. 3821: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3746: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463:(1): 050002. 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3394:. 30 May 2022 3393: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3303: 3297: 3282: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3084: 3082: 3077: 3070: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2917: 2912: 2896: 2895:Solar Journal 2892: 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